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#seabed — Public Fediverse posts

Live and recent posts from across the Fediverse tagged #seabed, aggregated by home.social.

  1. Cleaning up our seas, top to bottom | News | CORDIS

    Committed to tackling marine litter in the Mediterranean, SeaClear2.0 is using drones and robots to go beyond the…
    #Europe #EU #drone #EuropeanUnion #litter #marine #Mediterranean #plastic #pollution #robot #sea #seabed #SeaClear2.0
    europesays.com/europe/21900/

  2. In biology/geology "#marinesnow" refers to the #organicdebris of organisms from higher #waterlevels. The #carboncycle thus transfers #CO2 to the #seabed, thus binding the #greenhousegas.
    B. Borer et al. (2026) found that #microbial components of this "snow" induce #calciumcarbonate #dissolution in higher waters, reducing their #settlingvelocity and requiring consideration in future #climatemodels.
    ©#StefanFWirth

    Buy me a coffee
    ko-fi.com/sfwirth
    Ref
    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2510025123
    Pics
    ©S.F.Wirth

  3. In biology/geology "#marinesnow" refers to the #organicdebris of organisms from higher #waterlevels. The #carboncycle thus transfers #CO2 to the #seabed, thus binding the #greenhousegas.
    B. Borer et al. (2026) found that #microbial components of this "snow" induce #calciumcarbonate #dissolution in higher waters, reducing their #settlingvelocity and requiring consideration in future #climatemodels.
    ©#StefanFWirth

    Buy me a coffee
    ko-fi.com/sfwirth
    Ref
    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2510025123
    Pics
    ©S.F.Wirth

  4. In biology/geology "#marinesnow" refers to the #organicdebris of organisms from higher #waterlevels. The #carboncycle thus transfers #CO2 to the #seabed, thus binding the #greenhousegas.
    B. Borer et al. (2026) found that #microbial components of this "snow" induce #calciumcarbonate #dissolution in higher waters, reducing their #settlingvelocity and requiring consideration in future #climatemodels.
    ©#StefanFWirth

    Buy me a coffee
    ko-fi.com/sfwirth
    Ref
    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2510025123
    Pics
    ©S.F.Wirth

  5. In biology/geology "#marinesnow" refers to the #organicdebris of organisms from higher #waterlevels. The #carboncycle thus transfers #CO2 to the #seabed, thus binding the #greenhousegas.
    B. Borer et al. (2026) found that #microbial components of this "snow" induce #calciumcarbonate #dissolution in higher waters, reducing their #settlingvelocity and requiring consideration in future #climatemodels.
    ©#StefanFWirth

    Buy me a coffee
    ko-fi.com/sfwirth
    Ref
    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2510025123
    Pics
    ©S.F.Wirth

  6. In biology/geology "#marinesnow" refers to the #organicdebris of organisms from higher #waterlevels. The #carboncycle thus transfers #CO2 to the #seabed, thus binding the #greenhousegas.
    B. Borer et al. (2026) found that #microbial components of this "snow" induce #calciumcarbonate #dissolution in higher waters, reducing their #settlingvelocity and requiring consideration in future #climatemodels.
    ©#StefanFWirth

    Buy me a coffee
    ko-fi.com/sfwirth
    Ref
    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2510025123
    Pics
    ©S.F.Wirth

  7. #SodiumIonBatteries offer an alternative to tricky #lithium

    Oct 26th 2023

    Excerpt: "Fortunately, lithium is not the only game in town. As we report this week, a clutch of firms are making batteries based on sodium, lithium’s elemental cousin. Since sodium’s chemical properties are very similar to those of lithium, it too makes for good batteries. And sodium, which is found in the salt in #seawater, is thousands of times more abundant on Earth than lithium and cheaper to get at. Most of the companies using sodium to make batteries today are also Chinese. But pursuing the technology in the West might be a surer route to energy security than relying heavily on lithium.

    "Besides its abundance, sodium has other advantages. The best lithium batteries use #cobalt and #nickel in their electrodes. Nickel, like lithium, is in short supply. #Mining it on land is #EnvironmentallyDestructive. Proposals to grab it from the #seabed instead have caused rows. A good deal of the world’s cobalt, meanwhile, is extracted from small mines in the #DemocraticRepublicOfCongo, where #ChildLabour is common and working conditions are dire. Sodium batteries, by contrast, can use #electrodes built from #iron and #manganese [and wood #lignin], which are plentiful and uncontroversial. Since the chemical components are cheap, a scaled-up industry should be able to produce batteries that cost less than their lithium counterparts.

    "Sodium is not a perfect replacement for lithium. It is heavier, meaning sodium batteries will weigh more than lithium ones of an equivalent capacity. That is likely to rule them out in some cases where lightness is paramount. But for other applications, such as #GridStorage or #HomeBatteries, weight is irrelevant. Several Chinese carmakers are even beginning to put sodium batteries in #ElectricVehicles."

    Read more:
    economist.com/leaders/2023/10/

    Archived version:
    archive.ph/7x6JX

    #SolarPunkSunday #EnergyStorage #SodiumIon #NewTechnology #GiantLeap #Reuse #WasteReuse #NoLithiumMining #NoMining

  8. There are plenty of actions to study the ocean, including mapping the #seabed, #eDNA expeditions, satellite observations, #bluecarbon studies, etc.
    #GES4SEAS #MOOC #oceanoptimism
    oceandecade.org/decade-actions/

  9. There are plenty of actions to study the ocean, including mapping the #seabed, #eDNA expeditions, satellite observations, #bluecarbon studies, etc.
    #GES4SEAS #MOOC #oceanoptimism
    oceandecade.org/decade-actions/

  10. There are plenty of actions to study the ocean, including mapping the #seabed, #eDNA expeditions, satellite observations, #bluecarbon studies, etc.
    #GES4SEAS #MOOC #oceanoptimism
    oceandecade.org/decade-actions/

  11. There are plenty of actions to study the ocean, including mapping the #seabed, #eDNA expeditions, satellite observations, #bluecarbon studies, etc.
    #GES4SEAS #MOOC #oceanoptimism
    oceandecade.org/decade-actions/

  12. There are plenty of actions to study the ocean, including mapping the #seabed, #eDNA expeditions, satellite observations, #bluecarbon studies, etc.
    #GES4SEAS #MOOC #oceanoptimism
    oceandecade.org/decade-actions/

  13. This thought-provoking art raises weighty issues, but with joy in the making, the details, & the conversations that ensue. It's disturbing, but so beautiful!

    What other aspects do you see?
    🧵 7/n

    #RatapanLautan #PangrokSulap #StBenetsCam #MarineLife #seabed #BottomTrawling #OceanArt #SaveOurSeas

  14. The #LighthouseofAlexandria is one of the #SevenWonders of the #AncientWorld. It was built between 299 and 279 BC under #PtolemyI by #SostratusofCnidus and was #destroyed by earthquakes in the early 14th century AD. #Scientists led by construction researcher Isabelle Hairy (#CNRS) #raised 22 #blocks of it from the #seabed in 2025. It is intended to better understand the #tower's #construction.

    ©#StefanFWirth Berlin 2025

    Ref
    news.artnet.com/art-world/ligh

    #Pictures
    © S.F. Wirth, #AIassisted, 2025

  15. #SodiumBatteries offer an alternative to tricky #lithium

    Lithium is relatively scarce and mostly refined in China. Sodium is neither

    Oct 26th 2023

    Excerpt: "Fortunately, lithium is not the only game in town. As we report this week, a clutch of firms are making batteries based on sodium, lithium’s elemental cousin. Since sodium’s chemical properties are very similar to those of lithium, it too makes for good batteries. And sodium, which is found in the salt in seawater, is thousands of times more abundant on Earth than lithium and cheaper to get at. Most of the companies using sodium to make batteries today are also Chinese. But pursuing the technology in the West might be a surer route to energy security than relying heavily on lithium.

    "Besides its abundance, sodium has other advantages. The best lithium batteries use #cobalt and 3nickel in their electrodes. Nickel, like lithium, is in short supply. #Mining it on land is #environmentally destructive. Proposals to grab it from the #seabed instead have caused rows. A good deal of the world’s cobalt, meanwhile, is extracted from small mines in the Democratic Republic of #Congo, where child labour is common and working conditions are dire. Sodium batteries, by contrast, can use electrodes built from iron and manganese, which are plentiful and uncontroversial. Since the chemical components are cheap, a scaled-up industry should be able to produce batteries that cost less than their lithium counterparts.

    "Sodium is not a perfect replacement for lithium. It is heavier, meaning sodium batteries will weigh more than lithium ones of an equivalent capacity. That is likely to rule them out in some cases where lightness is paramount. But for other applications, such as grid storage or home batteries, weight is irrelevant. Several Chinese carmakers are even beginning to put sodium batteries in electric vehicles.

    "Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of sodium batteries is their late start. #LithiumIon batteries were first commercialised in the 1990s and have benefited from decades of investment. But the rest of the world is behind China on both fronts anyway. America and the European Union have announced enormous programmes of green industrial subsidies. If they are determined to bankroll batteries, some of the pot should go to sodium."

    Read more:
    economist.com/leaders/2023/10/

    Archived version:
    archive.ph/7x6JX#

    #SolarPunkSunday #DeepSeaMining #NoLithiumMining #LeaveItInTheOcean #LeaveItInTheOcean #LithiumAlternatives #SodiumBatteries #RenewablesNow

  16. As #Norway Considers #DeepSeaMining, a Rich History of Ocean Conservation Decisions May Inform How the Country Acts

    In the past, scientists, industry and government have worked together in surprising, tense and fruitful ways

    by Christian Elliott, April 21, 2025

    "At the #Arctic #MidOceanRidge off the Norwegian coast, molten rock rises from deep within the Earth between spreading tectonic plates. Black smoker vents sustain unique ecosystems in the dark. Endemic species of long, segmented bristle worms and tiny crustaceans graze on bacteria mats and flit among fields of chemosynthetic tube worms, growing thick as grass. Dense banks of sponges cling to the summits and slopes of underwater mountains. And among all this life, minerals build up slowly over millennia in the form of #sulfide deposits and #manganese crusts.

    "Those minerals are the kind needed to fuel the global green energy transition—#copper, #zinc and #cobalt. In January 2024, Norway surprised the world with the announcement it planned to open its waters for exploratory deep-sea mining, the first nation to do so. If all went to plan, companies would be issued licenses to begin identifying mineral deposits as soon as #Spring2025. To some scientists who’d spent decades mapping and studying the geology and ecology of the Norwegian seabed and Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge, the decision seemed premature—they still lacked critical data on the area targeted for mining. The government’s own Institute of Marine Research (IMR) accused it of extrapolating from a small area where data has already been collected to the much larger zone now targeted

    “ 'Our advice has been we don’t have enough knowledge,' says Rebecca Ross, an #ecologist at IMR who works on Norway’s #Mareano deep-sea mapping initiative. She says the decision was based solely on the #geology of the area. Taking high-resolution scans of the seabed and sampling its geology is the first step when research ships enter a new area, but critical biological and ecological research is more difficult and tends to come later—which is the case on the ridge area targeted for mining. Ross says it’s certain that area contains vulnerable marine ecosystems that would be affected by the light and noise pollution and sediment plumes generated by mining. The IMR estimates closing the knowledge gap on the target area could take ten years.

    "The same conflict, with a partial scientific understanding misinterpreted and used to justify resource extraction, is playing out in the #Pacific, where mining pilot projects are already underway in international waters. Years before, scientists funded by industry scouted the #seabed there, discovering both valuable minerals and new forms of life."

    Read more:
    smithsonianmag.com/science-nat

    #LeaveItInTheOcean #DeepSeaMining #NoDeepSeaMining #RecycleCopper #LifeOnEarth #Ecocide #PlanetDestroyers #HumanGreed

  17. As #Norway Considers #DeepSeaMining, a Rich History of Ocean Conservation Decisions May Inform How the Country Acts

    In the past, scientists, industry and government have worked together in surprising, tense and fruitful ways

    by Christian Elliott, April 21, 2025

    "At the #Arctic #MidOceanRidge off the Norwegian coast, molten rock rises from deep within the Earth between spreading tectonic plates. Black smoker vents sustain unique ecosystems in the dark. Endemic species of long, segmented bristle worms and tiny crustaceans graze on bacteria mats and flit among fields of chemosynthetic tube worms, growing thick as grass. Dense banks of sponges cling to the summits and slopes of underwater mountains. And among all this life, minerals build up slowly over millennia in the form of #sulfide deposits and #manganese crusts.

    "Those minerals are the kind needed to fuel the global green energy transition—#copper, #zinc and #cobalt. In January 2024, Norway surprised the world with the announcement it planned to open its waters for exploratory deep-sea mining, the first nation to do so. If all went to plan, companies would be issued licenses to begin identifying mineral deposits as soon as #Spring2025. To some scientists who’d spent decades mapping and studying the geology and ecology of the Norwegian seabed and Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge, the decision seemed premature—they still lacked critical data on the area targeted for mining. The government’s own Institute of Marine Research (IMR) accused it of extrapolating from a small area where data has already been collected to the much larger zone now targeted

    “ 'Our advice has been we don’t have enough knowledge,' says Rebecca Ross, an #ecologist at IMR who works on Norway’s #Mareano deep-sea mapping initiative. She says the decision was based solely on the #geology of the area. Taking high-resolution scans of the seabed and sampling its geology is the first step when research ships enter a new area, but critical biological and ecological research is more difficult and tends to come later—which is the case on the ridge area targeted for mining. Ross says it’s certain that area contains vulnerable marine ecosystems that would be affected by the light and noise pollution and sediment plumes generated by mining. The IMR estimates closing the knowledge gap on the target area could take ten years.

    "The same conflict, with a partial scientific understanding misinterpreted and used to justify resource extraction, is playing out in the #Pacific, where mining pilot projects are already underway in international waters. Years before, scientists funded by industry scouted the #seabed there, discovering both valuable minerals and new forms of life."

    Read more:
    smithsonianmag.com/science-nat

    #LeaveItInTheOcean #DeepSeaMining #NoDeepSeaMining #RecycleCopper #LifeOnEarth #Ecocide #PlanetDestroyers #HumanGreed

  18. As #Norway Considers #DeepSeaMining, a Rich History of Ocean Conservation Decisions May Inform How the Country Acts

    In the past, scientists, industry and government have worked together in surprising, tense and fruitful ways

    by Christian Elliott, April 21, 2025

    "At the #Arctic #MidOceanRidge off the Norwegian coast, molten rock rises from deep within the Earth between spreading tectonic plates. Black smoker vents sustain unique ecosystems in the dark. Endemic species of long, segmented bristle worms and tiny crustaceans graze on bacteria mats and flit among fields of chemosynthetic tube worms, growing thick as grass. Dense banks of sponges cling to the summits and slopes of underwater mountains. And among all this life, minerals build up slowly over millennia in the form of #sulfide deposits and #manganese crusts.

    "Those minerals are the kind needed to fuel the global green energy transition—#copper, #zinc and #cobalt. In January 2024, Norway surprised the world with the announcement it planned to open its waters for exploratory deep-sea mining, the first nation to do so. If all went to plan, companies would be issued licenses to begin identifying mineral deposits as soon as #Spring2025. To some scientists who’d spent decades mapping and studying the geology and ecology of the Norwegian seabed and Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge, the decision seemed premature—they still lacked critical data on the area targeted for mining. The government’s own Institute of Marine Research (IMR) accused it of extrapolating from a small area where data has already been collected to the much larger zone now targeted

    “ 'Our advice has been we don’t have enough knowledge,' says Rebecca Ross, an #ecologist at IMR who works on Norway’s #Mareano deep-sea mapping initiative. She says the decision was based solely on the #geology of the area. Taking high-resolution scans of the seabed and sampling its geology is the first step when research ships enter a new area, but critical biological and ecological research is more difficult and tends to come later—which is the case on the ridge area targeted for mining. Ross says it’s certain that area contains vulnerable marine ecosystems that would be affected by the light and noise pollution and sediment plumes generated by mining. The IMR estimates closing the knowledge gap on the target area could take ten years.

    "The same conflict, with a partial scientific understanding misinterpreted and used to justify resource extraction, is playing out in the #Pacific, where mining pilot projects are already underway in international waters. Years before, scientists funded by industry scouted the #seabed there, discovering both valuable minerals and new forms of life."

    Read more:
    smithsonianmag.com/science-nat

    #LeaveItInTheOcean #DeepSeaMining #NoDeepSeaMining #RecycleCopper #LifeOnEarth #Ecocide #PlanetDestroyers #HumanGreed

  19. As #Norway Considers #DeepSeaMining, a Rich History of Ocean Conservation Decisions May Inform How the Country Acts

    In the past, scientists, industry and government have worked together in surprising, tense and fruitful ways

    by Christian Elliott, April 21, 2025

    "At the #Arctic #MidOceanRidge off the Norwegian coast, molten rock rises from deep within the Earth between spreading tectonic plates. Black smoker vents sustain unique ecosystems in the dark. Endemic species of long, segmented bristle worms and tiny crustaceans graze on bacteria mats and flit among fields of chemosynthetic tube worms, growing thick as grass. Dense banks of sponges cling to the summits and slopes of underwater mountains. And among all this life, minerals build up slowly over millennia in the form of #sulfide deposits and #manganese crusts.

    "Those minerals are the kind needed to fuel the global green energy transition—#copper, #zinc and #cobalt. In January 2024, Norway surprised the world with the announcement it planned to open its waters for exploratory deep-sea mining, the first nation to do so. If all went to plan, companies would be issued licenses to begin identifying mineral deposits as soon as #Spring2025. To some scientists who’d spent decades mapping and studying the geology and ecology of the Norwegian seabed and Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge, the decision seemed premature—they still lacked critical data on the area targeted for mining. The government’s own Institute of Marine Research (IMR) accused it of extrapolating from a small area where data has already been collected to the much larger zone now targeted

    “ 'Our advice has been we don’t have enough knowledge,' says Rebecca Ross, an #ecologist at IMR who works on Norway’s #Mareano deep-sea mapping initiative. She says the decision was based solely on the #geology of the area. Taking high-resolution scans of the seabed and sampling its geology is the first step when research ships enter a new area, but critical biological and ecological research is more difficult and tends to come later—which is the case on the ridge area targeted for mining. Ross says it’s certain that area contains vulnerable marine ecosystems that would be affected by the light and noise pollution and sediment plumes generated by mining. The IMR estimates closing the knowledge gap on the target area could take ten years.

    "The same conflict, with a partial scientific understanding misinterpreted and used to justify resource extraction, is playing out in the #Pacific, where mining pilot projects are already underway in international waters. Years before, scientists funded by industry scouted the #seabed there, discovering both valuable minerals and new forms of life."

    Read more:
    smithsonianmag.com/science-nat

    #LeaveItInTheOcean #DeepSeaMining #NoDeepSeaMining #RecycleCopper #LifeOnEarth #Ecocide #PlanetDestroyers #HumanGreed

  20. As #Norway Considers #DeepSeaMining, a Rich History of Ocean Conservation Decisions May Inform How the Country Acts

    In the past, scientists, industry and government have worked together in surprising, tense and fruitful ways

    by Christian Elliott, April 21, 2025

    "At the #Arctic #MidOceanRidge off the Norwegian coast, molten rock rises from deep within the Earth between spreading tectonic plates. Black smoker vents sustain unique ecosystems in the dark. Endemic species of long, segmented bristle worms and tiny crustaceans graze on bacteria mats and flit among fields of chemosynthetic tube worms, growing thick as grass. Dense banks of sponges cling to the summits and slopes of underwater mountains. And among all this life, minerals build up slowly over millennia in the form of #sulfide deposits and #manganese crusts.

    "Those minerals are the kind needed to fuel the global green energy transition—#copper, #zinc and #cobalt. In January 2024, Norway surprised the world with the announcement it planned to open its waters for exploratory deep-sea mining, the first nation to do so. If all went to plan, companies would be issued licenses to begin identifying mineral deposits as soon as #Spring2025. To some scientists who’d spent decades mapping and studying the geology and ecology of the Norwegian seabed and Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge, the decision seemed premature—they still lacked critical data on the area targeted for mining. The government’s own Institute of Marine Research (IMR) accused it of extrapolating from a small area where data has already been collected to the much larger zone now targeted

    “ 'Our advice has been we don’t have enough knowledge,' says Rebecca Ross, an #ecologist at IMR who works on Norway’s #Mareano deep-sea mapping initiative. She says the decision was based solely on the #geology of the area. Taking high-resolution scans of the seabed and sampling its geology is the first step when research ships enter a new area, but critical biological and ecological research is more difficult and tends to come later—which is the case on the ridge area targeted for mining. Ross says it’s certain that area contains vulnerable marine ecosystems that would be affected by the light and noise pollution and sediment plumes generated by mining. The IMR estimates closing the knowledge gap on the target area could take ten years.

    "The same conflict, with a partial scientific understanding misinterpreted and used to justify resource extraction, is playing out in the #Pacific, where mining pilot projects are already underway in international waters. Years before, scientists funded by industry scouted the #seabed there, discovering both valuable minerals and new forms of life."

    Read more:
    smithsonianmag.com/science-nat

    #LeaveItInTheOcean #DeepSeaMining #NoDeepSeaMining #RecycleCopper #LifeOnEarth #Ecocide #PlanetDestroyers #HumanGreed

  21. Bottom trawling in European waters costs society up to €11bn a year, new study finds.

    A first-of-its-kind study released today found that this cost is largely due to carbon dioxide emissions from disturbed sediments on the seafloor.

    The study is the first to measure the full economic cost of bottom trawling in European waters - including the EU, UK, Norway and Iceland.

    mediafaro.org/article/20250325

    #Seabed #CarbonEmissions #Carbon #Trawling #Sea #Ocean #Fishing #Europe #EU #UK #Norway #Iceland

  22. Sabotage on the seabed: How can Europe protect itself?

    Several recent submarine data-cable breaks in the Baltic Sea have exposed the vulnerability of critical underwater infrastructure. Russia is suspected of having been involved in the damage.

    Europe is ill-prepared for such attacks in the future.

    mediafaro.org/article/20250321

    #Europe #Sabotage #Seabed #Undersea #Submarine #Defence #Tech #SubmarineCables

  23. Sabotage on the seabed: How can Europe protect itself?

    Several recent submarine data-cable breaks in the Baltic Sea have exposed the vulnerability of critical underwater infrastructure. Russia is suspected of having been involved in the damage.

    Europe is ill-prepared for such attacks in the future.

    mediafaro.org/article/20250321

    #Europe #Sabotage #Seabed #Undersea #Submarine #Defence #Tech #SubmarineCables

  24. Sabotage on the seabed: How can Europe protect itself?

    Several recent submarine data-cable breaks in the Baltic Sea have exposed the vulnerability of critical underwater infrastructure. Russia is suspected of having been involved in the damage.

    Europe is ill-prepared for such attacks in the future.

    mediafaro.org/article/20250321

    #Europe #Sabotage #Seabed #Undersea #Submarine #Defence #Tech #SubmarineCables

  25. German FM warns of Russian shadow fleet amid undersea cable incidents

    Almost every month ships are damaging important undersea cables in the #Baltic Sea, Baerbock said

    She described suspicious activities by ship crews, including dropping #anchors & dragging them on seabed for kilometers without explanation

    They lower anchors & drag them across the #seabed for no reason

    She expressed doubt the incidents are #coincidence

    kyivindependent.com/german-fm-

    #RussianAggression #HybridWar #Russia

  26. Internet Vs Ocean - The Essential Wires We Never Think About [mapping vodcast]
    --
    youtu.be/pJU-KYMREbQ?si=2-gjBz <-- shared MapMen ‘vodcast’
    --
    submarinecablemap.com <-- map of submarine cables
    --
    “Did you know that the internet is held together by a network of undersea cables? And did you also know that these cables can trace their origin back to 1850s? What has and hasn’t changed in the last 150 years may surprise you.
    Thanks to TeleGeography’s [map – link above]…”
    #GIS #spatial #mapping #submarine #cables #infrastructure #vodcast #video #MapMen #internet #telecommunications #communication #marine #vulnerability #engineering #marineengineering #ocean #seabed #hydrospatial #bathymetry #TeleGeography #history

  27. Revealing Hidden Depths - Seabed 2030 [podcast]
    --
    buzzsprout.com/2093154/1342982 <-- link to podcast
    --
    doi.org/10.3390/geosciences802 <-- shared 2018 ‘overview’ paper
    --
    “In [their] first episode Head of Partnerships Steve Hall introduces Seabed 2030 with a summary of the history of mapping the ocean floor from earliest times to the present day...
    Find out more about Seabed 2030 at www.seabed2030.org
    Find out more about GEBCO at gebco.net/...”
    #GIS #spatial #mapping #hydrospatial #hydrography #bathymetry #survey #Seabed2030 #marine #ocean #global #remotesensing #sonar #GEBCO #oceanfloor #seabed #international #topobathy #history #opendata
    The Nippon Foundation##