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Chemical Thermodynamics by M.Kh. Karapetyants

The book is primarily aimed at students in higher education specialising in chemistry, particularly future engineers. The author has avoided unnecessary abstraction and overly complex mathematics to ensure the material remains practical and accessible, while still providing a solid theoretical foundation. The content includes approximate laws that allow for quick, practical problem-solving, even when precise values are unavailable. The author integrates empirical thermodynamics with the periodic table to make thermodynamic concepts more comprehensible, particularly entropy, which students often find difficult to grasp.

The book also addresses the importance of connecting thermodynamics with other branches of chemistry, such as general and inorganic chemistry, to enhance students’ understanding for later courses. The primary focus is on the thermodynamics of gaseous systems, with less emphasis on solutions and electrolytes. Numerous examples, mainly related to inorganic substances and chemical processing, help students apply theory to practical problems, with calculations that can be compared to experimental data. The book also includes many tables and figures derived from various sources to support these applications.

Translated from the Russian by G. Leib

Credits to the original uploaders, this is a cleaned optimised scan.

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Contents

List of Tables 11
Preface 13
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 15
1.1. The Subject and Method of Thermodynamics 15
1.2. Basic Concepts and Definitions 17
1.2.1. Systems and Their Classification 17
1.2.2. Thermodynamic Parameters 18
1.2.3. Work and Heat 22
1.2.4. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 23
1.2.5. Mathematical Relations Between the Parameters of State 28
1.3. Terms and Symbols 33
Chapter 2. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 35
2.1. Content of the First Law 35
2.1.1. Cyclic Processes 35
2.1.2. Non-Cyclic Processes. Internal Energy 36
2.2. Enthalpy 41
Chapter 3. HEAT EFFECTS AND HEAT CAPACITIES 45
3.1. Hess’s Law 45
3.2. Standard Heat Effects 49
3.3. Some Methods of Calculating Heat Effects 53
3.3.1. Heats of Formation 53
3.3.2. Heats of Combustion 57
3.3.3. Comparative Calculation of Heat Effects 58
3.4. Heat Capacity 58
3.4.1. Heat Capacity in Different Processes 58
3.4.2. Temperature Dependence of Heat Capacity 61
3.4.3. Certain Laws 71
3.5. Temperature Dependence of Heat Effect 73
3.5.1. Kirchhoff Equation 73
3.5.2. Equation AH = <p(T) in Its Final Form 77
3.5.3. Heat Balance 84
Chapter 4. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 87
4.1. Content of the Second Law 87
4.1.1. The Carnot Cycle 87
4.1.2. Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 91
4.1.3. Impossibility of a Perpetual Motion Machine 92
4.2. Entropy 94
4.2.1. Change in Entropy in Reversible Processes 95
4.2.2. Change in Entropy in Irreversible Processes 97
4.2.3. Change in Entropy as a Criterion of the Equilibrium and Spontaneity of Processes 98
4.2.4. Relation Between Entropy and Other Thermodynamic Parameters and Some Relationships Between Derived Functions 102
4.3. Substantiation of the Second Law 106
4.3.1. Thermodynamic Probability of a State 106
4.3.2. Phase Space 106
4.3.3. Relationship Between Entropy and Thermodynamic Probability 108
4.3.4. Fluctuations 110
4.3.5. The Invalidity of the “Theory of Heat Death” of the Universe 112
Chapter 5. THERMODYNAMIC AND CHEMICAL POTENTIALS. THE GENERAL CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM 114
5.1. Thermodynamic Potentials 114
5.1.1. Change in Thermodynamic Potential as a Criterion of the Equilibrium and Spontaneous Nature of a Process 119
5.1.2. Various Thermodynamic Relationships 121
5.2. Characteristic Functions 123
5.3. Chemical Potential 128
5.4. General Conditions of Equilibrium 131
5.4.1. Stable and Unstable Equilibria 132
5.4.2. Equilibrium Coexistence of Phases. The Gibbs Phase Rule 134
5.4.3. Principle of Displacement of Equilibrium 139
Chapter 6. ONE-COMPONENT HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS 141
6.1. Ideal Gas 141
6.2. Equations of State of a Real Gas 150
6.3. Fugacity 159
6.3.1. Standard State 160
6.3.2. Temperature Dependence of Fugacity 162
6.3.3. Methods of Calculating Fugacity 163
6.4. Throttling 168
6.5. Calculation of Properties of Gases According to Experimental Data 175
6.5.1. Calculations Using the Relationships p-V-T and Cp = q>(T) 175
6.5.2. Calculations Using the Relationships Cp = <p(p, T) or H = q(p, T) and VT> = 9 (p) 184
6.5.3. Calculations Using (ij and C9 185
6.5.4. Influence of Pressure on the Heat Effect of a Reaction 185
6.6. A Generalized Method of Calculating Selected Properties of Gases and Liquids at Pressures above Atmospheric 186
6.6.1. Gases 186
6.6.2. Liquids 199
Chapter 7. ONE-COMPONENT HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS 205
7.1. Relationship Between Temperature and Pressure with Coexisting Phases 205
7.1.1. Clapeyron-Clausius Equation 205
7.1.2. Approximate Relationships 209
7.2. Methods for the Comparative Calculation of the Temperature Dependence of the Saturated Vapour Pressure 214
7.2.1. Straight Line Method 215
7.2.2. Method of Comparing Boiling Points of Given and Standard Substances at Equal Vapour Pressures 216
7.2.3. Method of Comparing Vapour Pressures of Various Substances at Equal Boiling Points 218
7.2.4. Method of Comparing Vapour Pressures of Various Substances at Equal Reduced Boiling Points 220
7.3. Critical State 221
7.4. Heat Capacities of Coexisting Phases and Heats of Phase Transitions 227
7.4.1. Heat Capacities of Coexisting Phases 227
7.4.2. Heats of Phase Transitions 232
7.5. Influence of Total Pressure on Saturated Vapour Pressure 244
7.6. Influence of Surface Curvature on Saturated Vapour Pressure 247
7.7. Second-Order Phase Transitions 249
Chapter 8. SOLUTIONS 251
8.1. Fundamental Concepts and Definitions 251
8.2. Partial Molar Quantities 255
8.2.1. Basic Equations 257
8.2.2. Methods of Calculation 260
8.3. Heat Capacities and Enthalpies of Solutions 264
8.3.1. Partial Molar Heat Capacities 264
8.3.2. Partial Molar Enthalpies 265
8.4. Ideal Solutions 272
8.5. Infinitely Dilute Solutions 278
8.5.1. Partial Molar Quantities 279
8.5.2. Henry’s Law 281
Chapter 9. BINARY SOLUTION-PURE COMPONENT EQUILIBRIUM 285
9.1. Relationship Between Temperature and Concentration 285
9.1.1. Solution-Solid Component Equilibrium 287
9.1.2. Analysis of Solubility Diagrams 292
9.1.3. Solution-Gas Equilibrium 304
9.2. Relationship Between Pressure and Concentration 305
9.2.1. Solution-Solid Component Equilibrium 306
9.2.2. Solution-Gas Equilibrium 307
9.3. Gas Mixture-Pure Component Equilibrium 317
9.4. Influence of Dispersion on Solubility 318
Chapter 10. SOLUTION-SOLUTION EQUILIBRIUM IN BINARY MIXTURES 319
10.1. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium for Completely Miscible Liquids at Low Pressures 319
10.1.1. Ideal Solution-Mixture of Ideal Gases 319
10.1.2. Non-Ideal Solution-Mixture of Ideal Gases 322
10.1.3. Separation of Solution Components 332
10.2. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium for Completely Miscible Liquids at High Pressures 334
10.2.1. Critical Phenomena 341
10.3. Equilibrium in Systems with Incompletely Miscible Liquids 349
10.3.1. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium 349
10.3.2. Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium 351
10.3.3. Gas-Gas Equilibrium 352
10.4. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium for Immiscible Liquids 355
Chapter 11. EQUILIBRIUM IN THREE- AND FOUR-COMPONENT SYSTEMS 359
11.1. Depicting Composition 359
11.1.1. Three-Component Systems 359
11.1.2. Four-Component Systems 361
11.2. Liquid-Solid Equilibrium in Three-Component Systems 362
11.2.1. Substances Forming No Compounds 362
11.2.2. Substances Forming Compounds 366
11.2.3. Isotherms of Aqueous Solutions of Two Common-Ion Salts 367
11.3. Mutual Solubility of Three Liquids 385
11.4. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium in Ternary Systems 391
11.4.1. Isotherm 391
11.4.2. Is

obaric Systems 399
Chapter 12. THE PRINCIPLE OF MAXIMUM ENTROPY 405
12.1. Entropy as a Thermodynamic Function 405
12.2. Method of Maximum Entropy 410
12.3. Application of the Maximum Entropy Principle in Thermodynamics 414
Chapter 13. MODERN CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS 419
13.1. Thermodynamic Models 419
13.2. Relations with Other Areas of Science 421
13.3. Role of Thermodynamics in Physical Chemistry 424
13.4. Applications of Thermodynamics in Industry 427
13.5. Advanced Topics in Thermodynamics 430

Chapter 14. EQUILIBRIUM TRANSFORMATION 518

14.1. Direction of a Process 518

14.2. Calculation of Equilibrium Transformation 527

14.2.1. Reactions in the Gaseous Phase 528

14.2.2. Reactions in Solutions 531

14.2.3. Heterogeneous Reactions 533

14.2.4. Electrochemical Reactions 537

14.3. Influence of Various Factors on the Extent of a Reaction 541

14.3.1. Temperature 541

14.3.2. Pressure 545

14.3.3. Presence of an Inert Gas 548

14.3.4. Ratio of Reactants 549

14.3.5. Change in Surface Area 550

14.3.6. Kind of Reaction 552

14.4. Equilibrium in Complex Chemical Systems 553

14.5. Sources of Errors in Calculating Equilibrium 562

14.5.1. Errors Due to Inaccuracy of Experimental Data 562

14.5.2. Errors Connected with the Processing of Experimental Data 564

14.6. Theoretical and Practical Extents of a Reaction 566

Chapter 15. FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS OF THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM FROM SPECTROSCOPIC DATA 568

15.1. Introduction 568

15.2. Thermodynamic Properties of Gases Due to Translational Degrees of Freedom 572

15.3. Thermodynamic Properties of Gases Due to Intramolecular Degrees of Freedom 575

15.3.1. Rotational Partition Function 577

15.3.2. Vibrational Partition Function 583

15.3.3. Partition Function for Electronic Excitation 587

15.3.4. Nuclear Spin 588

15.3.5. Effect of Isotopic Composition 589

15.3.6. Group of Properties 589

15.4. Calculation of Chemical Equilibrium 592

APPENDICES 599

List of Symbols 599

Heat Capacities, Standard Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of

भौतिक विज्ञान सहज बोध (Physics For Entertainment In Hindi ) by या. इ. पेरेलमान (Yakov Perelman)

विश्वविख्यात भौतिक विज्ञानी या. इ. पेरेलमान की कृति महत्त्वपूर्ण पुस्तक ‘Physics for Entertainment’ का अनुवाद

बी.एस.के. काले

अनुवादक देवेन्द्र प्र. शर्मा

Many thanks to @life123 for scans

Note: There is slight warping on some pages but the print is very clear and readable

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அனைவருக்குமான இயற்பியல் இயக்கம், வெப்பம் (Physics For Everyone Motion, Heat In Tamil ) by எல். லாண்டாவோ (L. Landau); அ. கிட்டகரோட்ஸ்கி (A. Kitaigorodsky)

We have tried to write this book in a light and simple style, not denying ourselves the pleasure of an occasional joke with the reader. But this does not in any way mean that our Physics for Everyone is an easy book. Many of its pages must be read attentively for a long time; in order to understand physics, one must very often think hard and tensely.

The book’s main concern is the fundamental laws and concepts of physics. However, we have tried not to forget about illustrations from life and technology, true, not having the aim of dealing in any way with the inexhaustible field of applied physics.

நாங்கள் இந்தப் புத்தகத்தை இலகுவான மற்றும் எளிய பாணியில் எழுத முயன்றுள்ளோம், வாசகருடன் பொழுதுபோக்கு செய்யும் occasional ஜோக்குகளை நாங்கள் தவறவில்லை. ஆனால் இது எங்கள் ‘எல்லோருக்கும் புவியியல்’ ஒரு எளிய புத்தகம் என்பதை பொருளல்ல. அதன் பல பக்கங்களை கவனமாகவும் நீண்ட நேரம் வாசிக்க வேண்டும்; புவியியலைப் புரிந்துகொள்ள, பல முறை தீவிரமாகவும் சிந்திக்க வேண்டும்.

இந்த புத்தகத்தின் முதன்மை கவனம் புவியியலின் அடிப்படை விதிமுறைகள் மற்றும் கருத்துக்களிலேயே உள்ளது. அதே நேரத்தில், வாழ்க்கையிலிருந்து மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்பத்திலிருந்து எடுத்துக்காட்டுகளை மறக்காமல் இருக்க நாம் முயற்சித்துள்ளோம், ஆனால் வரையறுக்க முடியாத ஆபரேஷனல் புவியியல் பற்றிய விரிவான விவாதத்தை எங்களது நோக்கமாக வைத்திருக்கவில்லை.

தமிழாக்கம்: டாக்டர் இ. பழனியாண்டி

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कथा ही नाण्यांची (The Story Of Coins In Marathi) by गेरमन अलेक्सेइविच फ्योदोरोव-दविदोव (G. A. Fedorov-Davydov)

प्राख्यात सोविएत इतिहासकार आणि संशोधक गेरमन अलेक्सेइविच फ्योदोरोव – दविदोव यांनी लिहिलेल्या या पुस्तकामध्ये नाण्यांच्या इतिहासाचा परामर्ष घेण्यात आला आहे. इतिहासातील अनेक अत्यंत महत्वाच्या आणि मनोरंजक घटनांचा नाण्यांशी दाट संबंध आहे. नाण्यांच्या उदयापूर्वीच्या काळापासून ते आधुनिक नाण्यांच्या जन्माप- र्यंतचा कालखंड हा अशा मनोरंजक घटनांनी पूर्णपणे व्यापलेला आहे. इतिहासामध्ये आणि त्याचप्रमाणे नाण्यांम- ध्ये स्वारस्य असलेल्या सर्व वयोगटातील वाचकांसाठी हे पुस्तक अत्यंत उपयुक्त ठरेल.

अनुक्रमणिका

पाश्र्वभूमी ६
प्राचीन जगातील देशांचा फेरफटका २१
मध्ययुगीन नाणी ४७
प्राचीन रशिया ८३
आधुनिक इतिहासाचे पर्व ११०
भारतीय नाणी १३२

अनुवाद: डॉ. रविंद्र रसाळ

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Sleep, Hypnosis, Dreams by L. Rokhlin

A popular exposition of various aspects of human body and sleep.

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction …………………………………………….. 5
The Significance of Sleep …………………………………. 9
Changes Occurring in the Body During Sleep …………………… 11
Criticism of Various Theories of Sleep ……………………………. 15
Pavlov on Sleep ……………………………………………….. 23
Pavlov on Hypnosis …………………………………………….. 36
Dreams, Their Causes and Nature ………………………………. 48
Different States of Sleep and Conditions Conducive to Sleep ……… 73
Therapy by Prolonged Sleep …………………………………… 77
Disorders of Sleep ……………………………………………… 81
Morbid Sleep …………………………………………………… 81
Hygiene of Sleep ………………………………………………. 83

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Earth, Sweet Earth ( Science For Everyone) by Ekaterina Radkevich

The book is based on the author’s impressions of her numerous expeditions in the many countries. It is a fascinating narrative rather than a mere record of facts irrespective of how scientifically valid they can be. The book is bound to be appreciated as a piece of absorbing reading by anyone who cares to increase the scope of his or her competence about our sweet home of a planet that must be saved from destruction at all costs.

Ekaterina Radkevich, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, is one of the most distinguished geologists whose works are well known in her own country and in many other parts of the world. The overwhelming success of her publications is chiefly due to her indefatigable practical activity in the USSR and elsewhere and her unflagging interest in theoretical research which she has been conducting for quite some time at the Institute of Geological Studies in the Far East (Viadivostok).

Note: This book was the last remaining volume in the Science for Everyone Series! This completes volume the SFE series in English.

Many, many thanks to Hassaan Ali who purchased and posted this book to us to complete  this series. Much appreciated help!

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Contents
How I Became a Geologist (In Lieu of a Preface) 7

Part I. The Earth in the Universe 20

Chapter 1. The Earth as a Cosmic Body 20

Chapter 2. The Planet Earth 29

Chapter 3. The Deep-seated Structure of the Earth 38

Chapter 4. The Development of Views on the Origin of Earth and Other Planets of the Solar System 47

Part II. The History of the Development of the Earth 58

Chapter 5. The Dawn 58

Chapter 6. Life: The Earth’s Chronicle 70

Part III. Geology Everywhere 100

Chapter 7. The Work of the Wind 102

Chapter 8. The Role of Water in the Transformation of Our Planet 113

Chapter 9. The Activity of Subterranean Forces 127

Part IV. The Composition of the Earth’s Crust 147

Chapter 10. Sedimentary Rocks 147

Chapter 11. Magmatic (Igneous) Rocks 159

Chapter 12. Metamorphic Rocks 185

Part V. The Movements of the Earth’s Crust 202

Chapter 13. Mountains: Old and Young 203

Chapter 14. The Deformation of Rocks 208

Chapter 15. Fixism vs. Mobilism 216

Part VI. Mineral Resources 236

Chapter 16. The Mineral Kingdom 236

Chapter 17. Mineral Raw Materials and Technical Progress 258

Chapter 18. The Future of Mineral Raw Resources 280

Chapter 19. How Ores Are Formed 286

Chapter 20. The Science of Metallogeny 308

Chapter 21. In Quest of Ores 328

Chapter 22. At the Metallogenic Map of the Pacific Belt 338

Chapter 23. Mineral Resources of the Seas and the Underwater Storerooms of Mineral Raw Materials 349

Chapter 24. Save Our Earth! 361

To End on a Poetic Note 367

ଆଲେକ୍ସେଇ କ୍ରିଲୋଭ From Bonfire To Reactor (In Odia by Alexei Krylov)

A popular science book for children explaining various sources of energy and how we can harness them from nature.

Some really fantastic full page drawings by Andrei Platonov

Translated to Oriya

Why do airplanes fly?
What makes cars and trains run?
Why is electricity provided to our homes and to factories? Why do people eat? Indeed, why and what for?

ତିହାସ

– ଚିତ୍ରାଙ୍କନ – ଆଦେଲ ପ୍ଲାଟୋନୋଭ୍

ଅନୁବାଦ – ଅରୁଣ ଢୁମାର ମହାନ୍ତ
– ମୁଖ୍ୟ ପରିବେଶକ – ନବଯୁଗ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥାଳୟ

ବଜ୍ରକବାଟି ରୋତ୍

କଟକ – ୭୫୩୦୦୧

ଶିଶୁମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ପୁସ୍ତକ, ଯାହାରେ ଉର୍ଜାର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସ୍ରୋତ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରକୃତିରୁ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କିପରି ଅଧିଗମନ କରାଯାଇପାରେ, ସେବିଷୟରେ ବିସ୍ତାରରେ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କରାଯାଇଛି।

ଆନ୍ଦ୍ରେଇ ପ୍ଲାଟୋନଭଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଆକର୍ଷଣୀୟ ପୃଷ୍ଠା ପୃଷ୍ଠା ଅଙ୍କନରେ ଭରିଥିବା ପୃଷ୍ଠାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୁସ୍ତକକୁ ଆରୋ ଆକର୍ଷଣୀୟ କରିଛି।

ଏହି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଜିଜ୍ଞାସାକୁ ଜଗାଇ ଦିଏ:
ଏୟାରପ୍ଲେନ୍ କାହିଁକି ଉଡେ?
କାହିଁକି ଗାଡ଼ି ଏବଂ ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ଚାଲେ?
ଆମ ଘର ଏବଂ କାରଖାନାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ କାହିଁକି ଯୋଗାଇ ଯାଏ?
ଲୋକମାନେ କାହିଁକି ଖାଉଛନ୍ତି?
ସତରେ, କାହିଁକି ଏବଂ କଣ ପାଇଁ?

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रासायनिक मूलद्रव्यांचा शोध – दमी. त्रीफोनोव, व. त्रीफोनोव (Chemical Elements How They Were Discovered In Marathi by D. N. Trifonov, V. D. Trifonov )

या पुस्तकामध्ये आपण रसायनशास्त्रातील “मुळाक्षरां “ची कशी रचना झाली, तसेच आपल्या चौकस बुद्धिमत्तेतून संशोधकांनी एकामागोमाग एकेका नव्या मूलद्रव्याचा शोध कसा लावला याचे विवेचन करणार आहोत.

बहुतेक सर्व रासायनिक मूलद्रव्यांवर अनेक पुस्तके लिहिली गेली आहेत. त्यांची संख्या एवढी प्रचंड आहे की त्यांचे एक स्वतंत्र ग्रंथालयच होईल. त्या पुस्तकांमध्ये, मूलद्रव्यांचा अंतर्भाव असणारे खडक व खनिजे, त्यांच्या नि- एकर्षणाच्या विविध पद्धती, मूलद्रव्यांचे भौतिक आणि रासायनिक गुणधर्म यांचा आढावा घेतलेला असतो. काही मूलद्रव्ये आश्चर्य वाटण्याएवढी मुबलक आहेत. त्यांचे उपयोगही अनपेक्षित वाटावेत एवढ्या भिन्नभिन्न क्षेत्रात केलेले आढळतील. खरे तर आजच्या प्रगत वैज्ञानिक युगात प्रत्येक मूलद्रव्याचा काहीना काहीतरी महत्त्वपूर्ण उपयोग आहेच आहे असेच दिसेल. प्रत्येक मूलद्रव्याचे त्याचे स्वतःचे असे खास “चरित्र” असून ती सारी आपापल्या परीने वैशिष्ट्यपूर्णही आहेत हे खरे की मूलद्रव्यांच्या शोधांच्या इतिहासाबाबत अद्यापीही बरीच संदिग्धता आहे व इतिहासकारांना न सुटलेले प्रश्न अजूनही सोडविता आलेले नाहीत. कुणी सांगावे, त्यांच्यापैकी एखादा- दुसरा इतिहासकार तुम्हीही असू शकाल !

अनुवाद : राजेंद्र सहस्रबुद्धे

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In The World Of Isotopes by V. Mezentsev

A little book describing basics of isotopes and their applications in various fields.

Translated from the Russian by George Yankovsky

You can get the book here and here

Credits to the original uploaders. This is a cleaned, optimised scan.

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Contents

1. On the Threshold of a New Era 5
2. “Factories of Radioisotopes” 7
3. “Radioeyes” 12
4. Radioisotopes and Geological Prospecting 20
5. Tracer Atoms in Industry 22
6. Tracer Atoms in Chemistry 25
7. The Geological Clock 27
8. A Pocket Electric Station 32
9. The Atom in Agriculture 33
10. The Atom in Medicine 45