#radiopropagation — Public Fediverse posts

Radio Propagation

Some signs today that the N Hemisphere Es season is starting soon as the MUF climbs across the Mediterranean region.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

K1RA in Warrenton, VA (FM18CR) is getting around the world very well tonight!

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio

Radio Propagation

Ship AIS is doing well on 162 MHz.

#radiopropagation
#shipais
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

Strong tropo conditions in Northern Europe now. A good time to test the new ultra wide monitor! 😁

#radiopropagation
#g7izu

Space Weather

An M4.9 flare peaked at 17h08 UT 23 April. A minor R1 radio blackout affected the Americas and western Atlantic.

A slight reduction in HF radio traffic can be observed (DX Cluster radio contacts map). DRAP D-layer absorption is overlayed on the map.

#spaceweather
#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

A ridge of high pressure pushing down the North Sea is creating ideal conditions for some strong tropospheric propagation.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Website/Radio Propagation

I've updated my DX Cluster monitor so that it can capture images from the Mercator map view. Up until now my propagation maps have been circular. These are square!

Up to 12 different maps can be captured.

Update: The live examples have been taken down as I continue to develop these features.

#amateurradio
#radiopropagation
#g7izu

Space Weather Unplugged

Learn all about solar flares and CMEs (and what makes them different from each other), from Nasa's Dr Becca Robinson. Dr Robinson also shares news about Nasa's Muse mission.

https://youtu.be/Kt6aVss4nho?t=193

#spaceweather
#amateurradio
#radiopropagation
#g7izu

Space Weather Ops Dashboard

I've released another update today (version #260407.3).

The DRAP map includes a flashing indicator to show which base location is active in the path estimator table.

Two new (optional) columns have been added to the path estimator:

The GREYLINE column shows when the sunrise/sunset terminator is crossing the midpoint of a radio path — grey line conditions can briefly boost long-distance signals as the D-layer fades but the F-layer stays strong.

The ↓F number tells you how many solar flux units (SFU) conditions can deteriorate before your best open band closes — the lower the number, the more fragile the opening.

The ↑K number shows how much the geomagnetic storm index (Kp) can rise before the path degrades — useful during unsettled space weather when conditions can change quickly.

Please go to the launch page or reload the page to ensure you're using the latest version.

https://www.tvcomm.co.uk/g7izu/space-weather-ops/

#spaceweather
#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Website

My Space Weather Ops page has been worked on today and had a number of changes bug fixes.

One big update is that there are now double the number of base regions available in the Path Estimator (22 instead of the original 11). There are also new columns for the propagation modes which are active on each path, although I suspect this feature still has some errors, particularly around TEP path estimation.

A small but important change is that the FLARE chip on the very top line now shows the maximum X-ray flux in the last hour instead of the live value as seen in the box below it, so if you've glanced away you can still see the highest flux value reached.

A fault on the D-Rap map background was fixed, along with numerous backend fixes.

https://www.tvcomm.co.uk/g7izu/space-weather-ops/

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

And here we see the fly-through with the 10m band added to the mix.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

Here's the 2D version as rendered by LiveMUF.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

Sporadic-E clouds over Eastern Europe have raised the MUF towards 100 MHz.

Here we see 6m Es and 2m tropo spots in 3D.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

3D fly-through showing 10m and 6m propagation between South and North America, recorded just now.

The orange clouds (which are drawn a bit too bright!) denote zones of signal refraction for TEP (Trans-Equatorial-Propagation).

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Space Weather

Aurora reported by amateur radio operators down to ~50°N over Europe.

A G1-G2 geomagnetic storm is in progress.

Radio propagation on HF has taken a hit at the higher latitudes thanks to the storm.

https://www.tvcomm.co.uk/g7izu/space-weather-ops/

#spaceweather
#radiopropagation
#aurora
#g7izu

Space Weather

Radio propagation visualised in 3D! Two examples of auroral propagation on the 2m band caught on my Ionospheric Path Monitor just now.

#spaceweather
#radiopropagation
#aurora
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

The VHF/UHF FT8 Activity Contest kicked off at 18h UT. See the contesters on this flythrough over Europe. 2m band contacts are the red lines, and as the contacts are mostly tropospheric, the signals are hugging the surface of the planet within a few km.

It's fitting that Dave, G7RAU (author of LiveMUF) is one of the contacts seen in this video (at the bottom end of Cornwall).

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

My Ionospheric Path Monitor has been adjusted to plot chordal hops correctly using accepted physics. Signals across the equator usually stay airborne for a considerable distance before coming back down to earth.

New orange "glow zones" show the potential zones for the airborne reflections from the ionosphere at around 400km altitude.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

It's the evening in Australia and Japan, early morning in Western Europe. This is what the 10m band is doing right now, based upon DX CLuster reports.

Radio propagation visualised!

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

The 10m and 6m bands now have openings between Europe & Middle East to S America, and USA to S America, but the higher bands are fading as the sun sets.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

Meanwhile, if you drop down to the 15, 17 and 20m bands, you'll get all the N American DX you need!

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

10m band (28 MHz) radio propagation between Europe and N America is poor this afternoon. From Europe, the band is open to S America, S Africa and the Far East.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

You can use filtering to check the propagation for a single station, region country or continent.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

Another demonstration fly-through using live data, recorded at 18h UT 28 March.

This time, only the 80m, 40m and 20m bands are selected.

We see the lower frequencies, mostly on the night-side of the planet, 10m on the day side. The lower frequencies are refracting from lower ionospheric layers than the higher frequencies do.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

While we wait for the sporadic-E season to get going properly, here's a demonstration fly-through of this afternoon's global 10m to 2m band propagation, recorded live from amateur radio DX Cluster data with a five-minute cadence, at 17h07 UT 28 March.

The yellow lines denote 10m contacts. As you can see, there's not much going on above the 10m band at the time of the recording. All the lower bands have been supressed so as to make 10m clearer.

The number of hops and reflection locations any particular signal path makes are estimated and not real, but is based upon real factors such as ionosphere height, propagation mode and the MUF. Different frequencies reach different heights, as future videos will show.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

Sporadic-E: High MUF upto FM band 2 is continuing over SE Europe this afternoon, as dusk approaches.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

Early season sporadic-E has raised the MUF over south-east Europe today.

This 3D fly-through was created using a new mapping backend for G7RAU's Live MUF that I created. It runs in a web browser and is under test.

Similar to the maps on my website, line colour indicates frequency. The coloured blobs show areas of high MUF (sporadic-E clouds). Purple is showing Band 2 FM reception via sporadic-E, yellow is the 10m band. As new spots appear, you see the lines propagating between ground and ionosphere as they bounce around the world.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#g7izu

The Power of the Whisper: How WSPR and WSJT-X are Redefining Long-Distance Radio

1,250 words, 7 minutes read time.

Amateur radio operators and technology enthusiasts are currently utilizing the Weak Signal Propagation Reporter, commonly known as WSPR, and the WSJT-X software suite to achieve global communication using minimal power. Developed by Nobel laureate Joe Taylor, K1JT, this digital protocol allows stations to send and receive signals that are often completely buried in background noise, making it possible to map atmospheric conditions and radio propagation in real-time. This technology serves as a critical entry point for men looking to understand the mechanics of the ionosphere and the efficiency of modern digital signal processing. By leveraging advanced mathematical algorithms, WSPR proves that high-power amplifiers and massive antenna towers are no longer the only way to reach across the ocean, offering a technical challenge that rewards precision and patience over brute force.

The core of this system lies in the software known as WSJT-X. This program implements several digital protocols designed specifically for making reliable communication under extreme conditions where traditional voice or Morse code signals would fail. While WSPR is not a conversational mode, it acts as a global beacon system. A station transmits a brief packet containing its callsign, location grid square, and power level. Thousands of other stations around the world, running the same software, listen for these signals and automatically report any successful decodes to a central internet database called WSPRnet. This creates a living, breathing map of how radio waves are traveling across the planet at any given second, providing invaluable data for anyone interested in the science of communication.

Understanding the physics behind this process is what separates a casual observer from a true radio technician. The Earth’s ionosphere, a layer of the atmosphere ionized by solar radiation, acts as a mirror for certain radio frequencies. Depending on the time of day, solar flare activity, and the season, these signals can skip off the sky and land thousands of miles away. In the past, confirming these paths required luck and high-power transmissions. Joe Taylor once noted that the goal of these modes is to utilize the information-theoretic limits of the channel. This means squeezing every bit of data through the smallest amount of bandwidth possible, allowing a station running only one watt of power to be heard in Antarctica from a backyard in Michigan.

For the man standing on the threshold of earning his amateur radio license, WSPR is the ultimate proof of concept. It removes the intimidation factor of “talking” to strangers and replaces it with a pure engineering objective: How far can my signal go with the least amount of effort? Setting up a WSPR station requires a computer, a transceiver, and a simple wire antenna. The software handles the heavy lifting of Forward Error Correction and narrow-band filtering. This process teaches the fundamentals of station grounding, signal-to-noise ratios, and frequency stability—skills that are mandatory for passing the licensing exam and, more importantly, for operating a professional-grade station.

The hardware requirements are surprisingly modest, which appeals to the practical, DIY-oriented mind. Many enthusiasts use a Raspberry Pi or an older laptop dedicated to the task. The interface between the radio and the computer is the critical link, ensuring that the audio generated by the software is cleanly injected into the radio’s transmitter. If the audio levels are too high, the signal becomes distorted, “splattering” across the band and becoming unreadable. This level of technical discipline is exactly what is required in high-stakes fields like aviation or telecommunications. Mastering the “clean” signal is a badge of honor in the ham radio community, signifying a man who knows his equipment inside and out.

As we look at the data generated by WSPR, we see more than just dots on a map; we see the pulse of the sun. Because radio propagation is tied directly to solar activity, WSPR users are often the first to notice a solar storm or a sudden ionospheric disturbance. When the sun emits a massive burst of energy, the higher frequency bands might “open up,” allowing for incredible distances to be covered on low power. Conversely, a solar blackout can shut down communication entirely. Being able to read these signs and adjust one’s strategy accordingly is a core component of the hobby. It turns a simple radio into a scientific instrument used for environmental monitoring.

The community surrounding WSJT-X is one of rigorous peer review and constant improvement. The software is open-source, meaning the code is available for anyone to inspect and refine. This transparency has led to a rapid evolution of the protocols. While WSPR is for propagation reporting, other modes within the suite like FT8 or FST4 are used for rapid-fire contacts. However, WSPR remains the gold standard for testing antennas. If a man builds a new wire antenna in his yard, he doesn’t have to wait for someone to answer his call to know if it works. He can run WSPR for an hour, check the online map, and see exactly where his signal landed. It provides immediate, objective feedback that is essential for any technical project.

The future of this technology points toward even more robust communication in the face of increasing electronic noise. As our cities become more crowded with Wi-Fi, power lines, and electronics, the “noise floor” of the radio spectrum is rising. Traditional modes are struggling to compete. Digital modes like those found in WSJT-X are the solution, using digital signal processing to “dig” signals out of the static. This represents the next frontier of amateur radio—the transition from analog heritage to digital mastery. For those looking to get involved, the barrier to entry has never been lower, and the potential for discovery has never been higher.

In the broader context of emergency preparedness and global infrastructure, the lessons learned from WSPR are invaluable. In a scenario where satellites or internet backbones fail, the ability to bounce low-power signals off the atmosphere remains one of the only viable long-distance communication methods. A man who understands how to deploy a WSPR-capable station is a man who can provide data and connectivity when everything else goes dark. This sense of utility and self-reliance is a driving force for many who pursue their license. It is not just about a hobby; it is about mastering a fundamental force of nature to ensure that the lines of communication stay open, no matter the circumstances.

Call to Action

If this story caught your attention, don’t just scroll past. Join the community—men sharing skills, stories, and experiences. Subscribe for more posts like this, drop a comment about your projects or lessons learned, or reach out and tell me what you’re building or experimenting with. Let’s grow together.

D. Bryan King

Sources

• WSJT-X Main Page: physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/k1jt/wsjtx.html
• WSPRnet Official Site: wsprnet.org/drupal/
• ARRL – What is WSPR?: arrl.org/wspr
• K1JT’s WSPR Implementation Guide: physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/k1jt/WSPR_Instructions.pdf
• WSPR on Raspberry Pi – GitHub: github.com/JamesP6000/WsprryPi
• Make Magazine – Ham Radio for Beginners: makezine.com/projects/ham-radio-for-beginners/
• Introduction to Digital Modes – OnAllBands: onallbands.com/digital-modes-101-wspr/
• DX Engineering – WSPR Equipment: dxengineering.com/search/product-line/wsjt-x-interfaces
• Radio Society of Great Britain – WSPR Intro: rsgb.org/main/get-started-in-ham-radio/digital-modes/wspr/
• Ham Radio School – Digital Mode Basics: hamradioschool.com/digital-modes-introduction/
• The History of WSJT-X – Princeton University: princeton.edu/news/2017/10/18/nobel-prize-winner-taylor-channels-passion-radio
• WSPR Rocks – Real-time Database: wspr.rocks
• Antenna Theory for Digital Modes: antenna-theory.com
• HF Propagation Basics – NOAA: swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/hf-radio-propagation
• Digital Radio Mondiale and WSPR – IEEE: ieee.org/publications/wspr-technical-overview

Disclaimer:

The views and opinions expressed in this post are solely those of the author. The information provided is based on personal research, experience, and understanding of the subject matter at the time of writing. Readers should consult relevant experts or authorities for specific guidance related to their unique situations.

Related Posts

Rate this:

The Power of the Whisper: How WSPR and WSJT-X are Redefining Long-Distance Radio

1,250 words, 7 minutes read time.

Amateur radio operators and technology enthusiasts are currently utilizing the Weak Signal Propagation Reporter, commonly known as WSPR, and the WSJT-X software suite to achieve global communication using minimal power. Developed by Nobel laureate Joe Taylor, K1JT, this digital protocol allows stations to send and receive signals that are often completely buried in background noise, making it possible to map atmospheric conditions and radio propagation in real-time. This technology serves as a critical entry point for men looking to understand the mechanics of the ionosphere and the efficiency of modern digital signal processing. By leveraging advanced mathematical algorithms, WSPR proves that high-power amplifiers and massive antenna towers are no longer the only way to reach across the ocean, offering a technical challenge that rewards precision and patience over brute force.

The core of this system lies in the software known as WSJT-X. This program implements several digital protocols designed specifically for making reliable communication under extreme conditions where traditional voice or Morse code signals would fail. While WSPR is not a conversational mode, it acts as a global beacon system. A station transmits a brief packet containing its callsign, location grid square, and power level. Thousands of other stations around the world, running the same software, listen for these signals and automatically report any successful decodes to a central internet database called WSPRnet. This creates a living, breathing map of how radio waves are traveling across the planet at any given second, providing invaluable data for anyone interested in the science of communication.

Understanding the physics behind this process is what separates a casual observer from a true radio technician. The Earth’s ionosphere, a layer of the atmosphere ionized by solar radiation, acts as a mirror for certain radio frequencies. Depending on the time of day, solar flare activity, and the season, these signals can skip off the sky and land thousands of miles away. In the past, confirming these paths required luck and high-power transmissions. Joe Taylor once noted that the goal of these modes is to utilize the information-theoretic limits of the channel. This means squeezing every bit of data through the smallest amount of bandwidth possible, allowing a station running only one watt of power to be heard in Antarctica from a backyard in Michigan.

For the man standing on the threshold of earning his amateur radio license, WSPR is the ultimate proof of concept. It removes the intimidation factor of “talking” to strangers and replaces it with a pure engineering objective: How far can my signal go with the least amount of effort? Setting up a WSPR station requires a computer, a transceiver, and a simple wire antenna. The software handles the heavy lifting of Forward Error Correction and narrow-band filtering. This process teaches the fundamentals of station grounding, signal-to-noise ratios, and frequency stability—skills that are mandatory for passing the licensing exam and, more importantly, for operating a professional-grade station.

The hardware requirements are surprisingly modest, which appeals to the practical, DIY-oriented mind. Many enthusiasts use a Raspberry Pi or an older laptop dedicated to the task. The interface between the radio and the computer is the critical link, ensuring that the audio generated by the software is cleanly injected into the radio’s transmitter. If the audio levels are too high, the signal becomes distorted, “splattering” across the band and becoming unreadable. This level of technical discipline is exactly what is required in high-stakes fields like aviation or telecommunications. Mastering the “clean” signal is a badge of honor in the ham radio community, signifying a man who knows his equipment inside and out.

As we look at the data generated by WSPR, we see more than just dots on a map; we see the pulse of the sun. Because radio propagation is tied directly to solar activity, WSPR users are often the first to notice a solar storm or a sudden ionospheric disturbance. When the sun emits a massive burst of energy, the higher frequency bands might “open up,” allowing for incredible distances to be covered on low power. Conversely, a solar blackout can shut down communication entirely. Being able to read these signs and adjust one’s strategy accordingly is a core component of the hobby. It turns a simple radio into a scientific instrument used for environmental monitoring.

The community surrounding WSJT-X is one of rigorous peer review and constant improvement. The software is open-source, meaning the code is available for anyone to inspect and refine. This transparency has led to a rapid evolution of the protocols. While WSPR is for propagation reporting, other modes within the suite like FT8 or FST4 are used for rapid-fire contacts. However, WSPR remains the gold standard for testing antennas. If a man builds a new wire antenna in his yard, he doesn’t have to wait for someone to answer his call to know if it works. He can run WSPR for an hour, check the online map, and see exactly where his signal landed. It provides immediate, objective feedback that is essential for any technical project.

The future of this technology points toward even more robust communication in the face of increasing electronic noise. As our cities become more crowded with Wi-Fi, power lines, and electronics, the “noise floor” of the radio spectrum is rising. Traditional modes are struggling to compete. Digital modes like those found in WSJT-X are the solution, using digital signal processing to “dig” signals out of the static. This represents the next frontier of amateur radio—the transition from analog heritage to digital mastery. For those looking to get involved, the barrier to entry has never been lower, and the potential for discovery has never been higher.

In the broader context of emergency preparedness and global infrastructure, the lessons learned from WSPR are invaluable. In a scenario where satellites or internet backbones fail, the ability to bounce low-power signals off the atmosphere remains one of the only viable long-distance communication methods. A man who understands how to deploy a WSPR-capable station is a man who can provide data and connectivity when everything else goes dark. This sense of utility and self-reliance is a driving force for many who pursue their license. It is not just about a hobby; it is about mastering a fundamental force of nature to ensure that the lines of communication stay open, no matter the circumstances.

Call to Action

If this story caught your attention, don’t just scroll past. Join the community—men sharing skills, stories, and experiences. Subscribe for more posts like this, drop a comment about your projects or lessons learned, or reach out and tell me what you’re building or experimenting with. Let’s grow together.

D. Bryan King

Sources

• WSJT-X Main Page: physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/k1jt/wsjtx.html
• WSPRnet Official Site: wsprnet.org/drupal/
• ARRL – What is WSPR?: arrl.org/wspr
• K1JT’s WSPR Implementation Guide: physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/k1jt/WSPR_Instructions.pdf
• WSPR on Raspberry Pi – GitHub: github.com/JamesP6000/WsprryPi
• Make Magazine – Ham Radio for Beginners: makezine.com/projects/ham-radio-for-beginners/
• Introduction to Digital Modes – OnAllBands: onallbands.com/digital-modes-101-wspr/
• DX Engineering – WSPR Equipment: dxengineering.com/search/product-line/wsjt-x-interfaces
• Radio Society of Great Britain – WSPR Intro: rsgb.org/main/get-started-in-ham-radio/digital-modes/wspr/
• Ham Radio School – Digital Mode Basics: hamradioschool.com/digital-modes-introduction/
• The History of WSJT-X – Princeton University: princeton.edu/news/2017/10/18/nobel-prize-winner-taylor-channels-passion-radio
• WSPR Rocks – Real-time Database: wspr.rocks
• Antenna Theory for Digital Modes: antenna-theory.com
• HF Propagation Basics – NOAA: swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/hf-radio-propagation
• Digital Radio Mondiale and WSPR – IEEE: ieee.org/publications/wspr-technical-overview

Disclaimer:

The views and opinions expressed in this post are solely those of the author. The information provided is based on personal research, experience, and understanding of the subject matter at the time of writing. Readers should consult relevant experts or authorities for specific guidance related to their unique situations.

Related Posts

Rate this:

The Power of the Whisper: How WSPR and WSJT-X are Redefining Long-Distance Radio

1,250 words, 7 minutes read time.

Amateur radio operators and technology enthusiasts are currently utilizing the Weak Signal Propagation Reporter, commonly known as WSPR, and the WSJT-X software suite to achieve global communication using minimal power. Developed by Nobel laureate Joe Taylor, K1JT, this digital protocol allows stations to send and receive signals that are often completely buried in background noise, making it possible to map atmospheric conditions and radio propagation in real-time. This technology serves as a critical entry point for men looking to understand the mechanics of the ionosphere and the efficiency of modern digital signal processing. By leveraging advanced mathematical algorithms, WSPR proves that high-power amplifiers and massive antenna towers are no longer the only way to reach across the ocean, offering a technical challenge that rewards precision and patience over brute force.

The core of this system lies in the software known as WSJT-X. This program implements several digital protocols designed specifically for making reliable communication under extreme conditions where traditional voice or Morse code signals would fail. While WSPR is not a conversational mode, it acts as a global beacon system. A station transmits a brief packet containing its callsign, location grid square, and power level. Thousands of other stations around the world, running the same software, listen for these signals and automatically report any successful decodes to a central internet database called WSPRnet. This creates a living, breathing map of how radio waves are traveling across the planet at any given second, providing invaluable data for anyone interested in the science of communication.

Understanding the physics behind this process is what separates a casual observer from a true radio technician. The Earth’s ionosphere, a layer of the atmosphere ionized by solar radiation, acts as a mirror for certain radio frequencies. Depending on the time of day, solar flare activity, and the season, these signals can skip off the sky and land thousands of miles away. In the past, confirming these paths required luck and high-power transmissions. Joe Taylor once noted that the goal of these modes is to utilize the information-theoretic limits of the channel. This means squeezing every bit of data through the smallest amount of bandwidth possible, allowing a station running only one watt of power to be heard in Antarctica from a backyard in Michigan.

For the man standing on the threshold of earning his amateur radio license, WSPR is the ultimate proof of concept. It removes the intimidation factor of “talking” to strangers and replaces it with a pure engineering objective: How far can my signal go with the least amount of effort? Setting up a WSPR station requires a computer, a transceiver, and a simple wire antenna. The software handles the heavy lifting of Forward Error Correction and narrow-band filtering. This process teaches the fundamentals of station grounding, signal-to-noise ratios, and frequency stability—skills that are mandatory for passing the licensing exam and, more importantly, for operating a professional-grade station.

The hardware requirements are surprisingly modest, which appeals to the practical, DIY-oriented mind. Many enthusiasts use a Raspberry Pi or an older laptop dedicated to the task. The interface between the radio and the computer is the critical link, ensuring that the audio generated by the software is cleanly injected into the radio’s transmitter. If the audio levels are too high, the signal becomes distorted, “splattering” across the band and becoming unreadable. This level of technical discipline is exactly what is required in high-stakes fields like aviation or telecommunications. Mastering the “clean” signal is a badge of honor in the ham radio community, signifying a man who knows his equipment inside and out.

As we look at the data generated by WSPR, we see more than just dots on a map; we see the pulse of the sun. Because radio propagation is tied directly to solar activity, WSPR users are often the first to notice a solar storm or a sudden ionospheric disturbance. When the sun emits a massive burst of energy, the higher frequency bands might “open up,” allowing for incredible distances to be covered on low power. Conversely, a solar blackout can shut down communication entirely. Being able to read these signs and adjust one’s strategy accordingly is a core component of the hobby. It turns a simple radio into a scientific instrument used for environmental monitoring.

The community surrounding WSJT-X is one of rigorous peer review and constant improvement. The software is open-source, meaning the code is available for anyone to inspect and refine. This transparency has led to a rapid evolution of the protocols. While WSPR is for propagation reporting, other modes within the suite like FT8 or FST4 are used for rapid-fire contacts. However, WSPR remains the gold standard for testing antennas. If a man builds a new wire antenna in his yard, he doesn’t have to wait for someone to answer his call to know if it works. He can run WSPR for an hour, check the online map, and see exactly where his signal landed. It provides immediate, objective feedback that is essential for any technical project.

The future of this technology points toward even more robust communication in the face of increasing electronic noise. As our cities become more crowded with Wi-Fi, power lines, and electronics, the “noise floor” of the radio spectrum is rising. Traditional modes are struggling to compete. Digital modes like those found in WSJT-X are the solution, using digital signal processing to “dig” signals out of the static. This represents the next frontier of amateur radio—the transition from analog heritage to digital mastery. For those looking to get involved, the barrier to entry has never been lower, and the potential for discovery has never been higher.

In the broader context of emergency preparedness and global infrastructure, the lessons learned from WSPR are invaluable. In a scenario where satellites or internet backbones fail, the ability to bounce low-power signals off the atmosphere remains one of the only viable long-distance communication methods. A man who understands how to deploy a WSPR-capable station is a man who can provide data and connectivity when everything else goes dark. This sense of utility and self-reliance is a driving force for many who pursue their license. It is not just about a hobby; it is about mastering a fundamental force of nature to ensure that the lines of communication stay open, no matter the circumstances.

Call to Action

If this story caught your attention, don’t just scroll past. Join the community—men sharing skills, stories, and experiences. Subscribe for more posts like this, drop a comment about your projects or lessons learned, or reach out and tell me what you’re building or experimenting with. Let’s grow together.

D. Bryan King

Sources

• WSJT-X Main Page: physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/k1jt/wsjtx.html
• WSPRnet Official Site: wsprnet.org/drupal/
• ARRL – What is WSPR?: arrl.org/wspr
• K1JT’s WSPR Implementation Guide: physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/k1jt/WSPR_Instructions.pdf
• WSPR on Raspberry Pi – GitHub: github.com/JamesP6000/WsprryPi
• Make Magazine – Ham Radio for Beginners: makezine.com/projects/ham-radio-for-beginners/
• Introduction to Digital Modes – OnAllBands: onallbands.com/digital-modes-101-wspr/
• DX Engineering – WSPR Equipment: dxengineering.com/search/product-line/wsjt-x-interfaces
• Radio Society of Great Britain – WSPR Intro: rsgb.org/main/get-started-in-ham-radio/digital-modes/wspr/
• Ham Radio School – Digital Mode Basics: hamradioschool.com/digital-modes-introduction/
• The History of WSJT-X – Princeton University: princeton.edu/news/2017/10/18/nobel-prize-winner-taylor-channels-passion-radio
• WSPR Rocks – Real-time Database: wspr.rocks
• Antenna Theory for Digital Modes: antenna-theory.com
• HF Propagation Basics – NOAA: swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/hf-radio-propagation
• Digital Radio Mondiale and WSPR – IEEE: ieee.org/publications/wspr-technical-overview

Disclaimer:

The views and opinions expressed in this post are solely those of the author. The information provided is based on personal research, experience, and understanding of the subject matter at the time of writing. Readers should consult relevant experts or authorities for specific guidance related to their unique situations.

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The Power of the Whisper: How WSPR and WSJT-X are Redefining Long-Distance Radio

1,250 words, 7 minutes read time.

Amateur radio operators and technology enthusiasts are currently utilizing the Weak Signal Propagation Reporter, commonly known as WSPR, and the WSJT-X software suite to achieve global communication using minimal power. Developed by Nobel laureate Joe Taylor, K1JT, this digital protocol allows stations to send and receive signals that are often completely buried in background noise, making it possible to map atmospheric conditions and radio propagation in real-time. This technology serves as a critical entry point for men looking to understand the mechanics of the ionosphere and the efficiency of modern digital signal processing. By leveraging advanced mathematical algorithms, WSPR proves that high-power amplifiers and massive antenna towers are no longer the only way to reach across the ocean, offering a technical challenge that rewards precision and patience over brute force.

The core of this system lies in the software known as WSJT-X. This program implements several digital protocols designed specifically for making reliable communication under extreme conditions where traditional voice or Morse code signals would fail. While WSPR is not a conversational mode, it acts as a global beacon system. A station transmits a brief packet containing its callsign, location grid square, and power level. Thousands of other stations around the world, running the same software, listen for these signals and automatically report any successful decodes to a central internet database called WSPRnet. This creates a living, breathing map of how radio waves are traveling across the planet at any given second, providing invaluable data for anyone interested in the science of communication.

Understanding the physics behind this process is what separates a casual observer from a true radio technician. The Earth’s ionosphere, a layer of the atmosphere ionized by solar radiation, acts as a mirror for certain radio frequencies. Depending on the time of day, solar flare activity, and the season, these signals can skip off the sky and land thousands of miles away. In the past, confirming these paths required luck and high-power transmissions. Joe Taylor once noted that the goal of these modes is to utilize the information-theoretic limits of the channel. This means squeezing every bit of data through the smallest amount of bandwidth possible, allowing a station running only one watt of power to be heard in Antarctica from a backyard in Michigan.

For the man standing on the threshold of earning his amateur radio license, WSPR is the ultimate proof of concept. It removes the intimidation factor of “talking” to strangers and replaces it with a pure engineering objective: How far can my signal go with the least amount of effort? Setting up a WSPR station requires a computer, a transceiver, and a simple wire antenna. The software handles the heavy lifting of Forward Error Correction and narrow-band filtering. This process teaches the fundamentals of station grounding, signal-to-noise ratios, and frequency stability—skills that are mandatory for passing the licensing exam and, more importantly, for operating a professional-grade station.

The hardware requirements are surprisingly modest, which appeals to the practical, DIY-oriented mind. Many enthusiasts use a Raspberry Pi or an older laptop dedicated to the task. The interface between the radio and the computer is the critical link, ensuring that the audio generated by the software is cleanly injected into the radio’s transmitter. If the audio levels are too high, the signal becomes distorted, “splattering” across the band and becoming unreadable. This level of technical discipline is exactly what is required in high-stakes fields like aviation or telecommunications. Mastering the “clean” signal is a badge of honor in the ham radio community, signifying a man who knows his equipment inside and out.

As we look at the data generated by WSPR, we see more than just dots on a map; we see the pulse of the sun. Because radio propagation is tied directly to solar activity, WSPR users are often the first to notice a solar storm or a sudden ionospheric disturbance. When the sun emits a massive burst of energy, the higher frequency bands might “open up,” allowing for incredible distances to be covered on low power. Conversely, a solar blackout can shut down communication entirely. Being able to read these signs and adjust one’s strategy accordingly is a core component of the hobby. It turns a simple radio into a scientific instrument used for environmental monitoring.

The community surrounding WSJT-X is one of rigorous peer review and constant improvement. The software is open-source, meaning the code is available for anyone to inspect and refine. This transparency has led to a rapid evolution of the protocols. While WSPR is for propagation reporting, other modes within the suite like FT8 or FST4 are used for rapid-fire contacts. However, WSPR remains the gold standard for testing antennas. If a man builds a new wire antenna in his yard, he doesn’t have to wait for someone to answer his call to know if it works. He can run WSPR for an hour, check the online map, and see exactly where his signal landed. It provides immediate, objective feedback that is essential for any technical project.

The future of this technology points toward even more robust communication in the face of increasing electronic noise. As our cities become more crowded with Wi-Fi, power lines, and electronics, the “noise floor” of the radio spectrum is rising. Traditional modes are struggling to compete. Digital modes like those found in WSJT-X are the solution, using digital signal processing to “dig” signals out of the static. This represents the next frontier of amateur radio—the transition from analog heritage to digital mastery. For those looking to get involved, the barrier to entry has never been lower, and the potential for discovery has never been higher.

In the broader context of emergency preparedness and global infrastructure, the lessons learned from WSPR are invaluable. In a scenario where satellites or internet backbones fail, the ability to bounce low-power signals off the atmosphere remains one of the only viable long-distance communication methods. A man who understands how to deploy a WSPR-capable station is a man who can provide data and connectivity when everything else goes dark. This sense of utility and self-reliance is a driving force for many who pursue their license. It is not just about a hobby; it is about mastering a fundamental force of nature to ensure that the lines of communication stay open, no matter the circumstances.

Call to Action

If this story caught your attention, don’t just scroll past. Join the community—men sharing skills, stories, and experiences. Subscribe for more posts like this, drop a comment about your projects or lessons learned, or reach out and tell me what you’re building or experimenting with. Let’s grow together.

D. Bryan King

Sources

• WSJT-X Main Page: physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/k1jt/wsjtx.html
• WSPRnet Official Site: wsprnet.org/drupal/
• ARRL – What is WSPR?: arrl.org/wspr
• K1JT’s WSPR Implementation Guide: physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/k1jt/WSPR_Instructions.pdf
• WSPR on Raspberry Pi – GitHub: github.com/JamesP6000/WsprryPi
• Make Magazine – Ham Radio for Beginners: makezine.com/projects/ham-radio-for-beginners/
• Introduction to Digital Modes – OnAllBands: onallbands.com/digital-modes-101-wspr/
• DX Engineering – WSPR Equipment: dxengineering.com/search/product-line/wsjt-x-interfaces
• Radio Society of Great Britain – WSPR Intro: rsgb.org/main/get-started-in-ham-radio/digital-modes/wspr/
• Ham Radio School – Digital Mode Basics: hamradioschool.com/digital-modes-introduction/
• The History of WSJT-X – Princeton University: princeton.edu/news/2017/10/18/nobel-prize-winner-taylor-channels-passion-radio
• WSPR Rocks – Real-time Database: wspr.rocks
• Antenna Theory for Digital Modes: antenna-theory.com
• HF Propagation Basics – NOAA: swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/hf-radio-propagation
• Digital Radio Mondiale and WSPR – IEEE: ieee.org/publications/wspr-technical-overview

Disclaimer:

The views and opinions expressed in this post are solely those of the author. The information provided is based on personal research, experience, and understanding of the subject matter at the time of writing. Readers should consult relevant experts or authorities for specific guidance related to their unique situations.

Related Posts

Rate this:

The Power of the Whisper: How WSPR and WSJT-X are Redefining Long-Distance Radio

1,250 words, 7 minutes read time.

Amateur radio operators and technology enthusiasts are currently utilizing the Weak Signal Propagation Reporter, commonly known as WSPR, and the WSJT-X software suite to achieve global communication using minimal power. Developed by Nobel laureate Joe Taylor, K1JT, this digital protocol allows stations to send and receive signals that are often completely buried in background noise, making it possible to map atmospheric conditions and radio propagation in real-time. This technology serves as a critical entry point for men looking to understand the mechanics of the ionosphere and the efficiency of modern digital signal processing. By leveraging advanced mathematical algorithms, WSPR proves that high-power amplifiers and massive antenna towers are no longer the only way to reach across the ocean, offering a technical challenge that rewards precision and patience over brute force.

The core of this system lies in the software known as WSJT-X. This program implements several digital protocols designed specifically for making reliable communication under extreme conditions where traditional voice or Morse code signals would fail. While WSPR is not a conversational mode, it acts as a global beacon system. A station transmits a brief packet containing its callsign, location grid square, and power level. Thousands of other stations around the world, running the same software, listen for these signals and automatically report any successful decodes to a central internet database called WSPRnet. This creates a living, breathing map of how radio waves are traveling across the planet at any given second, providing invaluable data for anyone interested in the science of communication.

Understanding the physics behind this process is what separates a casual observer from a true radio technician. The Earth’s ionosphere, a layer of the atmosphere ionized by solar radiation, acts as a mirror for certain radio frequencies. Depending on the time of day, solar flare activity, and the season, these signals can skip off the sky and land thousands of miles away. In the past, confirming these paths required luck and high-power transmissions. Joe Taylor once noted that the goal of these modes is to utilize the information-theoretic limits of the channel. This means squeezing every bit of data through the smallest amount of bandwidth possible, allowing a station running only one watt of power to be heard in Antarctica from a backyard in Michigan.

For the man standing on the threshold of earning his amateur radio license, WSPR is the ultimate proof of concept. It removes the intimidation factor of “talking” to strangers and replaces it with a pure engineering objective: How far can my signal go with the least amount of effort? Setting up a WSPR station requires a computer, a transceiver, and a simple wire antenna. The software handles the heavy lifting of Forward Error Correction and narrow-band filtering. This process teaches the fundamentals of station grounding, signal-to-noise ratios, and frequency stability—skills that are mandatory for passing the licensing exam and, more importantly, for operating a professional-grade station.

The hardware requirements are surprisingly modest, which appeals to the practical, DIY-oriented mind. Many enthusiasts use a Raspberry Pi or an older laptop dedicated to the task. The interface between the radio and the computer is the critical link, ensuring that the audio generated by the software is cleanly injected into the radio’s transmitter. If the audio levels are too high, the signal becomes distorted, “splattering” across the band and becoming unreadable. This level of technical discipline is exactly what is required in high-stakes fields like aviation or telecommunications. Mastering the “clean” signal is a badge of honor in the ham radio community, signifying a man who knows his equipment inside and out.

As we look at the data generated by WSPR, we see more than just dots on a map; we see the pulse of the sun. Because radio propagation is tied directly to solar activity, WSPR users are often the first to notice a solar storm or a sudden ionospheric disturbance. When the sun emits a massive burst of energy, the higher frequency bands might “open up,” allowing for incredible distances to be covered on low power. Conversely, a solar blackout can shut down communication entirely. Being able to read these signs and adjust one’s strategy accordingly is a core component of the hobby. It turns a simple radio into a scientific instrument used for environmental monitoring.

The community surrounding WSJT-X is one of rigorous peer review and constant improvement. The software is open-source, meaning the code is available for anyone to inspect and refine. This transparency has led to a rapid evolution of the protocols. While WSPR is for propagation reporting, other modes within the suite like FT8 or FST4 are used for rapid-fire contacts. However, WSPR remains the gold standard for testing antennas. If a man builds a new wire antenna in his yard, he doesn’t have to wait for someone to answer his call to know if it works. He can run WSPR for an hour, check the online map, and see exactly where his signal landed. It provides immediate, objective feedback that is essential for any technical project.

The future of this technology points toward even more robust communication in the face of increasing electronic noise. As our cities become more crowded with Wi-Fi, power lines, and electronics, the “noise floor” of the radio spectrum is rising. Traditional modes are struggling to compete. Digital modes like those found in WSJT-X are the solution, using digital signal processing to “dig” signals out of the static. This represents the next frontier of amateur radio—the transition from analog heritage to digital mastery. For those looking to get involved, the barrier to entry has never been lower, and the potential for discovery has never been higher.

In the broader context of emergency preparedness and global infrastructure, the lessons learned from WSPR are invaluable. In a scenario where satellites or internet backbones fail, the ability to bounce low-power signals off the atmosphere remains one of the only viable long-distance communication methods. A man who understands how to deploy a WSPR-capable station is a man who can provide data and connectivity when everything else goes dark. This sense of utility and self-reliance is a driving force for many who pursue their license. It is not just about a hobby; it is about mastering a fundamental force of nature to ensure that the lines of communication stay open, no matter the circumstances.

Call to Action

If this story caught your attention, don’t just scroll past. Join the community—men sharing skills, stories, and experiences. Subscribe for more posts like this, drop a comment about your projects or lessons learned, or reach out and tell me what you’re building or experimenting with. Let’s grow together.

D. Bryan King

Sources

• WSJT-X Main Page: physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/k1jt/wsjtx.html
• WSPRnet Official Site: wsprnet.org/drupal/
• ARRL – What is WSPR?: arrl.org/wspr
• K1JT’s WSPR Implementation Guide: physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/k1jt/WSPR_Instructions.pdf
• WSPR on Raspberry Pi – GitHub: github.com/JamesP6000/WsprryPi
• Make Magazine – Ham Radio for Beginners: makezine.com/projects/ham-radio-for-beginners/
• Introduction to Digital Modes – OnAllBands: onallbands.com/digital-modes-101-wspr/
• DX Engineering – WSPR Equipment: dxengineering.com/search/product-line/wsjt-x-interfaces
• Radio Society of Great Britain – WSPR Intro: rsgb.org/main/get-started-in-ham-radio/digital-modes/wspr/
• Ham Radio School – Digital Mode Basics: hamradioschool.com/digital-modes-introduction/
• The History of WSJT-X – Princeton University: princeton.edu/news/2017/10/18/nobel-prize-winner-taylor-channels-passion-radio
• WSPR Rocks – Real-time Database: wspr.rocks
• Antenna Theory for Digital Modes: antenna-theory.com
• HF Propagation Basics – NOAA: swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/hf-radio-propagation
• Digital Radio Mondiale and WSPR – IEEE: ieee.org/publications/wspr-technical-overview

Disclaimer:

The views and opinions expressed in this post are solely those of the author. The information provided is based on personal research, experience, and understanding of the subject matter at the time of writing. Readers should consult relevant experts or authorities for specific guidance related to their unique situations.

Related Posts

Rate this:

Radio Propagation

Here we see all amateur bands enabled and spots from only the last minute visible. Each band is coloured according to the scale above.

#spaceweather
#radiopropagation
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

A different perspective on radio path propagation!

This is an application I'm working on to display live DX spots on a 3D globe. Here we see the 10m to 2m bands with a live aurora layer.

#spaceweather
#radiopropagation
#g7izu

Ever tuned into your FM radio and suddenly picked up a station from 800 miles away — crystal clear — only for it to vanish minutes later? 👀📻
That's Sporadic E Propagation — one of radio's most mysterious and thrilling phenomena!
🔬 Science. 📡 Gear. 🗓️ Seasons. All explained 👇
https://vu3dxr.in/sporadic-e-propagation-the-science-behind-long-distance-fm-radio-reception/
#HamRadio #FMDX #SporadicE #RadioPropagation #SDR

Understanding LoRa Modulation: How Chirps Enable Long Range Wireless Communication

1,523 words, 8 minutes read time.

Long Range (LoRa) modulation is one of the most innovative digital radio techniques available today, widely used in IoT networks and by hobbyists exploring the potential of long-distance low-power communication. At its core is Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) — a method that spreads information across a frequency sweep, rather than encoding it solely on amplitude or phase. This allows signals to travel far, penetrate obstacles, and resist noise better than many traditional modulation schemes.

LoRa emerged in the 2010s as engineers sought low-power solutions for sensors, meters, and devices that needed to communicate over kilometers without draining batteries. While it’s most commonly associated with the Internet of Things, the principles behind LoRa have direct relevance to amateur radio enthusiasts, particularly those interested in long-distance digital modes. Understanding the physics of chirps, spreading factors, and symbol encoding is not just theory; it forms a foundation for grasping modern RF communications.

This document explains LoRa’s modulation in detail, highlighting why CSS is effective, how chirps encode data, and why receivers can detect signals far below the noise floor. By mastering these concepts, aspiring operators build a deep understanding of frequency manipulation, signal correlation, and processing gain — skills applicable well beyond LoRa itself.

What is Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS)?

Chirp Spread Spectrum is a type of wideband modulation where the frequency of a signal linearly increases or decreases over time. These sweeping frequencies, called chirps, encode data based on their timing and phase relative to other chirps. This technique originates from radar and sonar, where chirps help detect weak echoes over noisy backgrounds. LoRa adapts this concept for digital data transmission, using chirps to represent symbols rather than simple binary states.

Unlike traditional amplitude or frequency shift keying, which toggles between discrete values, CSS spreads information over the entire bandwidth. This not only improves robustness against interference but also provides processing gain, allowing the receiver to extract weak signals buried in noise. The result is a system capable of communicating over distances and under conditions where conventional narrowband radios would fail.

LoRa’s implementation of CSS further optimizes the technique by introducing cyclic shifts of chirps. Each unique shift represents a distinct symbol. By adjusting the starting point of a chirp within its sweep, LoRa encodes multiple bits per symbol. This design creates a high-efficiency, M-ary modulation system that balances range, sensitivity, and data rate.

Finally, the spreading factor (SF) determines how many symbols are available per chirp. Lower SFs mean shorter chirps, higher data rates, and shorter range, while higher SFs produce longer chirps, lower data rates, but vastly improved sensitivity. This flexibility allows LoRa to scale performance based on specific application needs, from dense urban deployments to remote rural sensors.

How LoRa Encodes Data with Chirps

Each LoRa symbol represents multiple bits, encoded by cyclically shifting a chirp within the channel bandwidth. For example, a spreading factor of SF = 7 allows for 128 possible shifts per symbol, while SF = 12 offers 4096 options. Each shift is precisely timed and frequency-controlled, effectively turning a frequency sweep into a rich constellation of data points.

The receiver decodes these chirps using correlation detection. By comparing received signals with reference chirps, the system identifies the correct cyclic shift and extracts the underlying symbol. This approach allows the receiver to recognize signals far below the noise floor, a capability uncommon in most conventional digital modes.

The combination of cyclic shifts, spreading factors, and correlation detection allows LoRa to operate in environments that would challenge standard FM or digital radio systems. Devices can coexist on the same frequency channel with different SFs due to the orthogonality of the chirps. This means that a gateway can simultaneously detect multiple transmissions, improving network capacity and reliability.

Finally, the choice of bandwidth directly influences symbol rate and sensitivity. Narrower bandwidth increases the time per chirp, enhancing sensitivity and range but reducing throughput. Wider bandwidth allows faster communication at the cost of reduced link margin. LoRa’s careful balance of these parameters makes it highly adaptable for a wide variety of low-power, long-range applications.

Why LoRa Works Below the Noise Floor

One of LoRa’s most remarkable traits is its ability to decode signals significantly below the noise floor. Traditional radios fail when the signal drops just a few decibels below noise. LoRa achieves this due to the processing gain inherent in CSS and the correlation properties of chirps.

When a chirp is received, the system performs a correlation with a reference chirp, effectively summing energy across the entire symbol period. This accumulation allows the receiver to detect weak patterns that would otherwise be lost. Because random noise rarely mimics the predictable linear frequency sweep of a chirp, most interference is rejected naturally.

This property is why LoRa devices can communicate over kilometers while consuming only a few tens of milliwatts of power. A signal that would be undetectable with narrowband FM can be recovered reliably using a CSS receiver, enabling ultra-long-range, low-power networks.

Finally, this capability is invaluable to amateur radio operators exploring low-power, long-distance communication. By studying LoRa, operators learn how spread-spectrum techniques, correlation detection, and careful frequency planning can dramatically extend range without increasing power or bandwidth.

Spreading Factors and Network Design

The spreading factor (SF) in LoRa defines the number of possible chirp offsets and directly impacts performance. A lower SF enables faster data rates and shorter chirps, ideal for local communication or high-throughput applications. A higher SF produces longer chirps and more possible offsets, dramatically improving sensitivity and long-range performance.

Bandwidth, symbol duration, and spreading factor together determine time-on-air, affecting latency, throughput, and energy consumption. Network designers must balance these parameters to meet specific requirements, whether for a dense urban network or a remote sensing deployment.

Additionally, the orthogonality of chirps with different SFs allows multiple devices to transmit simultaneously on the same frequency. This property increases network capacity and reduces interference, a practical consideration for IoT networks, but also a valuable insight for amateur radio enthusiasts exploring multi-user digital modes.

Understanding these relationships is key for anyone interested in RF design or digital communication. By experimenting with different SFs and bandwidths, learners gain intuition about trade-offs in real-world wireless networks.

Practical Applications for Amateur Radio Enthusiasts

While LoRa is not a standard Amateur Radio mode, studying its modulation provides invaluable insights into RF engineering, digital signal processing, and wireless network design. Knowledge of CSS principles applies broadly, from HF digital modes to satellite communications and experimental high-frequency systems.

For the aspiring Amateur Radio operator, experimenting with LoRa modules or building custom receivers can teach critical skills: correlating signals, understanding link budgets, and designing for long-range communication in noisy environments. These lessons are directly transferable to more traditional ham radio projects.

Moreover, LoRa’s low-power, high-range performance inspires innovative approaches to emergency communication, remote monitoring, and experimental digital networks. Amateur operators who understand these concepts are well-positioned to contribute to novel applications, from sensor arrays to hybrid radio networks.

Finally, mastering LoRa principles strengthens the operator’s intuition about spectrum, modulation, and signal detection. It’s a practical, hands-on way to deepen RF literacy while staying on the cutting edge of low-power wireless technology.

Future Developments in Long-Range Wireless Communication

Chirp Spread Spectrum and LoRa modulation continue to influence research in low-power, resilient communication. Advanced networks, hybrid IoT-amateur setups, and urban sensor deployments all benefit from the core principles pioneered by LoRa.

Future enhancements may include adaptive spreading factors, multi-channel correlation, and improved interference mitigation, further extending range and reliability. As spectrum becomes more crowded, these techniques will be increasingly valuable for both commercial and hobbyist radio users.

For Amateur Radio operators, understanding LoRa’s underlying physics equips them for the next generation of digital radio experimentation. From long-distance sensors to robust low-power networks, the skills developed studying LoRa modulation have lasting relevance across the radio spectrum.

In summary, LoRa modulation demonstrates how clever manipulation of frequency, timing, and correlation allows information to travel far, efficiently, and reliably. By grasping chirp-based communication, aspiring operators gain expertise that strengthens both theoretical understanding and practical radio skills.

Call to Action

If this story caught your attention, don’t just scroll past. Join the community—men sharing skills, stories, and experiences. Subscribe for more posts like this, drop a comment about your projects or lessons learned, or reach out and tell me what you’re building or experimenting with. Let’s grow together.

D. Bryan King

Sources

• LoRa Alliance – LoRa & LoRaWAN Technical Book (PDF)
• LocalMesh – LoRa Technology Explained
• Raveon Technologies – LoRa Protocol Overview
• nolilab.com – Simple Guide to LoRa & LoRaWAN
• HamRadio.my – LoRa and CSS Modulation Explained
• All About Circuits – Demystifying LoRa Networks
• DN.org – Chirp Spread Spectrum Fundamentals
• Wikipedia – LoRa (Overview & PHY Layer)
• Medium – What Is LoRa: The Fundamentals
• The Things Network – Spreading Factors Explanation
• Gyulab – LoRa/CSS Overview, Demodulation & Decoding
• Wikipedia – Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS)
• MOKOSmart – Technology Behind LoRa Frequency
• ADS/ArXiv – A Tutorial on Chirp Spread Spectrum Modulation
• arXiv – Design of LoRa Communication Systems Research

Disclaimer:

The views and opinions expressed in this post are solely those of the author. The information provided is based on personal research, experience, and understanding of the subject matter at the time of writing. Readers should consult relevant experts or authorities for specific guidance related to their unique situations.

Related Posts

Rate this:

Understanding LoRa Modulation: How Chirps Enable Long Range Wireless Communication

1,523 words, 8 minutes read time.

Long Range (LoRa) modulation is one of the most innovative digital radio techniques available today, widely used in IoT networks and by hobbyists exploring the potential of long-distance low-power communication. At its core is Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) — a method that spreads information across a frequency sweep, rather than encoding it solely on amplitude or phase. This allows signals to travel far, penetrate obstacles, and resist noise better than many traditional modulation schemes.

LoRa emerged in the 2010s as engineers sought low-power solutions for sensors, meters, and devices that needed to communicate over kilometers without draining batteries. While it’s most commonly associated with the Internet of Things, the principles behind LoRa have direct relevance to amateur radio enthusiasts, particularly those interested in long-distance digital modes. Understanding the physics of chirps, spreading factors, and symbol encoding is not just theory; it forms a foundation for grasping modern RF communications.

This document explains LoRa’s modulation in detail, highlighting why CSS is effective, how chirps encode data, and why receivers can detect signals far below the noise floor. By mastering these concepts, aspiring operators build a deep understanding of frequency manipulation, signal correlation, and processing gain — skills applicable well beyond LoRa itself.

What is Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS)?

Chirp Spread Spectrum is a type of wideband modulation where the frequency of a signal linearly increases or decreases over time. These sweeping frequencies, called chirps, encode data based on their timing and phase relative to other chirps. This technique originates from radar and sonar, where chirps help detect weak echoes over noisy backgrounds. LoRa adapts this concept for digital data transmission, using chirps to represent symbols rather than simple binary states.

Unlike traditional amplitude or frequency shift keying, which toggles between discrete values, CSS spreads information over the entire bandwidth. This not only improves robustness against interference but also provides processing gain, allowing the receiver to extract weak signals buried in noise. The result is a system capable of communicating over distances and under conditions where conventional narrowband radios would fail.

LoRa’s implementation of CSS further optimizes the technique by introducing cyclic shifts of chirps. Each unique shift represents a distinct symbol. By adjusting the starting point of a chirp within its sweep, LoRa encodes multiple bits per symbol. This design creates a high-efficiency, M-ary modulation system that balances range, sensitivity, and data rate.

Finally, the spreading factor (SF) determines how many symbols are available per chirp. Lower SFs mean shorter chirps, higher data rates, and shorter range, while higher SFs produce longer chirps, lower data rates, but vastly improved sensitivity. This flexibility allows LoRa to scale performance based on specific application needs, from dense urban deployments to remote rural sensors.

How LoRa Encodes Data with Chirps

Each LoRa symbol represents multiple bits, encoded by cyclically shifting a chirp within the channel bandwidth. For example, a spreading factor of SF = 7 allows for 128 possible shifts per symbol, while SF = 12 offers 4096 options. Each shift is precisely timed and frequency-controlled, effectively turning a frequency sweep into a rich constellation of data points.

The receiver decodes these chirps using correlation detection. By comparing received signals with reference chirps, the system identifies the correct cyclic shift and extracts the underlying symbol. This approach allows the receiver to recognize signals far below the noise floor, a capability uncommon in most conventional digital modes.

The combination of cyclic shifts, spreading factors, and correlation detection allows LoRa to operate in environments that would challenge standard FM or digital radio systems. Devices can coexist on the same frequency channel with different SFs due to the orthogonality of the chirps. This means that a gateway can simultaneously detect multiple transmissions, improving network capacity and reliability.

Finally, the choice of bandwidth directly influences symbol rate and sensitivity. Narrower bandwidth increases the time per chirp, enhancing sensitivity and range but reducing throughput. Wider bandwidth allows faster communication at the cost of reduced link margin. LoRa’s careful balance of these parameters makes it highly adaptable for a wide variety of low-power, long-range applications.

Why LoRa Works Below the Noise Floor

One of LoRa’s most remarkable traits is its ability to decode signals significantly below the noise floor. Traditional radios fail when the signal drops just a few decibels below noise. LoRa achieves this due to the processing gain inherent in CSS and the correlation properties of chirps.

When a chirp is received, the system performs a correlation with a reference chirp, effectively summing energy across the entire symbol period. This accumulation allows the receiver to detect weak patterns that would otherwise be lost. Because random noise rarely mimics the predictable linear frequency sweep of a chirp, most interference is rejected naturally.

This property is why LoRa devices can communicate over kilometers while consuming only a few tens of milliwatts of power. A signal that would be undetectable with narrowband FM can be recovered reliably using a CSS receiver, enabling ultra-long-range, low-power networks.

Finally, this capability is invaluable to amateur radio operators exploring low-power, long-distance communication. By studying LoRa, operators learn how spread-spectrum techniques, correlation detection, and careful frequency planning can dramatically extend range without increasing power or bandwidth.

Spreading Factors and Network Design

The spreading factor (SF) in LoRa defines the number of possible chirp offsets and directly impacts performance. A lower SF enables faster data rates and shorter chirps, ideal for local communication or high-throughput applications. A higher SF produces longer chirps and more possible offsets, dramatically improving sensitivity and long-range performance.

Bandwidth, symbol duration, and spreading factor together determine time-on-air, affecting latency, throughput, and energy consumption. Network designers must balance these parameters to meet specific requirements, whether for a dense urban network or a remote sensing deployment.

Additionally, the orthogonality of chirps with different SFs allows multiple devices to transmit simultaneously on the same frequency. This property increases network capacity and reduces interference, a practical consideration for IoT networks, but also a valuable insight for amateur radio enthusiasts exploring multi-user digital modes.

Understanding these relationships is key for anyone interested in RF design or digital communication. By experimenting with different SFs and bandwidths, learners gain intuition about trade-offs in real-world wireless networks.

Practical Applications for Amateur Radio Enthusiasts

While LoRa is not a standard Amateur Radio mode, studying its modulation provides invaluable insights into RF engineering, digital signal processing, and wireless network design. Knowledge of CSS principles applies broadly, from HF digital modes to satellite communications and experimental high-frequency systems.

For the aspiring Amateur Radio operator, experimenting with LoRa modules or building custom receivers can teach critical skills: correlating signals, understanding link budgets, and designing for long-range communication in noisy environments. These lessons are directly transferable to more traditional ham radio projects.

Moreover, LoRa’s low-power, high-range performance inspires innovative approaches to emergency communication, remote monitoring, and experimental digital networks. Amateur operators who understand these concepts are well-positioned to contribute to novel applications, from sensor arrays to hybrid radio networks.

Finally, mastering LoRa principles strengthens the operator’s intuition about spectrum, modulation, and signal detection. It’s a practical, hands-on way to deepen RF literacy while staying on the cutting edge of low-power wireless technology.

Future Developments in Long-Range Wireless Communication

Chirp Spread Spectrum and LoRa modulation continue to influence research in low-power, resilient communication. Advanced networks, hybrid IoT-amateur setups, and urban sensor deployments all benefit from the core principles pioneered by LoRa.

Future enhancements may include adaptive spreading factors, multi-channel correlation, and improved interference mitigation, further extending range and reliability. As spectrum becomes more crowded, these techniques will be increasingly valuable for both commercial and hobbyist radio users.

For Amateur Radio operators, understanding LoRa’s underlying physics equips them for the next generation of digital radio experimentation. From long-distance sensors to robust low-power networks, the skills developed studying LoRa modulation have lasting relevance across the radio spectrum.

In summary, LoRa modulation demonstrates how clever manipulation of frequency, timing, and correlation allows information to travel far, efficiently, and reliably. By grasping chirp-based communication, aspiring operators gain expertise that strengthens both theoretical understanding and practical radio skills.

Call to Action

If this story caught your attention, don’t just scroll past. Join the community—men sharing skills, stories, and experiences. Subscribe for more posts like this, drop a comment about your projects or lessons learned, or reach out and tell me what you’re building or experimenting with. Let’s grow together.

D. Bryan King

Sources

• LoRa Alliance – LoRa & LoRaWAN Technical Book (PDF)
• LocalMesh – LoRa Technology Explained
• Raveon Technologies – LoRa Protocol Overview
• nolilab.com – Simple Guide to LoRa & LoRaWAN
• HamRadio.my – LoRa and CSS Modulation Explained
• All About Circuits – Demystifying LoRa Networks
• DN.org – Chirp Spread Spectrum Fundamentals
• Wikipedia – LoRa (Overview & PHY Layer)
• Medium – What Is LoRa: The Fundamentals
• The Things Network – Spreading Factors Explanation
• Gyulab – LoRa/CSS Overview, Demodulation & Decoding
• Wikipedia – Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS)
• MOKOSmart – Technology Behind LoRa Frequency
• ADS/ArXiv – A Tutorial on Chirp Spread Spectrum Modulation
• arXiv – Design of LoRa Communication Systems Research

Disclaimer:

The views and opinions expressed in this post are solely those of the author. The information provided is based on personal research, experience, and understanding of the subject matter at the time of writing. Readers should consult relevant experts or authorities for specific guidance related to their unique situations.

Related Posts

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🌌 Unlock the secrets of radio waves and the ionosphere! Learn how HF signals travel day & night, and master long-distance contacts. #HamRadio #RadioPropagation #Ionosphere 🌍

https://bdking71.wordpress.com/2025/12/17/the-science-behind-radio-propagation-understanding-the-ionosphere/?utm_source=mastodon&utm_medium=jetpack_social

Broadcasting News

Spain's RNE is to close all of it's 107 AM transmitters on 32 frequencies. This is great news for dxers in Western Europe because RNE is broadcast on so many medium wave channels it's hard to pick out any dx signals at night. EI7GL says they will close by the end of this year [https://ei7gl.blogspot.com/2025/11/national-broadcaster-in-spain-to-close.html].

"RNE and Radio 5 operate on approximately 32 different AM frequencies across Spain, according to the 2025 World Radio TV Handbook.

"The following announcement started airing on RNE on Nov. 14. The voice of Pepa Fernández, the director of its weekend morning program, “No es un día cualquiera,” was heard on the MW RNE network, according to a recording provided by Jorge Garzón on the Medium Wave Info blog."

https://www.radioworld.com/global/spains-rne-to-shut-down-am-transmitters

RNE Press Release (in Spanish)
https://www.rtve.es/rtve/20251118/rtve-anuncia-fin-emisiones-onda-media-refuerza-su-apuesta-por-radio-digital-dab/16820579.shtml

#broadcasting
#radiopropagation
#mwdx

Understanding Antennas: A Beginner’s Guide

1,790 words, 9 minutes read time.

If you’ve ever tuned a receiver or held a handheld transceiver, you know the thrill of connecting with someone miles away over invisible waves. Yet, no matter how impressive your radio or its features, the antenna remains the real workhorse of your station. Think of it as the engine of a sports car: you can have the finest chassis and interior, but without a capable engine, performance suffers. The same principle applies to ham radio. A well-designed antenna can make even modest equipment sing, while a high-powered rig can struggle when paired with a poorly chosen or installed antenna.

This guide isn’t about licensing or exam questions. Instead, it’s about helping you master the science and art of antennas so that when the time comes to pursue your license, you already understand what makes an antenna work—and why it matters more than most novices realize. By the end, you’ll have the insight to make informed decisions about design, installation, tuning, and optimization, and you’ll understand why the antenna is the heart of every station.

The Big Picture: What an Antenna Really Does

An antenna is, at its simplest, a bridge between your radio and the world. It converts electrical energy from your transmitter into electromagnetic waves that propagate through the air. On receive, it captures those waves and converts them back into electrical signals for your radio to decode. While radios can be complex, antennas are governed by elegant, consistent physical principles.

Key characteristics define performance: frequency, wavelength, radiation pattern, feed-point location, and impedance. Frequency determines physical size; lower frequencies need longer elements, while higher frequencies allow smaller antennas. Wavelength defines the resonant length of the antenna, determining how efficiently it radiates or receives energy. Impedance is crucial for matching the antenna to your radio and minimizing power loss. A mismatch can result in reflected energy, poor performance, or even equipment stress.

The antenna’s shape, orientation, and height relative to the ground all shape its radiation pattern—the “footprint” over which your signal travels. A simple horizontal dipole a few feet off the ground will behave very differently from the same dipole mounted 30 feet high. Understanding these nuances early will save frustration later, especially when space, trees, and rooftops impose real-world constraints.

Antenna Theory for Beginners

When learning about antennas, it helps to think in terms of waves. Radio waves have both a wavelength and frequency. A quarter-wave or half-wave element resonates when its physical length is proportional to the wavelength of your frequency of interest. This resonance ensures maximum energy transfer and minimal loss.

Impedance is another cornerstone concept. Most amateur radios expect a 50-ohm load. An antenna presenting a significantly different impedance causes reflections back to the transmitter, measurable as Standing Wave Ratio (SWR). Understanding SWR is crucial: a high SWR indicates energy is bouncing back toward your radio, while a low SWR shows efficient transfer. Modern antenna analyzers make this process easier, but grasping the principle early ensures you interpret readings correctly.

Height, feedline quality, and nearby obstacles all interact with theory. A well-placed antenna can outperform a technically superior antenna that’s poorly installed. Even the choice of coax or ladder line matters; losses in feedlines reduce overall effectiveness. Understanding these elements before you even cut your first wire sets a foundation that will carry you through your first contacts and beyond.

Exploring Common Antenna Types

Choosing the right antenna often comes down to balancing your goals, available space, and budget. The horizontal dipole is a classic starting point: easy to construct, effective, and versatile. Variations like the inverted-V conserve space while maintaining reasonable efficiency. The G5RV multiband wire is another beginner favorite, providing access to multiple bands with a single installation.

Vertical antennas, including ground-plane designs, offer a smaller footprint and omnidirectional coverage, making them suitable for limited space. However, verticals often require a decent ground system for efficiency. Portable hams often start with rubber-duck handheld antennas or lightweight whips. While these are limited in range and performance, they provide essential practice in tuning, orientation, and handling.

Directional antennas, such as beams or Yagis, allow you to focus power in a particular direction, improving signal strength and reception. While these require more planning, supports, and often rotators, they demonstrate the profound impact antenna geometry has on performance. Even simple directional configurations like a corner reflector or quad can dramatically improve reception without increasing transmitter power.

Installation Considerations

An antenna’s effectiveness hinges on proper installation. Begin with a site survey. Note available supports, nearby obstacles, and ground conditions. Trees, metal structures, and other antennas can influence radiation patterns and SWR. Height is your ally: higher antennas generally produce lower take-off angles, enhancing long-distance performance.

Feedline choice is critical. Coaxial cable is convenient, widely available, and easy to handle, but every foot adds loss, especially at higher frequencies. Ladder line or open-wire feedlines minimize loss but require careful routing and insulation. Matching devices like baluns and tuners correct impedance mismatches and maximize power transfer, but they cannot compensate for poor placement or inadequate height.

Grounding isn’t just about lightning protection—it also improves safety and can reduce RF interference in your station. A properly grounded antenna system protects both your equipment and your home while ensuring more consistent performance.

Tuning and Optimizing

Once your antenna is up, tuning is the next step. Measure SWR across your desired frequency range. Small adjustments—trimming or lengthening elements, adjusting angle or height—can significantly improve resonance. Even a minor shift in a tree branch or support can alter SWR readings.

Baluns and matching networks help achieve impedance compatibility, but efficiency always begins with the antenna itself. Understand feedline losses versus antenna gain. In many cases, a slightly less “ideal” antenna installed correctly outperforms a theoretically perfect antenna with installation issues.

Routine monitoring ensures sustained performance. Seasonal changes, weather, or vegetation growth can subtly affect your antenna. Keeping a notebook with element lengths, feedline types, and SWR readings creates a reference that saves countless hours troubleshooting later.

Understanding the Math Behind Antennas

Even if licensing isn’t your immediate goal, some math from the Technician and General exams is invaluable for designing and tuning antennas. Let’s break it down.

Wavelength and Antenna Lengths

Radio waves travel at the speed of light, roughly 300,000,000 meters per second. The wavelength (λ\lambdaλ) is calculated as:

Where ccc is the speed of light in meters per second and fff is frequency in hertz. For example, a 14 MHz signal:

Using wavelength, antenna lengths are derived. A half-wave dipole, the most common, is approximately:

A quarter-wave vertical would be:

These formulas allow you to calculate almost any basic wire antenna length accurately.

Impedance and SWR

Understanding SWR requires a bit of algebra, but the principle is simple. SWR is the ratio of the maximum to minimum voltage on the line:

An SWR of 1:1 indicates perfect impedance matching. If your antenna presents 75 ohms to a 50-ohm transmitter, SWR rises to 1.5:1. Knowing this math helps interpret readings and adjust antenna lengths to minimize reflected power.

Power Loss in Feedlines

Feedline loss depends on frequency, cable type, and length. The basic relationship is:

Where III is current and RRR is the resistance of the line. While hams rarely calculate exact wattage losses, understanding that longer coax and higher frequency result in more loss helps you make smart installation choices. For example, 50 feet of RG-58 at 14 MHz may lose several tenths of a dB, while the same length at 144 MHz loses significantly more.

Resonance Adjustment

Small adjustments in element length directly influence resonance. For a half-wave dipole, a change of 1% in length shifts resonance by roughly 1% of the operating frequency. Understanding the proportionate effect of element trimming helps you fine-tune SWR without guesswork.

Growth Path: Beyond the Beginner Antenna

Your first antenna is not the end of your journey—it’s the foundation. Once you understand resonance, SWR, feedlines, and radiation patterns, upgrading to more complex systems becomes far less intimidating. Transitioning from a simple dipole to a directional beam, or from a single-band wire to a multiband installation, is much smoother when grounded in fundamental knowledge.

Experimentation is encouraged. Try different heights, orientations, or portable setups. Document every change. Over time, this builds not just skill but confidence. A well-documented antenna journey also creates a valuable reference for troubleshooting or mentoring newcomers in your local club.

Practical Tips and Takeaways

Start simple and test early. A straightforward dipole or vertical, installed thoughtfully, offers a playground for learning without the frustration of complex setups. Prioritize site and installation over chasing high-gain claims; a well-placed, modest antenna frequently outperforms flashy designs.

Keep detailed records. Note heights, element lengths, SWR readings, and observations. Engage with local clubs or online communities to exchange insights. Remember, there’s no “perfect” antenna; each design involves trade-offs. Your goal is functional, efficient, and maintainable—something that gets you on the air while teaching you valuable lessons along the way.

Conclusion

Understanding antennas is the cornerstone of being a competent ham operator. By mastering fundamental theory, experimenting with design and installation, learning to optimize performance, and applying some of the math behind resonant lengths and SWR, you lay a solid foundation for the future. The knowledge you gain now makes licensing less about memorization and more about applying what you already know.

The antenna is more than a piece of hardware; it’s a bridge between your curiosity and the world. Build it thoughtfully, learn from each adjustment, and your first transmissions will carry far further than just radio waves—they’ll carry experience, understanding, and confidence.

Your journey is just beginning, and the airwaves are waiting.

Call to Action

If this blog caught your attention, don’t just scroll past. Join the community—men sharing skills, stories, and experiences. Subscribe for more posts like this, drop a comment about your projects or lessons learned, or reach out and tell me what you’re building or experimenting with. Let’s grow together.

D. Bryan King

Sources

• “Your First Antenna” — ARRL
• “The Different Types of Ham Radio Antennas” — Ham Radio Prep
• “Beginners’ Corner” — Practical Antennas
• “Ham Radio Antennas: Types, Differences, and Pros & Cons” — Stryker Radios Blog
• “How Antennas Work” — ARRL
• “Building Simple Antennas” — ARRL
• “A Beginner’s Guide to SWR” — Practical Antennas
• “Impedance” — Practical Antennas
• “Feeding the Antenna” — Practical Antennas
• “Antenna Modeling for Beginners” — ARRL
• “Top 5 HF Ham Radio Antennas for Beginners” — World Radio League
• “Hexbeam” — Wikipedia (directional antenna type overview)
• “Quad Antenna” — Wikipedia (another antenna type overview)
• “Ch 4 – Propagation, Antennas & Feedlines” — ARRL
• “Corner Reflector Antenna” — Wikipedia (directional antenna concept)

Disclaimer:

The views and opinions expressed in this post are solely those of the author. The information provided is based on personal research, experience, and understanding of the subject matter at the time of writing. Readers should consult relevant experts or authorities for specific guidance related to their unique situations.

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@RadicalGraffiti Just sharing pics of #AntiCapitalist, #AntiAuthoritarian and #AntiColonial #graffiti, #stickers and #StreetArt seen around the world.

@thebeeguy
Founder of #WorldBeeSanctuary - the expanded ambition of The #Bee Sanctuary of Ireland - 55 acres of certified stock free organic land dedicated to our #NativeWildBees. The one and only true native wild bee sanctuary on the planet. No hives! No honey! Just wild! A not for profit social enterprise.
 Disruptive but irresistible.

@mutualmorris
We are a#MutualAid group in Morris County, New Jersey, USA wanting to connect with likeminded folks, to learn, share, and build #solidarity communities as far as we can. We are led by mostly #queer, #poor / #unhoused, #immigrant, #socialist, #communist, and #anarchist types from multiple generations and we seek to build a real, active path out of "business as usual".

@CrimethInc
#CrimethInc. is a rebel alliance—a decentralized network pledged to anonymous collective action—a breakout from the prisons of our age. We strive to reinvent our lives and our world according to the principles of self-determination and mutual aid. We believe that you should be free to dispose of your limitless potential on your own terms: that no government, market, or ideology should be able to dictate what your life can be. If you agree, let’s do something about it.

@igd_news
In search of new forms of life. A digital community center and media platform featuring news, opinion, podcasts, and reporting on autonomous social movements and revolt across so-called North America from an #anarchist perspective. 🏴

@Todd
#ToddChretien is a farmer, translator, editor, and author. He is co-chair of #MaineDSA and works in the #PineAndRoses editorial collective.

@g7izu
#SpaceWeather, #aurora and #RadioPropagation from a UK perspective. Any alerts or warnings are informational only and are not official. I post about various other subjects as well, but always hope to be informative and interesting. Not a professional space weather forecaster, it's my hobby!

@sundogplanets
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@MusiqueNow
#Music #Musique #Musica #Musik #pouetradio #WeAreTheRadio and #news
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Cis, #gendernonconforming, gay #goth, black #guyliner, #vegan guy 🥦
#JewsAgainstIsraeliApartheid
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#QueersForPalestine :pride: 🇵🇸 
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TERFS, bigots, zionists, etc. FUCK OFF!!
#NiDieuNiMaître 
#SewBro
#FCKNZS
#JewsAgainstZionazism #ZionazismIsNOTJewishness 
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#FollowFridays #followerpower #FridayFollows

I haven't done a #FollowFriday in a while. Here are some accounts that I frequent! If you find them useful and/or interesting, you should follow them as well!

@DemocracyNow_Headlines_rss
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@UnicornRiot
#IndependentMedia amplifying stories from the frontlines of social and #environmental struggles.

@AIF_Massachusetts #AmericanIronFront in Massachusetts: standing against Nazis, the alt-right, and fascists of all stripes in Massachusetts and the greater New England area.

@freedomofpress
Defending and supporting public-interest #journalism in the 21st century.

@internetarchive
#InternetArchive is a non-profit research library preserving web pages, books, movies & audio for public access. Explore web history via the #WaybackMachine.

@RadicalAnthro
London's longest running evening class, studying What it means to be human at UCL #Anthropology dept. We are FREE, on Tues eves term time. Account run by #CamillaPower. Radical anthropologists include #ChrisKnight, Ian Watts, Jerome Lewis and Morna Finnegan.

@bsnorrell.blogspot.com
Automated parrot. #CensoredNews is a service to grassroots #Indigenous Peoples engaged in #resistance and upholding #HumanRights.

@gerrymcgovern Author of #WorldWideWaste. Focused on reducing data waste and #eWaste.

@RadicalGraffiti Just sharing pics of #AntiCapitalist, #AntiAuthoritarian and #AntiColonial #graffiti, #stickers and #StreetArt seen around the world.

@thebeeguy
Founder of #WorldBeeSanctuary - the expanded ambition of The #Bee Sanctuary of Ireland - 55 acres of certified stock free organic land dedicated to our #NativeWildBees. The one and only true native wild bee sanctuary on the planet. No hives! No honey! Just wild! A not for profit social enterprise.
 Disruptive but irresistible.

@mutualmorris
We are a#MutualAid group in Morris County, New Jersey, USA wanting to connect with likeminded folks, to learn, share, and build #solidarity communities as far as we can. We are led by mostly #queer, #poor / #unhoused, #immigrant, #socialist, #communist, and #anarchist types from multiple generations and we seek to build a real, active path out of "business as usual".

@CrimethInc
#CrimethInc. is a rebel alliance—a decentralized network pledged to anonymous collective action—a breakout from the prisons of our age. We strive to reinvent our lives and our world according to the principles of self-determination and mutual aid. We believe that you should be free to dispose of your limitless potential on your own terms: that no government, market, or ideology should be able to dictate what your life can be. If you agree, let’s do something about it.

@igd_news
In search of new forms of life. A digital community center and media platform featuring news, opinion, podcasts, and reporting on autonomous social movements and revolt across so-called North America from an #anarchist perspective. 🏴

@Todd
#ToddChretien is a farmer, translator, editor, and author. He is co-chair of #MaineDSA and works in the #PineAndRoses editorial collective.

@g7izu
#SpaceWeather, #aurora and #RadioPropagation from a UK perspective. Any alerts or warnings are informational only and are not official. I post about various other subjects as well, but always hope to be informative and interesting. Not a professional space weather forecaster, it's my hobby!

@sundogplanets
Professor of #astronomy, farmer of #goats. Asteroid (42910). She/her.

@MusiqueNow
#Music #Musique #Musica #Musik #pouetradio #WeAreTheRadio and #news
#SolidarityWithPalestineRadio 🇵🇸 
#QueerRadio 
PROUD GAY #ATHEISTJEW✡️ he/him
#TransAndNonBinaryrRightsAreHumanRights
#QueersBashBACK
#NEVERAGAINforANYONE
Cis, #gendernonconforming, gay #goth, black #guyliner, #vegan guy 🥦
#JewsAgainstIsraeliApartheid
#GothsForPalestine🇵🇸🇵🇸 
#QueersForPalestine :pride: 🇵🇸 
 Welcome to all #GNC, #LGBTQIAplus & allies
TERFS, bigots, zionists, etc. FUCK OFF!!
#NiDieuNiMaître 
#SewBro
#FCKNZS
#JewsAgainstZionazism #ZionazismIsNOTJewishness 
#SiamoTuttiAntifascisti
(Be warned: I'm rather sweary)

#FollowFridays #followerpower #FridayFollows

I haven't done a #FollowFriday in a while. Here are some accounts that I frequent! If you find them useful and/or interesting, you should follow them as well!

@DemocracyNow_Headlines_rss
Automated toots from #DemocracyNow's Headlines RSS feed.

@UnicornRiot
#IndependentMedia amplifying stories from the frontlines of social and #environmental struggles.

@AIF_Massachusetts #AmericanIronFront in Massachusetts: standing against Nazis, the alt-right, and fascists of all stripes in Massachusetts and the greater New England area.

@freedomofpress
Defending and supporting public-interest #journalism in the 21st century.

@internetarchive
#InternetArchive is a non-profit research library preserving web pages, books, movies & audio for public access. Explore web history via the #WaybackMachine.

@RadicalAnthro
London's longest running evening class, studying What it means to be human at UCL #Anthropology dept. We are FREE, on Tues eves term time. Account run by #CamillaPower. Radical anthropologists include #ChrisKnight, Ian Watts, Jerome Lewis and Morna Finnegan.

@bsnorrell.blogspot.com
Automated parrot. #CensoredNews is a service to grassroots #Indigenous Peoples engaged in #resistance and upholding #HumanRights.

@gerrymcgovern Author of #WorldWideWaste. Focused on reducing data waste and #eWaste.

@RadicalGraffiti Just sharing pics of #AntiCapitalist, #AntiAuthoritarian and #AntiColonial #graffiti, #stickers and #StreetArt seen around the world.

@thebeeguy
Founder of #WorldBeeSanctuary - the expanded ambition of The #Bee Sanctuary of Ireland - 55 acres of certified stock free organic land dedicated to our #NativeWildBees. The one and only true native wild bee sanctuary on the planet. No hives! No honey! Just wild! A not for profit social enterprise.
 Disruptive but irresistible.

@mutualmorris
We are a#MutualAid group in Morris County, New Jersey, USA wanting to connect with likeminded folks, to learn, share, and build #solidarity communities as far as we can. We are led by mostly #queer, #poor / #unhoused, #immigrant, #socialist, #communist, and #anarchist types from multiple generations and we seek to build a real, active path out of "business as usual".

@CrimethInc
#CrimethInc. is a rebel alliance—a decentralized network pledged to anonymous collective action—a breakout from the prisons of our age. We strive to reinvent our lives and our world according to the principles of self-determination and mutual aid. We believe that you should be free to dispose of your limitless potential on your own terms: that no government, market, or ideology should be able to dictate what your life can be. If you agree, let’s do something about it.

@igd_news
In search of new forms of life. A digital community center and media platform featuring news, opinion, podcasts, and reporting on autonomous social movements and revolt across so-called North America from an #anarchist perspective. 🏴

@Todd
#ToddChretien is a farmer, translator, editor, and author. He is co-chair of #MaineDSA and works in the #PineAndRoses editorial collective.

@g7izu
#SpaceWeather, #aurora and #RadioPropagation from a UK perspective. Any alerts or warnings are informational only and are not official. I post about various other subjects as well, but always hope to be informative and interesting. Not a professional space weather forecaster, it's my hobby!

@sundogplanets
Professor of #astronomy, farmer of #goats. Asteroid (42910). She/her.

@MusiqueNow
#Music #Musique #Musica #Musik #pouetradio #WeAreTheRadio and #news
#SolidarityWithPalestineRadio 🇵🇸 
#QueerRadio 
PROUD GAY #ATHEISTJEW✡️ he/him
#TransAndNonBinaryrRightsAreHumanRights
#QueersBashBACK
#NEVERAGAINforANYONE
Cis, #gendernonconforming, gay #goth, black #guyliner, #vegan guy 🥦
#JewsAgainstIsraeliApartheid
#GothsForPalestine🇵🇸🇵🇸 
#QueersForPalestine :pride: 🇵🇸 
 Welcome to all #GNC, #LGBTQIAplus & allies
TERFS, bigots, zionists, etc. FUCK OFF!!
#NiDieuNiMaître 
#SewBro
#FCKNZS
#JewsAgainstZionazism #ZionazismIsNOTJewishness 
#SiamoTuttiAntifascisti
(Be warned: I'm rather sweary)

#FollowFridays #followerpower #FridayFollows

I haven't done a #FollowFriday in a while. Here are some accounts that I frequent! If you find them useful and/or interesting, you should follow them as well!

@DemocracyNow_Headlines_rss
Automated toots from #DemocracyNow's Headlines RSS feed.

@UnicornRiot
#IndependentMedia amplifying stories from the frontlines of social and #environmental struggles.

@AIF_Massachusetts #AmericanIronFront in Massachusetts: standing against Nazis, the alt-right, and fascists of all stripes in Massachusetts and the greater New England area.

@freedomofpress
Defending and supporting public-interest #journalism in the 21st century.

@internetarchive
#InternetArchive is a non-profit research library preserving web pages, books, movies & audio for public access. Explore web history via the #WaybackMachine.

@RadicalAnthro
London's longest running evening class, studying What it means to be human at UCL #Anthropology dept. We are FREE, on Tues eves term time. Account run by #CamillaPower. Radical anthropologists include #ChrisKnight, Ian Watts, Jerome Lewis and Morna Finnegan.

@bsnorrell.blogspot.com
Automated parrot. #CensoredNews is a service to grassroots #Indigenous Peoples engaged in #resistance and upholding #HumanRights.

@gerrymcgovern Author of #WorldWideWaste. Focused on reducing data waste and #eWaste.

@RadicalGraffiti Just sharing pics of #AntiCapitalist, #AntiAuthoritarian and #AntiColonial #graffiti, #stickers and #StreetArt seen around the world.

@thebeeguy
Founder of #WorldBeeSanctuary - the expanded ambition of The #Bee Sanctuary of Ireland - 55 acres of certified stock free organic land dedicated to our #NativeWildBees. The one and only true native wild bee sanctuary on the planet. No hives! No honey! Just wild! A not for profit social enterprise.
 Disruptive but irresistible.

@mutualmorris
We are a#MutualAid group in Morris County, New Jersey, USA wanting to connect with likeminded folks, to learn, share, and build #solidarity communities as far as we can. We are led by mostly #queer, #poor / #unhoused, #immigrant, #socialist, #communist, and #anarchist types from multiple generations and we seek to build a real, active path out of "business as usual".

@CrimethInc
#CrimethInc. is a rebel alliance—a decentralized network pledged to anonymous collective action—a breakout from the prisons of our age. We strive to reinvent our lives and our world according to the principles of self-determination and mutual aid. We believe that you should be free to dispose of your limitless potential on your own terms: that no government, market, or ideology should be able to dictate what your life can be. If you agree, let’s do something about it.

@igd_news
In search of new forms of life. A digital community center and media platform featuring news, opinion, podcasts, and reporting on autonomous social movements and revolt across so-called North America from an #anarchist perspective. 🏴

@Todd
#ToddChretien is a farmer, translator, editor, and author. He is co-chair of #MaineDSA and works in the #PineAndRoses editorial collective.

@g7izu
#SpaceWeather, #aurora and #RadioPropagation from a UK perspective. Any alerts or warnings are informational only and are not official. I post about various other subjects as well, but always hope to be informative and interesting. Not a professional space weather forecaster, it's my hobby!

@sundogplanets
Professor of #astronomy, farmer of #goats. Asteroid (42910). She/her.

@MusiqueNow
#Music #Musique #Musica #Musik #pouetradio #WeAreTheRadio and #news
#SolidarityWithPalestineRadio 🇵🇸 
#QueerRadio 
PROUD GAY #ATHEISTJEW✡️ he/him
#TransAndNonBinaryrRightsAreHumanRights
#QueersBashBACK
#NEVERAGAINforANYONE
Cis, #gendernonconforming, gay #goth, black #guyliner, #vegan guy 🥦
#JewsAgainstIsraeliApartheid
#GothsForPalestine🇵🇸🇵🇸 
#QueersForPalestine :pride: 🇵🇸 
 Welcome to all #GNC, #LGBTQIAplus & allies
TERFS, bigots, zionists, etc. FUCK OFF!!
#NiDieuNiMaître 
#SewBro
#FCKNZS
#JewsAgainstZionazism #ZionazismIsNOTJewishness 
#SiamoTuttiAntifascisti
(Be warned: I'm rather sweary)

#FollowFridays #followerpower #FridayFollows

Radio Propagation

Sporadic-E: Es clouds over Poland are raising the MUF above 88 MHz in the region.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#fmdx
#g7izu

Radio Propagation

Sporadic-E: Strong Es clouds over north-east Europe are pushing the MUF above 88 MHz.

#radiopropagation
#fmdx
#g7izu

Radio Abuse

Illegal French "freebanders" are taking over the 6 MHz aero band (yet again), interfering with safety of life frequencies.

#radiopropagation
#freeband
#g7izu

Here's a live map showing stations currently receiving the WSPR signal from the VE1EP HAB.

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#hab #wspr

Radio Propagation

Sonde monitoring: I am receiving the VE1EP High-Altitude Balloon on 14.097 MHz WSPR mode.

This remarkable HAB is now making its second circumnavigation of the northern hemisphere, having been launched from Vancouver on 17 July 2025.

Full tracking page: https://traquito.github.io/search/spots/dashboard/?band=20m&callsign=VE1EP&channel=271&dtGte=2025-07-03

#radiopropagation
#amateurradio
#hab #wspr