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Fundamentals Of Crystal Physics by Yu.I. Sirotin; M.P. Shaskolskaya
Over the past 15-20 years, experimental crystal physics has expanded beyond research laboratories and into practical applications in fields like quantum electronics, optics, semiconductor production, and piezotechnology. These advancements have highlighted the need for comprehensive textbooks on crystal physics. This book aims to fill that gap, offering a more detailed work to complement Nye’s 1967 textbook. It focuses on combining general physical principles with the symmetry approach characteristic of the Soviet crystal physics school founded by A.V. Shubnikov. The content is based on lectures and courses delivered at the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys and Moscow State University.
The book focuses on the anisotropy of crystal properties, particularly in areas such as diffusion, dielectric permittivity, magnetostriction, and piezooptical effects. It includes illustrations like representation surfaces and stereographic projections to explain the anisotropy of physical properties. The authors also provide a novel description of phase transitions with a double change of symmetry, illustrating how crystal properties change during phase transitions. The appendices include reference data, enhancing the book’s practical utility.
Translated from the Russian by Valentina Snigirevskaya.
Credits to the original uploaders, this is a cleaned optimised scan.You can get the book here and here
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Contents
Preface to the Second Russian Edition 9
Excerpts from the Preface to the First Russian Edition 10
List of Notation 13Chapter I. Basic Information on Crystallography 17
Crystal Structure and Space Lattice 17
Crystallographic Projections 23
Simple Finite Elements of the Symmetry of Crystals 27
Crystallographic Categories and Systems 42
Point Groups of Crystal Symmetry (Symmetry Classes) 47
Derivation and Description of 32 Classes of Crystal Symmetry (32 Point Groups of Symmetry) 55
Limit Groups of Symmetry (Curie Groups) 68
Symmetry of Crystal Structure 71
Combinations of the Symmetry Elements of Structures. Bravais Lattices. Generation of New Symmetry Elements 74
230 Space Groups of Symmetry 84
Mutual Vectors Basis and Reciprocal Lattice 88
Indexing of Directions and Planes in Crystals 92
Transformation of Indices with a Change of the System of Coordinates 101
Symmetrically Equivalent Sets of Planes and Directions. Simple Crystal Forms 114
Some Problems of Geometric Crystallography 125
Chapter II. Coordinate Systems, Vectors and Tensors 134
16. Cartesian Coordinate Systems 134
17. Orthogonal Transformations 137
18. Second-Rank Tensors 144
19. Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues of a Symmetric Second-Rank Tensors 147
20. Small Changes of a Symmetric Second-Rank Tensor 152
21. Normal and Tangential Components of a Second-Rank Symmetric Tensor 155
22. External Symmetry and Representation of Vectors and Second-Rank Symmetric Tensors 159
23. Axial Vectors 165Chapter III. Introduction to Crystal Physics. Electrical and Thermal Properties of Crystals 174
24. Anisotropic Continuous Media 174
25. The Symmetry Principle in Crystal Physics 182
26. Fundamental Equations of Electrostatics of Crystals 188
27. Symmetry of the Dielectric Properties of Crystals 191
28. Crystals in a Uniform Electric Field 196
29. The Field in a Spherical Gap in an Anisotropic Medium 201
30. Fields of a Point Charge and a Dipole in an Anisotropic Medium 204
31. Pyroelectrics 207
32. Direct Electric Current in Crystals 210
33. Thermal Conductivity of Crystals 212Chapter IV. Optical Properties of Crystals 216
34. Electromagnetic Waves in Transparent Crystals 216
35. Optical Indicatrix 220
36. Waves and Rays. Principle of Duality. Fresnel’s Ellipsoid 227
37. Solution of the Problem of Light Propagation in a Crystal in an Arbitrary System of Coordinates 232
38. Fresnel’s Equation. Wave and Ray Surfaces 236
39. Interconnection Between the Optical Surfaces in Crystals. Conical Refraction 240
40. Observation of the Optical Anisotropy of Crystals in Polarized Light 245Chapter V. Symmetry of Higher-Rank Tensors 253
41. Tensors and Pseudotensors of Higher Ranks 253
42. Internal Symmetry of Tensors and Duality Relations 257
43. Non-Coordinate Notation of Tensors. Invariant Differential Operations on Tensors 263
44. External Symmetry and Representation of Tensors and Pseudotensors 266
45. Method of Direct Verification 275
46. Cyclic Coordinates. Hermann’s Theorem 281
47. Application of the Theory of Group Representation to the Problems of Tensor Symmetry 287
48. The Isotropic and Gyrotropic Tensors 301Chapter VI. Elasticity of Crystals 308
49. Small Strains of a Continuous Medium 308
50. Stress Tensor 314
51. Generalized Hooke’s Law 319
52. Symmetry of the Elastic Properties of Crystals 324
53. Simple States of Stress 330
54. Bending and Twisting of Crystals 339
55. Temperature Stresses in Crystals 350
56. Elastic Waves in Crystals 358Chapter VII. Thermodynamics of Crystals
57. Internal Energy and Thermodynamic Potential of a Crystal 380
58. Piezoelectric Effect and Its Symmetry 386
59. Simultaneous Solution of the Equations of the Electro- and Elastostatics of Crystals 396
60. Invariant and Non-Invariant Thermodynamic Potentials and Their Matrices 406
61. Dependence of Thermodynamic Coefficients on Conditions of Measurement 411
62. Elastic Waves in Piezoelectric Crystals 416
63. Thermodynamic Inequalities 419
64. Alterations of Crystal Symmetry in Phase Transitions of the Second Kind 423
65. Changes of the Physical Properties of Crystals Under Phase Transitions of the Second Kind 430
66. Mathematical Methods of the Theory of Phase Transitions 445Chapter VIII. Magnetic Symmetry in Crystal Physics
67. Time Reversal and Antisymmetry 456
68. Point Groups of Magnetic Symmetry 460
69. Space Groups of Magnetic Symmetry—Shubnikov’s Groups 466
70. Magnetic Symmetry of Crystals 470
71. Geometric Realization of the Expanded Orthogonal Group 476
72. Tensors Defined on an Expanded Orthogonal Group 479
73. Piezomagnetic and Magnetoelectric Effects 485Chapter IX. Effects of the Higher Orders
74. Thermodynamic Consideration of Non-Linear Effects 488
75. Piezoresistive Effect 491
76. Onsager Reciprocal Relations and Thermogalvanomagnetic Effects 493
77. Electrooptical and Piezooptical Effects 503
78. Artificial Optical Anisotropy of Crystals 508
79. Non-Linear Polarization in Case of Propagation of Electromagnetic Intense Waves 515
80. Generation of Light Harmonics. Directions of Synchronism 519
81. Optical Activity of Crystals 525
82. Artificial Optical Activity 540
83. Acoustic Activity of Crystals 545Chapter X. Some General Problems of Crystal Physics
84. Extreme-Value Problems of Crystal Physics 551
85. The Problem of Comparing Tensor Properties of Crystals 535
86. The Problem of Choosing Standard Crystallographic and Crystal-Physical Systems of Coordinates 561
87. Functional Relations in Crystal Physics 556Appendices
A. Crystallographic and Crystal-Physical Systems of Coordinates 581
B. Bravais Lattices and Crystallographic Matrices 581
C. Properties of Directions in Crystals 590
D. Analytical Proof of Theorems on the Multiplication of Symmetry Operations 597
E. Tensors Invariant with Respect to Crystallographic and Limit Groups 627
F. Contracted Notation of Tensors 627References 637
Index 646
#crystallography #physics #quantumMehcanics #sovietLiterature -
Fundamentals Of Crystal Physics by Yu.I. Sirotin; M.P. Shaskolskaya
Over the past 15-20 years, experimental crystal physics has expanded beyond research laboratories and into practical applications in fields like quantum electronics, optics, semiconductor production, and piezotechnology. These advancements have highlighted the need for comprehensive textbooks on crystal physics. This book aims to fill that gap, offering a more detailed work to complement Nye’s 1967 textbook. It focuses on combining general physical principles with the symmetry approach characteristic of the Soviet crystal physics school founded by A.V. Shubnikov. The content is based on lectures and courses delivered at the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys and Moscow State University.
The book focuses on the anisotropy of crystal properties, particularly in areas such as diffusion, dielectric permittivity, magnetostriction, and piezooptical effects. It includes illustrations like representation surfaces and stereographic projections to explain the anisotropy of physical properties. The authors also provide a novel description of phase transitions with a double change of symmetry, illustrating how crystal properties change during phase transitions. The appendices include reference data, enhancing the book’s practical utility.
Translated from the Russian by Valentina Snigirevskaya.
Credits to the original uploaders, this is a cleaned optimised scan.You can get the book here and here
Follow us on
Twitter https://x.com/MirTitles
Mastadon https://mastodon.social/@mirtitles
Bluesky https://bsky.app/profile/mirtitles.bsky.social
Tumblr https://www.tumblr.com/mirtitles
Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/mir-titles
Fork us on gitlab https://gitlab.com/mirtitles
Contents
Preface to the Second Russian Edition 9
Excerpts from the Preface to the First Russian Edition 10
List of Notation 13Chapter I. Basic Information on Crystallography 17
Crystal Structure and Space Lattice 17
Crystallographic Projections 23
Simple Finite Elements of the Symmetry of Crystals 27
Crystallographic Categories and Systems 42
Point Groups of Crystal Symmetry (Symmetry Classes) 47
Derivation and Description of 32 Classes of Crystal Symmetry (32 Point Groups of Symmetry) 55
Limit Groups of Symmetry (Curie Groups) 68
Symmetry of Crystal Structure 71
Combinations of the Symmetry Elements of Structures. Bravais Lattices. Generation of New Symmetry Elements 74
230 Space Groups of Symmetry 84
Mutual Vectors Basis and Reciprocal Lattice 88
Indexing of Directions and Planes in Crystals 92
Transformation of Indices with a Change of the System of Coordinates 101
Symmetrically Equivalent Sets of Planes and Directions. Simple Crystal Forms 114
Some Problems of Geometric Crystallography 125
Chapter II. Coordinate Systems, Vectors and Tensors 134
16. Cartesian Coordinate Systems 134
17. Orthogonal Transformations 137
18. Second-Rank Tensors 144
19. Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues of a Symmetric Second-Rank Tensors 147
20. Small Changes of a Symmetric Second-Rank Tensor 152
21. Normal and Tangential Components of a Second-Rank Symmetric Tensor 155
22. External Symmetry and Representation of Vectors and Second-Rank Symmetric Tensors 159
23. Axial Vectors 165Chapter III. Introduction to Crystal Physics. Electrical and Thermal Properties of Crystals 174
24. Anisotropic Continuous Media 174
25. The Symmetry Principle in Crystal Physics 182
26. Fundamental Equations of Electrostatics of Crystals 188
27. Symmetry of the Dielectric Properties of Crystals 191
28. Crystals in a Uniform Electric Field 196
29. The Field in a Spherical Gap in an Anisotropic Medium 201
30. Fields of a Point Charge and a Dipole in an Anisotropic Medium 204
31. Pyroelectrics 207
32. Direct Electric Current in Crystals 210
33. Thermal Conductivity of Crystals 212Chapter IV. Optical Properties of Crystals 216
34. Electromagnetic Waves in Transparent Crystals 216
35. Optical Indicatrix 220
36. Waves and Rays. Principle of Duality. Fresnel’s Ellipsoid 227
37. Solution of the Problem of Light Propagation in a Crystal in an Arbitrary System of Coordinates 232
38. Fresnel’s Equation. Wave and Ray Surfaces 236
39. Interconnection Between the Optical Surfaces in Crystals. Conical Refraction 240
40. Observation of the Optical Anisotropy of Crystals in Polarized Light 245Chapter V. Symmetry of Higher-Rank Tensors 253
41. Tensors and Pseudotensors of Higher Ranks 253
42. Internal Symmetry of Tensors and Duality Relations 257
43. Non-Coordinate Notation of Tensors. Invariant Differential Operations on Tensors 263
44. External Symmetry and Representation of Tensors and Pseudotensors 266
45. Method of Direct Verification 275
46. Cyclic Coordinates. Hermann’s Theorem 281
47. Application of the Theory of Group Representation to the Problems of Tensor Symmetry 287
48. The Isotropic and Gyrotropic Tensors 301Chapter VI. Elasticity of Crystals 308
49. Small Strains of a Continuous Medium 308
50. Stress Tensor 314
51. Generalized Hooke’s Law 319
52. Symmetry of the Elastic Properties of Crystals 324
53. Simple States of Stress 330
54. Bending and Twisting of Crystals 339
55. Temperature Stresses in Crystals 350
56. Elastic Waves in Crystals 358Chapter VII. Thermodynamics of Crystals
57. Internal Energy and Thermodynamic Potential of a Crystal 380
58. Piezoelectric Effect and Its Symmetry 386
59. Simultaneous Solution of the Equations of the Electro- and Elastostatics of Crystals 396
60. Invariant and Non-Invariant Thermodynamic Potentials and Their Matrices 406
61. Dependence of Thermodynamic Coefficients on Conditions of Measurement 411
62. Elastic Waves in Piezoelectric Crystals 416
63. Thermodynamic Inequalities 419
64. Alterations of Crystal Symmetry in Phase Transitions of the Second Kind 423
65. Changes of the Physical Properties of Crystals Under Phase Transitions of the Second Kind 430
66. Mathematical Methods of the Theory of Phase Transitions 445Chapter VIII. Magnetic Symmetry in Crystal Physics
67. Time Reversal and Antisymmetry 456
68. Point Groups of Magnetic Symmetry 460
69. Space Groups of Magnetic Symmetry—Shubnikov’s Groups 466
70. Magnetic Symmetry of Crystals 470
71. Geometric Realization of the Expanded Orthogonal Group 476
72. Tensors Defined on an Expanded Orthogonal Group 479
73. Piezomagnetic and Magnetoelectric Effects 485Chapter IX. Effects of the Higher Orders
74. Thermodynamic Consideration of Non-Linear Effects 488
75. Piezoresistive Effect 491
76. Onsager Reciprocal Relations and Thermogalvanomagnetic Effects 493
77. Electrooptical and Piezooptical Effects 503
78. Artificial Optical Anisotropy of Crystals 508
79. Non-Linear Polarization in Case of Propagation of Electromagnetic Intense Waves 515
80. Generation of Light Harmonics. Directions of Synchronism 519
81. Optical Activity of Crystals 525
82. Artificial Optical Activity 540
83. Acoustic Activity of Crystals 545Chapter X. Some General Problems of Crystal Physics
84. Extreme-Value Problems of Crystal Physics 551
85. The Problem of Comparing Tensor Properties of Crystals 535
86. The Problem of Choosing Standard Crystallographic and Crystal-Physical Systems of Coordinates 561
87. Functional Relations in Crystal Physics 556Appendices
A. Crystallographic and Crystal-Physical Systems of Coordinates 581
B. Bravais Lattices and Crystallographic Matrices 581
C. Properties of Directions in Crystals 590
D. Analytical Proof of Theorems on the Multiplication of Symmetry Operations 597
E. Tensors Invariant with Respect to Crystallographic and Limit Groups 627
F. Contracted Notation of Tensors 627References 637
Index 646
#crystallography #physics #quantumMehcanics #sovietLiterature -
Fundamentals Of Crystal Physics by Yu.I. Sirotin; M.P. Shaskolskaya
Over the past 15-20 years, experimental crystal physics has expanded beyond research laboratories and into practical applications in fields like quantum electronics, optics, semiconductor production, and piezotechnology. These advancements have highlighted the need for comprehensive textbooks on crystal physics. This book aims to fill that gap, offering a more detailed work to complement Nye’s 1967 textbook. It focuses on combining general physical principles with the symmetry approach characteristic of the Soviet crystal physics school founded by A.V. Shubnikov. The content is based on lectures and courses delivered at the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys and Moscow State University.
The book focuses on the anisotropy of crystal properties, particularly in areas such as diffusion, dielectric permittivity, magnetostriction, and piezooptical effects. It includes illustrations like representation surfaces and stereographic projections to explain the anisotropy of physical properties. The authors also provide a novel description of phase transitions with a double change of symmetry, illustrating how crystal properties change during phase transitions. The appendices include reference data, enhancing the book’s practical utility.
Translated from the Russian by Valentina Snigirevskaya.
Credits to the original uploaders, this is a cleaned optimised scan.You can get the book here and here
Follow us on
Twitter https://x.com/MirTitles
Mastadon https://mastodon.social/@mirtitles
Bluesky https://bsky.app/profile/mirtitles.bsky.social
Tumblr https://www.tumblr.com/mirtitles
Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/mir-titles
Fork us on gitlab https://gitlab.com/mirtitles
Contents
Preface to the Second Russian Edition 9
Excerpts from the Preface to the First Russian Edition 10
List of Notation 13Chapter I. Basic Information on Crystallography 17
Crystal Structure and Space Lattice 17
Crystallographic Projections 23
Simple Finite Elements of the Symmetry of Crystals 27
Crystallographic Categories and Systems 42
Point Groups of Crystal Symmetry (Symmetry Classes) 47
Derivation and Description of 32 Classes of Crystal Symmetry (32 Point Groups of Symmetry) 55
Limit Groups of Symmetry (Curie Groups) 68
Symmetry of Crystal Structure 71
Combinations of the Symmetry Elements of Structures. Bravais Lattices. Generation of New Symmetry Elements 74
230 Space Groups of Symmetry 84
Mutual Vectors Basis and Reciprocal Lattice 88
Indexing of Directions and Planes in Crystals 92
Transformation of Indices with a Change of the System of Coordinates 101
Symmetrically Equivalent Sets of Planes and Directions. Simple Crystal Forms 114
Some Problems of Geometric Crystallography 125
Chapter II. Coordinate Systems, Vectors and Tensors 134
16. Cartesian Coordinate Systems 134
17. Orthogonal Transformations 137
18. Second-Rank Tensors 144
19. Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues of a Symmetric Second-Rank Tensors 147
20. Small Changes of a Symmetric Second-Rank Tensor 152
21. Normal and Tangential Components of a Second-Rank Symmetric Tensor 155
22. External Symmetry and Representation of Vectors and Second-Rank Symmetric Tensors 159
23. Axial Vectors 165Chapter III. Introduction to Crystal Physics. Electrical and Thermal Properties of Crystals 174
24. Anisotropic Continuous Media 174
25. The Symmetry Principle in Crystal Physics 182
26. Fundamental Equations of Electrostatics of Crystals 188
27. Symmetry of the Dielectric Properties of Crystals 191
28. Crystals in a Uniform Electric Field 196
29. The Field in a Spherical Gap in an Anisotropic Medium 201
30. Fields of a Point Charge and a Dipole in an Anisotropic Medium 204
31. Pyroelectrics 207
32. Direct Electric Current in Crystals 210
33. Thermal Conductivity of Crystals 212Chapter IV. Optical Properties of Crystals 216
34. Electromagnetic Waves in Transparent Crystals 216
35. Optical Indicatrix 220
36. Waves and Rays. Principle of Duality. Fresnel’s Ellipsoid 227
37. Solution of the Problem of Light Propagation in a Crystal in an Arbitrary System of Coordinates 232
38. Fresnel’s Equation. Wave and Ray Surfaces 236
39. Interconnection Between the Optical Surfaces in Crystals. Conical Refraction 240
40. Observation of the Optical Anisotropy of Crystals in Polarized Light 245Chapter V. Symmetry of Higher-Rank Tensors 253
41. Tensors and Pseudotensors of Higher Ranks 253
42. Internal Symmetry of Tensors and Duality Relations 257
43. Non-Coordinate Notation of Tensors. Invariant Differential Operations on Tensors 263
44. External Symmetry and Representation of Tensors and Pseudotensors 266
45. Method of Direct Verification 275
46. Cyclic Coordinates. Hermann’s Theorem 281
47. Application of the Theory of Group Representation to the Problems of Tensor Symmetry 287
48. The Isotropic and Gyrotropic Tensors 301Chapter VI. Elasticity of Crystals 308
49. Small Strains of a Continuous Medium 308
50. Stress Tensor 314
51. Generalized Hooke’s Law 319
52. Symmetry of the Elastic Properties of Crystals 324
53. Simple States of Stress 330
54. Bending and Twisting of Crystals 339
55. Temperature Stresses in Crystals 350
56. Elastic Waves in Crystals 358Chapter VII. Thermodynamics of Crystals
57. Internal Energy and Thermodynamic Potential of a Crystal 380
58. Piezoelectric Effect and Its Symmetry 386
59. Simultaneous Solution of the Equations of the Electro- and Elastostatics of Crystals 396
60. Invariant and Non-Invariant Thermodynamic Potentials and Their Matrices 406
61. Dependence of Thermodynamic Coefficients on Conditions of Measurement 411
62. Elastic Waves in Piezoelectric Crystals 416
63. Thermodynamic Inequalities 419
64. Alterations of Crystal Symmetry in Phase Transitions of the Second Kind 423
65. Changes of the Physical Properties of Crystals Under Phase Transitions of the Second Kind 430
66. Mathematical Methods of the Theory of Phase Transitions 445Chapter VIII. Magnetic Symmetry in Crystal Physics
67. Time Reversal and Antisymmetry 456
68. Point Groups of Magnetic Symmetry 460
69. Space Groups of Magnetic Symmetry—Shubnikov’s Groups 466
70. Magnetic Symmetry of Crystals 470
71. Geometric Realization of the Expanded Orthogonal Group 476
72. Tensors Defined on an Expanded Orthogonal Group 479
73. Piezomagnetic and Magnetoelectric Effects 485Chapter IX. Effects of the Higher Orders
74. Thermodynamic Consideration of Non-Linear Effects 488
75. Piezoresistive Effect 491
76. Onsager Reciprocal Relations and Thermogalvanomagnetic Effects 493
77. Electrooptical and Piezooptical Effects 503
78. Artificial Optical Anisotropy of Crystals 508
79. Non-Linear Polarization in Case of Propagation of Electromagnetic Intense Waves 515
80. Generation of Light Harmonics. Directions of Synchronism 519
81. Optical Activity of Crystals 525
82. Artificial Optical Activity 540
83. Acoustic Activity of Crystals 545Chapter X. Some General Problems of Crystal Physics
84. Extreme-Value Problems of Crystal Physics 551
85. The Problem of Comparing Tensor Properties of Crystals 535
86. The Problem of Choosing Standard Crystallographic and Crystal-Physical Systems of Coordinates 561
87. Functional Relations in Crystal Physics 556Appendices
A. Crystallographic and Crystal-Physical Systems of Coordinates 581
B. Bravais Lattices and Crystallographic Matrices 581
C. Properties of Directions in Crystals 590
D. Analytical Proof of Theorems on the Multiplication of Symmetry Operations 597
E. Tensors Invariant with Respect to Crystallographic and Limit Groups 627
F. Contracted Notation of Tensors 627References 637
Index 646
#crystallography #physics #quantumMehcanics #sovietLiterature -
Fundamentals Of Crystal Physics by Yu.I. Sirotin; M.P. Shaskolskaya
Over the past 15-20 years, experimental crystal physics has expanded beyond research laboratories and into practical applications in fields like quantum electronics, optics, semiconductor production, and piezotechnology. These advancements have highlighted the need for comprehensive textbooks on crystal physics. This book aims to fill that gap, offering a more detailed work to complement Nye’s 1967 textbook. It focuses on combining general physical principles with the symmetry approach characteristic of the Soviet crystal physics school founded by A.V. Shubnikov. The content is based on lectures and courses delivered at the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys and Moscow State University.
The book focuses on the anisotropy of crystal properties, particularly in areas such as diffusion, dielectric permittivity, magnetostriction, and piezooptical effects. It includes illustrations like representation surfaces and stereographic projections to explain the anisotropy of physical properties. The authors also provide a novel description of phase transitions with a double change of symmetry, illustrating how crystal properties change during phase transitions. The appendices include reference data, enhancing the book’s practical utility.
Translated from the Russian by Valentina Snigirevskaya.
Credits to the original uploaders, this is a cleaned optimised scan.You can get the book here and here
Follow us on
Twitter https://x.com/MirTitles
Mastadon https://mastodon.social/@mirtitles
Bluesky https://bsky.app/profile/mirtitles.bsky.social
Tumblr https://www.tumblr.com/mirtitles
Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/mir-titles
Fork us on gitlab https://gitlab.com/mirtitles
Contents
Preface to the Second Russian Edition 9
Excerpts from the Preface to the First Russian Edition 10
List of Notation 13Chapter I. Basic Information on Crystallography 17
Crystal Structure and Space Lattice 17
Crystallographic Projections 23
Simple Finite Elements of the Symmetry of Crystals 27
Crystallographic Categories and Systems 42
Point Groups of Crystal Symmetry (Symmetry Classes) 47
Derivation and Description of 32 Classes of Crystal Symmetry (32 Point Groups of Symmetry) 55
Limit Groups of Symmetry (Curie Groups) 68
Symmetry of Crystal Structure 71
Combinations of the Symmetry Elements of Structures. Bravais Lattices. Generation of New Symmetry Elements 74
230 Space Groups of Symmetry 84
Mutual Vectors Basis and Reciprocal Lattice 88
Indexing of Directions and Planes in Crystals 92
Transformation of Indices with a Change of the System of Coordinates 101
Symmetrically Equivalent Sets of Planes and Directions. Simple Crystal Forms 114
Some Problems of Geometric Crystallography 125
Chapter II. Coordinate Systems, Vectors and Tensors 134
16. Cartesian Coordinate Systems 134
17. Orthogonal Transformations 137
18. Second-Rank Tensors 144
19. Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues of a Symmetric Second-Rank Tensors 147
20. Small Changes of a Symmetric Second-Rank Tensor 152
21. Normal and Tangential Components of a Second-Rank Symmetric Tensor 155
22. External Symmetry and Representation of Vectors and Second-Rank Symmetric Tensors 159
23. Axial Vectors 165Chapter III. Introduction to Crystal Physics. Electrical and Thermal Properties of Crystals 174
24. Anisotropic Continuous Media 174
25. The Symmetry Principle in Crystal Physics 182
26. Fundamental Equations of Electrostatics of Crystals 188
27. Symmetry of the Dielectric Properties of Crystals 191
28. Crystals in a Uniform Electric Field 196
29. The Field in a Spherical Gap in an Anisotropic Medium 201
30. Fields of a Point Charge and a Dipole in an Anisotropic Medium 204
31. Pyroelectrics 207
32. Direct Electric Current in Crystals 210
33. Thermal Conductivity of Crystals 212Chapter IV. Optical Properties of Crystals 216
34. Electromagnetic Waves in Transparent Crystals 216
35. Optical Indicatrix 220
36. Waves and Rays. Principle of Duality. Fresnel’s Ellipsoid 227
37. Solution of the Problem of Light Propagation in a Crystal in an Arbitrary System of Coordinates 232
38. Fresnel’s Equation. Wave and Ray Surfaces 236
39. Interconnection Between the Optical Surfaces in Crystals. Conical Refraction 240
40. Observation of the Optical Anisotropy of Crystals in Polarized Light 245Chapter V. Symmetry of Higher-Rank Tensors 253
41. Tensors and Pseudotensors of Higher Ranks 253
42. Internal Symmetry of Tensors and Duality Relations 257
43. Non-Coordinate Notation of Tensors. Invariant Differential Operations on Tensors 263
44. External Symmetry and Representation of Tensors and Pseudotensors 266
45. Method of Direct Verification 275
46. Cyclic Coordinates. Hermann’s Theorem 281
47. Application of the Theory of Group Representation to the Problems of Tensor Symmetry 287
48. The Isotropic and Gyrotropic Tensors 301Chapter VI. Elasticity of Crystals 308
49. Small Strains of a Continuous Medium 308
50. Stress Tensor 314
51. Generalized Hooke’s Law 319
52. Symmetry of the Elastic Properties of Crystals 324
53. Simple States of Stress 330
54. Bending and Twisting of Crystals 339
55. Temperature Stresses in Crystals 350
56. Elastic Waves in Crystals 358Chapter VII. Thermodynamics of Crystals
57. Internal Energy and Thermodynamic Potential of a Crystal 380
58. Piezoelectric Effect and Its Symmetry 386
59. Simultaneous Solution of the Equations of the Electro- and Elastostatics of Crystals 396
60. Invariant and Non-Invariant Thermodynamic Potentials and Their Matrices 406
61. Dependence of Thermodynamic Coefficients on Conditions of Measurement 411
62. Elastic Waves in Piezoelectric Crystals 416
63. Thermodynamic Inequalities 419
64. Alterations of Crystal Symmetry in Phase Transitions of the Second Kind 423
65. Changes of the Physical Properties of Crystals Under Phase Transitions of the Second Kind 430
66. Mathematical Methods of the Theory of Phase Transitions 445Chapter VIII. Magnetic Symmetry in Crystal Physics
67. Time Reversal and Antisymmetry 456
68. Point Groups of Magnetic Symmetry 460
69. Space Groups of Magnetic Symmetry—Shubnikov’s Groups 466
70. Magnetic Symmetry of Crystals 470
71. Geometric Realization of the Expanded Orthogonal Group 476
72. Tensors Defined on an Expanded Orthogonal Group 479
73. Piezomagnetic and Magnetoelectric Effects 485Chapter IX. Effects of the Higher Orders
74. Thermodynamic Consideration of Non-Linear Effects 488
75. Piezoresistive Effect 491
76. Onsager Reciprocal Relations and Thermogalvanomagnetic Effects 493
77. Electrooptical and Piezooptical Effects 503
78. Artificial Optical Anisotropy of Crystals 508
79. Non-Linear Polarization in Case of Propagation of Electromagnetic Intense Waves 515
80. Generation of Light Harmonics. Directions of Synchronism 519
81. Optical Activity of Crystals 525
82. Artificial Optical Activity 540
83. Acoustic Activity of Crystals 545Chapter X. Some General Problems of Crystal Physics
84. Extreme-Value Problems of Crystal Physics 551
85. The Problem of Comparing Tensor Properties of Crystals 535
86. The Problem of Choosing Standard Crystallographic and Crystal-Physical Systems of Coordinates 561
87. Functional Relations in Crystal Physics 556Appendices
A. Crystallographic and Crystal-Physical Systems of Coordinates 581
B. Bravais Lattices and Crystallographic Matrices 581
C. Properties of Directions in Crystals 590
D. Analytical Proof of Theorems on the Multiplication of Symmetry Operations 597
E. Tensors Invariant with Respect to Crystallographic and Limit Groups 627
F. Contracted Notation of Tensors 627References 637
Index 646
#crystallography #physics #quantumMehcanics #sovietLiterature -
Fundamentals Of Crystal Physics by Yu.I. Sirotin; M.P. Shaskolskaya
Over the past 15-20 years, experimental crystal physics has expanded beyond research laboratories and into practical applications in fields like quantum electronics, optics, semiconductor production, and piezotechnology. These advancements have highlighted the need for comprehensive textbooks on crystal physics. This book aims to fill that gap, offering a more detailed work to complement Nye’s 1967 textbook. It focuses on combining general physical principles with the symmetry approach characteristic of the Soviet crystal physics school founded by A.V. Shubnikov. The content is based on lectures and courses delivered at the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys and Moscow State University.
The book focuses on the anisotropy of crystal properties, particularly in areas such as diffusion, dielectric permittivity, magnetostriction, and piezooptical effects. It includes illustrations like representation surfaces and stereographic projections to explain the anisotropy of physical properties. The authors also provide a novel description of phase transitions with a double change of symmetry, illustrating how crystal properties change during phase transitions. The appendices include reference data, enhancing the book’s practical utility.
Translated from the Russian by Valentina Snigirevskaya.
Credits to the original uploaders, this is a cleaned optimised scan.You can get the book here and here
Follow us on
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Contents
Preface to the Second Russian Edition 9
Excerpts from the Preface to the First Russian Edition 10
List of Notation 13Chapter I. Basic Information on Crystallography 17
Crystal Structure and Space Lattice 17
Crystallographic Projections 23
Simple Finite Elements of the Symmetry of Crystals 27
Crystallographic Categories and Systems 42
Point Groups of Crystal Symmetry (Symmetry Classes) 47
Derivation and Description of 32 Classes of Crystal Symmetry (32 Point Groups of Symmetry) 55
Limit Groups of Symmetry (Curie Groups) 68
Symmetry of Crystal Structure 71
Combinations of the Symmetry Elements of Structures. Bravais Lattices. Generation of New Symmetry Elements 74
230 Space Groups of Symmetry 84
Mutual Vectors Basis and Reciprocal Lattice 88
Indexing of Directions and Planes in Crystals 92
Transformation of Indices with a Change of the System of Coordinates 101
Symmetrically Equivalent Sets of Planes and Directions. Simple Crystal Forms 114
Some Problems of Geometric Crystallography 125
Chapter II. Coordinate Systems, Vectors and Tensors 134
16. Cartesian Coordinate Systems 134
17. Orthogonal Transformations 137
18. Second-Rank Tensors 144
19. Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues of a Symmetric Second-Rank Tensors 147
20. Small Changes of a Symmetric Second-Rank Tensor 152
21. Normal and Tangential Components of a Second-Rank Symmetric Tensor 155
22. External Symmetry and Representation of Vectors and Second-Rank Symmetric Tensors 159
23. Axial Vectors 165Chapter III. Introduction to Crystal Physics. Electrical and Thermal Properties of Crystals 174
24. Anisotropic Continuous Media 174
25. The Symmetry Principle in Crystal Physics 182
26. Fundamental Equations of Electrostatics of Crystals 188
27. Symmetry of the Dielectric Properties of Crystals 191
28. Crystals in a Uniform Electric Field 196
29. The Field in a Spherical Gap in an Anisotropic Medium 201
30. Fields of a Point Charge and a Dipole in an Anisotropic Medium 204
31. Pyroelectrics 207
32. Direct Electric Current in Crystals 210
33. Thermal Conductivity of Crystals 212Chapter IV. Optical Properties of Crystals 216
34. Electromagnetic Waves in Transparent Crystals 216
35. Optical Indicatrix 220
36. Waves and Rays. Principle of Duality. Fresnel’s Ellipsoid 227
37. Solution of the Problem of Light Propagation in a Crystal in an Arbitrary System of Coordinates 232
38. Fresnel’s Equation. Wave and Ray Surfaces 236
39. Interconnection Between the Optical Surfaces in Crystals. Conical Refraction 240
40. Observation of the Optical Anisotropy of Crystals in Polarized Light 245Chapter V. Symmetry of Higher-Rank Tensors 253
41. Tensors and Pseudotensors of Higher Ranks 253
42. Internal Symmetry of Tensors and Duality Relations 257
43. Non-Coordinate Notation of Tensors. Invariant Differential Operations on Tensors 263
44. External Symmetry and Representation of Tensors and Pseudotensors 266
45. Method of Direct Verification 275
46. Cyclic Coordinates. Hermann’s Theorem 281
47. Application of the Theory of Group Representation to the Problems of Tensor Symmetry 287
48. The Isotropic and Gyrotropic Tensors 301Chapter VI. Elasticity of Crystals 308
49. Small Strains of a Continuous Medium 308
50. Stress Tensor 314
51. Generalized Hooke’s Law 319
52. Symmetry of the Elastic Properties of Crystals 324
53. Simple States of Stress 330
54. Bending and Twisting of Crystals 339
55. Temperature Stresses in Crystals 350
56. Elastic Waves in Crystals 358Chapter VII. Thermodynamics of Crystals
57. Internal Energy and Thermodynamic Potential of a Crystal 380
58. Piezoelectric Effect and Its Symmetry 386
59. Simultaneous Solution of the Equations of the Electro- and Elastostatics of Crystals 396
60. Invariant and Non-Invariant Thermodynamic Potentials and Their Matrices 406
61. Dependence of Thermodynamic Coefficients on Conditions of Measurement 411
62. Elastic Waves in Piezoelectric Crystals 416
63. Thermodynamic Inequalities 419
64. Alterations of Crystal Symmetry in Phase Transitions of the Second Kind 423
65. Changes of the Physical Properties of Crystals Under Phase Transitions of the Second Kind 430
66. Mathematical Methods of the Theory of Phase Transitions 445Chapter VIII. Magnetic Symmetry in Crystal Physics
67. Time Reversal and Antisymmetry 456
68. Point Groups of Magnetic Symmetry 460
69. Space Groups of Magnetic Symmetry—Shubnikov’s Groups 466
70. Magnetic Symmetry of Crystals 470
71. Geometric Realization of the Expanded Orthogonal Group 476
72. Tensors Defined on an Expanded Orthogonal Group 479
73. Piezomagnetic and Magnetoelectric Effects 485Chapter IX. Effects of the Higher Orders
74. Thermodynamic Consideration of Non-Linear Effects 488
75. Piezoresistive Effect 491
76. Onsager Reciprocal Relations and Thermogalvanomagnetic Effects 493
77. Electrooptical and Piezooptical Effects 503
78. Artificial Optical Anisotropy of Crystals 508
79. Non-Linear Polarization in Case of Propagation of Electromagnetic Intense Waves 515
80. Generation of Light Harmonics. Directions of Synchronism 519
81. Optical Activity of Crystals 525
82. Artificial Optical Activity 540
83. Acoustic Activity of Crystals 545Chapter X. Some General Problems of Crystal Physics
84. Extreme-Value Problems of Crystal Physics 551
85. The Problem of Comparing Tensor Properties of Crystals 535
86. The Problem of Choosing Standard Crystallographic and Crystal-Physical Systems of Coordinates 561
87. Functional Relations in Crystal Physics 556Appendices
A. Crystallographic and Crystal-Physical Systems of Coordinates 581
B. Bravais Lattices and Crystallographic Matrices 581
C. Properties of Directions in Crystals 590
D. Analytical Proof of Theorems on the Multiplication of Symmetry Operations 597
E. Tensors Invariant with Respect to Crystallographic and Limit Groups 627
F. Contracted Notation of Tensors 627References 637
Index 646
#crystallography #physics #quantumMehcanics #sovietLiterature -
Earth, Sweet Earth ( Science For Everyone) by Ekaterina Radkevich
The book is based on the author’s impressions of her numerous expeditions in the many countries. It is a fascinating narrative rather than a mere record of facts irrespective of how scientifically valid they can be. The book is bound to be appreciated as a piece of absorbing reading by anyone who cares to increase the scope of his or her competence about our sweet home of a planet that must be saved from destruction at all costs.
Ekaterina Radkevich, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, is one of the most distinguished geologists whose works are well known in her own country and in many other parts of the world. The overwhelming success of her publications is chiefly due to her indefatigable practical activity in the USSR and elsewhere and her unflagging interest in theoretical research which she has been conducting for quite some time at the Institute of Geological Studies in the Far East (Viadivostok).
Note: This book was the last remaining volume in the Science for Everyone Series! This completes volume the SFE series in English.
Many, many thanks to Hassaan Ali who purchased and posted this book to us to complete this series. Much appreciated help!
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Contents
How I Became a Geologist (In Lieu of a Preface) 7Part I. The Earth in the Universe 20
Chapter 1. The Earth as a Cosmic Body 20
Chapter 2. The Planet Earth 29
Chapter 3. The Deep-seated Structure of the Earth 38
Chapter 4. The Development of Views on the Origin of Earth and Other Planets of the Solar System 47
Part II. The History of the Development of the Earth 58
Chapter 5. The Dawn 58
Chapter 6. Life: The Earth’s Chronicle 70
Part III. Geology Everywhere 100
Chapter 7. The Work of the Wind 102
Chapter 8. The Role of Water in the Transformation of Our Planet 113
Chapter 9. The Activity of Subterranean Forces 127
Part IV. The Composition of the Earth’s Crust 147
Chapter 10. Sedimentary Rocks 147
Chapter 11. Magmatic (Igneous) Rocks 159
Chapter 12. Metamorphic Rocks 185
Part V. The Movements of the Earth’s Crust 202
Chapter 13. Mountains: Old and Young 203
Chapter 14. The Deformation of Rocks 208
Chapter 15. Fixism vs. Mobilism 216
Part VI. Mineral Resources 236
Chapter 16. The Mineral Kingdom 236
Chapter 17. Mineral Raw Materials and Technical Progress 258
Chapter 18. The Future of Mineral Raw Resources 280
Chapter 19. How Ores Are Formed 286
Chapter 20. The Science of Metallogeny 308
Chapter 21. In Quest of Ores 328
Chapter 22. At the Metallogenic Map of the Pacific Belt 338
Chapter 23. Mineral Resources of the Seas and the Underwater Storerooms of Mineral Raw Materials 349
Chapter 24. Save Our Earth! 361
To End on a Poetic Note 367
#earthHistory #earthScience #geochemistry #geology #geophysics #historyOfEarth #mineralResources #mining #planetaryScience #plateTectonics #popularScience #rocks #sovietLiterature -
The Origin Of Continents And Ocean Basins by M. V. Muratov
Professor Mikhail Muratov, P.Sc., Corr. Mem. USSR Acad. Sci., is Head of the Chair of Regional Geology and Paleontology, Moscow Institute of Geological Prospecting. He is the winner of State and Lenin Prizes.
This book deals with the origin, structure, and tectonic behavior of the earth’s crust beneath continents and oceans and describes principal stages of the earth’s geologic history. The author attaches much importance to geosynclinal cycles and their role in continental crust build-up and discusses intriguing hypotheses explaining the present day face of our planet.
Translated from the Russian by V. Agranat
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Chapter I. Structure and Age of the Earth’s Crust
Face of the Earth (9)
Continental and Oceanic Crust of the Earth (12)
Age of the Earth’s Crust (17)Chapter II. Continental Crust
Inhomogeneity of the Structure (24)
Unconformities and Their Significance (30)
Evolution of Fold Areas and Formation of Platform Basement (33)Chapter III. The Basic Component Parts of the Continents: Ancient Platforms and Fold Belts
The Importance of Ancient and Young Platforms in the Structure of Continents (36)
A Brief Outline of the Structure of Continents (36)
Constituent Elements of Ancient Platforms (40)
Fold Belts (41)Chapter IV. The Structure and History of Geosynclinal Fold Areas
The Study of Geosynclines (48)
The Structure of Geosynclinal Fold Areas (50)
An Outline History of Geosynclinal Areas (52)
Main Stage (52)
Orogenic Stage (59)
Formations of Sedimentary and Volcanic Series of Geosynclinal Areas (61)
Differences in Ages of Geosynclinal Areas and in Formations of Troughs (69)
The Role of Intrusive Complexes in the Geosynclinal Cycle (73)
Geosynclinal Areas: Proliferous Sources of Valuable Minerals (79)
Two Principal Types of Geosynclinal Areas and Their Role in the Build-up of the Granitic-Metamorphic Layer of the Earth’s Crust (85)Chapter V. Structure and History of the Basement of Ancient Platforms
Major Structural Units (87)
The Structure of Archean Massifs (88)
Proterozoic Fold Areas (90)
The Protosedimentary Cover of Ancient Platforms (94)
Outline History of the Basement of Ancient Platforms (95)
The Basement of Ancient Platforms: Mineral Resources (98)Chapter VI. History of Fold Belts and Formation of the Basement of Young Platforms
Generation of the Riphean Basement of Major and Minor Belts (100)
Formation of the Paleozoic Basement of the Ural-Mongolia, Atlantic, and Arctic Belts (103)
History of the Mediterranean Fold Belt (106)
Inland Sea Basins and the Indonesia Area (108)
History of the Circum-Pacific Belt (112)
Formation of Granitic and Metamorphic Rocks of the Basement Within Fold Belts (124)Chapter VII. Evolution of Ancient and Young Platforms
Basic Stages (127)
The Origin of Platform-Type Depressions (130)
Principal Valuable Minerals of the Sedimentary Cover of Platforms (132)
Volcanic Belts and Epiplatform Orogenesis (132)
Valuable Minerals in the Activated Areas of Platforms (134)Chapter VIII. The Topography and Tectonics of the Ocean Floor
Principal Topographic Features and the Physiography (136)
Principal Tectonic Features of the Ocean Floor (140)
Pacific Ocean (140)
Indian Ocean (143)
Atlantic Ocean (144)
Arctic Ocean (147)Chapter IX. The Origin of Ocean Basins in the Light of Geologic Evidence
The Physiography of the Pacific Bed and Its Probable Origin (149)
The Physiography of the Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic Beds and Their Origin (154)
Hypotheses Explaining the Conversion of Crustal Material Beneath the Ocean Floor (157)
Mobilistic Hypotheses Involving Continental Displacement (158)
Expanding Earth Hypothesis (165)
The Probable Age and the Mode of Formation of Ocean Basins (167)Chapter X. Major Historical Events and the Stages of Formation of the Earth’s Crust
The Early Existence of the Earth Before Crust Formation (170)
The Basaltic Crust Before Hydrosphere Formation (170)
The Formation of the Granitic-Metamorphic Crust of Ancient Platforms (173)
The Consolidation of the Basement of Young Platforms (175)
The Latest Stage in the Development of the Earth’s Crust (177)
The General Trend in the Development of the Earth’s Crust (179)Bibliography
Name Index
Subject Index#1977 #geography #geologicalCycles #mirPublishers #oceanFloors #oceans #plateTectonics #sovietLiterature
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Terrestrial Oceans And Lunar Maria by G.F. Makarenko
About the Book
Both the Earth and the Moon have been repeatedly involved in episodes of volcanic activity induced by the heating of the interior of the two planets. Before the onset of each epoch of outpourings of lava that filled volcanic seas, arcuate and ring-shaped mountain chains encircled these seas in different regions of the planets.The Moon is a “simplified model” of the Earth. Reviewing the structures of the Earth and the Moon simultaneously, we shall better understand the origins and compositions of the mountain ranges of the Pacific coast and see why the Atlantic-type oceans are not surrounded by mountains, and what is common in the structure of the volcanic floor of terrestrial oceans and lunar maria.
The book is intended for a wide circle of geologists, geographers, and astronomers and will also be of interest to those who are specializing in the geology of the Earth and the Moon.
About the Author
Galina Makarenko graduated from the Moscow Geological Exploration Institute named after Sergo Ordzhonikidse as an engineer-geologist. She is currently a member of the geological faculty at Moscow State University, where she conducts scientific research in the areas of geotectonics and volcanism. In addition to her research, she teaches general geology and trains both students and post-graduate students.
For many years, Makarenko participated in scientific expeditions in regions of ancient volcanism, with her candidate thesis dedicated to the geology of these areas. Her expeditions to Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands focused on comparing ancient volcanoes with active ones. Her doctoral thesis is centered on the extensive sheets of volcanic rocks found on the Earth’s continents and oceans.She has published three monographs and numerous articles. Today, the author is actively engaged in collecting new data in the field of comparative planetology.
Translated from the Russian by
V.F. AGRANAT and V.F. POMINOV
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Bluesky: mirtitles.bsky.socialIntroduction 7
Earth: A Planet in a Basaltic Shell 11
A View of the Earth from Space 11
Mountains and Plains of Terrestrial Continents and Oceans 14
Volcanic Seas of Terrestrial Continents 22
Magma Melts Solidified at Depth 35
Basaltic Seas on Terrestrial Ocean Floors 40
Volcanic Rises on the Basaltic Ocean Floor 49
What Is Concealed by Lavas Lying on the Ocean Floor? 52The Age of Terrestrial Basalts and Their Relationships with Different Structures 58
The Age of Trap Seas on the Continents 58
The Age of Volcanic Seas on the Ocean Floor 63
Volcanic Seas of Continents and Geosynclines 70
Volcanic Seas on the Ocean Floors and Island Arcs 81
Are Continental Basalts Similar to Oceanic Basalts on Earth? 88Lava Maria on the Waterless Moon 93
The Distribution of Volcanic Maria 93
The Age of Lunar Basaltic Maria 102
Ridges and Grooves on the Floor of Lunar Maria 115
How Lunar Maria Were Formed? 120Volcanic Maria of Planets Behind Arcuate Mountains 123
Volcanic Seas of the Earth and the Moon Have Similar Constitution 123
The Structures of the Earth and the Moon Are Symmetrical Relative to Their Axes of Rotation 131
Arcs and Rings of the Earth’s Oldest Mountains 135
The Centrifugal Wave in the Development of Mountain Arcs 147
The Moon Is a Simplified Model of the Earth 154#earth #geology #lava #lavaFlow #moon #mountains #oceanFloors #plateTectonics #rocks #seas #sovietLiterature #valleys #volcanicSeas