#quark — Public Fediverse posts

CERN Physicists Observe New Exotic Particle

Physicists with the ATLAS Collaboration at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have observed the Bc*+ meson, an excited…
#NewsBeep #News #Physics #Antiquark #Atlas #AU #Australia #Bcplusmeson #Bottomantiquark #Charmquark #LHC #Meson #Particle #Photon #proton #Quark #Science
https://www.newsbeep.com/au/695347/

CERN Physicists Observe New Exotic Particle

Physicists with the ATLAS Collaboration at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have observed the Bc*+ meson, an excited…
#NewsBeep #News #Physics #Antiquark #Atlas #AU #Australia #Bcplusmeson #Bottomantiquark #Charmquark #LHC #Meson #Particle #Photon #proton #Quark #Science
https://www.newsbeep.com/au/695347/

https://www.europesays.com/uk/985555/ CERN Physicists Observe New Exotic Particle #Antiquark #ATLAS #BcPlusMeson #BottomAntiquark #CharmQuark #LHC #Meson #particle #Photon #Physics #proton #Quark #Science #UK #UnitedKingdom

CERN Physicists Observe New Exotic Particle

Physicists with the ATLAS Collaboration at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have observed the Bc*+ meson, an excited…
#NewsBeep #News #US #USA #UnitedStates #UnitedStatesOfAmerica #Physics #Antiquark #ATLAS #Bcplusmeson #Bottomantiquark #Charmquark #LHC #Meson #particle #photon #proton #Quark #Science
https://www.newsbeep.com/us/665677/

CERN Physicists Observe New Exotic Particle

Physicists with the ATLAS Collaboration at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have observed the Bc*+ meson, an excited…
#NewsBeep #News #US #USA #UnitedStates #UnitedStatesOfAmerica #Physics #Antiquark #ATLAS #Bcplusmeson #Bottomantiquark #Charmquark #LHC #Meson #particle #photon #proton #Quark #Science
https://www.newsbeep.com/us/665677/

@jf_718 And before Mouse Desk, there was Quark Catalyst 3.0, which came bundled with the UniDisk 3.5 floppy drive from Apple -- and was digitally locked to the UniDisk as copy protection.

#AppleII #GUI #Quark

@jf_718 And before Mouse Desk, there was Quark Catalyst 3.0, which came bundled with the UniDisk 3.5 floppy drive from Apple -- and was digitally locked to the UniDisk as copy protection.

#AppleII #GUI #Quark

@jf_718 And before Mouse Desk, there was Quark Catalyst 3.0, which came bundled with the UniDisk 3.5 floppy drive from Apple -- and was digitally locked to the UniDisk as copy protection.

#AppleII #GUI #Quark

@trekfm @cbryanjones
Y'all were too harsh on the #quark #ds9 plot line of this episode. The point of the competitive con artist to Quark was how hapless Martus truly was despite all his "good" listening skills. Martus couldn't be as cool and sly as you wanted him to be. So, we get some insight into quark that he is not as smart nor as calculating as he tries to be (though that aspect of quark does vary based on the needs of the story over the years).

“Luckily, Gell-Mann had a bit of a literary bent: “In one of my occasional perusals of Finnegans Wake, by James Joyce, I came across the word ‘quark.’” The line was:

Three quarks for Muster Mark!
Sure he hasn’t got much of a bark
And sure any he has it’s all beside the mark.”

#Quark #Etymology

https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-word-quark/

Can you explain the strong nuclear force without colors? The idea of a "color charge" confuses a lot of people, and the analogy certainly has its flaws. Here's how to understand the strong force without colors, and without group theory, too. bigthink.com/starts-with-... #physics #proton #quark

Can you explain the strong nuc...

wtf stimmt mit euch Proteinheinis nicht?

Keine einzige Packung Quark im Supermarkt

#Quark

#QuizOfTheDay: A #Quark is a fundamental constituent of matter that combines with others via the strong force to form composite particles like protons and neutrons.

Who coined the term Quark?

A. George Zweig
B. Jerome Isaac Friedman
C. Enrico Fermi
D. Murray Gell-Mann

https://knowledgezone.co.in/resources/quiz?qId=69c668335f8fa5aae41e92e7

https://www.europesays.com/ie/401798/ CERN Physicists Discover Heavier Cousin of Proton #CERN #CharmQuark #CharmedBaryon #DoublyCharmedBaryon #DownQuark #Éire #hadron #IE #Ireland #LHC #LHCb #Particle #Physics #proton #Quark #Science #StrongForce

CERN Physicists Discover Heavier Cousin of Proton

Physicists from the LHCb experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have discovered a new kind of heavy…
#NewsBeep #News #Physics #CERN #Charmquark #Charmedbaryon #Doublycharmedbaryon #Downquark #Hadron #LHC #LHCb #Particle #proton #Quark #Science #Strongforce #UK #UnitedKingdom
https://www.newsbeep.com/uk/493020/

https://www.europesays.com/uk/847450/ CERN Physicists Discover Heavier Cousin of Proton #CERN #CharmQuark #CharmedBaryon #DoublyCharmedBaryon #DownQuark #hadron #LHC #LHCb #particle #Physics #proton #Quark #Science #StrongForce #UK #UnitedKingdom

Ξcc+ be your name.

protons are composed of three quarks. there are six flavors of quarks:
- up
- down
- charm
- strange
- bottom
- top

"normal" protons are made of two up quarks and one down quark. now researchers at CERN have found a rare proton consisting of two charm quarks and one down quark.

the newly found particle is about four times as heavy as the ordinary proton.

someone explain how this makes sense given that the charm quark is more than 555 times heavier than the up quark. otherwise my brain settles on being in Heisenberg-land where particles live too short to fully press down the scale.

https://home.cern/news/news/physics/lhcb-collaboration-discovers-new-proton-particle

#CERN #Ξcc+ #proton #quark

How does a bottom #quark become a spray of many composite particles called a bottom jet? This is actually a very difficult and open research question, and this #CMSPaper tries to measure that jet fragmentation process in heavy ion collisions arxiv.org/abs/2511.10666

Servus @Winki,
💯 klingt nach #Quark. Oder #Käse.

How does a bottom #quark become a spray of many composite particles called a bottom jet? This is actually a very difficult and open research question, and this #CMSPaper tries to measure that jet fragmentation process in heavy ion collisions arxiv.org/abs/2511.10666

Käsekuchen-Muffins + Mandarinen ( = Mini-Quarktörtchen)
#Muffins #Käsekuchen

Mehl Butter Zucker Backpulver Ei Salz zu einem Teig verarbeiten. Muffin-Förmchen damit auslegen.
#Quark Ei geschmolzene Butter Zucker Stärkemehl #Vanille + #Zitronenabrieb verrühren, ein die Förmchen füllen, je 2 -3 Stückchen Dosen-#Mandarinen hineindrücken + backen.

Käsekuchen-Muffins + Mandarinen ( = Mini-Quarktörtchen)
#Muffins #Käsekuchen

Mehl Butter Zucker Backpulver Ei Salz zu einem Teig verarbeiten. Muffin-Förmchen damit auslegen.
#Quark Ei geschmolzene Butter Zucker Stärkemehl #Vanille + #Zitronenabrieb verrühren, ein die Förmchen füllen, je 2 -3 Stückchen Dosen-#Mandarinen hineindrücken + backen.

Käsekuchen-Muffins + Mandarinen ( = Mini-Quarktörtchen)
#Muffins #Käsekuchen

Mehl Butter Zucker Backpulver Ei Salz zu einem Teig verarbeiten. Muffin-Förmchen damit auslegen.
#Quark Ei geschmolzene Butter Zucker Stärkemehl #Vanille + #Zitronenabrieb verrühren, ein die Förmchen füllen, je 2 -3 Stückchen Dosen-#Mandarinen hineindrücken + backen.

Käsekuchen-Muffins + Mandarinen ( = Mini-Quarktörtchen)
#Muffins #Käsekuchen

Mehl Butter Zucker Backpulver Ei Salz zu einem Teig verarbeiten. Muffin-Förmchen damit auslegen.
#Quark Ei geschmolzene Butter Zucker Stärkemehl #Vanille + #Zitronenabrieb verrühren, ein die Förmchen füllen, je 2 -3 Stückchen Dosen-#Mandarinen hineindrücken + backen.

The LHCb experiment at #CERN has discovered a new particle made from two charm quarks and a down #quark.

This double-charmed particle is like a #proton but with quadruple the mass.

https://home.cern/news/news/physics/lhcb-collaboration-discovers-new-proton-particle

#physics #particlephysics #science #LHC

The LHCb experiment at #CERN has discovered a new particle made from two charm quarks and a down #quark.

This double-charmed particle is like a #proton but with quadruple the mass.

https://home.cern/news/news/physics/lhcb-collaboration-discovers-new-proton-particle

#physics #particlephysics #science #LHC

#stadtbild #quark #bremen

Das #Rezept des Tages:

🌿 Bärlauch-Kräuterquark 🧄

#Bärlauch-Kräuterquark geht gut als #Brotaufstrich oder passt zu #Pellkartoffeln. Mit #Quark und fein gehackten Bärlauchblättern erhält man eine Alternative zu Kaufprodukten, für die man eine Lupe braucht, um darin #Bärlauch zu entdecken. Die Konsistenz kann man mit #Milch oder fettarmem #Joghurt variiert werden. 🍞 Problemchen ist halt, im Frühjahr an Bärlauch zu kommen. 🥔

https://www.oekologisch-unterwegs.de/rezepte-zum-kochen/721-baerlauch-kraeuterquark.html

#OvoLacto #Rezept #GesundEssen #Kochen

How does a bottom #quark become a spray of many composite particles called a bottom jet? This is actually a very difficult and open research question, and this #CMSPaper tries to measure that jet fragmentation process in heavy ion collisions arxiv.org/abs/2511.10666

How does a bottom #quark become a spray of many composite particles called a bottom jet? This is actually a very difficult and open research question, and this #CMSPaper tries to measure that jet fragmentation process in heavy ion collisions arxiv.org/abs/2511.10666

Das #Rezept des Tages:

🥒 Tsatsiki (Zaziki) 🧄

Dieses Rezept arbeitet nur mit cremigem #Joghurt und ohne #Quark sowie frischer #Gurke und vier Zehen #Knoblauch. Etwas #Dill und ein Schuss #Zitronensaft runden den Geschmack ab. Über Nacht im Kühlschrank gezogen, schmeckt er noch besser. 🌿🍋

https://www.oekologisch-unterwegs.de/rezepte-zum-kochen/677-tsatsiki-variante-3.html

#OvoLacto #Rezept #Dip #Sommerrezepte #Grillen

Das #Rezept des Tages:

🥒 Tsatsiki (Zaziki) 🧄

Dieses Rezept arbeitet nur mit cremigem #Joghurt und ohne #Quark sowie frischer #Gurke und vier Zehen #Knoblauch. Etwas #Dill und ein Schuss #Zitronensaft runden den Geschmack ab. Über Nacht im Kühlschrank gezogen, schmeckt er noch besser. 🌿🍋

https://www.oekologisch-unterwegs.de/rezepte-zum-kochen/677-tsatsiki-variante-3.html

#OvoLacto #Rezept #Dip #Sommerrezepte #Grillen

Das #Rezept des Tages:

🥒 Tsatsiki (Zaziki) 🧄

Dieses Rezept arbeitet nur mit cremigem #Joghurt und ohne #Quark sowie frischer #Gurke und vier Zehen #Knoblauch. Etwas #Dill und ein Schuss #Zitronensaft runden den Geschmack ab. Über Nacht im Kühlschrank gezogen, schmeckt er noch besser. 🌿🍋

https://www.oekologisch-unterwegs.de/rezepte-zum-kochen/677-tsatsiki-variante-3.html

#OvoLacto #Rezept #Dip #Sommerrezepte #Grillen

Das #Rezept des Tages:

🥒 Tsatsiki (Zaziki) 🧄

Dieses Rezept arbeitet nur mit cremigem #Joghurt und ohne #Quark sowie frischer #Gurke und vier Zehen #Knoblauch. Etwas #Dill und ein Schuss #Zitronensaft runden den Geschmack ab. Über Nacht im Kühlschrank gezogen, schmeckt er noch besser. 🌿🍋

https://www.oekologisch-unterwegs.de/rezepte-zum-kochen/677-tsatsiki-variante-3.html

#OvoLacto #Rezept #Dip #Sommerrezepte #Grillen

How does a bottom #quark become a spray of many composite particles called a bottom jet? This is actually a very difficult and open research question, and this #CMSPaper tries to measure that jet fragmentation process in heavy ion collisions. That way we can compare to proton collisions and from that learn about what parts of the jet get affected (yes we are still in the mapping stage for these things, this is active research) https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10666

Orangen-Quarkcreme (6 Portionen)

https://bunte-kuechenabenteuer.de/orangen-quarkcreme-6-portionen/

Künstlerpech. Ich habe mein mit Frischkäse bestrichenes Toastbrot gemalt, es sieht aber aus wie Schimmel. Experiment gescheitert.
#schimmel #toast #quark #frischkäse

Quarkauflauf mit Pfirsichen und Cranberry (6 Portionen)

https://bunte-kuechenabenteuer.de/quarkauflauf-mit-pfirsichen-und-cranberry-6-portionen/

Fettige Milch und schön flauschig: Landwirtin setzt auf Jersey-Kühe
https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/niedersachsen/oldenburg_ostfriesland/viel-fett-und-schoen-flauschig-landwirtin-setzt-auf-jersey-kuehe,jerseykuehe-100.html

'Das Tolle an meinen Kühen ist, dass der gesamte Tagesablauf mit ihnen viel mehr Spaß macht. [...]Sie sind neugierig, zutraulich und wenn man vergisst, irgendwo ein Tor zuzumachen, dann entdecken sie ihre Freiheit.'

Ach so tolle Kühe & dann isses auch total ok, ihnen ihre Babys weg zu nehmen, weil mit der fetten Muttermilch soll ja Kasse gemacht werden 🥰

#DieMilchMachts #Kühe #Käse #Quark

‘Star Trek: Deep Space 9’s Game, Played Quark’s Bar & that He Dominates At.

https://piefed.social/c/startrek/p/1672814/star-trek-deep-space-9s-game-played-quarks-bar-that-he-dominates-at

Das #Rezept des Tages:

Eines von drei Rezepten für Tsatsiki. 🥒🧄 Dieses hier arbeitet nur mit cremigem #Joghurt und ohne #Quark sowie frischer #Gurke und vier Zehen #Knoblauch. Etwas #Dill und ein Schuss #Zitronensaft runden den Geschmack ab. Über Nacht im Kühlschrank gezogen, schmeckt er noch besser. 🌿🍋

#Tsatsiki #Rezeptideen #Dip #Sommerrezepte #Grillen #Kulinarik

https://www.oekologisch-unterwegs.de/rezepte-zum-kochen/677-tsatsiki-variante-3.html

Das #Rezept des Tages:

Eines von drei Rezepten für Tsatsiki. 🥒🧄 Dieses hier arbeitet nur mit cremigem #Joghurt und ohne #Quark sowie frischer #Gurke und vier Zehen #Knoblauch. Etwas #Dill und ein Schuss #Zitronensaft runden den Geschmack ab. Über Nacht im Kühlschrank gezogen, schmeckt er noch besser. 🌿🍋

#Tsatsiki #Rezeptideen #Dip #Sommerrezepte #Grillen #Kulinarik

https://www.oekologisch-unterwegs.de/rezepte-zum-kochen/677-tsatsiki-variante-3.html

Das #Rezept des Tages:

Eines von drei Rezepten für Tsatsiki. 🥒🧄 Dieses hier arbeitet nur mit cremigem #Joghurt und ohne #Quark sowie frischer #Gurke und vier Zehen #Knoblauch. Etwas #Dill und ein Schuss #Zitronensaft runden den Geschmack ab. Über Nacht im Kühlschrank gezogen, schmeckt er noch besser. 🌿🍋

#Tsatsiki #Rezeptideen #Dip #Sommerrezepte #Grillen #Kulinarik

https://www.oekologisch-unterwegs.de/rezepte-zum-kochen/677-tsatsiki-variante-3.html

Das #Rezept des Tages:

Eines von drei Rezepten für Tsatsiki. 🥒🧄 Dieses hier arbeitet nur mit cremigem #Joghurt und ohne #Quark sowie frischer #Gurke und vier Zehen #Knoblauch. Etwas #Dill und ein Schuss #Zitronensaft runden den Geschmack ab. Über Nacht im Kühlschrank gezogen, schmeckt er noch besser. 🌿🍋

#Tsatsiki #Rezeptideen #Dip #Sommerrezepte #Grillen #Kulinarik

https://www.oekologisch-unterwegs.de/rezepte-zum-kochen/677-tsatsiki-variante-3.html

Das #Rezept des Tages:

Eines von drei Rezepten für Tsatsiki. 🥒🧄 Dieses hier arbeitet nur mit cremigem #Joghurt und ohne #Quark sowie frischer #Gurke und vier Zehen #Knoblauch. Etwas #Dill und ein Schuss #Zitronensaft runden den Geschmack ab. Über Nacht im Kühlschrank gezogen, schmeckt er noch besser. 🌿🍋

#Tsatsiki #Rezeptideen #Dip #Sommerrezepte #Grillen #Kulinarik

https://www.oekologisch-unterwegs.de/rezepte-zum-kochen/677-tsatsiki-variante-3.html

The gluon cloud is exactly what QCD predicts.

“The HERA data are direct experimental proof that QCD describes nature,” Milner said.

But the young theory’s victory came with a bitter pill:

While QCD beautifully described the dance of short-lived quarks and gluons revealed by HERA’s extreme collisions,

the theory is useless for understanding the three long-lasting quarks seen in SLAC’s gentle bombardment.

QCD’s predictions are easy to understand only when the strong force is relatively weak.

And the strong force weakens only when quarks are extremely close together,
as they are in short-lived quark-antiquark pairs.

#Frank #Wilczek, #David #Gross and #David #Politzer identified this defining feature of QCD in 1973,
winning the Nobel Prize for it 31 years later.

But for gentler collisions like SLAC’s, where the proton acts like three quarks that mutually keep their distance,
these quarks pull on each other strongly enough that QCD calculations become impossible.

Thus, the task of further demystifying the three-quark view of the proton has fallen largely to experimentalists.
(Researchers who run “digital experiments,” in which QCD predictions are simulated on supercomputers,
have also made key contributions.)

And it’s in this low-resolution picture that physicists keep finding surprises.

Recently, a team led by #Juan #Rojo of the National Institute for Subatomic Physics in the Netherlands and VU University Amsterdam
analyzed more than 5,000 proton snapshots taken over the last 50 years,
using machine learning
to infer the motions of quarks and gluons inside the proton
in a way that sidesteps theoretical guesswork.

The new scrutiny picked up a background blur in the images that had escaped past researchers.

In relatively soft collisions just barely breaking the proton open,
most of the momentum was locked up in the usual three quarks:
two ups and a down.

But a small amount of momentum appeared to come from a “#charm” #quark and charm #antiquark
— colossal elementary particles that each outweigh the entire proton by more than
one-third❗️

Short-lived charms frequently show up in the “quark sea” view of the proton
(gluons can split into any of six different quark types if they have enough energy).

But the results from Rojo and colleagues suggest that the charms have a more permanent presence,
making them detectable in gentler collisions.

In these collisions, the proton appears as a quantum mixture,
or superposition,
of multiple states:

An electron usually encounters the three lightweight quarks.

But it will occasionally encounter a rarer “molecule” of five quarks,
such as an up, down and charm quark grouped on one side and an up quark and charm antiquark on the other.

Such subtle details about the proton’s makeup could prove consequential.

At the Large Hadron Collider, physicists search for new elementary particles by bashing high-speed protons together and seeing what pops out;

to understand the results, researchers need to know what’s in a proton to begin with.

The occasional apparition of giant charm quarks would throw off the odds of making more exotic particles.

And when protons called #cosmic #rays hurtle here from outer space and slam into protons in Earth’s atmosphere,
charm quarks popping up at the right moments would shower Earth with extra-energetic #neutrinos, researchers calculated in 2021.

These could confound observers searching for high-energy neutrinos coming from across the cosmos.

Rojo’s collaboration plans to continue exploring the proton by searching for an imbalance between charm quarks and antiquarks.

And heavier constituents,
such as the #top quark, could make even rarer and harder-to-detect appearances.

Next-generation experiments will seek still more unknown features.

Physicists at Brookhaven National Laboratory hope to fire up the
"Electron-Ion Collider"
in the 2030s
and pick up where HERA left off,
taking higher-resolution snapshots that will enable the first 3D reconstructions of the proton.

The #EIC will also use spinning electrons to create detailed maps of the spins of the internal quarks and gluons,
just as SLAC and HERA mapped out their momentums.

This should help researchers to finally pin down the origin of the proton’s spin,
and to address other fundamental questions about the baffling particle that makes up most of our everyday world.

https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/

The gluon cloud is exactly what QCD predicts.

“The HERA data are direct experimental proof that QCD describes nature,” Milner said.

But the young theory’s victory came with a bitter pill:

While QCD beautifully described the dance of short-lived quarks and gluons revealed by HERA’s extreme collisions,

the theory is useless for understanding the three long-lasting quarks seen in SLAC’s gentle bombardment.

QCD’s predictions are easy to understand only when the strong force is relatively weak.

And the strong force weakens only when quarks are extremely close together,
as they are in short-lived quark-antiquark pairs.

#Frank #Wilczek, #David #Gross and #David #Politzer identified this defining feature of QCD in 1973,
winning the Nobel Prize for it 31 years later.

But for gentler collisions like SLAC’s, where the proton acts like three quarks that mutually keep their distance,
these quarks pull on each other strongly enough that QCD calculations become impossible.

Thus, the task of further demystifying the three-quark view of the proton has fallen largely to experimentalists.
(Researchers who run “digital experiments,” in which QCD predictions are simulated on supercomputers,
have also made key contributions.)

And it’s in this low-resolution picture that physicists keep finding surprises.

Recently, a team led by #Juan #Rojo of the National Institute for Subatomic Physics in the Netherlands and VU University Amsterdam
analyzed more than 5,000 proton snapshots taken over the last 50 years,
using machine learning
to infer the motions of quarks and gluons inside the proton
in a way that sidesteps theoretical guesswork.

The new scrutiny picked up a background blur in the images that had escaped past researchers.

In relatively soft collisions just barely breaking the proton open,
most of the momentum was locked up in the usual three quarks:
two ups and a down.

But a small amount of momentum appeared to come from a “#charm” #quark and charm #antiquark
— colossal elementary particles that each outweigh the entire proton by more than
one-third❗️

Short-lived charms frequently show up in the “quark sea” view of the proton
(gluons can split into any of six different quark types if they have enough energy).

But the results from Rojo and colleagues suggest that the charms have a more permanent presence,
making them detectable in gentler collisions.

In these collisions, the proton appears as a quantum mixture,
or superposition,
of multiple states:

An electron usually encounters the three lightweight quarks.

But it will occasionally encounter a rarer “molecule” of five quarks,
such as an up, down and charm quark grouped on one side and an up quark and charm antiquark on the other.

Such subtle details about the proton’s makeup could prove consequential.

At the Large Hadron Collider, physicists search for new elementary particles by bashing high-speed protons together and seeing what pops out;

to understand the results, researchers need to know what’s in a proton to begin with.

The occasional apparition of giant charm quarks would throw off the odds of making more exotic particles.

And when protons called #cosmic #rays hurtle here from outer space and slam into protons in Earth’s atmosphere,
charm quarks popping up at the right moments would shower Earth with extra-energetic #neutrinos, researchers calculated in 2021.

These could confound observers searching for high-energy neutrinos coming from across the cosmos.

Rojo’s collaboration plans to continue exploring the proton by searching for an imbalance between charm quarks and antiquarks.

And heavier constituents,
such as the #top quark, could make even rarer and harder-to-detect appearances.

Next-generation experiments will seek still more unknown features.

Physicists at Brookhaven National Laboratory hope to fire up the
"Electron-Ion Collider"
in the 2030s
and pick up where HERA left off,
taking higher-resolution snapshots that will enable the first 3D reconstructions of the proton.

The #EIC will also use spinning electrons to create detailed maps of the spins of the internal quarks and gluons,
just as SLAC and HERA mapped out their momentums.

This should help researchers to finally pin down the origin of the proton’s spin,
and to address other fundamental questions about the baffling particle that makes up most of our everyday world.

https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/

The gluon cloud is exactly what QCD predicts.

“The HERA data are direct experimental proof that QCD describes nature,” Milner said.

But the young theory’s victory came with a bitter pill:

While QCD beautifully described the dance of short-lived quarks and gluons revealed by HERA’s extreme collisions,

the theory is useless for understanding the three long-lasting quarks seen in SLAC’s gentle bombardment.

QCD’s predictions are easy to understand only when the strong force is relatively weak.

And the strong force weakens only when quarks are extremely close together,
as they are in short-lived quark-antiquark pairs.

#Frank #Wilczek, #David #Gross and #David #Politzer identified this defining feature of QCD in 1973,
winning the Nobel Prize for it 31 years later.

But for gentler collisions like SLAC’s, where the proton acts like three quarks that mutually keep their distance,
these quarks pull on each other strongly enough that QCD calculations become impossible.

Thus, the task of further demystifying the three-quark view of the proton has fallen largely to experimentalists.
(Researchers who run “digital experiments,” in which QCD predictions are simulated on supercomputers,
have also made key contributions.)

And it’s in this low-resolution picture that physicists keep finding surprises.

Recently, a team led by #Juan #Rojo of the National Institute for Subatomic Physics in the Netherlands and VU University Amsterdam
analyzed more than 5,000 proton snapshots taken over the last 50 years,
using machine learning
to infer the motions of quarks and gluons inside the proton
in a way that sidesteps theoretical guesswork.

The new scrutiny picked up a background blur in the images that had escaped past researchers.

In relatively soft collisions just barely breaking the proton open,
most of the momentum was locked up in the usual three quarks:
two ups and a down.

But a small amount of momentum appeared to come from a “#charm” #quark and charm #antiquark
— colossal elementary particles that each outweigh the entire proton by more than
one-third❗️

Short-lived charms frequently show up in the “quark sea” view of the proton
(gluons can split into any of six different quark types if they have enough energy).

But the results from Rojo and colleagues suggest that the charms have a more permanent presence,
making them detectable in gentler collisions.

In these collisions, the proton appears as a quantum mixture,
or superposition,
of multiple states:

An electron usually encounters the three lightweight quarks.

But it will occasionally encounter a rarer “molecule” of five quarks,
such as an up, down and charm quark grouped on one side and an up quark and charm antiquark on the other.

Such subtle details about the proton’s makeup could prove consequential.

At the Large Hadron Collider, physicists search for new elementary particles by bashing high-speed protons together and seeing what pops out;

to understand the results, researchers need to know what’s in a proton to begin with.

The occasional apparition of giant charm quarks would throw off the odds of making more exotic particles.

And when protons called #cosmic #rays hurtle here from outer space and slam into protons in Earth’s atmosphere,
charm quarks popping up at the right moments would shower Earth with extra-energetic #neutrinos, researchers calculated in 2021.

These could confound observers searching for high-energy neutrinos coming from across the cosmos.

Rojo’s collaboration plans to continue exploring the proton by searching for an imbalance between charm quarks and antiquarks.

And heavier constituents,
such as the #top quark, could make even rarer and harder-to-detect appearances.

Next-generation experiments will seek still more unknown features.

Physicists at Brookhaven National Laboratory hope to fire up the
"Electron-Ion Collider"
in the 2030s
and pick up where HERA left off,
taking higher-resolution snapshots that will enable the first 3D reconstructions of the proton.

The #EIC will also use spinning electrons to create detailed maps of the spins of the internal quarks and gluons,
just as SLAC and HERA mapped out their momentums.

This should help researchers to finally pin down the origin of the proton’s spin,
and to address other fundamental questions about the baffling particle that makes up most of our everyday world.

https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/

The gluon cloud is exactly what QCD predicts.

“The HERA data are direct experimental proof that QCD describes nature,” Milner said.

But the young theory’s victory came with a bitter pill:

While QCD beautifully described the dance of short-lived quarks and gluons revealed by HERA’s extreme collisions,

the theory is useless for understanding the three long-lasting quarks seen in SLAC’s gentle bombardment.

QCD’s predictions are easy to understand only when the strong force is relatively weak.

And the strong force weakens only when quarks are extremely close together,
as they are in short-lived quark-antiquark pairs.

#Frank #Wilczek, #David #Gross and #David #Politzer identified this defining feature of QCD in 1973,
winning the Nobel Prize for it 31 years later.

But for gentler collisions like SLAC’s, where the proton acts like three quarks that mutually keep their distance,
these quarks pull on each other strongly enough that QCD calculations become impossible.

Thus, the task of further demystifying the three-quark view of the proton has fallen largely to experimentalists.
(Researchers who run “digital experiments,” in which QCD predictions are simulated on supercomputers,
have also made key contributions.)

And it’s in this low-resolution picture that physicists keep finding surprises.

Recently, a team led by #Juan #Rojo of the National Institute for Subatomic Physics in the Netherlands and VU University Amsterdam
analyzed more than 5,000 proton snapshots taken over the last 50 years,
using machine learning
to infer the motions of quarks and gluons inside the proton
in a way that sidesteps theoretical guesswork.

The new scrutiny picked up a background blur in the images that had escaped past researchers.

In relatively soft collisions just barely breaking the proton open,
most of the momentum was locked up in the usual three quarks:
two ups and a down.

But a small amount of momentum appeared to come from a “#charm” #quark and charm #antiquark
— colossal elementary particles that each outweigh the entire proton by more than
one-third❗️

Short-lived charms frequently show up in the “quark sea” view of the proton
(gluons can split into any of six different quark types if they have enough energy).

But the results from Rojo and colleagues suggest that the charms have a more permanent presence,
making them detectable in gentler collisions.

In these collisions, the proton appears as a quantum mixture,
or superposition,
of multiple states:

An electron usually encounters the three lightweight quarks.

But it will occasionally encounter a rarer “molecule” of five quarks,
such as an up, down and charm quark grouped on one side and an up quark and charm antiquark on the other.

Such subtle details about the proton’s makeup could prove consequential.

At the Large Hadron Collider, physicists search for new elementary particles by bashing high-speed protons together and seeing what pops out;

to understand the results, researchers need to know what’s in a proton to begin with.

The occasional apparition of giant charm quarks would throw off the odds of making more exotic particles.

And when protons called #cosmic #rays hurtle here from outer space and slam into protons in Earth’s atmosphere,
charm quarks popping up at the right moments would shower Earth with extra-energetic #neutrinos, researchers calculated in 2021.

These could confound observers searching for high-energy neutrinos coming from across the cosmos.

Rojo’s collaboration plans to continue exploring the proton by searching for an imbalance between charm quarks and antiquarks.

And heavier constituents,
such as the #top quark, could make even rarer and harder-to-detect appearances.

Next-generation experiments will seek still more unknown features.

Physicists at Brookhaven National Laboratory hope to fire up the
"Electron-Ion Collider"
in the 2030s
and pick up where HERA left off,
taking higher-resolution snapshots that will enable the first 3D reconstructions of the proton.

The #EIC will also use spinning electrons to create detailed maps of the spins of the internal quarks and gluons,
just as SLAC and HERA mapped out their momentums.

This should help researchers to finally pin down the origin of the proton’s spin,
and to address other fundamental questions about the baffling particle that makes up most of our everyday world.

https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/

The gluon cloud is exactly what QCD predicts.

“The HERA data are direct experimental proof that QCD describes nature,” Milner said.

But the young theory’s victory came with a bitter pill:

While QCD beautifully described the dance of short-lived quarks and gluons revealed by HERA’s extreme collisions,

the theory is useless for understanding the three long-lasting quarks seen in SLAC’s gentle bombardment.

QCD’s predictions are easy to understand only when the strong force is relatively weak.

And the strong force weakens only when quarks are extremely close together,
as they are in short-lived quark-antiquark pairs.

#Frank #Wilczek, #David #Gross and #David #Politzer identified this defining feature of QCD in 1973,
winning the Nobel Prize for it 31 years later.

But for gentler collisions like SLAC’s, where the proton acts like three quarks that mutually keep their distance,
these quarks pull on each other strongly enough that QCD calculations become impossible.

Thus, the task of further demystifying the three-quark view of the proton has fallen largely to experimentalists.
(Researchers who run “digital experiments,” in which QCD predictions are simulated on supercomputers,
have also made key contributions.)

And it’s in this low-resolution picture that physicists keep finding surprises.

Recently, a team led by #Juan #Rojo of the National Institute for Subatomic Physics in the Netherlands and VU University Amsterdam
analyzed more than 5,000 proton snapshots taken over the last 50 years,
using machine learning
to infer the motions of quarks and gluons inside the proton
in a way that sidesteps theoretical guesswork.

The new scrutiny picked up a background blur in the images that had escaped past researchers.

In relatively soft collisions just barely breaking the proton open,
most of the momentum was locked up in the usual three quarks:
two ups and a down.

But a small amount of momentum appeared to come from a “#charm” #quark and charm #antiquark
— colossal elementary particles that each outweigh the entire proton by more than
one-third❗️

Short-lived charms frequently show up in the “quark sea” view of the proton
(gluons can split into any of six different quark types if they have enough energy).

But the results from Rojo and colleagues suggest that the charms have a more permanent presence,
making them detectable in gentler collisions.

In these collisions, the proton appears as a quantum mixture,
or superposition,
of multiple states:

An electron usually encounters the three lightweight quarks.

But it will occasionally encounter a rarer “molecule” of five quarks,
such as an up, down and charm quark grouped on one side and an up quark and charm antiquark on the other.

Such subtle details about the proton’s makeup could prove consequential.

At the Large Hadron Collider, physicists search for new elementary particles by bashing high-speed protons together and seeing what pops out;

to understand the results, researchers need to know what’s in a proton to begin with.

The occasional apparition of giant charm quarks would throw off the odds of making more exotic particles.

And when protons called #cosmic #rays hurtle here from outer space and slam into protons in Earth’s atmosphere,
charm quarks popping up at the right moments would shower Earth with extra-energetic #neutrinos, researchers calculated in 2021.

These could confound observers searching for high-energy neutrinos coming from across the cosmos.

Rojo’s collaboration plans to continue exploring the proton by searching for an imbalance between charm quarks and antiquarks.

And heavier constituents,
such as the #top quark, could make even rarer and harder-to-detect appearances.

Next-generation experiments will seek still more unknown features.

Physicists at Brookhaven National Laboratory hope to fire up the
"Electron-Ion Collider"
in the 2030s
and pick up where HERA left off,
taking higher-resolution snapshots that will enable the first 3D reconstructions of the proton.

The #EIC will also use spinning electrons to create detailed maps of the spins of the internal quarks and gluons,
just as SLAC and HERA mapped out their momentums.

This should help researchers to finally pin down the origin of the proton’s spin,
and to address other fundamental questions about the baffling particle that makes up most of our everyday world.

https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/