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#quantummechanics — Public Fediverse posts

Live and recent posts from across the Fediverse tagged #quantummechanics, aggregated by home.social.

  1. Physicists Find Useful Energy Hiding in Quantum “Waste Heat”

    An atom in a cavity between two mirrors (left) acts as a heat engine in a driven-dissipative quantum…
    #NewsBeep #News #Physics #AU #Australia #QuantumMechanics #QuantumPhysics #quantumtechnology #Science #Thermodynamics #UniversityofBasel
    newsbeep.com/au/885958/

  2. Meet Rachel Chen, the 18-year-old Los Angeles student who expanded a 1997 quantum-math idea to describe entire particle systems with simple diagrams; she won $100,000

    Rachel Chen, 18, won $100,000 for her inno…
    #NewsBeep #News #Physics #AU #Australia #LosAngelesstudent #quantummathematics #QuantumMechanics #quantumparticles #QuantumPhysics #RachelChen #RegeneronScienceTalentSearch2026 #Science #spinrepresentation #Temperley-Liebalgebra #Temperley-Liebdiagrams
    newsbeep.com/au/885772/

  3. Semiconductor Physics by P.S. Kireev

    This textbook originates from lectures delivered by the author to students of the Semiconductor Materials and Devices Faculty at the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys. It assumes prior knowledge of subjects like Crystallography and Quantum Mechanics, allowing the material to focus exclusively on semiconductor physics without revisiting crystal lattice structures or atomic bonding. Leveraging students’ understanding of quantum mechanics, the textbook employs rigorous methods to address topics such as energy band structures and charge carrier transitions, including their interactions with lattice defects, phonons, and photons. Detailed intermediate calculations and experimental data further enhance comprehension.

    While the material is presented at a high level, it remains accessible, supported by clear derivations and illustrations. Group theory methods are introduced to simplify problem-solving but are confined to an appendix, as this subject is typically not part of technical college curricula. The book deliberately avoids covering the operation of specific semiconductor devices, treating Semiconductor Physics as a distinct discipline with a focus on fundamental principles.

    Translated from the Russian by Mark Samokhvalov

    All credits to the original uploaders, this is an optimised pdf.

    You can get the book here and here

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    CONTENTS
    Preface 9

    Chapter I. Introduction. Electron Theory of Conductivity 11

    Electron Theory of Conductivity. Ohm’s Law 11
    Mean-Free Time and Free-Path Distribution Functions 16
    Electron Distribution Function. Mean Values of Physical Quantities 20
    Semiconductors. The Classification of Materials According to Their Conductivity 31
    Semiconductor Conductivity Models. The Concept of a Hole 35
    Intrinsic and Extrinsic Conductivities 39
    Chapter II. The Fundamentals of the Band Theory of Semiconductors 42
    7. The Schrödinger Equation for the Crystal 42
    8. The Adiabatic Approximation 45
    9. Single Electron Approximation 50
    10. Periodic Field of the Crystal Lattice. Translational Operator 54
    11. Quasimomentum 59
    12. The Effective Mass of the Electron 64
    13. Relation Between Velocity and Quasimomentum 70
    14. Acceleration Operator 73
    15. Brillouin Zones 80
    16. Normalising Inside a Potential Box and the Discrete Nature of Quasimomentum 85
    17. Theory of the Quasifree Electron 90
    18. Theory of the Quasibound Electron 105
    19. Effective Mass Method. Influence of External Fields on Energy Spectrum of a Crystal 119
    20. Localised States 125
    21. Elementary Theory of Impurity States 130
    22. Surface States 138
    23. Quantisation of Electron Energy in a Magnetic Field. Landau Levels 141
    24. Pauli Principle. Concept of Metal, Semiconductor, and Dielectric 146
    25. Main Features of the Hole 153
    26. Band Structure of Some Semiconductors. Calculation Methods 158
    27. Quasiparticle Concept 175

    Chapter III. Electron and Hole Statistics in Semiconductors 180
    28. Density of States 180
    29. Electron and Hole Concentrations 189
    30. Electric Neutrality Equation 197
    31. Intrinsic Semiconductor 200
    32. Extrinsic Semiconductor. Impurity of One Type 205
    33. Semiconductor Doped with Both Acceptor and Donor Impurities 215
    34. Degenerate Semiconductor 221
    35. Density of States in a Magnetic Field 225

    Chapter IV. Kinetic Phenomena in Semiconductors 234
    36. Boltzmann’s Kinetic Equation 234
    37. Relaxation Time 241
    38. Electric Current Density and Energy Flux Density 249
    39. Kinetic Coefficients 253
    40. Conductivity of Semiconductors 261
    41. Galvanomagnetic Effects 270
    42. Hall Effect in Extrinsic Conductivity Range 280
    43. Hall Effect in a Substance with Several Types of Charge Carriers 288
    44. Magnetic Field Dependence of Hall Coefficient 294
    45. Magnetoresistive Effect 302
    46. Heat Conductivity of Semiconductors 311
    47. Thermoelectric Phenomena 318
    48. Thermomagnetic Phenomena 334
    49. General Analysis of Kinetic Phenomena 338
    50. On Kinetic Phenomena in Semiconductors with Tensor Effective Masses 348
    51. Tensorsensitive Effect. Tensorsensitivity 352
    52. Piezoresistive Effect. Piezoresistance Coefficients 359

    Chapter V. The Theory of Charge Carrier Scattering 369
    53. Effective Scattering Cross Section 369
    54. Relationship Between Relaxation Time and Effective Cross Section 378
    55. Elements of Quantum Transition Theory 383
    56. Impurity Ion Scattering 390
    57. Scattering by Neutral Impurity Atoms 398
    58. Lattice Vibrations. Normal Coordinates, Phonons 401
    59. Acoustical and Optical Lattice Vibrations 409
    60. Lattice Specific Heat. Phonon Statistics 422
    61. Scattering by Thermal Lattice Vibrations. Method of Deformation Potential 432
    62. Temperature Dependence of Charge Carrier Mobility 441
    63. Dependence of Relaxation Time on External Fields. Deviations from Ohm’s Law 452

    Chapter VI. Charge Carrier Recombination 461
    64. Continuity Equation. Lifetime 461
    65. Recombination Mechanism. Linear Recombination 472
    66. Diffusion and Drift of Nonequilibrium Charge Carriers 484
    67. Surface Recombination 492

    Chapter VII. Contact Phenomena in Semiconductors 497
    68. Debye Length 497
    69. Work Function 510
    70. Contact Potential Difference. Metal-Metal Contact 515
    71. Metal-Semiconductor Contact 519
    72. Inhomogeneous Semiconductor, p-n Junction 525

    Chapter VIII. Optical and Photoelectrical Phenomena in Semiconductors 532
    73. Light-Absorption Spectrum 532
    74. Light Absorption by Free Charge Carriers 536
    75. Cyclotron Resonance 546
    76. Intrinsic Light Absorption 555
    77. Absorption of Light by the Lattice 573
    78. Light Absorption by Electrons in Localised States 579
    79. Influence of the Ambient on Absorption Spectrum 586
    80. Photoresistive Effect 590
    81. Dember Effect. Photovoltaic Effect 599
    82. Photomagnetoelectric Effect 608
    83. Faraday Effect 613
    84. Spin-Orbital Splitting of Energy Bands 623

    Appendix. Introduction to the Theory of Groups 633

    Space Transformations 633
    Group of Symmetry Transformations. Properties of Group Elements 639
    Relation Between Groups 643
    Representation of Groups 646
    The Properties of Irreducible Representations 649
    The Basis of a Representation 652
    Direct Product of Representations 655
    Point Groups 659
    Translational Groups. Brillouin Zones 665
    The Wave Vector Group 671
    Schrödinger Equation 680
    Twin Groups. Time Inversion 684
    Recommended Literature 694

     

    #physics #quantumMechanics #semiconductors #sovietLiterature
  4. АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ, ANTHROPOLOGY, АНТРОПОЛОГІЯ
    #АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ, #ANTHROPOLOGY, #АНТРОПОЛОГІЯ
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/542

    Thermodynamics, statistical physics
    Термодинамика, статистическая физика
    Термодинаміка, статистична фізика
    #Thermodynamics, #statistical physics
    #Термодинамика, #статистическаяфизика
    #Термодинаміка, #статистична
    фізика
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/541

    PQm Quantum mechanics
    Квантовая механика
    Квантова механіка
    #Quantum mechanics
    #Квантоваямеханика
    #Квантова
    механіка
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/540

    PQft Quantum field theory
    Квантовая теория поля
    Квантова теорія поля
    #Quantum field theory
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/539

    Фазовые переходы
    Phase_transitions, Фазовіпереходи
    #Фазовые переходы
    #Phase transitions, #Фазові
    переходи
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/538

    Пиротехника, Піротехніка, Pyrotechnics
    #Пиротехника, #Піротехніка, #Pyrotechnics
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/537

    Астрономия, Астрономія, Astronomy
    #Астрономия, #Астрономія, #Astronomy
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/536

    PPop Popular-level
    Популярная физика
    Популярна Фізика
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/535

    PG General courses
    Общие курсы
    Загальні курси
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/534

    PPl Plasma Плазма
    Физика плазмы
    #Plasma #Плазма
    #Физика плазмы
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/533

    PPh Philosophy of Physics
    Философия физики,
    Філософія фізики
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/532

    POs Oscillations and waves
    Колебания и волны
    Коливання і хвилі
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/531

    PNu Nuclear Physics
    Ядерна фізика
    Ядерная физика
    #Nuclear Physics
    #Ядернафізика
    #Ядерная
    физика
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/530

    PNc Nonlinear chaos
    Нелинейный хаос
    Нелінійний хаос
    #Nonlinear chaos
    #Нелинейныйхаос
    #Нелінійний
    хаос
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/529

    PM Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics
    Атомна молекулярна та оптична Фізика
    Атомная молекулярная и оптическая физика
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/528

    PGrc Cosmology
    Космология
    Космологія
    #Cosmology
    #Космология
    #Космологія
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/527

    PGr Gravitation
    Гравитация
    Гравітація
    #Gravitation
    #Гравитация
    #Гравітація
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/526

    PGe Encyclopaediae physics
    Енциклопедія
    Энциклопедии
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/525

    PE Electromagnetism
    Електромагнетизм
    Электромагнетизм
    #Electromagnetism
    #Електромагнетизм
    #Электромагнетизм
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/523

    PD Dynamical systems
    Динамические системы
    Динамічна система
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/522

    PCh Chemical physics
    Хімічна фізика
    Химическая физика
    #Chemical physics
    #Хімічнафізика
    #Химическая
    физика
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/521

    PCtm Theoretical mechanics
    Теоретическая механика
    Теоретична механіка
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/520

    PCstr Special relativity
    Спеціальна теорія відносності
    Специальная теория относительности
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/519

    PCft Classical fields
    Классические поля, классическая теория поля, класична теорія поля
    t.me/scilib_yura15cbx/518

  5. COW DISTINGUISHES SQPR FROM PENROSE’s Gravitational Localization: 


    COW Experiment Potentially DISTINGUISHES SQPR

    In the 1970s I told Sir Roger Penrose (among others at Stanford) about the basic idea of SQPR. Penrose published in the 1980s the Gravitationally Induced Spontaneous Localization theory which applies the time-energy uncertainty (TEU) relation to spacetime.  The two Objective Reduction theories are very different, because they have different collapse mechanisms.

    In particular at cosmological scale, SQPR predicts observed facts, such as Dark Matter and Dark Energy, whereas the Penrose theory does not.

    The theories also make very different predictions in the lab relative to Quantum Mechanics, and also relative to each other.  Let’s explore. 

    *** 

    Diósi-Penrose Objective Reduction (DPOR) model is a hypothesis proposing that quantum wavefunctions collapse spontaneously due to gravitational instabilities caused by mass superposition. It has the advantage of tying in gravity and Quantum Mechanics (QM) in the simplest manner.

    Core Concepts

    • Gravity and Superposition: When a massive object exists in a superposition of two different locations, the distribution of its mass creates a simultaneous superposition of two distinct spacetime geometries. (At least that’s what the formalism of Quantum Mechanics predicts!) [1, 2]
    • Spacetime Conflict: General relativity requires a single, well-defined spacetime metric, creating a fundamental clash with quantum superposition. [1]
    • Objective Reduction: Rather than needing an external observer or measurement to trigger a collapse, gravity forces the system to resolve itself into a single state. [1, 2]
    • Timescale: The lifetime of the superposition is inversely proportional to the gravitational self-energy difference between the states. The exact expression obtained by applying the TEU. The duration until collapse is inversely proportional to the difference in gravitational energy between the two different locations (and proportional to Planck constant, of course! It’s direct TEU!) 

    ***

    In the Colella-Overhauser-Werner (COW) experiment, realized in 1975, thermal neutrons enter a silicon crystal Mach–Zehnder interferometer. When the interferometer is tilted by an angle theta relative to the horizontal, one arm (Path A) is at a higher gravitational potential than the lower arm (Path B).

    It turns out that the energy of the quantum state in the upper branch, Path A, is different in composition from that of the lower branch, Path B. This can be physically demonstrated through the apparition of shifting interference fringes. The effect has been observed.

    The reasoning is fascinating: one makes a number of assumptions, simplest and most natural. Those assumptions bring us to a shifting interference pattern shifting in a peculiar way, which is observed. Therefore one is entitled to deduce that the assumptions made were correct, and this tells us many things about matter waves.and in particular how long the guiding waves are. It may also enable to demonstrate in the lab the existence of Objective Reduction theories, which extend understanding beyond Quantum Mechanics.

    ***

    Penrose’s Model Makes Experimental Predictions:

    If one plugs the usual numbers in, considering self-gravitation of the neutron, one gets millions of years for Penrose collapse to happen. 

    However for a single neutron interacting with Earth’s massive gravitational field, going both down a ground branch of the interferometer (B) and the elevated one (A), the difference in gravitational energy is mgh, where g is the usual gravitational acceleration at sea level, m is the mass of the neutron, and h is how high A is above B. 

    If we extend the COW experiment using large molecules (like fullerenes or 10^4 atoms macromolecular clusters) or Bose–Einstein Condensates (BECs) instead of single neutrons, mgh scales up by 10^4 to $10^6. Then the collapse time drops precipitously from millions of years to milliseconds or microseconds—falling right inside the passage duration of the experiment! 

    https://quantumnano.at/research/universal-matter-waves/why-matter-waves

    ***

    Penrose does not suggest a plausible mechanism to cause collapse.

    DPOR is a particular case of Objective Reduction (OR) models, where one does away with the silliness of an observer and “measurements”. 

    The other model is SQPR, which ignores gravity, but not matter abundance and the QM state (for example Quantum amplitudes) it is in…

    ***. 

    The SQPR Shift:

    • If localization is independent of the background gravitational field g and depends instead on the density of surrounding matter fields (and the probability of guiding-wave truncation/shedding), then tilting the interferometer or placing it in a deep gravitational potential well will not alter the intrinsic collapse rate.
    • An extended COW experiment conducted at sea level versus one conducted in microgravity (e.g., on the ISS) or on the Moon would yield the exact same decoherence rate in SQPR.
    • Under Penrose, microgravity suppresses collapse; under SQPR, space microgravity leaves the collapse rate unchanged because matter-field interactions and guiding-wave limits remain invariant.

    [Camping in Sierra Nevada; Post will be improved in future and computations made explicit…]

    Patrice Ayme

    #Consciousness #COWExperiment #Founndations #Interferometry #Localization #Neutrons #Penrrose #Philosophy #Physics #QuantumMechanics #Science #SQPR
  6. Theory Of Stellar Spectra by V.V. Sobolev

    The only source of our information on stars is their radiation. From stellar spectra we judge the structure of stellar atmospheres, their chemical composition, and physical processes taking place there. Spectrograms are interpreted on the basis of the theory of stellar spectra, wherein lies its enormous value for astrophysics. Until recently astronomers could observe stellar radiation only in a very small range of frequencies making up the visible region of the spectrum. However, about 20 years ago radio astronomy came into being which permits investigating the radiation of celestial bodies in a completely different spectral region.

    Quite recently, in connection with the launching of satellites and rockets, there arose the theoretical possibility of obtaining stellar spectra in any frequency range. So far, highly useful spectrograms of stars and the sun have been obtained in the so-called rocket ultraviolet. It is obvious that this broadening of observational data will even further increase the significance of the theory of stellar spectra. At the same time it is necessary to improve and extend this theory.

    The surface layers of stars, out of which their spectra arise, represent
    strongly ionized gases, i.e., plasma. Plasma studies are also being carried out in physics laboratories, having increased in intensity of late. Methods used by physicists in studying plasmas are in many respects similar to methods used by astrophysicists in studying stellar atmospheres. Therefore, the theory of stellar spectra is of interest not only to astrophysicists but also to physicists.

    An excellent example of the broad interest in the theory of stellar spectra is the summer seminary on problems of this theory, organized by the
    Astronomical Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Leningrad University and held in Leningrad in June 1964* About 150 young astrophysicists and physicists of the Soviet Union participated in the sessions. This book was written on the basis of the lectures given at that time.
    The first part of the book examines atomic processes associated with the
    formation of spectra, with special emphasis on calculation of the energy levels of the atom and the probability of transitions between these levels. The second part deals with the theory of radiation transfer, which forms an important aspect of the theory of stellar spectra. The next two parts discuss the most essential problems in the formation of spectra of different types of stars and nebulae. The last part, devoted to ultraviolet spectra of celestial bodies, mainly gives a review of observational data and their qualitative interpretation (since, as yet, no quantitative theory of these spectra has been established).
    The diversity of the problems of the modern theory of stellar spectra makes it impossible to present them with sufficient completeness in a single monograph.
    The authors of this book have endeavored to acquaint the reader with the most important of these problems.

     

    You can get the book here and here

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    Preface …………………………………………… iii
    PART I. PHYSICAL PROCESSES CONNECTED WITH THE FORMATION OF SPECTRA ………… 1
    Plasma Spectroscopy (S.E. Frish) …………………….. 1
    Calculations of Atomic Energy Levels (A.P. Yutsis and Ya.I. Vizbarayte) …………… 23
    Theory of Atomic Transitions (G.F. Drukarev) ……….. 35

    PART II. THEORY OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER ……………………… 64
    Certain Nonlinear Problems of the Theory of Radiative Transfer (V.A. Ambartsumyan) ……. 64
    Radiative Diffusion in Gases (V.V. Sobolev) …………. 75
    Determination of the Populations of Excited Levels in an Optically Thick Gas Layer (V.V. Ivanov) ……….. 92
    Nonstationary Radiation Field (I.N. Minin) …………. 116
    Randomized Problem of Diffuse Reflection (R.V. Ambartsumyan) ………… 135

    PART III. SPECTRA OF FIXED STARS ……………………….. 140
    Models of Stellar Atmospheres (V.V. Sobolev) ………. 140
    Continuous Spectra of Hot White Dwarfs (A.K. Kolesov) ……. 147
    Model Atmospheres of Main-Sequence Stars of Class M (V.G. Buslavskiy) …….. 152
    Determination of the Chemical Composition of Stellar Atmospheres (A.A. Boyarchuk) ……….. 160

    PART IV. SPECTRA OF NONSTATIONARY STARS AND INTERSTELLAR MATTER ………… 170
    Spectra of Nonstationary (Variable) Stars (V.G. Gorbatskiy) ……….. 170
    Analysis of the Emission Spectra of Nonstationary Stars (A.A. Boyarchuk) ………… 194
    Spectra of Interstellar Matter (S.A. Kaplan) ………… 203
    Radio Observations of Planetary Nebulae (Yu. N. Pariyskiy) ………. 216

    PART V. SPECTRA OF CELESTIAL BODIES IN THE FAR ULTRAVIOLET REGION ……….. 220
    Spectra of Celestial Bodies in the Far Ultraviolet Region (G.A. Gurzadyan) ………. 220

    #astronomy #astrophysics #physics #quantumMechanics #radiativeTransfer #sovietLiterature #stellarSpectra #stellarStructure
  7. [en] Moore’s Law? When #computer chips can't get smaller (can they?)

    "... in the last 15 years, transistors have gotten close to the point where #quantum mechanics starts to interfere with their function: just a few dozen nanometers in size. They can’t get smaller."

    "... approach familiar to urban planners: build up. On Thursday, #IBM announced it has created a #chip that uses this strategy. The new #architecture, known as a #nanostack, vertically stacks transistors in two layers on a #silicon chip."

    technologyreview.com/2026/06/2

    #transistor #moore #mooreslaw #quantummechanics

  8. Master Index

    A guided map across physics, biology, engineering, and AI—built around a simple idea

    Persistence is not generated, but permitted.

    Systems don’t fail because they “break.”

    They fail because their boundaries were misclassified.

    Core structure
    state → constraint → resolution → persistence

    From: - Titanic / Vasa / Challenger
    – biological regulation
    – AI hallucination & drift
    – institutional collapse

    Same pattern
    only admissible states persist

    This is the interface.
    Start anywhere. Follow the path that fits.

    #HybridMind42 #BoundaryDynamics #BoundaryArchitecture #BFPF #HQP
    #Admissibility #ConstraintResolution #StateTransition #Persistence
    #ComplexSystems #SystemsThinking #StructuralAnalysis #FailureAnalysis
    #Physics #QuantumMechanics #Relativity #Lindblad #CPTP #Decoherence
    #Biology #Physiology #Adaptation #Homeostasis
    #ArtificialIntelligence #AI #LLM #AIAlignment #AIGovernance
    #InstitutionalFailure #DecisionMaking
    #Emergence #ScientificClarity

    substack.com/@hybridmind42/not

  9. Why Even Physicists Still Don’t Understand Quantum Theory 100 Years On

    Wiktor Mazin. Credit: Wiktor Mazin, Quantum Fractal Artist Everyone has their favourite example of a trick that reliably gets a certain job done, even if they don’t really understand why. Back in the day, it might have been slapping the top of your television set when the picture went fuzzy. Today, it might be turning your computer off and on again. Quantum mechanics the most successful and important theory in modern physics is like that. It works wonderfully, explaining things from lasers […]

    onlinemarketingscoops.com/2025