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Chemical Thermodynamics by M.Kh. Karapetyants
The book is primarily aimed at students in higher education specialising in chemistry, particularly future engineers. The author has avoided unnecessary abstraction and overly complex mathematics to ensure the material remains practical and accessible, while still providing a solid theoretical foundation. The content includes approximate laws that allow for quick, practical problem-solving, even when precise values are unavailable. The author integrates empirical thermodynamics with the periodic table to make thermodynamic concepts more comprehensible, particularly entropy, which students often find difficult to grasp.
The book also addresses the importance of connecting thermodynamics with other branches of chemistry, such as general and inorganic chemistry, to enhance students’ understanding for later courses. The primary focus is on the thermodynamics of gaseous systems, with less emphasis on solutions and electrolytes. Numerous examples, mainly related to inorganic substances and chemical processing, help students apply theory to practical problems, with calculations that can be compared to experimental data. The book also includes many tables and figures derived from various sources to support these applications.
Translated from the Russian by G. Leib
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Contents
List of Tables 11
Preface 13
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 15
1.1. The Subject and Method of Thermodynamics 15
1.2. Basic Concepts and Definitions 17
1.2.1. Systems and Their Classification 17
1.2.2. Thermodynamic Parameters 18
1.2.3. Work and Heat 22
1.2.4. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 23
1.2.5. Mathematical Relations Between the Parameters of State 28
1.3. Terms and Symbols 33
Chapter 2. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 35
2.1. Content of the First Law 35
2.1.1. Cyclic Processes 35
2.1.2. Non-Cyclic Processes. Internal Energy 36
2.2. Enthalpy 41
Chapter 3. HEAT EFFECTS AND HEAT CAPACITIES 45
3.1. Hess’s Law 45
3.2. Standard Heat Effects 49
3.3. Some Methods of Calculating Heat Effects 53
3.3.1. Heats of Formation 53
3.3.2. Heats of Combustion 57
3.3.3. Comparative Calculation of Heat Effects 58
3.4. Heat Capacity 58
3.4.1. Heat Capacity in Different Processes 58
3.4.2. Temperature Dependence of Heat Capacity 61
3.4.3. Certain Laws 71
3.5. Temperature Dependence of Heat Effect 73
3.5.1. Kirchhoff Equation 73
3.5.2. Equation AH = <p(T) in Its Final Form 77
3.5.3. Heat Balance 84
Chapter 4. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 87
4.1. Content of the Second Law 87
4.1.1. The Carnot Cycle 87
4.1.2. Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 91
4.1.3. Impossibility of a Perpetual Motion Machine 92
4.2. Entropy 94
4.2.1. Change in Entropy in Reversible Processes 95
4.2.2. Change in Entropy in Irreversible Processes 97
4.2.3. Change in Entropy as a Criterion of the Equilibrium and Spontaneity of Processes 98
4.2.4. Relation Between Entropy and Other Thermodynamic Parameters and Some Relationships Between Derived Functions 102
4.3. Substantiation of the Second Law 106
4.3.1. Thermodynamic Probability of a State 106
4.3.2. Phase Space 106
4.3.3. Relationship Between Entropy and Thermodynamic Probability 108
4.3.4. Fluctuations 110
4.3.5. The Invalidity of the “Theory of Heat Death” of the Universe 112
Chapter 5. THERMODYNAMIC AND CHEMICAL POTENTIALS. THE GENERAL CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM 114
5.1. Thermodynamic Potentials 114
5.1.1. Change in Thermodynamic Potential as a Criterion of the Equilibrium and Spontaneous Nature of a Process 119
5.1.2. Various Thermodynamic Relationships 121
5.2. Characteristic Functions 123
5.3. Chemical Potential 128
5.4. General Conditions of Equilibrium 131
5.4.1. Stable and Unstable Equilibria 132
5.4.2. Equilibrium Coexistence of Phases. The Gibbs Phase Rule 134
5.4.3. Principle of Displacement of Equilibrium 139
Chapter 6. ONE-COMPONENT HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS 141
6.1. Ideal Gas 141
6.2. Equations of State of a Real Gas 150
6.3. Fugacity 159
6.3.1. Standard State 160
6.3.2. Temperature Dependence of Fugacity 162
6.3.3. Methods of Calculating Fugacity 163
6.4. Throttling 168
6.5. Calculation of Properties of Gases According to Experimental Data 175
6.5.1. Calculations Using the Relationships p-V-T and Cp = q>(T) 175
6.5.2. Calculations Using the Relationships Cp = <p(p, T) or H = q(p, T) and VT> = 9 (p) 184
6.5.3. Calculations Using (ij and C9 185
6.5.4. Influence of Pressure on the Heat Effect of a Reaction 185
6.6. A Generalized Method of Calculating Selected Properties of Gases and Liquids at Pressures above Atmospheric 186
6.6.1. Gases 186
6.6.2. Liquids 199
Chapter 7. ONE-COMPONENT HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS 205
7.1. Relationship Between Temperature and Pressure with Coexisting Phases 205
7.1.1. Clapeyron-Clausius Equation 205
7.1.2. Approximate Relationships 209
7.2. Methods for the Comparative Calculation of the Temperature Dependence of the Saturated Vapour Pressure 214
7.2.1. Straight Line Method 215
7.2.2. Method of Comparing Boiling Points of Given and Standard Substances at Equal Vapour Pressures 216
7.2.3. Method of Comparing Vapour Pressures of Various Substances at Equal Boiling Points 218
7.2.4. Method of Comparing Vapour Pressures of Various Substances at Equal Reduced Boiling Points 220
7.3. Critical State 221
7.4. Heat Capacities of Coexisting Phases and Heats of Phase Transitions 227
7.4.1. Heat Capacities of Coexisting Phases 227
7.4.2. Heats of Phase Transitions 232
7.5. Influence of Total Pressure on Saturated Vapour Pressure 244
7.6. Influence of Surface Curvature on Saturated Vapour Pressure 247
7.7. Second-Order Phase Transitions 249
Chapter 8. SOLUTIONS 251
8.1. Fundamental Concepts and Definitions 251
8.2. Partial Molar Quantities 255
8.2.1. Basic Equations 257
8.2.2. Methods of Calculation 260
8.3. Heat Capacities and Enthalpies of Solutions 264
8.3.1. Partial Molar Heat Capacities 264
8.3.2. Partial Molar Enthalpies 265
8.4. Ideal Solutions 272
8.5. Infinitely Dilute Solutions 278
8.5.1. Partial Molar Quantities 279
8.5.2. Henry’s Law 281
Chapter 9. BINARY SOLUTION-PURE COMPONENT EQUILIBRIUM 285
9.1. Relationship Between Temperature and Concentration 285
9.1.1. Solution-Solid Component Equilibrium 287
9.1.2. Analysis of Solubility Diagrams 292
9.1.3. Solution-Gas Equilibrium 304
9.2. Relationship Between Pressure and Concentration 305
9.2.1. Solution-Solid Component Equilibrium 306
9.2.2. Solution-Gas Equilibrium 307
9.3. Gas Mixture-Pure Component Equilibrium 317
9.4. Influence of Dispersion on Solubility 318
Chapter 10. SOLUTION-SOLUTION EQUILIBRIUM IN BINARY MIXTURES 319
10.1. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium for Completely Miscible Liquids at Low Pressures 319
10.1.1. Ideal Solution-Mixture of Ideal Gases 319
10.1.2. Non-Ideal Solution-Mixture of Ideal Gases 322
10.1.3. Separation of Solution Components 332
10.2. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium for Completely Miscible Liquids at High Pressures 334
10.2.1. Critical Phenomena 341
10.3. Equilibrium in Systems with Incompletely Miscible Liquids 349
10.3.1. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium 349
10.3.2. Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium 351
10.3.3. Gas-Gas Equilibrium 352
10.4. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium for Immiscible Liquids 355
Chapter 11. EQUILIBRIUM IN THREE- AND FOUR-COMPONENT SYSTEMS 359
11.1. Depicting Composition 359
11.1.1. Three-Component Systems 359
11.1.2. Four-Component Systems 361
11.2. Liquid-Solid Equilibrium in Three-Component Systems 362
11.2.1. Substances Forming No Compounds 362
11.2.2. Substances Forming Compounds 366
11.2.3. Isotherms of Aqueous Solutions of Two Common-Ion Salts 367
11.3. Mutual Solubility of Three Liquids 385
11.4. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium in Ternary Systems 391
11.4.1. Isotherm 391
11.4.2. Isobaric Systems 399
Chapter 12. THE PRINCIPLE OF MAXIMUM ENTROPY 405
12.1. Entropy as a Thermodynamic Function 405
12.2. Method of Maximum Entropy 410
12.3. Application of the Maximum Entropy Principle in Thermodynamics 414
Chapter 13. MODERN CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS 419
13.1. Thermodynamic Models 419
13.2. Relations with Other Areas of Science 421
13.3. Role of Thermodynamics in Physical Chemistry 424
13.4. Applications of Thermodynamics in Industry 427
13.5. Advanced Topics in Thermodynamics 430Chapter 14. EQUILIBRIUM TRANSFORMATION 518
14.1. Direction of a Process 518
14.2. Calculation of Equilibrium Transformation 527
14.2.1. Reactions in the Gaseous Phase 528
14.2.2. Reactions in Solutions 531
14.2.3. Heterogeneous Reactions 533
14.2.4. Electrochemical Reactions 537
14.3. Influence of Various Factors on the Extent of a Reaction 541
14.3.1. Temperature 541
14.3.2. Pressure 545
14.3.3. Presence of an Inert Gas 548
14.3.4. Ratio of Reactants 549
14.3.5. Change in Surface Area 550
14.3.6. Kind of Reaction 552
14.4. Equilibrium in Complex Chemical Systems 553
14.5. Sources of Errors in Calculating Equilibrium 562
14.5.1. Errors Due to Inaccuracy of Experimental Data 562
14.5.2. Errors Connected with the Processing of Experimental Data 564
14.6. Theoretical and Practical Extents of a Reaction 566
Chapter 15. FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS OF THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM FROM SPECTROSCOPIC DATA 568
15.1. Introduction 568
15.2. Thermodynamic Properties of Gases Due to Translational Degrees of Freedom 572
15.3. Thermodynamic Properties of Gases Due to Intramolecular Degrees of Freedom 575
15.3.1. Rotational Partition Function 577
15.3.2. Vibrational Partition Function 583
15.3.3. Partition Function for Electronic Excitation 587
15.3.4. Nuclear Spin 588
15.3.5. Effect of Isotopic Composition 589
15.3.6. Group of Properties 589
15.4. Calculation of Chemical Equilibrium 592
APPENDICES 599
List of Symbols 599
Heat Capacities, Standard Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of
#chemistry #sovietLiterature #thermodynamicSystems #thermodynamics -
Similarity And Dimensional Methods In Mechanics by L. I. Sedov
Dimensional analysis and similarity theory are essential in physics and engineering, particularly for designing and testing complex structures like airplanes, ships, and dams. These theories guide the conditions for model experiments and identify key parameters for fundamental effects and operations. Despite their simplicity and utility, they are often inadequately explained in textbooks and educational practices, leading to confusion and misconceptions.
The book highlights the importance of clear definitions of dimensional and dimensionless quantities and foundational concepts like the number of basic units of measurement. It critiques the superficial treatment of these topics in academia, which has occasionally led to paradoxes, such as misinterpretations in Rayleigh’s conclusions on heat emission.
Dimensional analysis is especially valuable when combined with broader physical principles, yielding significant insights in fields like turbulence, where a complete mathematical framework is lacking. The book includes new results in turbulence theory and provides detailed analyses of problems like turbulent fluid motion and Newton’s second law.
While many applications of dimensional analysis are not covered, the text aims to demonstrate standard methods and inspire the selection and formulation of new problems and experiments. The first half of the book is accessible to general readers, while the latter half requires some knowledge of hydromechanics.
Translated from the Russian by V. I. Kisin
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CONTENTS
Foreword to the First Russian Edition 7
Foreword to the Third Russian Edition 9
Foreword to the Sixth Russian Edition 10
Foreword to the Eighth Russian Edition 11
Foreword to the Ninth Russian Edition 11CHAPTER I. General Dimensions Theory
§ 1. Introduction 13
§ 2. Dimensional and Dimensionless Quantities 14
§ 3. Fundamental and Derived Units of Measurement 15
§ 4. Dimensions Formulas 20
§ 5. On Newton’s Second Law 21
§ 6. Nature of the Functional Relations Between Physical Quantities 27
§ 7. Parameters Defining a Class of Phenomena 32
References 35CHAPTER II. Similarity, Modelling, and Various Examples of the Application of Dimensional Analysis
§ 1. Motion of a Simple Pendulum 36
§ 2. Flow of a Heavy Fluid Through a Spillway 38
§ 3. Fluid Motion in Pipes 40
§ 4. Motion of a Body in a Fluid 44
§ 5. Heat Transfer from a Body in a Fluid Flow 51
§ 6. Dynamic Similarity and Modelling of Phenomena 54
§ 7. Steady Motion of a Solid Body in a Compressible Fluid 63
§ 8. Unsteady Motion in a Fluid 68
§ 9. Ship Motion 72
§ 10. Planing over the Water Surface 79
§ 11. Impact on Water 86
§ 12. Entry of a Cone and a Wedge at Constant Speed into a Fluid 93
§ 13. Small-Amplitude Waves on the Surface of an Incompressible Fluid 95
§ 14. Three-Dimensional Self-Similar Motions of Continuous Media 103
References 106CHAPTER III. Applications to the Theory of Motion of a Viscous Fluid and to the Theory of Turbulence
§ 1. Diffusion of Vorticity in a Viscous Fluid 108
§ 2. Exact Solutions of the Equations of Motion of a Viscous Incompressible Fluid 110
§ 3. Boundary Layer in the Flow of a Viscous Fluid Past a Flat Plate 116
§ 4. Isotropic Turbulent Motion of an Incompressible Fluid 120
§ 5. Steady Turbulent Motion 151
References 163CHAPTER IV. One-Dimensional Unsteady Motion of a Gas
§ 1. Self-Similar Motion of Spherical, Cylindrical, and Plane Waves in a Gas 166
§ 2. Ordinary Differential Equations and the Shock Conditions for Self-Similar Motions 175
§ 3. Algebraic Integrals for Self-Similar Motion 187
§ 4. Motions which Are Self-Similar in the Limit 196
§ 5. Investigation of the Family of Integral Curves in the (z, V) Plane 200
§ 6. The Piston Problem 208
§ 7. Problem of Implosion and Explosion at a Point 211
§ 8. Spherical Detonation 213
§ 9. Flame Propagation 220
§ 10. Collapse of an Arbitrary Discontinuity in a Combustible Mixture 225
§ 11. Problem of a Strong Explosion 229
§ 12. Point Explosion with Counterpressure Taken into Account 260
§ 13. On Modelling and on Formulas for the Peak Pressure and Impulse of Explosions 272
§ 14. Problem of a Strong Explosion in a Medium with a Variable Density 282
§ 15. Unsteady Motion of a Gas when the Velocity is Proportional to the Distance from the Centre of Symmetry 293
§ 16. On the General Theory of One-Dimensional Motion of a Gas 304
§ 17. Asymptotic Laws of Shock Wave Damping 317
References 325CHAPTER V. Introduction to the Theory of Gas Engines
§ 1. On Averaging of Nonuniform Gas Flows in Ducts 334
§ 2. Similarity Conditions and Abstract Parameters Determining the Characteristics of Compressors 348
§ 3. On Flight Efficiency of an Ideal Propeller and an Ideal Air-Breathing Jet Engine 359
References 366CHAPTER VI. Applications to Astrophysical Problems
§ 1. Some Observational Results 367
§ 2. On the Equations of Equilibrium and Motion of a Gaseous Mass Simulating a Star 377
§ 3. Theoretical Formulas Relating Luminosity with Mass, and Radius with Mass 382
§ 4. Some Simple Solutions of the System of Equations of Stellar Equilibrium 386
§ 5. On the Relation Between the Period of Variation of the Brightness and the Average Density for Cepheids 392
§ 6. On the Theory of the Flare-ups of Novae and Supernovae 395
References 417Name Index 419
#astrophysics #dimensionalAnalysis #hydrodynamics #mechanics #modelling #physics #problemSolving #scaling #similarityInProblemSolving #sovietLiterature #unsteadyMotion
Subject Index 422 -
Stability And Oscillation Of Elastic Systems Modern Concepts, Paradoxes And Errors by Ya. G. Panovko; I. I. Gubanova
This book discusses contemporary problems such as “jumps” in elastic systems, problems of aeroelasticity, problems of frictional self-oscillations, and self-synchronization, providing only the elementary data on these topics.
The first part examines the stability of equilibrium shapes in elastic systems. It addresses stability loss in cases of similar equilibrium shapes, the disappearance of stable equilibrium forms, and the absence of any equilibrium states. The error made by Euler in analysing stability loss is highlighted, and Mises’ truss is used as an example of stability loss in cases of similar equilibrium shapes.
The second part focuses on problems related to oscillations of linear systems, including systems with a fractional number of degrees of freedom, as well as the free oscillations of a cantilever in the field of centrifugal forces. Four methods for solving the problem of the action of periodic instantaneous impulses are presented. The Tacoma catastrophe is analysed as an example of aeroelastic oscillations.
Finally, the book explores problems of nonlinear system oscillations, including the vibration maintenance of rotation, the Sommerfeld effect, and self-oscillations of a quasi-system with dry friction.
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Table of Contents
Foreword
Foreword to the First Edition …………………………………………….. v
Foreword to the Second Edition ……………………………………………. vi
Part 1: The Stability of Equilibrium Shapes of Elastic Systems
Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 1Chapter I: The Loss of Stability Upon the Appearance of Similar Equilibrium Shapes
§1. Euler’s Error ……………………………………………………………………. 5
§2. The Effect of Subcritical Compression of a Bar on the Critical Value of the Compressive Force …. 11
§3. One Version of the Application of the Energy Method ………………………. 17
§4. Loads Whose Values Depend on the Displacements ………………………….. 22
Chapter II: Loss of Stability Upon the Appearance of Non-Similar Equilibrium Shapes§5. The Mises’ Truss ………………………………………………………………… 43
§6. The Stability of a Fluted Strip ………………………………………………….. 51
§7. More Examples of Systems with Jumps; Discussion of the Results …………. 58
Chapter III: Stability Loss Upon the Disappearance of Stable Equilibrium Shapes§8. Tracking Loads: Static Statement of the Problem …………………………. 70
§9. Tracking Loads: Dynamic Statement of the Problem …………………….. 80
§10. Tracking Loads: A System with Two Degrees of Freedom ………………… 87
§11. The History of the Problem …………………………………………………… 91
Chapter IV: Stability Losses When Any Forms of Equilibrium Disappear§12. General Stability of High Buildings ………………………………………… 97
§13. Characteristics of “Deformation Calculations” …………………………….. 104
§14. Two Discussions (Solutions of R. Lorenz and V. E. Vlasov) ……………….. 113
§15. Stability Losses of a Rod Under Tension …………………………………. 125
§16. Critical Internal Pressure for a Spherical Shell ……………………………. 136
§17. Rotation of a Flexible Shaft in a Rigid Tube-Shell ………………………… 140
Chapter V: Buckling of Not Fully Elastic Rods§18. Elastic-Plastic Buckling: Classical Concept ……………………………….. 153
§19. Elastic-Plastic Buckling: Present-Day Concept ……………………………. 160
§20. Buckling of a Rod in a Statically Indeterminate System …………………. 167
§21. Stability Loss in the Case of Material Creep ……………………………….. 175
Part 2: Oscillations of Elastic Systems
Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 184Chapter VI: Certain Problems of Oscillations of Linear Systems
§22. System with a Fractional Number of Degrees of Freedom ………………. 187
§23. Free Oscillations of a Cantilever in the Field of Centrifugal Forces ………. 192
§24. Equal-Frequency Shock Absorber ……………………………………………. 197
§25. Comments on the Formulas of Rayleigh and Grammel ……………………… 201
§26. Lagrange Errors ………………………………………………………………. 214
§27. Formula of A. N. Krylov ………………………………………………………. 224
§28. Four Methods of Solving the Problem of the Action of Periodic Instantaneous Impulses …….. 233
§29. Superpositions: Variations of Using It in Problems of Forced Oscillations … 244
§30. The “Inverse” Form of Differential Equations of Oscillations ……………. 252
§31. Terminology Information: Impedance, Receptance, Admittance, Response, Anti-Resonance …. 259
§32. Parametric Excitation of Oscillations ……………………………………… 269
§33. Destabilizing Action of the Forces of Viscous Friction …………………….. 285
§34. Linear Realisations of Dry Friction Forces …………………………………. 292
§35. Paradox Connected with Damping Coverings ……………………………… 302
§36. Damping of Pipeline Oscillations by Coriolis Forces ………………………. 309
Chapter VII: Dynamic Action of a Moving Load
§37. Brief Historical Sketch ……………………………………………………… 314
§38. Bresse Error ……………………………………………………………………… 322
§39. A Travelling Bending Wave …………………………………………………….. 327
§40. Action of an Infinite Strip of a Moving Load ………………………………. 332
Chapter VIII: Aeroelastic Oscillations§41. Dynamic Problems of Aeroelasticity Theory ……………………………….. 338
§42. “Classical” Flutter ………………………………………………………………. 341
§43. Tacoma Catastrophe: Separation Flutter …………………………………… 351
Chapter IX: Problems of Nonlinear System Oscillations§44. Vibration Maintenance of Rotation …………………………………………. 358
#dynamics #elasticSystems #errors #oscillatingSystems #oscillations #physics #sovietLiterature #stability
§45. Dynamics of the Boisse-Sarda Regulator …………………………………… 365
§46. Sommerfeld Effect ………………………………………………………………… 372
§47. Self-Oscillations: Method of Slowly Changing Amplitudes ……………….. 383
§48. Self-Oscillations of a Quasi-System with Dry Friction …………………… 393
§49. Discontinuous Self-Oscillations in the Case of Dry Friction ……………. 400
§50. Delta Method ……………………………………………………………………… 406 -
भौतिक विज्ञान सहज बोध (Physics For Entertainment In Hindi ) by या. इ. पेरेलमान (Yakov Perelman)
विश्वविख्यात भौतिक विज्ञानी या. इ. पेरेलमान की कृति महत्त्वपूर्ण पुस्तक ‘Physics for Entertainment’ का अनुवाद
बी.एस.के. काले
अनुवादक देवेन्द्र प्र. शर्मा
Many thanks to @life123 for scans
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#mechanics #physics #physicsProblems #physicsPuzzles #popularScience #sovietLiterature -
அனைவருக்குமான இயற்பியல் இயக்கம், வெப்பம் (Physics For Everyone Motion, Heat In Tamil ) by எல். லாண்டாவோ (L. Landau); அ. கிட்டகரோட்ஸ்கி (A. Kitaigorodsky)
We have tried to write this book in a light and simple style, not denying ourselves the pleasure of an occasional joke with the reader. But this does not in any way mean that our Physics for Everyone is an easy book. Many of its pages must be read attentively for a long time; in order to understand physics, one must very often think hard and tensely.
The book’s main concern is the fundamental laws and concepts of physics. However, we have tried not to forget about illustrations from life and technology, true, not having the aim of dealing in any way with the inexhaustible field of applied physics.
நாங்கள் இந்தப் புத்தகத்தை இலகுவான மற்றும் எளிய பாணியில் எழுத முயன்றுள்ளோம், வாசகருடன் பொழுதுபோக்கு செய்யும் occasional ஜோக்குகளை நாங்கள் தவறவில்லை. ஆனால் இது எங்கள் ‘எல்லோருக்கும் புவியியல்’ ஒரு எளிய புத்தகம் என்பதை பொருளல்ல. அதன் பல பக்கங்களை கவனமாகவும் நீண்ட நேரம் வாசிக்க வேண்டும்; புவியியலைப் புரிந்துகொள்ள, பல முறை தீவிரமாகவும் சிந்திக்க வேண்டும்.
இந்த புத்தகத்தின் முதன்மை கவனம் புவியியலின் அடிப்படை விதிமுறைகள் மற்றும் கருத்துக்களிலேயே உள்ளது. அதே நேரத்தில், வாழ்க்கையிலிருந்து மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்பத்திலிருந்து எடுத்துக்காட்டுகளை மறக்காமல் இருக்க நாம் முயற்சித்துள்ளோம், ஆனால் வரையறுக்க முடியாத ஆபரேஷனல் புவியியல் பற்றிய விரிவான விவாதத்தை எங்களது நோக்கமாக வைத்திருக்கவில்லை.
தமிழாக்கம்: டாக்டர் இ. பழனியாண்டி
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#mechanics #physics #popularScience #sovietLiterature #thermodynamics -
कथा ही नाण्यांची (The Story Of Coins In Marathi) by गेरमन अलेक्सेइविच फ्योदोरोव-दविदोव (G. A. Fedorov-Davydov)
प्राख्यात सोविएत इतिहासकार आणि संशोधक गेरमन अलेक्सेइविच फ्योदोरोव – दविदोव यांनी लिहिलेल्या या पुस्तकामध्ये नाण्यांच्या इतिहासाचा परामर्ष घेण्यात आला आहे. इतिहासातील अनेक अत्यंत महत्वाच्या आणि मनोरंजक घटनांचा नाण्यांशी दाट संबंध आहे. नाण्यांच्या उदयापूर्वीच्या काळापासून ते आधुनिक नाण्यांच्या जन्माप- र्यंतचा कालखंड हा अशा मनोरंजक घटनांनी पूर्णपणे व्यापलेला आहे. इतिहासामध्ये आणि त्याचप्रमाणे नाण्यांम- ध्ये स्वारस्य असलेल्या सर्व वयोगटातील वाचकांसाठी हे पुस्तक अत्यंत उपयुक्त ठरेल.
अनुक्रमणिका
पाश्र्वभूमी ६
प्राचीन जगातील देशांचा फेरफटका २१
मध्ययुगीन नाणी ४७
प्राचीन रशिया ८३
आधुनिक इतिहासाचे पर्व ११०
भारतीय नाणी १३२अनुवाद: डॉ. रविंद्र रसाळ
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#currency #history #numismatics #popularScience #sovietLiterature -
Sleep, Hypnosis, Dreams by L. Rokhlin
A popular exposition of various aspects of human body and sleep.
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction …………………………………………….. 5
The Significance of Sleep …………………………………. 9
Changes Occurring in the Body During Sleep …………………… 11
Criticism of Various Theories of Sleep ……………………………. 15
Pavlov on Sleep ……………………………………………….. 23
Pavlov on Hypnosis …………………………………………….. 36
Dreams, Their Causes and Nature ………………………………. 48
Different States of Sleep and Conditions Conducive to Sleep ……… 73
Therapy by Prolonged Sleep …………………………………… 77
Disorders of Sleep ……………………………………………… 81
Morbid Sleep …………………………………………………… 81
Hygiene of Sleep ………………………………………………. 83You can get the book here and here
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#physiology #popularScience #psychology #sleep #sovietLiterature -
Earth, Sweet Earth ( Science For Everyone) by Ekaterina Radkevich
The book is based on the author’s impressions of her numerous expeditions in the many countries. It is a fascinating narrative rather than a mere record of facts irrespective of how scientifically valid they can be. The book is bound to be appreciated as a piece of absorbing reading by anyone who cares to increase the scope of his or her competence about our sweet home of a planet that must be saved from destruction at all costs.
Ekaterina Radkevich, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, is one of the most distinguished geologists whose works are well known in her own country and in many other parts of the world. The overwhelming success of her publications is chiefly due to her indefatigable practical activity in the USSR and elsewhere and her unflagging interest in theoretical research which she has been conducting for quite some time at the Institute of Geological Studies in the Far East (Viadivostok).
Note: This book was the last remaining volume in the Science for Everyone Series! This completes volume the SFE series in English.
Many, many thanks to Hassaan Ali who purchased and posted this book to us to complete this series. Much appreciated help!
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Contents
How I Became a Geologist (In Lieu of a Preface) 7Part I. The Earth in the Universe 20
Chapter 1. The Earth as a Cosmic Body 20
Chapter 2. The Planet Earth 29
Chapter 3. The Deep-seated Structure of the Earth 38
Chapter 4. The Development of Views on the Origin of Earth and Other Planets of the Solar System 47
Part II. The History of the Development of the Earth 58
Chapter 5. The Dawn 58
Chapter 6. Life: The Earth’s Chronicle 70
Part III. Geology Everywhere 100
Chapter 7. The Work of the Wind 102
Chapter 8. The Role of Water in the Transformation of Our Planet 113
Chapter 9. The Activity of Subterranean Forces 127
Part IV. The Composition of the Earth’s Crust 147
Chapter 10. Sedimentary Rocks 147
Chapter 11. Magmatic (Igneous) Rocks 159
Chapter 12. Metamorphic Rocks 185
Part V. The Movements of the Earth’s Crust 202
Chapter 13. Mountains: Old and Young 203
Chapter 14. The Deformation of Rocks 208
Chapter 15. Fixism vs. Mobilism 216
Part VI. Mineral Resources 236
Chapter 16. The Mineral Kingdom 236
Chapter 17. Mineral Raw Materials and Technical Progress 258
Chapter 18. The Future of Mineral Raw Resources 280
Chapter 19. How Ores Are Formed 286
Chapter 20. The Science of Metallogeny 308
Chapter 21. In Quest of Ores 328
Chapter 22. At the Metallogenic Map of the Pacific Belt 338
Chapter 23. Mineral Resources of the Seas and the Underwater Storerooms of Mineral Raw Materials 349
Chapter 24. Save Our Earth! 361
To End on a Poetic Note 367
#earthHistory #earthScience #geochemistry #geology #geophysics #historyOfEarth #mineralResources #mining #planetaryScience #plateTectonics #popularScience #rocks #sovietLiterature -
ଆଲେକ୍ସେଇ କ୍ରିଲୋଭ From Bonfire To Reactor (In Odia by Alexei Krylov)
A popular science book for children explaining various sources of energy and how we can harness them from nature.
Some really fantastic full page drawings by Andrei Platonov
Translated to Oriya
Why do airplanes fly?
What makes cars and trains run?
Why is electricity provided to our homes and to factories? Why do people eat? Indeed, why and what for?ତିହାସ
– ଚିତ୍ରାଙ୍କନ – ଆଦେଲ ପ୍ଲାଟୋନୋଭ୍
ଅନୁବାଦ – ଅରୁଣ ଢୁମାର ମହାନ୍ତ
– ମୁଖ୍ୟ ପରିବେଶକ – ନବଯୁଗ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥାଳୟବଜ୍ରକବାଟି ରୋତ୍
କଟକ – ୭୫୩୦୦୧
ଶିଶୁମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ପୁସ୍ତକ, ଯାହାରେ ଉର୍ଜାର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସ୍ରୋତ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରକୃତିରୁ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କିପରି ଅଧିଗମନ କରାଯାଇପାରେ, ସେବିଷୟରେ ବିସ୍ତାରରେ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କରାଯାଇଛି।
ଆନ୍ଦ୍ରେଇ ପ୍ଲାଟୋନଭଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଆକର୍ଷଣୀୟ ପୃଷ୍ଠା ପୃଷ୍ଠା ଅଙ୍କନରେ ଭରିଥିବା ପୃଷ୍ଠାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୁସ୍ତକକୁ ଆରୋ ଆକର୍ଷଣୀୟ କରିଛି।
ଏହି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଜିଜ୍ଞାସାକୁ ଜଗାଇ ଦିଏ:
ଏୟାରପ୍ଲେନ୍ କାହିଁକି ଉଡେ?
କାହିଁକି ଗାଡ଼ି ଏବଂ ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ଚାଲେ?
ଆମ ଘର ଏବଂ କାରଖାନାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ କାହିଁକି ଯୋଗାଇ ଯାଏ?
ଲୋକମାନେ କାହିଁକି ଖାଉଛନ୍ତି?
ସତରେ, କାହିଁକି ଏବଂ କଣ ପାଇଁ?You can get the book here and here
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रासायनिक मूलद्रव्यांचा शोध – दमी. त्रीफोनोव, व. त्रीफोनोव (Chemical Elements How They Were Discovered In Marathi by D. N. Trifonov, V. D. Trifonov )
या पुस्तकामध्ये आपण रसायनशास्त्रातील “मुळाक्षरां “ची कशी रचना झाली, तसेच आपल्या चौकस बुद्धिमत्तेतून संशोधकांनी एकामागोमाग एकेका नव्या मूलद्रव्याचा शोध कसा लावला याचे विवेचन करणार आहोत.
बहुतेक सर्व रासायनिक मूलद्रव्यांवर अनेक पुस्तके लिहिली गेली आहेत. त्यांची संख्या एवढी प्रचंड आहे की त्यांचे एक स्वतंत्र ग्रंथालयच होईल. त्या पुस्तकांमध्ये, मूलद्रव्यांचा अंतर्भाव असणारे खडक व खनिजे, त्यांच्या नि- एकर्षणाच्या विविध पद्धती, मूलद्रव्यांचे भौतिक आणि रासायनिक गुणधर्म यांचा आढावा घेतलेला असतो. काही मूलद्रव्ये आश्चर्य वाटण्याएवढी मुबलक आहेत. त्यांचे उपयोगही अनपेक्षित वाटावेत एवढ्या भिन्नभिन्न क्षेत्रात केलेले आढळतील. खरे तर आजच्या प्रगत वैज्ञानिक युगात प्रत्येक मूलद्रव्याचा काहीना काहीतरी महत्त्वपूर्ण उपयोग आहेच आहे असेच दिसेल. प्रत्येक मूलद्रव्याचे त्याचे स्वतःचे असे खास “चरित्र” असून ती सारी आपापल्या परीने वैशिष्ट्यपूर्णही आहेत हे खरे की मूलद्रव्यांच्या शोधांच्या इतिहासाबाबत अद्यापीही बरीच संदिग्धता आहे व इतिहासकारांना न सुटलेले प्रश्न अजूनही सोडविता आलेले नाहीत. कुणी सांगावे, त्यांच्यापैकी एखादा- दुसरा इतिहासकार तुम्हीही असू शकाल !
अनुवाद : राजेंद्र सहस्रबुद्धे
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#आवरतसरण #घटकचशध #रसयनशसतर #रसयनशसतरचइतहस #रसयनककरत #लकपरयवजञन #वजञनचइतहस #वजञनकशध #सवहएतसहतय #chemical #chemicalRevolution #chemistry #discoveryOfElements #historyOfChemistry #historyOfScience #periodicTable #popularScience #scientificDiscovery #sovietLiterature -
पशु-प्रेम की कहानियाँ – द.न. मामिन-सिबिर्याक (Animal Tales In Hindi by D. Mamin Sibiryak)
रूसी भाषा से अनूदित’ पशु-प्रेम की कहानियाँ’ नामक यह पुस्तक किशोर पाठकों के लिए है। इन कहानियों के रचनाकार हैं उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी के रूसी लेखक द.न. मामिन सिबिर्याक। कहानियों का अनुवाद रूसी से किया गया है। प्रस्तुत संकलन में उनकी छह कहानियाँ सम्मिलित हैं। इन कहानियों के पात्र विभिन्न पशु पक्षी हैं। ‘शिकारी येमेल्या’ कहानी में शिकारी का हृदय परिवर्तन होता दिखाया गया है। इसके मुख्य पात्र हैं-मृग-शावक, हिरनी और तीतर। ‘पोस्तोइको’ कहानी उन कुत्तों के बार में है जिन्हें कमेटीवाले पकड़कर ले जाते हैं। इस कहानी में कुत्तों के आपसी व्यवहार को दिग्वाया गया है जिस कहानी से हमें यह पता चलता है कि मानव-सुलभ असमानता तथा ईर्ष्या जैसे अवगुण पशुओं के जीवन में भी देखे जा सकते हैं।’ प्रियौमिश’ नामक कहानी में बूढ़े शिकारी तरास का हंस के प्रति प्रेम प्रदर्शित किया गया जो किसी शिकारी की गोली से तो ब्रच निकला था परंतु उसकी हंसिनी मारी गई थी।’ भूग शेडका’ नामक कहानी में भी पंखकटी नीलसर चिड़िया के प्रति शिकारी के दया भाव को दिखाया गया है।’ आक बोजात’ नामक कहानी के मुख्य पात्र हैं घोड़ा और उसका मालिक। इसमें भी मनुष्य और पशु पारस्परिक प्रेम को दिखाया गया है। ‘ बूढ़ा गौरा’ नामक कहानी में यह पढ़ने को मिलेगा कि पालतू पक्षियों का गौग और गौरैया जैसे घरेलू पक्षियों में क्या अंतर होता है।
मनुष्य और पशुओं के बीच कैसा संबंध होना चाहिए यह मामिन-सिबिर्याक की ये रूसी, कहानियाँ हमारे किशोरों की इन कहानियों को पढ़कर पता चलता है। चय ही पसंद आएँगी और पशु-पक्षियों द.न. के प्रति उनकी रुचि बढ़ाने में सहायक सिद्ध होंगी।
द.न. मामिन-सिबिर्याक इस पुस्तक के रचनाकार दमीत्री नारकीसेविच मामिन-सिबिर्याक (1852 1912) हैं। द.न. मामिन-सिविर्याक का जन्म 6 नवंबर, 1852 को रूम के पेर्म प्रांत के एक पुरोहित परिवार में हुआ था। चार वर्ष तक आपने पुरोहिती की शिक्षा प्राप्तयी। इसके बाद सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग जाकर आपने पहले पशु-चिकित्सा का और फिर कानून का अध्ययन किया। परंतु भिन्न कारणों से उनकी शिक्षा अधूरी रह गई। उसके बाद आप यूराल क्षेत्र में वापस आ गए। उन्होंने ग्रराल की खानों और मजदूरों के बारे में लिखना शुरू किया। इस विषय पर उन्होंने कई उपन्यास लिखे हैं। उन्हें हम्,’ यूराल का गोर्की’ भी कह सकते हैं. यद्यपि वह गोकर्की के पूर्ववर्ती थे। इसीलिए तो गोर्की ने उन्हें अपना शिक्षक माना है। गोर्की उन्हें अपना मित्र समान भी मानते थे। 1891 ई. तक यूराल में रहने के बाद द.न. मामिन सिबिंर्याक सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग चले गए। वहीं 15 नवंबर, 1912 को उनका देहांत हुआ।
द.न. मामिन-सिविर्याक के लेखन में उनके बाल साहित्य का स्थान विशिष्ट है। किशोरों के लिए लिखी गई उनकी कहानियाँ हमेशा से ही बहुत लोर्काप्रय गही हैं। उनकी अधिकांश कहानियों में पशुओं के जीवन का सजीव चित्रण है जो इस पुस्तक में भी पढ़ने को मिलेगा।
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#रसउपनयस #रसकहनय #रससहतय #सवयतसहतय #russianLiterature #russianNovels #russianStories #sovietLiterature -
"How did #SovietAuthors treat the #Holocaust? How did it differ from work elsewhere? And what are some of the challenges translating these works into English?"
#HarrietMurav and #SashaSenderovich discuss the new collection of #shortStories they edited and translated, #InTheShadowOfTheHolocaust: Short Fiction by #JewishWriters from the #SovietUnion
https://www.euraknot.org/soviet-holocaust-literature/
#SovietJews #JewishHistory #WWII #SovietLiterature #HolocaustLiterature #books @bookstodon -
Cecil Rhodes And His Time by Apolion Davidson
Cecil Rhodes…
He has been spoken and written about for a hundred years. Do we really need yet another book?
And does his time, the age when the world was divided up by the European countries using people like Rhodes, really need to be written about again? After all, the age of colonialism is past.
When undertaking this book, the author believed that only now that the political dominance of colonialism has ended can one truly grasp this phenomenon as a whole. And this must be done since the imprint of colonialism still remains on states, and even continents, and on the lives and characters of their inhabitants.
The figure of Rhodes helps one to understand a great deal about how colonialism functioned and about the psychology of people of that time. Why did Rhodes become a symbol of the largest empire in the history of mankind? Why was it Rhodes who became the idol of colonialism in the epoch of the division of the world? And what impression did his personality leave on the nature of colonialism?
These are some of the questions which the book tries to answer.
Translated from the Russian by Christopher English
Designed by Oleg Grebenyuk
Jacket: The battle of the Umguza (April 22, 1896). reproduced from Oliver Ransford’s book Bulawayo: Historic Battleground of Rhodesia, Cape Town, 1968.
Title page: A late nineteenth-century map of Southern Africa showing the countries conquered by Rhodes (from the book Rhodes by J. G. Lockhart and Hon. C. M. Woodhouse, London, 1963).
You can get the book here and here
This is a cleaned, optimised scan.
A 1988 Soviet work. Scanned by Ismail.Follow us on
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Contents
Page
6 Testament of a Young Man
The Gold and Diamond King
26 “How Cecil Rhodes Made His Fortune”
64 His Road to Politics
79 Battle of the Magnates
Hero of the Day
96 The Land of Ophir Between the Zambezi and the Limpopo
120 From the “White Queen” to Inkosi Lobengula
165 Setting Up His Own State
182 His First Military Campaign
214 And the First War
239 The Idol of His Day
Instigator of the Boer War
262 The Conspiracy Against the Afrikaners
286 Rhodesia Against Rhodes
314 Mere Setback or Utter Debacle?
338 “Terug na Die Ou Transvaal” (“Back to the Old Transvaal”)
370 Fading Away
393 Conclusion
400 Appendix
416 References
436 Name Index
#1988 #africanSubjugation #boerWars #britishColonialism #britishImperialism #deBeerCompany #history #southAfrica #southernAfrica #sovietLiterature -
In The World Of Isotopes by V. Mezentsev
A little book describing basics of isotopes and their applications in various fields.
Translated from the Russian by George Yankovsky
You can get the book here and here
Credits to the original uploaders. This is a cleaned, optimised scan.
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Contents
1. On the Threshold of a New Era 5
#applicationsOfIsotopes #atomicEnergy #atomicNucleus #chemistry #electrons #irradiation #nuclearMedicine #nuclearTechnology #physics #popularScience #radioIsotopes #sovietLiterature #xRays
2. “Factories of Radioisotopes” 7
3. “Radioeyes” 12
4. Radioisotopes and Geological Prospecting 20
5. Tracer Atoms in Industry 22
6. Tracer Atoms in Chemistry 25
7. The Geological Clock 27
8. A Pocket Electric Station 32
9. The Atom in Agriculture 33
10. The Atom in Medicine 45 -
Measure And Derivative A Unified Approach by G.E. Shilov; B.L. Gurevich
This volume is intended as a textbook for students of
mathematics and physics, at the graduate or advanced
undergraduate level. It should also be intelligible to
readers with a good background in advanced calculus
and sufficient “mathematical maturity.”
The phrase “unified approach” in the title of the book
refers to the consistent use of the Daniell scheme, which
starts from the concept of an elementary integral defined
(axiomatically) on a family of elementary functions. In
the Introduction we explain in detail why we prefer
this approach to others, in particular to the Lebesgue-
Radon-Frechet approach, which starts from axiomatic
measure theory.Revised English Edition
Translated and Edited by Richard A. SilvermanYou can get the book here and here.
#1966 #derivative #higherMathematics #integral #lebesgueIntegral #LeviSTheorem #mathematics #measureTheory #physics #RiemannIntegral #sovietLiterature #StieltjesIntegral #theoryOfIntegral
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Show Yourselves Martians! – Pavel Klushantsev
ANNOTATION
This book provides an overview of the mysteries and explorations of Mars. The Red Planet has fascinated humanity since antiquity. The invention of the telescope only deepened its enigmas, particularly with the discovery of the so-called ‘canals.’ This led to the idea of Martians living on the planet in science fiction. But is there really life on Mars? Do Martians exist? What are the canals? To answer questions like these space probes from the USSR and USA started the exploration of Mars in the 1960s. Going to Mars is not straightforward and reaching Mars is an engineering and technological feat. Ever since then we have continued our explorations of the Red Planet. We now have sophisticated rovers on the surface of Mars and orbiters in orbit around Mars. In the last few decades our knowledge of Mars has improved in leaps and bounds with new discoveries shedding more and more light on the mysterious planets past and future. This volume presents an outline of these explorations, a journey that continues to advance the bounds of human knowledge with hopes that one day humans will inhabit Mars.
Drawings by V. Korolkov
Translated from the Spanish and Typset in Scribus by Damitr MazanavReleased on the web by The Mir Titles Project in 2025
This work is an Open Educational Resource (OER)
Creative Commons BY Share Alike 4.0 License
You can get the book here and here
Twitter: @MirTitles
Mastodon: @[email protected]
Mastodon: @[email protected]
Bluesky: mirtitles.bsky.social
GitLab: https://gitlab.com/mirtitles
Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/mir-titlesTranslators Note
One of the first books that I remember reading was All About the Telescope by Pavel Klushantsev translated to Marathi. The book got me fascinated about science in general and astronomy in particular.
So, when I saw this book by Klushantsev on Mars only available in Spanish, I could not resist from translating it. Though I started the work on this some years back, it was never completed for various reasons. One of them being the complex nature of typsetting in the book. So for this book I have used Scribus for typsetting and the results have been pleasing.
Since the book was written, our knowledge about Mars has increased by leaps and bounds. I have added an additional chapter in the book that summarises the various spacecraft since the 1990s that have taken our knowledge of Mars to the next level. The Martian surface has been revelead unprecendented detail with numerous rovers and orbiters around it. The attribution of images in the last section is provided with the images.
We now have active rovers on the surface of Mars and orbiters around it sending us vital information about the Red Planet. All this with hopes that humans would one day land there. It is to those future astronauts this translation and additional sections are dedicated.
Some screenshots
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TRANSLATOR’S NOTE
THAT LITTLE STAR IS MARS! 1
THE MYSTERIES OF MARS 14
WHERE CAN YOU LIVE 22
UNEXPLAINED PHENOMENA OF MARS 32
WE MUST SOLVE THE MYSTERY OF “CANALS” 41
DO MARTIANS EXIST? 46
TRACES OF MARTIANS 56
ARE THE MARTIANS OUR ENEMIES 67
ARE MARTIANS OUR FRIENDS? 77
WE MUST FLY TO MARS 87
IS IT DIFFICULT TO REACH MARS 97
WHAT DID THE SPACE PROBES SEE FROM THEIR ORBIT 117
WATER! 129
THE SEARCH FOR LIFE ON MARS 136
IN THE FUTURE 152
FROM UNCERTAINTY TO DISCOVERY: MARS SINCE THE 1990s – Damitr Mazanav 163#Ccbysa #Oer #ingenuity #ISRO #mangalyaan #marsExploration #marsExplorer #marsExpress #marsMission #marsProbes #martianProbes #mirTitlesProject #NASA #perseverance #sovietLiterature #spaceExploration #spaceTravel #ussr #viking
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यह सभी कुत्तें है – ईगर अकीमुश्किन(The Dog Family Stories In Hindi by Igor Akimushkin)
A little book describing various members of the dog family
कुत्ते के परिवार के विभिन्न सदस्यों का वर्णन करने वाली एक छोटी सी किताबचित्रकारः अ० केलेइनिकोव
अनुवादकः संगमलाल मालवीयYou can get the book here and here
Twitter: @MirTitles
Mastodon: @[email protected]
Mastodon: @[email protected]
Bluesky: mirtitles.bsky.social#कततपरवर #जगलजनवर #जलज_ #भडय_ #लकडबगघ_ #ललतवजञन #लकपरयवजञन #लमड_ #सवयतसहतय #dogFamily #foxes #hyenas #popularScience #sovietLiterature #wildAnimals #wolves #zoology