#belief — Public Fediverse posts
Live and recent posts from across the Fediverse tagged #belief, aggregated by home.social.
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When Britain Loved Being Fooled.
There is something wonderfully human about a good hoax.
Not fraud, exactly – fraud wants your money. Forgery wants you to believe that something newly made is old, valuable, or authentic. A practical joke wants a laugh, preferably at somebody else’s expense.
A hoax wants something slightly different.
It wants you to believe. For just long enough.
It is a woman who claims to have given birth to rabbits. A mysterious foreign princess who appears from nowhere speaking a language nobody recognises. A newly discovered document written by one of the greatest names in English literature. Or an advertisement promising that, on a particular evening at a particular theatre, a man will climb into an ordinary wine bottle.
All you really need is somebody prepared to tell the story.
And somebody prepared to believe it.
Britain has always been rather good at providing both.
The word hoax itself seems to have appeared in English towards the end of the eighteenth century and is probably related to hocus or hocus-pocus – the language of the conjuror, the juggler and the trickster. But before hoax became fashionable, there was another splendid word for much the same thing:humbug
recorded in the middle of the eighteenth century for a trick, deception or imposition.
The words may have changed, but the practice certainly wasn’t new. People have always lied to one another. What makes a hoax interesting is not necessarily the lie. It is what happens next.
Because the best hoaxes rarely succeed simply because the person behind them is an exceptionally talented liar. They succeed because the lie arrives at exactly the right moment, in exactly the right form, and tells its audience something they are already prepared – perhaps even desperate – to believe.
That is where things become interesting.
We sometimes look back at historical hoaxes with a certain amount of smugness.
How could anyone possibly have believed that?
It is an easy question to ask when you already know the answer. Strip away that hindsight and things become considerably less comfortable.
Imagine being presented with an object apparently dug from the earth, accompanied by a convincing story about exactly where it was found. You know that similar objects exist. You know that important discoveries are being made. Perhaps another respected expert has already expressed an interest in it.
Would you dismiss it immediately? Or would you look a little closer?
In Victorian London, two Thames mudlarks called William Smith and Charles Eaton – better known as Billy and Charley – discovered that there was considerably more money to be made manufacturing history than digging it out of the mud.
Beginning in 1857, the pair produced supposedly medieval objects in hand-cut moulds: medallions, badges, figures and other curiosities decorated with strange images and wonderfully garbled inscriptions. They then sold them as antiquities recovered during excavations at Shadwell.
There were clues. Quite a lot of clues, actually. Some objects carried dates written in Arabic numerals despite supposedly belonging to the eleventh century. The inscriptions were nonsense. The designs were peculiar. Yet the objects found buyers.
When archaeologist Henry Cuming publicly denounced them as forgeries in 1858, the resulting controversy even ended up in court. Remarkably, respected antiquary Charles Roach Smith remained convinced that the objects were genuine. Part of his reasoning was effectively that no forger would produce anything so ridiculous.
Unfortunately, Billy and Charley would. Eventually some of their moulds were obtained and displayed at the Society of Antiquaries. The game was up – although the pair continued producing their creations for years afterwards. They made several thousand objects in total.
Today, examples are held by the British Museum. I love that they are exhibited there… as fakes… A worthless fake made to imitate a valuable antiquity survives long enough to become a valuable historical object in its own right.
But Billy and Charley understood something important. People don’t simply believe objects. They believe stories. Give an object a convincing provenance and it changes. A battered piece of metal becomes something recovered from an archaeological excavation. A scrap of handwriting becomes a lost manuscript. A photograph becomes evidence. An ordinary woman in unusual clothes becomes a princess. Sometimes the desire to believe becomes powerful enough to overcome evidence sitting directly in front of us.
It happens to experts too. Especially to experts.
Expertise does not make someone immune to deception. Occasionally it can provide the very framework that makes the deception convincing. A successful forger learns what an expert expects to see and gives it to them.
Collectors can be particularly vulnerable because rarity creates competition. The British Museum notes that wealthy collectors and fierce competition for spectacular antiquities historically created precisely the sort of market in which fakes flourished. When spectacular genuine objects were unavailable, forgers copied them, invented them or even took genuine antiquities and “improved” them with modern additions.
And that brings us to one of the most important ingredients in any successful hoax.
Want. Someone has to want the thing to be true.
The collector wants the extraordinary artefact. The scholar wants the discovery. The newspaper wants the sensational story. The audience wants to see the impossible performance. The believer wants the photograph to show something extraordinary. And sometimes the person being fooled has invested so much – money, reputation, pride or simple emotional attachment – that admitting the truth becomes harder than continuing to believe the lie.
That is why the revelation of a hoax is often almost as fascinating as the hoax itself.
Some victims laugh or become furious. Some quietly disappear while others double down spectacularly. And occasionally the hoax escapes from its creator altogether.
A joke repeated often enough becomes a story. The story is copied into books. Those books become sources for later books. Details change. Names appear. Locations shift. Someone adds something they heard from their grandmother. Eventually the person who started the whole thing could stand up and announce that they invented it and somebody, somewhere, would probably accuse them of participating in the cover-up.
At that point the hoax has become folklore. That is why old hoaxes remain so fascinating.
They aren’t really stories about stupid people being fooled by clever people.
They’re stories about trust. About authority. About reputation. About fashion. About the things a society considers possible at a particular moment in history. And, most of all, about belief.
Over the coming week, Mysterious Times will be looking at some extraordinary examples.
There will be rabbits.
There will be Shakespeare.
There will be a mysterious princess.
There will be an allegedly impossible theatrical performance.
And before we’re finished, one unfortunate London address is going to have a very, very bad day.
Some of the people we meet will be fraudsters. Some will be practical jokers. Some will begin with a relatively small deception and discover, rather too late, that it has grown completely beyond their control.
And plenty of intelligent, educated and perfectly sensible people will fall for them.Welcome to Fakes, Frauds and Fabulous Hoaxes.
#Belief #BillyAndCharley #BritishHistory #CuriousBritain #FakesAndFrauds #Folklore #Forgery #HistoricalHoaxes #Hoaxes #MysteriousTimes #strangeHistory #VictorianBritain
And remember – before we laugh too loudly at our ancestors, perhaps we should ask ourselves one question.
If we’d been there…
would we? -
A quotation from Abraham Fortas
Any departure from absolute regimentation may cause trouble. Any variation from the majority’s opinion may inspire fear. Any word spoken, in class, in the lunchroom, or on the campus, that deviates from the view of another person may start an argument or cause a disturbance. But our Constitution says we must take this risk, and our history says that it is this sort of hazardous freedom — this kind of openness — that is the basis of our national strength and of the independence and vigor of Americans who grow up and live in this relatively permissive, often disputatious, society.
Abraham Fortas (1910–1982) American academic, jurist, lawyer; US Supreme Court Justice (1965–69)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503, 508 (1969) [majority opinion]More about this quote: wist.info/fortas-abe/13226/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #abefortas #America #argument #belief #Constitution #control #debate #disagreement #dissent #disturbance #firstamendment #freespeech #freedom #freedomofexpression #freedomofspeech #heterodoxy #majority #openness #opinion #popularopinion #SCOTUS #troublemaking #protest
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A quotation from Abraham Fortas
Any departure from absolute regimentation may cause trouble. Any variation from the majority’s opinion may inspire fear. Any word spoken, in class, in the lunchroom, or on the campus, that deviates from the view of another person may start an argument or cause a disturbance. But our Constitution says we must take this risk, and our history says that it is this sort of hazardous freedom — this kind of openness — that is the basis of our national strength and of the independence and vigor of Americans who grow up and live in this relatively permissive, often disputatious, society.
Abraham Fortas (1910–1982) American academic, jurist, lawyer; US Supreme Court Justice (1965–69)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503, 508 (1969) [majority opinion]More about this quote: wist.info/fortas-abe/13226/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #abefortas #America #argument #belief #Constitution #control #debate #disagreement #dissent #disturbance #firstamendment #freespeech #freedom #freedomofexpression #freedomofspeech #heterodoxy #majority #openness #opinion #popularopinion #SCOTUS #troublemaking #protest
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A quotation from Abraham Fortas
Any departure from absolute regimentation may cause trouble. Any variation from the majority’s opinion may inspire fear. Any word spoken, in class, in the lunchroom, or on the campus, that deviates from the view of another person may start an argument or cause a disturbance. But our Constitution says we must take this risk, and our history says that it is this sort of hazardous freedom — this kind of openness — that is the basis of our national strength and of the independence and vigor of Americans who grow up and live in this relatively permissive, often disputatious, society.
Abraham Fortas (1910–1982) American academic, jurist, lawyer; US Supreme Court Justice (1965–69)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503, 508 (1969) [majority opinion]More about this quote: wist.info/fortas-abe/13226/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #abefortas #America #argument #belief #Constitution #control #debate #disagreement #dissent #disturbance #firstamendment #freespeech #freedom #freedomofexpression #freedomofspeech #heterodoxy #majority #openness #opinion #popularopinion #SCOTUS #troublemaking #protest
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A quotation from Abraham Fortas
Any departure from absolute regimentation may cause trouble. Any variation from the majority’s opinion may inspire fear. Any word spoken, in class, in the lunchroom, or on the campus, that deviates from the view of another person may start an argument or cause a disturbance. But our Constitution says we must take this risk, and our history says that it is this sort of hazardous freedom — this kind of openness — that is the basis of our national strength and of the independence and vigor of Americans who grow up and live in this relatively permissive, often disputatious, society.
Abraham Fortas (1910–1982) American academic, jurist, lawyer; US Supreme Court Justice (1965–69)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503, 508 (1969) [majority opinion]More about this quote: wist.info/fortas-abe/13226/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #abefortas #America #argument #belief #Constitution #control #debate #disagreement #dissent #disturbance #firstamendment #freespeech #freedom #freedomofexpression #freedomofspeech #heterodoxy #majority #openness #opinion #popularopinion #SCOTUS #troublemaking #protest
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“In a free society you can criticise any country or ideology. You can criticise capitalism, communism, socialism, imperialism, or any other -ism. You can argue that whatever ideology you dislike has no place in society. You can say that an ideology is racist or dangerous. People can and do say that all the time and they never get sacked… unless they do it about Zionism.
By the same token you can criticise the US, Europe, Russia, China or whatever place you think is causing massive problems for the world. But every journalist knows they mustn’t speak too harshly of Israel, even when it’s committing genocide. The fact that it’s so difficult to criticise Israel compared to any other country proves Miller was right. Zionism is the problem”
quoting Ricky from Council Estate Media on Substack
https://open.substack.com/pub/councilestatemedia/p/anti-zionism-is-now-a-protected-belief
#Press #SocialMedia #Journalism #UK #Miller #EmploymentTribunal #Zionism #AntiZionism #Protected #Belief #Law
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It is always easier to believe than to deny. Our minds are naturally affirmative.
-- John Burroughs⬆ #Wisdom #Quotes #JohnBurroughs #Belief
⬇ #Photography #Panorama #Guangxi #China #LiRiver #LiJiang #TowerKarst #Geology
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A quotation from Eleanor Roosevelt
One’s philosophy is not best expressed in words; it is expressed in the choices one makes. In stopping to think through the meaning of what I have learned, there is much that I believe intensely, much I am unsure of. In the long run, we shape our lives and we shape ourselves. The process never ends until we die. And, the choices we make are ultimately our own responsibility.
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962) First Lady of the US (1933–1945), politician, diplomat, activist
You Learn by Living, Foreword (1960)More about this quote: wist.info/roosevelt-eleanor/33…
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #eleanorroosevelt #actions #belief #choices #living #personalresponsibility #philosophy #responsibility #takeresponsibility #uncertainty #wordsanddeeds
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The Constitution and the Declaration of Independence can live only as long as they are enshrined in our hearts and minds. If they are not so enshrined, they would be no better than mummies in their glass cases, and they could in time become idols whose worship would be a grim mockery of the true faith. Only as these documents are reflected in the thoughts and acts of Americans can they remain symbols of a power that can move the world.
Harry S Truman (1884-1972) US President (1945-1953)
Speech (1952-12-15), National ArchivesMore about this quote: wist.info/truman-harry-s/63640…
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #truman #harrytruman #America #belief #Constitution #DeclarationofIndependence #idolatry #meaning #moralcode #patriotism #values
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From a scientific perspective, probably the main problem with religious people is they usually take their traditions at face value. They rarely know the identities, social contexts, or motives of scriptures' authors, or the historical layers of texts presented as unified texts or collections.
#science #religion #tradition #author #authorship #attribution #identity #context #socialcontext #motive #scripture #history #text #collection #canon #deception #falsehood #faith #blindfaith #belief
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From a scientific perspective, probably the main problem with religious people is they usually take their traditions at face value. They rarely know the identities, social contexts, or motives of scriptures' authors, or the historical layers of texts presented as unified texts or collections.
#science #religion #tradition #author #authorship #attribution #identity #context #socialcontext #motive #scripture #history #text #collection #canon #deception #falsehood #faith #blindfaith #belief
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From a scientific perspective, probably the main problem with religious people is they usually take their traditions at face value. They rarely know the identities, social contexts, or motives of scriptures' authors, or the historical layers of texts presented as unified texts or collections.
#science #religion #tradition #author #authorship #attribution #identity #context #socialcontext #motive #scripture #history #text #collection #canon #deception #falsehood #faith #blindfaith #belief
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From a scientific perspective, probably the main problem with religious people is they usually take their traditions at face value. They rarely know the identities, social contexts, or motives of scriptures' authors, or the historical layers of texts presented as unified texts or collections.
#science #religion #tradition #author #authorship #attribution #identity #context #socialcontext #motive #scripture #history #text #collection #canon #deception #falsehood #faith #blindfaith #belief
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From a scientific perspective, probably the main problem with religious people is they usually take their traditions at face value. They rarely know the identities, social contexts, or motives of scriptures' authors, or the historical layers of texts presented as unified texts or collections.
#science #religion #tradition #author #authorship #attribution #identity #context #socialcontext #motive #scripture #history #text #collection #canon #deception #falsehood #faith #blindfaith #belief
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Agnosticism simply means that a man shall not say he knows or believes that for which he has no grounds for professing to know or believe.
T. H. Huxley (1825-1895) English biologist [Thomas Henry Huxley]
(Attributed)More about this quote: wist.info/huxley-thomas-henry/…
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #huxley #thhuxley #agnosticism #belief #certainty #evidence #grounds #knowledge #profession #rationale #reason #reasoning #truth
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Certainly anyone who has the power to make you believe absurdities has the power to make you commit injustices.
-- Voltaire⬆ #Wisdom #Quotes #Voltaire #AbsurdityLies #Belief #Injustice
⬇ #Photography #Panorama #Mangrove #RabbitKey #Everglades #Florida
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The truth seems to be that propaganda on its own cannot force its way into unwilling minds; neither can it inculcate something wholly new; nor can it keep people persuaded once they have ceased to believe. It penetrates only into minds already open, and rather than instill opinion it articulates and justifies opinions already present in the minds of its recipients. The gifted propagandist brings to a boil ideas and passions already simmering in the minds of his hearers. he echoes their innermost feelings. Where opinion is not coerced, people can be made to believe only in what they already “know.”
Eric Hoffer (1902-1983) American writer, philosopher, longshoreman
True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements, Part 3, ch. 14, § 83 (3.14.83) (1951)More about this quote: wist.info/hoffer-eric/11263/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #erichoffer #agitprop #belief #confirmation #confirmationbias #conviction #disinformation #fear #ideas #justification #opinion #passion #predisposition #prejudice #propaganda #reinforcement #truebeliever
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A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the lustre of the firmament of bards and sages. Yet he dismisses without notice his thought, because it is his.
In every work of genius we recognize our own rejected thoughts; they come back to us with a certain alienated majesty. Great works of art have no more affecting lesson for us than this. They teach us to abide by our spontaneous impression with good-humored inflexibility then most when the whole cry of voices is on the other side. Else to-morrow a stranger will say with masterly good sense precisely what we have thought and felt all the time, and we shall be forced to take with shame our own opinion from another.Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) American essayist, lecturer, poet
Essay (1841), “Self-Reliance,” Essays: First Series, No. 2More about this quote: wist.info/emerson-ralph-waldo/…
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #emerson #ralphwaldoemerson #belief #believeinyourself #confidence #creativity #ego #genius #humility #idea #opinion #originality #pride #selfappreciation #selfapproval #selfbetrayal #selfcensorship #selfconfidence #selfconsciousness #selfcriticism #selfdefeating #selfdeprecating #selfeffacing #selfesteem #selfjudgment #selfquestioning #selfreproach #selfsabotage #selftrust #spontaneity #trustyourself
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With consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do. He may as well concern himself with his shadow on the wall. Speak what you think to-day in words as hard as cannon-balls and to-morrow speak what to-morrow thinks in hard words again, though it contradict every thing you said to-day.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) American essayist, lecturer, poet
Essay (1841), “Self-Reliance,” Essays: First Series, No. 2More about this quote: wist.info/emerson-ralph-waldo/…
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #emerson #ralphwaldoemerson #belief #change #changeofmind #consistency #contradiction #inconsistency #integrity #opinion #perspective #resolution #today #tomorrow
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A quotation from John F. Kennedy
Tolerance implies no lack of commitment to one’s beliefs. Rather it condemns the oppression or persecution of others.
John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) American politician, author, journalist, US President (1961–63)
Letter (1960-10-26) to the National Conference of Christians and Jews Conference)More about this quote: wist.info/kennedy-john/2252/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #jfk #johnkennedy #johnfkennedy #belief #commitment #faith #freedomofreligion #protection #religiousfreedom #religiousintolerance #religiouspersecution #religioustolerance #tolerance
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A quotation from Thomas Carlyle
No iron chain, or outward force of any kind, could ever compel the soul of a man to believe or to disbelieve: it is his own indefeasible light, that judgment of his; he will reign, and believe there, by the grace of God alone!
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) Scottish essayist and historian
Lecture (1840-05-15), “The Hero as Priest,” Home House, Portman Square, LondonMore about this quote: wist.info/carlyle-thomas/6667/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #thomascarlyle #belief #compulsion #force #freethought #freedomofreligion #freedomofthought #intolerance #judgment #orthodoxy #religiousfreedom #religiousintolerance #selfdirection #soul #theocracy
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A quotation from Charles Mackay
During seasons of great pestilence, men have often believed the prophecies of crazed fanatics, that the end of the world was come. Credulity is always greatest in times of calamity.
Charles Mackay (1814-1889) Scottish poet, journalist, song writer
Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, “Modern Prophecies” (1841)More info about this quote: wist.info/mackay-charles/79500…
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #charlesmackay #believer #truebeliever #belief #chaos #credulity #danger #disaster #endoftheworld #prediction #prophecy
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The uncompromising attitude is more indicative of an inner uncertainty than of deep conviction. The implacable stand is directed more against the doubt within than the assailant without.
Eric Hoffer (1902-1983) American writer, philosopher, longshoreman
Passionate State of Mind, Aphorism 63 (1955)Sourcing, notes: wist.info/hoffer-eric/11433/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #erichoffer #belief #compromise #doubt #obstinacy #stubbornness #truebeliever #truth #uncertainty #uncompromising #zeal
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"During the Middle Ages, many people believed that demonic possession caused #epilepsy As this belief faded, some people were thought to mimic or fake #seizures for personal gain..."
https://www.epilepsy.com/stories/bringing-epilepsy-out-dark-ages-diagnosis-eeg
...a "#belief" is a guess. Stop guessing, start LISTENING
#awareness starts there... -
Vehemence is the expression of a blind effort to support and uphold something that can never stand on its own — something rootless, incoherent, and incomplete. Whether it is our own meaningless self we are upholding or some doctrine devoid of evidence, we can do it only in a frenzy of faith.
Eric Hoffer (1902-1983) American writer, philosopher, longshoreman
Passionate State of Mind, Aphorism 60 (1955)Sourcing, notes: wist.info/hoffer-eric/76046/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #truebeliever #onetrueway #zealot #devotion #enthusiasm #faith #fervor #belief #meaning #passion #vehemence #insistence #zeal
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Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is an absurd one.
[Le doute n’est pas une état bien agréable, mais l’assurance est un état ridicule.]Voltaire (1694-1778) French writer [pseud. of Francois-Marie Arouet]
Letter (1770-11-28) to Frederick William, Prince of Prussia [tr. Tallentyre (1919)]Sourcing, notes, alternate translations: wist.info/voltaire/4016/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #voltaire #belief #certainty #dogmatism #doubt #faith #truebeliever #truth #uncertainty
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A man must be excessively stupid, as well as uncharitable, who believes that there is no virtue but on his own side, and that there are not men as honest as himself who may differ from him in political principles.
Joseph Addison (1672-1719) English essayist, poet, statesman
Essay (1711-12-08), The Spectator, No. 243Sourcing, notes: wist.info/addison-joseph/1442/
#quote #quotes #quotation #antagonism #belief #binary #honesty #opinion #oversimplification #partisan #partypolitics #politics #principles #takesides #virtue
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#HiddenGems in #BlackHistory: The #Dangerous #Myth of #BlackPain.
In 1950, a #medicaljournal held the #belief that #Black #people could not perceive #pain or #recognize the #signs of a potential #heartattack. This greatly reduced the #trust that Black people may have in #White #doctors to #listen to their #suffering and provide adequate #treatment.
#Women #Transgender #LGBTQ #LGBTQIA #BlackHistoryMonth #Racism #Health #Healthcare
https://blackdoctor.org/hidden-gems-in-black-history-the-dangerous-myth-of-black-pain/
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#RaymondTallis - What is #Truth?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLhTG7etzlc&ab_channel=CloserToTruth
#Philosophy #Logic #PhilosophyOfLogic #Assertions #States #StatesOfAffairs #Belief #JTB #JustifiedTrueBelief #Pragmatism #Minimalism #Predicate #Predicates #Relativism #Noumenal #Ontological #Kant #Kantian #DingAnSich #CloserToTruth #RobertKuhn
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#RobertAudi - #Epistemology - How Do We #Know What We Know? #CommonSense
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOfU1IlSUgw&ab_channel=CloserToTruth
#Philosophy #PhilosophyOfKnowledge #PhilosophyOfMind #Facts #Knowing #Justification #Belief #Truth #Reality #Metaphysics #SelfKnowledge #JTB #JustifiedTrueBelief #Kant #ImmanuelKant #CloserToTruth #RobertKuhn
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@pesasa Gah! I'm misreading my own previous thread 😺
And yes, I'd introduced belief there, so that's on me...
Context: that toot was based on an earlier HN thread. I'd looked to that to try to suss out What I Was Even Thinking in writing that, and the context in which it emerged. That's well worth taking a look at (it's a short thread).
To clarify for discussion:
The grid is based on "known" and "unknown", and "truth" and "falsity". K, U, T, and F.
Apparently I'd equated or at least connected "known" with "belief" writing the toot in Sept., 2021. That is, "Believed truth".
"Ground Truth" status is the T/F dimension.
By way of clarification, I'm reading myself as saying that T/F are independent of knowledge or belief, that is, T/F is ground truth, not some awareness or belief, which ... falls more into the K/U axis. A belief is a subset of that which is known.
That noted, the grid is what I call a naive extrapolation based on a state matrix. If you have knowledge and truth each with two states each, you can expand them to the sixteen combinations shown. And as I'd originally said, I'm not sure how useful that is, though it seems interesting.
as I'd said on HN:
In the known-knowns model, you have knowledge and metaknowledge (what you know, what you know you know).
That is, "unknown unknowns" is about your awareness of your own scope of knowledge and ignorance.
In that context, then your comment seems accurate: an unknown unknown is not a believed truth. It is in fact a domain in which there is neither belief or awareness that a belief need be necessary.
That leaves us with the question of a fact falling into the status of unknown unknown, but having possible truth values. And again, I'm not sure how useful that is, outside simply filling out the combinatorial matrix.
#truth #belief #UnknownUknowns #GroundTruth #JustifiedTrueBelief
