#soviet-literature — Public Fediverse posts

इवान बेल्किन की कहानियाँ – अ. से. पुश्किन (Collected Stories In Hindi by Alexander Pushkin)

रूसी लेखक अलेक्सान्द्र पुश्किन की पाँच कहानियों का संग्रह है। इसमें एक काल्पनिक सम्पादकीय परिचय है, जिसमें पुश्किन बेल्किन की कहानियों की शब्दशः प्रस्तुति का दिखावा करते हैं, जबकि ये कहानियाँ दरअसल उनकी ही हैं। वे बताते हैं कि ये सभी कहानियाँ हाल ही में मृत जमींदार इवान पेट्रोविच बेल्किन को विभिन्न लोगों द्वारा सुनाई गयी थीं, जिन्हें यहाँ प्रस्तुत किया गया है। पुश्किन बताते हैं कि बेल्किन एक दिलचस्प और रहस्यमय व्यक्ति था, यहाँ तक कि जिस महिला के लिए उसने अपनी सम्पत्ति छोड़ी थी, वह भी उससे कभी नहीं मिली थी। बेल्किन का पसंदीदा शौक कहानियों को इकट्ठा करना और सुनाना था। संकलन की पाँच कहानियाँ पुश्किन की सर्वश्रेष्ठ, क्लासिकीय और बेहद दिलचस्प कहानियाँ हैं।

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तस्वीर (पीटर्सबर्ग की कहानियों से) – निकोलाई गोगोल (Stories And Novellas In Hindi by Nikolai Gogol)

उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी के महान रूसी गद्यकारों के अग्रज निकोलाई गोगोल (1809-1852) विश्व-साहित्य के अमिट हस्ताक्षर हैं। रूसी साहित्य में काल्पनिक, रूमानी और असाधारण घटनाओं व पात्रों के आदर्शीकरण और आलंकारिक चित्रण की जो पुरानी परिपाटी चली आ रही थी, उसे पूरी तरह नकारते हुए गोगोल ने अपनी रचनाओं में सामाजिक जीवन की सच्ची और स्वाभाविक छवि अंकित की।

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नगर का प्रथम शिशु (Our Summer In Hindi) by येलेना उस्पेंस्काया (Yelena Uspenskaya)

इनकी रचना का विषय तरुणाई और सोवियत युवकों का जीवन है। ये तीन कहानियाँ उक्त विषयों का प्रतिनिधित्व करती हैं। इनकी प्रसिद्ध रचना Our Summer विदेशी भाषा प्रकाशन गृह द्वारा 1954 में प्रकाशित की गई थी।

1. नगर का प्रथम शिशु
निकीता नगर का प्रथम शिशु कहलाता है क्योंकि वह सुदूर उत्तर के नए नगर में सबसे पहले पैदा हुआ था।

2. पिता
बारह साल हुए प्योत्र और बाल्या एक दूसरे से बिछुड़े। उस समय चे विद्यार्थी थे। वे नए सिरे से अभी-अभी मिले, और उनकी यह मुलाक़ात बड़े महत्व की रही।

3. दीदी
बालक तेरह साल का है, और उसकी दीदी उससे थोड़ी बड़ी है। फिर भी क्या इस आयु में बड़ी ओर “कैछिन” समस्याएँ सामने नहीं आ सकलीं ?

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Men Vs. Cancer by B. Shubin; Yu. Gritsman

Cancer is one of the most acute problems that exist in world biology and medicine. It is being tackled by a vast number of scientists and practitioners. Two specialists in the field, both Doctors of Medical Science, wrote this book. Complex questions are made more comprehensible because they are dealt with from the point of view of the founders of different directions in oncology. Achievements in this field, along with the problems still existing, are described, and the numerous legends and myths are countered by true stories about the successful treatment and prevention of this formidable disease. The book is intended both for a wide circle of readers and for medical specialists interested in the problem of cancer.

Translated from the Russian by Arthur Aksenov

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Contents

Foreword 5
Reading Chekhov a New 9
Facts and Reflections 28
What Is What? 28
Plus Growth, Minus Differentiation 37
Kept Under Suspicion 44
What Failed? 53
A Dangerous Encirclement 68
Filterable Agents 93
It’s Too Early to Shout: “Land Ahead!” 123
Iskander’s Grandson 154
Men Against Cancer 172
Legends About Cancer 200
The Main Condition 250
The Statistics of Survival 278
The Doctor and the Patient 318
The Authors Argue 371

Science Vs. Cancer by Yu. Gritsman

The book enters into the series of contributions devoted to the problems of cancer. In language accessible even to those who are not professionally concerned with oncological studies, and with the help of numerous examples from the history of medicine, Professor Yu. Gritsman acquaints the readers with some of the major and most recent achievements in this domain of science. He also devotes significant space to the criticism of the spurious methods of treating this disease, which are advocated by the pseudo-scientists whose practices continue to cause considerable harm to patients.

As its predecessor, Men vs. Cancer by B. Shubina and Yu. Gritsman (English translation, Mir Publishers, 1987), this book will undoubtedly find the appreciation of many readers who will cover its pages with no minor interest.

Translated from the Russian by G. G. Egorov

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Contents

Chapter One. Oncology Today 15
A Burning Mystery 16
Ignoramus’s Challenge Oncology 20
New Answers to the Old Questionnaire 28
Hypotheses May Be Down But Not Out 34
The Organism in Defence 65

Chapter Two. Achievements of Oncological Studies 81
Organisation, Organisation and Once More Organisation 81
Prophylaxis of Cancer 90
Detecting the Sick 93
A Difficult Diagnosis 101
Surgery Lives and Develops 104
Radiation Energy Serves Oncology 112
Magic “Bullets” 124
Mobilisation of Internal Resources 132

Chapter Three. Fallacies in Science or Scientific Delusions 140
The Growth of Disease 145
A Deficit of Information 149
Not Everything Can Be Cured 151
The Doctor’s Behaviour or Deontology 153
The Overall Meaning of Pseudo-Scientific Myths 169
Vaccine 172
“Grafting” 200
Turpentine Baths and the Treatment of Cancer 209
A Legend About the Magnet 220

Chapter Four. Miracle-Working Healers, Charlatans, and Quacks 236
The Progress of Science and the Sciolists 236
The Philippine Healers 238
Sheikh — The Magician 242
Healers, Cancer and the Woman-Shaman from Chukotka 248
“Folk Medicine” and the Treatment of Cancer 251
A Belligerent Ignoramus 266
Herbal Remedies 271
Oriental Methods 278

Chapter Five. Knowledge or Faith (Conclusion) 289
The Viability of Superstition 289
Strategy of the Anti-Cancerous Struggle 291
Unvanquishable Dogmas 300

Electrical Machine Installation And Wiring Practice by M. Kaminsky; V. Poluchankin

This book covers methods for installing medium and large electrical machines, including their inspection and testing. It addresses the dispatch of electrical machines in assembled condition, focusing on packaging and handling methods. The book also covers hoisting and hauling facilities, fixtures, tools, instruments, and materials used during the installation of electrical machines.

It provides brief information on tolerances and fitting considerations during the mounting process. Recommendations are made for preparing electrical machines for installation, including inspection, acceptance of foundation plates, and marking out basic axes. The installation procedure for electrical machines delivered on-site in a disassembled condition is described in detail, covering the sequence of operations, setting and levelling of bed plates and bearing pedestals, pre-installation tests of rotors and stators, rotor fitting onto the stator, installation of non-split and split stators, and adjustment of gaps between stator and rotor.

Additionally, the book specifies methods for installing electrical machines delivered on-site in an assembled condition, including the installation technique for electrical machines with segmental bearings. It discusses various types of coupling electrical machine shafts to other shafts and their design features, along with compensating abilities. It also covers how to fit half-couplings on shafts, align shafts, and the types of alignment fixtures to use.

The book provides data on the mechanical design and assembly of bearings, particularly the alignment of antifriction bearing shells. It explains how to check and wire electrical machine current-carrying parts, verify commutator surfaces, and adjust the brush gear. Methods for drying moist insulation of electrical machines are outlined, with recommendations for recognizing when a machine can be placed in operation without drying its insulation.

Post-insulation checks, tests, trial starts, and debugging of electrical machines are specified. Finally, the book offers recommendations on the organisation of labour and safety precautions to be observed during the installation of electrical machines.

Translated from the Russian N. B. Volodina

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A Modern Handbook of Physics – B.M. Yavorsky, A.A. Detlaf (LaTeX Version)

ScreenshotIn this post, we will see the LaTeX version of a great resource in physics:
A Modern Handbook of Physics by B. M. Yavorksy and A. A. Detlaf.

About the book (From the Preface)

The basic sciences and physics, in particular, are of prime importance today in the training of engineers for the various branches of the national economy. This has led to fundamental changes in recent years in the teaching of physics in engineering institutes, and to the students of other educational institutions in which they do not major in physics. The scope and scientific level of physics courses have been substantially supplemented and cover the main trends in the development of modern physics. Consequently, the physics textbooks for engineering students have inevitably become three-volume editions of almost fifteen hundred pages. The need has arisen, in this connection, for a concise handbook on this subject.

The aim of the authors was to fulfill this need. In scope and depth this handbook includes all of the definitions, formulas and information covered in the most comprehensive and up-to-date physics courses of engineering institutes
and the physics departments of universities and colleges. Physical laws are concisely formulated, all the necessary explanations are given and, in many cases, derivations as well. Though it plays a vital role in the teaching of physics, experimental material has been omitted. This is due only to a lack of space. All the units and symbols comply with the requirements of the SI Units of physical quantities and systems of units are listed and dealt with in a short appendix.

This handbook is designed primarily for engineering students, as well as college and university students studying, but not majoring in physics. It can be used to advantage by engineers and graduate students, as well as by instructors and lecturers of intermediate schools and colleges.

Mathematical knowledge required in using the handbook is within the scope of the ordinary mathematics courses of engineering institutes. The detailed index and the numerous cross references, indicating the chapter, section and subsection, are of aid in finding any required information.

The book was translated from the Russian by Nicholas Weinstein and was published by Mir in 1982.

Some snaps from the LaTeX edition…

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Note: It took me a while to typeset this one. I had started it a long back in 2020, and continued in breaks. This is a long book – almost 1000 pages with eight parts and 43 chapters! At times it felt as if the book will never be completed, it took me on and off more than six years to complete (the first commit is in 2020!, see the screenshot below). The book was essentially complete in June last year, with only few minor tweaks remaining (essentially the margin placements of captions and diagrams) and diagrams to be redone in vector graphics. I have done a few initial ones into SVG, but then I sort of left it. I have not added the appendices and index. May be some time in the future we will have a release that has all diagrams as vector images.

Commits from Sep 2020 to Sep 2026

But anyways, finally here it is. Hope this is useful to all the readers.

PS: Though I have checked (and rechecked), I am sure there will be errors in the typesetting. Do tell if you find any (I am sure you will.) – Damitr

You can get the book here and here.

This book is an Open Educational Resource OER

Released under CC BY NC 4.0

PPS: In the works is Handbook of Elementary Mathematics by Vygodsky (and two textbooks by Irodov), I had real pleasure in typesetting some of the pages there. Hopefully we will see this perhaps before the year end.

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Contents

Preface xvii

I. Mechanics 1

1. Kinematics 3

1.1. Mechanical Motion. The Subject Matter of Mechanics 3

1.2. Frames of Reference. Path, Path Length 5

1.3. Velocity 10

1.4. Acceleration 14

1.5. Translational and Rotary Motion of a Rigid Body 17

2. Newton’s Laws 25

2.1. Newton’s First Law. Inertial Frames of Reference 25

2.2. Force 27

2.3. Mass. Momentum 31

2.4. Newton’s Second Law 34

2.5. Newton’s Third Law. Motion of the Centre of Mass 37

2.6. Motion of a Body of Variable Mass 39

2.7. Law of Conservation of Momentum 42

2.8. Galilean Transformations 45

3. Work And Mechanical Energy 51

3.1. Energy, Work and Power 51

3.2. Kinetic Energy 58

3.3. Potential Energy 62

3.4. Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy 67

3.5. Perfectly Elastic and Inelastic Collisions 72

4. Dynamics of Rotary Motion 79

4.1. Moment of Force and Angular Momentum 79

4.2. Moment of Inertia 85

4.3. The Fundamental Law in the Dynamics of Rotary Motion 89

4.4. Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum 95

5. Fundamentals of the Special Theory of Relativity101

5.1. Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity 101

5.2. Simultaneity of Events. Synchronization of Clocks 104

5.3. Lorentz’s Transformations 108

5.4.  Relativity of Lengths and Time Intervals. 110

5.5. Transformation of Velocities and Accelerations 119

5.6. Basic Law of Relativistic Dynamics 124

5.7. Mass-Energy Relation 127

6. Gravitation 133

6.1. Law of Universal Gravitation 133

6.2. Gravitational Field 136

6.3. Kepler’s Laws. Space Velocities 144

7. Motion in non-inertial Frames of Reference 149

7.1. Kinematics of Relative Motion 149

7.2. Inertial Forces 151

7.3. Frame of Reference Fixed to the Earth 155

7.4. Principle of Equivalence 161

II. Fundamentals of Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics 165

8. Ideal Gases 167

8.1. Subject Matter of Molecular Physics. Thermal Motion 167

8.2. Statistical and Thermodynamic Methods 169

8.3. Thermodynamic Variables 172

8.4. Equation of State of an Ideal Gas 177

9. First law of Thermodynamics 181

9.1. Total and Internal Energy 181

9.2. Heat and Work 184

9.3. First Law of Thermodynamics 189

9.4. Graphical Representation 191

9.5. Heat Capacity of Matter 193

10. Kinetic Theory of Gases 203

10.1. Certain Information on Classical Statistical Physics 203

10.2. Basic Equation 205

10.3. Maxwell’s Distribution Law 208

10.4. Boltzmann Distribution 213

10.5. Mean Free Path of Molecules 216

10.6. Equipartition of Energy 217

10.7. Heat Capacity of Gases 221

10.8. Transport Phenomena in Gases 228

10.9. Properties of Rarified Gases 236

11. Second Law Of Thermodynamics 239

11.1. Cycles. The Carnot Cycle 239

11.2. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 244

11.3. Second Law of Thermodynamics 247

11.4. Entropy and Free Energy 251

11.5. Statistical Interpretation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 255

11.6. Fluctuations 257

11.7. Brownian Movement 260

11.8. Third Law of Thermodynamics 262

12. Real Gases And Vapours 265

12.1. Forces of Intermolecular Interaction 265

12.2. Van der Waals Equation of State 272

12.3. Isothermals of Real Gases. Phase Transitions 275

12.4. Superfluidity Of Helium 279

13. Liquids 283

13.1. Certain Properties of Liquids 283

13.2. Frenkel’s Hole Theory of the Liquid State 285

13.3. Diffusion and Viscosity Phenomena in Liquids 288

13.4. Surface Tension of Liquids 290

13.5. Wetting and Capillary Phenomena 293

13.6. Vaporization and Boiling of Liquids 298

III. Electrodynamics 303

14. Electric Charges. Coulomb’s Law 305

14.1. Introduction 305

14.2. Coulomb’s Law 307

15. Electric Field Strength And Displacement 311

15.1. Electric Field. Field Strength 311

15.2. Principle of Superposition of Electric Fields 314

15.3. Electric Displacement. Ostrogradsky-Gauss Electric Flux Theorem 318

16. Electric Field Potential 323

16.1. Work in Moving Electric Charge 323

16.2. Electrostatic Field Potential 325

16.3. Field Potential and Strength Relation 331

16.4. Conductors in an Electrostatic Field 333

17. Capacitance 337

17.1. Capacitance of an Isolated Conductor 337

17.2. Mutual Capacitance. Capacitors 339

18. Dielectrics In An Electric Field 345

18.1. Dipole Moments of Molecules of a Dielectric 345

18.2. Polarization of Dielectrics 349

18.3. Relation Between Displacement, Field Strength and Polarization Vectors 353

18.4. Ferroelectric Materials 357

19. Energy Of An Electric Field 361

19.1. Energy of a Charged Conductor and an Electric Field 361

19.2. Energy of a Polarized Dielectric 365

20. Direct Electric Current 367

20.1. Concept of an Electric Current 367

20.2. Current and Current Density 369

20.3. Electron Theory of Electrical Conduction371

21. Direct Electric Current 377

21.1. Extraneous Forces 377

21.2. Ohm’s Law and the Joule-Lenz Law 378

21.3. Kirchhoff’s Laws 384

22. Electric Current In Liquids And Gases 389

22.1. Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis. Electrolytic Dissociation 389

22.2. Atomicity of Electric Charges 392

22.3. Electrolytic Conduction of Liquids 393

22.4. Electrical Conduction in Gases 395

22.5. Various Types of Gas Discharges 397

22.6. Certain Information on Plasma 400

23. Magnetic Field Of Direct Current 407

23.1. Magnetic Field. Ampere’s Law 407

23.2. The Biot-Savart-Laplace Law 411

23.3. Simplest Cases of Magnetic Fields 415

23.4. Interaction of Conductors 421

23.5. Total Current Law. Magnetic Circuits 424

23.6. Work Done in a Magnetic Field 431

24. Motion of Charged Particles 435

24.1. Lorentz Force 435

24.2. Hall Effect 440

24.3. Charge-to-Mass Ratio of Particles. Mass Spectroscopy 443

24.4. Charged Particle Accelerators 445

25. Electromagnetic Induction 455

25.1. Basic Law of Electromagnetic Induction 455

25.2. Phenomenon of Self-Induction 460

25.3. Mutual Induction 464

25.4. Energy of a Magnetic Field 467

26. Magnetic Materials In A Magnetic Field 471

26.1. Magnetic Moments of Electrons and Atoms471

26.2. An Atom in a Magnetic Field 474

26.3. Magnetic Materials in a Magnetic Field 478

26.4. Magnetic Field in Magnetic Materials 483

26.5. Ferromagnetic Materials 486

27. Fundamentals of Maxwell’s Theory 491

27.1. General Features of Maxwell’s Theory 491

27.2. Maxwell’s First Equation 493

27.3. Displacement Current. Maxwell’s Second Equation 496

27.4. Complete Set of Maxwell’s Equations 501

IV. Oscillations and Waves 507

28. Free Harmonic Oscillations 509

28.1. Harmonic Oscillations 509

28.2. Mechanical Harmonic Vibrations 514

28.3. Free Harmonic Oscillations in an Oscillatory Electric Circuit 521

28.4. Adding Harmonic Oscillations 525

29. Damped And Forced Oscillations 539

29.1. Damped Oscillations 539

29.2. Forced Mechanical Vibration 545

29.3. Forced Electrical Oscillation 551

30. Elastic Waves 559

30.1. Waves in an Elastic Medium 559

30.2. Travelling Wave Equation 564

30.3. Phase Velocity and Energy of Elastic Waves 571

30.4. Superposition of Waves 578

30.5. Interference of Waves 582

30.6. Doppler Effect in Acoustics 591

31. Electromagnetic Waves 595

31.1. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 595

31.2. Energy of Electromagnetic Waves 601

31.3. Electromagnetic Radiation 606

31.4. Electromagnetic Spectrum 609

31.5. Reflection and Refraction 612

31.6. Doppler Effect 619

V. Optics 623

32. Interference of Light 625

32.1. Monochromaticity and Time Coherence of Light 625

32.2. Interference of Light. Spatial Coherence of Light 629

32.3. Interference of Light in Thin Films 638

32.4. Multiwave Interference 644

33. Diffraction of Light 651

33.1. Huygens-Fresnel Principle 651

33.2. Fresnel Diffraction 657

33.3. Fraunhofer Diffraction 659

33.4. Diffraction by a Space Lattice 669

33.5. Resolving Power of Optical Instruments 673

33.6. Holography 675

34. Absorption, Scattering And Dispersion Of Light 681

34.1. Interaction of Light With Matter 681

34.2. Absorption of Light 683

34.3. Scattering of Light 687

34.4. Normal and Anomalous Light Dispersion 690

34.5. Classical Electron Theory of Light Dispersion 693

34.6. Vavilov-Cherenkov Radiation 697

35. Polarization of Light 701

35.1. Polarization of Light in Reflection and Refraction at the Interface Between Two Dielectric Media 701

35.2. Birefringence (Double Refraction) 705

35.3. Interference of Polarized Light 713

35.4. Artificial Optical Anisotropy 719

35.5. Rotation of the Plane of Polarization 721

36. Thermal Radiation 725

36.1. Thermal Radiation. Kirchhoff’s Law 725

36.2. Stefan-Boltzmann and Wien Laws 731

36.3. Planck’s Formula 733

36.4. Optical Pyrometry 738

37. Fundamentals Of Quantum Optics 743

37.1. External Photoelectric Effect 743

37.2. Mass and Momentum of the Photon. Light Pressure 748

37.3. Compton Effect 751

37.4. Wave-Particle Duality of the Properties of Light 754

VI. Atomic and Molecular Physics 759

38. Elements Of Quantum Mechanics 761

38.1. Wave-Particle Dualism 761

38.2. Schrödinger Wave Equation 765

38.3. Motion of a Free Particle 769

38.4. A Particle in a One-Dimensional Infinitely Deep Potential Well 770

38.5. Linear Harmonic Oscillator 773

38.6. Heisenberg Indeterminacy Principle 779

38.7. Tunnel Effect 784

39. Structure Of Atoms And Molecules 789

39.1. The Hydrogen Atom and Hydrogen-Like Ions 789

39.2. Space Quantization 797

39.3. Pauli Exclusion Principle. Periodic Table 798

39.4. Chemical Bonds and Molecular Structure803

39.5. Optical Properties of Molecules. Molecular Spectra 807

39.6. Raman Scattering of Light 810

39.7. Luminescence. X rays 812

39.8. Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers 817

VII. Basic Solid-State Physics 825

40. Structure Of Solids 827

40.1. Structure of Solids 827

40.2. Thermal Expansion of Solids 830

40.3. Brief Information on the Elastic Properties of Solids 832

40.4. Basic Concepts of Phase Transitions in Solids 837

41. Quantum Physics Of Solids 843

41.1. Basic Concepts of Quantum Statistics 843

41.2. Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac Distribution Functions 844

41.3. Degeneracy of Systems 848

41.4. Degenerate Electron Fermi Gas in Metals851

41.5. Quantum Theory of Electrical Conduction in Metals 856

41.6. Superconductivity 860

41.7. Heat Capacity of Solids 866

41.8. Band Theory of Solids 873

41.9. Metals and Dielectrics in the Band Theory877

41.10. Electrical Conduction of Semiconductors 880

41.11. Electrical Contact Phenomena 885

VIII.Nuclear Physics and Elementary Particles 893

42. Properties Of Atomic Nuclei 895

42.1. Main Properties and Structure of the Nucleus 895

42.2. Binding Energy of Nuclei. Mass Defect 899

42.3. Nuclear Forces 903

42.4. Radioactivity 907

42.5. Alpha Decay 913

42.6. Beta Decay 915

42.7. Gamma Rays 920

42.8. Mössbauer Effect 924

42.9. Nuclear Reactions 929

43. Elementary Particles 945

43.1. Preliminary Information on Elementary Particles 945

43.2. Classification of Elementary Particles and Their Interaction 998

43.3. Certain Information on Various Elementary Particles 1002

43.4. Conservation Laws of Elementary Particles1007

43.5. Antiparticles 1010

43.6. Structure of the Nucleon 1014

Tool Steels by Yu. Geller

This is a fundamental and comprehensive reference book on tool steels.

It discusses in great detail the composition and properties of numerous grades of tool steels manufactured in the USSR and other countries for making cutting tools, hot- and cold-forming dies, measuring instruments, surgical tools, etc.

The first Russian edition of the book was published in 1945. Since then, it has undergone four revised and renewed editions (1955, 1961, 1968, and 1975), each updated by the author to reflect advancements in the field. Recommended as a textbook for higher education students and a reference book for engineers, this work has established itself as an invaluable resource.

The present English edition has been specially prepared by the author to include the latest materials published in the USSR and other countries since the last Russian edition.

The late Prof. Yu. A. Geller, Dr. Sc. (Eng.), was a prominent specialist in the field of materials science. For over 20 years, he served as the Head of the Chair of Materials Science and Heat Treatment of Metals at the Moscow Institute of Machine Tools. His teaching and research career in the field spanned more than 40 years.

Prof. Geller’s published works include approximately 280 articles and eight monographs and textbooks. Among his notable works is The Science of Materials (co-authored with Prof. A. G. Rakhstadt), which was recently translated into English by Mir Publishers. Many of his articles were published internationally, including in the USA, Great Britain, France, and other countries.

Translated from the Russian by V. V. Afanasyev

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CONTENTS

Preface to the English Edition

Part One
Structures and Properties of Tool Steels

Chapter 1. Characteristics, Classification and Compositions of Tool Steels

1. General Characteristics of Tool Steels
2. Classification by Properties
3. Classification by Application
4. Compositions of Tool Steels
5. Effect of Steelmaking Conditions on Properties of Tool Steels

Chapter 2. Properties of Tool Steels
6. Durability Properties
A. Principal Properties of Tool Steels
7. Requirements for the Properties of Tool Steels
8. Hardness
9. Resistance to Plastic Deformation
10. Strength. Brittle Fracture Resistance
11. Fatigue Fracture Resistance
12. Toughness. Resistance to Dynamic Loads
13. Thermal Stability (Red Hardness)
14. Thermal Fatigue Resistance
15. Physical Properties (Heat Conductivity, Thermal Expansion, Coefficient of Friction, Adhesion)
16. Chemical Properties. Interaction with Worked Material
17. Wear Resistance
18. Hardenability
B. Technological Properties of Tool Steels
19. Workability
20. Overheating Resistance
21. Resistance to Decarbonization, Oxidation and Deterioration of Surface Layer
22. Hardening Capacity
23. Deformation of Tools
24. Cracking Resistance
25. Machinability and Grindability

Chapter 3. The Structure of Tool Steels. Methods of Analysis
26. As-Annealed Steel. Pearlite
27. α → γ Phase Transformation
28. Effect of Martensite on Steel Properties
29. Grain in Steels
30. Carbide Phases
31. Intermetallic Phases
32. Residual Austenite
33. Graphite in Tool Steels

Part Two
Composition and Heat Treatment of Tool Steels

Chapter 4. Non-Thermostable Steels of High Hardness
A. Composition and Properties
34. Typical Properties
35. Alloying
36. Steels of Low Hardenability
37. Steels of Elevated Hardenability
38. Steels of High Hardenability
B. Hot Mechanical Treatment and Heat Treatment
39. As-Received Steels
40. Heating Conditions for Hot Forming
41. Homogenizing, Annealing and High-Heat Tempering
42. Preliminary Hardening and Tempering
43. Hardening
44. Induction Hardening
45. Sub-Zero Treatment (Cryogenic Quenching)
46. Steel Tempering
47. Thermomechanical Treatment
48. Heat Treatment of Large and Shaped Tools
49. Defects of Heat Treatment and Their Prevention

Chapter 5. Non-Thermostable Steels of Elevated Toughness
50. Composition and Properties. Alloying
51. Steels of Low Hardenability
52. Steels of Elevated Hardenability
53. As-Received Steels
54. Thermal Conditions for Hot Forming
55. Annealing, High-Heat Tempering and Preliminary Hardening
56. Hardening
57. Thermomechanical Treatment
58. Tempering
59. Heat Treatment of Shanked Tools

Chapter 6. Semi-Thermostable Steels of High Hardness
60. Composition and Properties. Alloying
61. Steels of Increased and High Wear Resistance
62. Corrosion-Resistant Steels
63. Temperatures for Hot Forming
64. Heat Treatment of Semi-Thermostable Steels

Chapter 7. Semi-Thermostable Steels of Elevated Toughness
65. Composition and Properties. Alloying
66. Steels Retaining a High Strength at Temperatures up to 350–375 °C
67. Steels Retaining a High Strength at Temperatures up to 400–450 °C
68. Hot Mechanical Working
69. Heat Treatment

Chapter 8. Carbide-Strengthened Thermostable Steels of High Hardness
70. Composition and Properties. Alloying
A. Phase Composition, Structure and Transformations in Carbide-Strengthened Steels
71. Phase Composition
72. The Structure of Cast, Deformed and Annealed Steel
73. Transformations on Heating. Their Effect on Steel Structure and Properties
74. Transformations on Cooling. Their Effect on Steel Structure and Properties
75. The Structure and Properties of Tempered Steel
B. High-Speed Steels of Moderate Thermal Stability
76. Tungsten Steels
77. Tungsten-Molybdenum and Molybdenum Steels
C. High-Speed Steels of Elevated Thermal Stability
78. High-Carbon Steels
79. Nitrogen-Alloyed Steels
80. High-Vanadium Steels
81. Cobalt Steels
82. Steels of Reduced Thermal Stability
D. Steels in Cast Tools
83. Composition and Applications
E. Hot Mechanical Treatment and Heat Treatment
84. High-Speed Steels as Delivered
85. Hot and Low-Temperature Working
86. Homogenizing Treatment
87. Annealing
88. Preliminary Hardening and Tempering
89. Hardening
90. Induction Hardening
91. Tempering
92. Thermomechanical Treatment
93. Treatment of Welded and Tipped Tools
94. Faults in Heat Treatment and Their Prevention

Chapter 9. Intermetallic-Strengthened Thermostable Steels of High Hardness
95. Structure and Properties
96. Steels of High Thermal Stability
97. Steel of Elevated Thermal Stability
98. Corrosion-Resistant Steel of Reduced Thermal Stability
99. Hardening Conditions for Intermetallic-Strengthened Steels

Chapter 10. Thermostable Steels of Elevated Toughness. Die Steels
100. Composition and Properties. Alloying
A. Die Steels of Moderate Thermal Stability
101. Carbide-Strengthened Steels
102. Intermetallic-Strengthened (Maraging) Steels
B. Die Steels of Elevated Thermal Stability
103. Carbide-Strengthened Steels
104. Corrosion-Resistant Steels
C. Die Steels of High Thermal Stability
105. Properties and Applications
D. Hot Working and Heat Treatment, Cast Dies
106. As-Delivered Steels; Conditions for Hot Working and Heat Treatment
107. Defects of Heat Treatment and Their Prevention
E. Steels and Alloys for Operation at High Temperatures
108. Intermetallic-Strengthened Austenitic Steels and Alloys
109. Alloys of Refractory and Other Metals

Chapter 11. Surface Layer of Tools. Defects and Improvement
A. Methods for Improvement of Surface Layer
110. Low-Temperature Cyaniding
111. Nitriding and Nitrocementation
112. Sulphocyaniding and Sulphonitriding
113. Oxidation
114. Cementation and High-Temperature Cyaniding
115. Bonding
116. Chromizing
117. Electrolytic (Galvanic) Chrome-Plating
118. Precipitation of Titanium Carbides
119. Welding-On of Tools
B. Defects of Surface Layers
120. Decarbonized Layer
121. Bright Layer
122. Dark (Burnt) Layer

Part Three
Selection of Tool Steels and Their Heat Treatment

Chapter 12. Selection of Steel Composition and Heat Treatment for Cutting Tools
123. Steels for Metal-Cutting Tools
124. Steels for Machining Organic Materials

Chapter 13. Selection of Steel Composition and Heat Treatment for Cold-Forming Tools
125. Requirements for Steels for Cold-Forming Tools
126. Steels for Die-Forging and Knurling Die Tools
127. Steels for Cold Forming of Sheet and Wire
128. Steels for Pneumatic Tools and Chisels

Chapter 14. Selection of Steel Composition and Heat Treatment for Hot-Forming Tools
129. Requirements for Steels for Hot-Forming Tools
130. Steels for Hammer Dies and Heading Dies
131. Steels for Pressing, Piercing and Drawing Dies
132. Steels for Knurling Tools
133. Steels for Cutters and Saws for Hot Cutting

Chapter 15. Selection of Steel Composition and Heat Treatment for Moulds for Pressure Casting, Liquid-Metal Stamping and Pressing
134. Steels for Moulds for Pressure Casting and Liquid-Metal Stamping
135. Mould Steels for Casting Inorganic Materials
136. Mould Steels for Pressing Plastics

Chapter 16. Selection of Steel Composition and Heat Treatment for Precision Tools
137. Requirements to Be Met by Steels. Heat Treatment
138. Steels for Measuring Instruments
139. Steels for Cutting Tools

References

Name and Subject Index

Diseases Of The Eye by M. Zolotaryova

This textbook provides a systematic introduction to ophthalmology, beginning with the anatomy of the eye and the physiology of vision, followed by methods of examining visual functions and the patient. It covers ocular refraction and accommodation, the selection of spectacles, the organisation and equipment of ophthalmological facilities, preoperative and postoperative care, and general and local methods of treating eye diseases. The early chapters establish the anatomical, physiological and clinical foundations needed for understanding disorders of the eye and their diagnosis and treatment.

The greater part of the book is devoted to diseases and injuries of the eye. It discusses disorders of the eyelids and lacrimal apparatus, conjunctiva, trachoma, cornea and sclera, uveal tract, lens and vitreous body, as well as glaucoma and diseases of the retina and optic nerve. It concludes with diseases of the eye muscles and orbit and with mechanical, thermal and chemical eye injuries, including their prevention. Overall, the book presents ophthalmology as an integrated field linking ocular anatomy and visual function with clinical examination, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

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CONTENTS

Introduction

1. OUTLINE OF THE ANATOMY OF THE ORGAN OF VISION
   Protective Structures
   The Eyeball
   Muscles of the Eye
2. THE VISUAL FUNCTIONS AND METHODS OF EXAMINATION
   Central Vision and Visual Acuity
   Colour Vision
   Peripheral Vision and Field of Vision
   Photoreception
   Binocular Vision
3. REFRACTION AND ACCOMMODATION
   Ocular Refraction
   Optic Lenses
   Accommodation
   Picture of Refraction Anomalies
   Selection of Spectacles
4. LAYOUT AND EQUIPMENT OF THE OPHTHALMOLOGIST’S OFFICE OF AN OUT-PATIENT CENTRE AND THE EYE DEPARTMENT OF A HOSPITAL
   The Ophthalmologist’s Office
   Layout and Equipment of the Eye Hospital
   Preoperative Treatment
   Surgery and Postoperative Care
5. EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENT
   History Taking
   Examination of the Eyelids, Conjunctiva, Cornea, and Iris
   Ophthalmoscopy
   Determination of the Intra-Ocular Tension
6. METHODS OF TREATING EYE DISEASES
   General Therapy
   Physiotherapy, X-ray and Radiotherapy
   Local Therapy
   Astringent and Caustic Drugs
   Antiseptic Drugs
   Resolvents and Irritants
   Anaesthetics
   Mydriatics and Miotics
   Corticosteroids
   Dressings
7. DISEASES OF THE EYELIDS AND LACRIMAL APPARATUS
   Diseases of the Eyelids
   Diseases of the Skin of the Eyelids
   Diseases of the Margins of the Eyelids
   Changes in the Position and Movements of the Eyelids
   Diseases of the Lacrimal Apparatus
   The Lacrimal Passages and Their Diseases
   Inflammation of the Lacrimal Sac
8. DISEASES OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
   Conjunctivitis of Exogenous Origin
   Acute Conjunctivitis
   Inflammation of the Conjunctiva Due to Mechanical, Chemical and Physical Factors
   Conjunctivitis of Endogenous Origin
   Degenerative Changes of the Conjunctiva
9. TRACHOMA
   The Clinical Picture and Diagnosis of Trachoma
   Differential Diagnosis Between Trachoma, Folliculosis and Follicular Conjunctivitis
   The Aetiology and Prevalence of Trachoma
   Organisation of Trachoma Control
   Treatment of Trachoma
10. DISEASES OF THE CORNEA AND SCLERA
    Diseases of the Cornea
    Superficial Keratitis
    Scrofulous Keratitis
    Neurogenous or Neurotrophic Keratitis
    Herpetic Keratitis
    Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis of Adenoviral Aetiology
    Creeping Ulcer of the Cornea
    Deep or Interstitial Keratitis
    Deep Tuberculous Keratitis
    Keratitis of Malarial and Brucellar Aetiology
    Diseases of the Sclera
11. DISEASES OF THE UVEAL TRACT
    Iritis
    Iridocyclitis
    Choroiditis
    Endophthalmitis
    New Growths of the Uveal Tract
12. DISEASES OF THE CRYSTALLINE LENS AND THE VITREOUS BODY
    Diseases of the Crystalline Lens
    Cataract
    Diseases of the Vitreous Body
13. GLAUCOMA
    The Clinical Picture and Classification of Glaucoma
    Acute Attack of Glaucoma
    Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment of Glaucoma
14. DISEASES OF THE RETINA AND OPTIC NERVE
    Diseases of the Retina
    Circulatory Disorders in the Retina
    Pathological Changes of the Retina and Retinal Vessels in Certain Systemic Diseases
    Pigmentary Degeneration of the Retina
    Detachment of the Retina
    New Growths of the Retina
    Diseases of the Optic Nerve
15. DISEASES OF THE EYE MUSCLES AND ORBIT
    Diseases of the Eye Muscles
    Concomitant Strabismus
    Paralytic Strabismus
    Nystagmus
    Diseases of the Orbit
    Orbital Periostitis
    Orbital Phlegmon
    Orbital Tumours
16. EYE INJURIES
    Mechanical Injuries
    Thermal and Chemical Burns
    Prevention of Eye Injuries

Prescriptions

Index

Motor Vehicles Fundamentals And Design by M.D. Artamonov; V.A. Ilarionov; M.M. Morin

This book provides a systematic treatment of the theory of automobile engines and motor vehicles, beginning with the fundamental thermodynamic and combustion processes that govern internal-combustion engines. It examines theoretical and actual engine cycles, fuel combustion, engine efficiency, performance characteristics, fuel economy, and methods for increasing power and improving efficiency. The discussion also considers emerging engine technologies, including gas-turbine installations, supercharging, fuel injection, rotor-piston engines, multi-fuel engines, and electric motors.

The second part focuses on the theory and performance of motor vehicles. It covers the forces acting on vehicles, traction and braking dynamics, fuel economy, stability, steerability, cross-country ability, smoothness of run, and transmission systems. Particular attention is given to the relationships between vehicle design, operating conditions, road characteristics, and performance, making the book useful for understanding both the engineering principles underlying motor vehicles and their practical behaviour under different operating conditions.

Translated from the Russian by A. Troitsky

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CONTENTS

Introduction

PART ONE. THEORY OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINES

Chapter I. Theoretical Cycles of Internal-Combustion Engines
1.1. Constant-Volume Cycle
1.2. Compound Cycle

Chapter II. Combustion of Fuel
2.1. Reaction of Burning
2.2. Combustible Mixture and Products of Combustion
2.3. Heat of Combustion (Heating Value) of Fuel and Mixture
2.4. Heat Capacity of Charge and Combustion Products

Chapter III. Actual Cycles of Internal-Combustion Engines
3.1. Process of Admission
3.2. Process of Compression
3.3. Process of Combustion
3.4. Process of Expansion
3.5. Process of Exhaust

Chapter IV. Basic Parameters and Engine Efficiency
4.1. Mean Indicated Pressure, Indicated Power and Fuel Economy
4.2. Effective (Brake) Power and Engine Fuel Economy
4.3. Heat Balance of an Engine
4.4. Increasing the Power and Improving the Fuel Economy of the Engine

Chapter V. Characteristics of Engines
5.1. Speed Characteristics
5.2. Load Characteristics
5.3. Adjustment Characteristics
5.4. Detonation Characteristics

Chapter VI. Future Developments of Motor Vehicle Engines
6.1. Automobile Gas-Turbine Installations
6.2. Supercharging of Engines
6.3. Injection of Light Fuel
6.4. Fuel Spray Ignition
6.5. Rotor-Piston Engines
6.6. Multi-Fuel Engines
6.7. Electric Motors

PART TWO. THEORY OF MOTOR VEHICLES

Chapter VII. Forces Acting on a Motor Vehicle
7.1. Tractive Force on the Driving Wheels
7.2. Traction Characteristic of a Motor Vehicle
7.3. Road Resistance
7.4. Air Resistance
7.5. Equation of Motion of a Motor Vehicle
7.6. Tractive Force According to Conditions of Tyre-Road Grip
7.7. Normal Reactions of the Road

Chapter VIII. Traction Dynamics of a Motor Vehicle
8.1. Force Balance
8.2. Power Balance

Chapter IX. Dynamic Certificate of a Motor Vehicle
9.1. Dynamic Factor
9.2. Dynamic Certificate
9.3. Acceleration
9.4. Gradient Climbing
9.5. Coasting
9.6. Overtaking

Chapter X. Fuel Economy of a Motor Vehicle
10.1. Fuel Economy Characteristics
10.2. Fuel Consumption Equation
10.3. Effect of Operating Factors on Fuel Economy
10.4. Fuel Consumption Rate

Chapter XI. Braking Dynamics of a Motor Vehicle
11.1. General on Braking Dynamics
11.2. Experimental Estimation of the Braking Properties of a Motor Vehicle
11.3. Braking Force on Wheels
11.4. Equation of Motion of a Motor Vehicle during Braking
11.5. Characteristics of a Motor Vehicle Braking Dynamics
11.6. Braking Force Distribution Between the Wheels
11.7. Braking Methods
11.8. New Features in the Design of Brake Systems
11.9. Technical Examination of Traffic Accidents

Chapter XII. Trailer Trains
12.1. Dynamic Characteristics of a Trailer Train
12.2. Fuel Economy of a Trailer Train

Chapter XIII. Stability of a Motor Vehicle
13.1. Lateral Stability Characteristics
13.2. Body Lateral Rolling
13.3. Effect of Operating Factors on Lateral Stability
13.4. Longitudinal Stability

Chapter XIV. Steerability of a Motor Vehicle
14.1. Steerability Characteristics
14.2. Rolling of the Steerable Wheels Without Slipping
14.3. Wheel Lateral Slip and Ability of a Motor Vehicle to Turn
14.4. Relation Between Angles of Turn of Steerable Wheels
14.5. Oscillations of the Steerable Wheels
14.6. Stabilization of the Steerable Wheels

Chapter XV. Cross-Country Ability of a Motor Vehicle
15.1. General on Cross-Country Ability
15.2. Trafficability Test
15.3. Geometrical Characteristics of Trafficability
15.4. Supporting and Tractive Characteristics of Trafficability
15.5. Effect of a Motor Vehicle Design on Its Cross-Country Ability
15.6. Self-Recovery Devices
15.7. Special Types of Cross-Country Vehicles

Chapter XVI. Smoothness of Run of a Motor Vehicle
16.1. General
16.2. Testing for Smooth Running
16.3. Characteristics of the Smoothness of Run
16.4. Oscillations of a Motor Vehicle
16.5. Effect of Design Factors on Smooth Running

Chapter XVII. Types of Transmission

Chapter XVIII. Future Developments of Motor Vehicle Designs

Index

सरल भौतिकी – इलेक्ट्रॉन – अ० किताईगारोदस्की Electrons ( Physics For Everyone Volume 3 In Hindi by A. Kitaigorodsky)

सन् १६७६ में “मीर” प्रकाशन-गृह ने हिन्दी भाषा में ल० लन्दाऊ और अ० किताईगारोदस्की द्वारा लिखित पुस्तक “सरल भौतिकी” को प्रकाशित किया था। इस पुस्तक में ‘गति’ तथा ‘ऊष्मा’ अध्याय संकलित थे।

इस पुस्तक में उन परिघटनाओं का उल्लेख किया गया है जिनमें मुख्य स्थान पदार्थ संरचना का अगला चरण यानी परमाणुओं तथा अणुओं की वैद्युत संरचना का है। वैद्युत कणों की गति और पारस्परिक क्रियाओं के नियम तथा, सर्वप्रथम, इलेक्ट्रॉनों विद्युत के क्वान्टमों – – के नियम वैद्युत तकनीकी तथा रेडियो तकनीकी का आधार बनाते हैं, जिनके बिना आधुनिक संस्कृति की कल्पना असम्भव है।

इस पुस्तक के मुख्य विषय हैं: विद्युत धारा, चुम्बकीयता और वैद्युत चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र ।

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विषय-सूची भूमिका अध्याय १. विद्युत.. ११ विद्युत धारा ११ स्थिर विद्युत १८ विद्युत-क्षेत्र २० आधार किसे माना जाये ? २७ विद्युत के सिद्धांत का विकास किस प्रकार हुआ?…. ३१ अध्याय २. पदार्थ की वंद्युत संरचना.. ३४ विद्युत का लघुत्तम भाग ३४ आयनी धारा. ३६ इलेक्ट्रॉन किरण-पुंज ३८ मिलीकेन का प्रयोग ४० परमाणु-मॉडल ४५ ऊर्जा का क्वान्टमीकरण ४७ मेन्देलियेव का आवर्त्त-नियम ५० अणुओं की वैद्युत संरचना ५२ परावैद्युत ५६ गैसों की चालकता 33 स्वाधीन विसर्जन ७१ पदार्थ की प्लैज्मा अवस्था ७६ धातु ८० धातु में से इलेक्ट्रॉनों का निष्कासन ८५ अध्याय ३. विद्युत-चुम्बकीयता ٤٤ चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र का परिमाप. एकसमान चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के प्रभाव १०६ असमान चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के प्रभाव १११ ऐम्पेयरी धारा ११३ परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉनी अन ११८ कणों के चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण १२० वैद्युत चुम्बकीय प्रेरण १२७ प्रेरण धारा की दिशा १३० विद्युत चुम्बकीय प्रेरण के नियम की खोज का इतिहास १३२ भंवर प्रेरित धाराएं. १३५ प्रेरित कर्षण (Induced drag) १३७ लोह की चुम्बकीय प्रवृति १३८ डोमेन (Domain) १४२ प्रतिचुम्बकीय तथा अनुचुम्बकीय पदार्थ १४४ पृथ्वी का चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र . १४७ तारों के चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र १५१ अध्याय ४. विद्युत-प्रौद्योगिकी का संक्षिप्त विवरण ज्यावक्रीय वैद्युत-गतिक बल (Sinusoidal emf) १५३ ट्रान्सफ़ार्मर (Transformer) १६२ विद्युत धारा बनाने वाली मशीनें १६४ वैद्युत इंजन १७० अध्याय ५. वैद्युत चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र १७७ नियम १७७ वैद्युत चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के दो पहलू १६० प्रकाश-विद्युत प्रभाव १६४ हट्स के प्रयोग १६७ वैद्युत चुम्बकीय विकिरण का वर्गीकरण २०५ अध्याय ६. रेडियो २०६ इतिहास के पृष्ठ २०६ लैम्प ट्रायोड तथा ट्रान्जिस्टर २१७ रेडियो-प्रसारण २२१ रेडियो-अभिग्रहण २२५ रेडियो तरंगों का विस्तारण . २२७ रेडियो स्थान निर्धारण (Radio location) २३० दूरदर्शन २३३ माइक्रोइलेक्ट्रॉनी आरेख २३७

Colloid Chemistry by S. Voyutsky

This book is a translation of the second edition of the Russian textbook on colloid chemistry for institutes of chemical engineering (the first Russian edition was published in 1964). It explains the general concepts and laws of colloid chemistry and describes the properties of colloidal systems, the methods of investigating them, and the use of colloid chemistry for solving practical problems. The textbook has a chapter on high-molecular-weight substances and their solutions. The introduction, the chapters on adsorption, and the chapter on the stability and coagulation of colloidal systems have been extensively revised. The book may serve as a textbook for students and postgraduate students of chemical faculties of universities; it will also be of interest to researchers who wish to become acquainted with the modern state of colloid chemistry.

Prof. Sergei Voyutsky, D.Sc. (Chem.), heads the Colloid Chemistry Department of the Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology. He specialises in adhesion and in the physico-chemical properties of lattices. He has published over 350 articles in Soviet and foreign journals. Prof. Voyutsky is the author of textbooks on colloid chemistry and polymer solutions, and also of monographs, some of which were translated and published in the United States, Japan, Poland, and other countries. He is a member of the editorial board of the journals Kauchuk i Rezin (Caoutchouc and Rubber) and Kolloidnyi Zhurnal (Colloid Journal).

Translated from the Russian by Nicholas Bobrov.

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CONTENTS

Preface

Author’s Preface

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION. COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS AND THE SUBJECT MATTER OF COLLOID CHEMISTRY

1. Concept of Colloidal Systems and the Definition of Colloid Chemistry as a Science
2. Measure of Dispersion
3. Heterogeneity of Colloidal Systems as Their Basic Distinction from Molecular Solutions
4. Disjoining Pressure
5. Effect of the Degree of Dispersion on the Properties of Disperse Systems
6. Classification of Colloidal and Microheterogeneous Systems
7. Importance of Colloidal Systems and Colloidal Processes in Nature and Engineering

Chapter 2. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

1. Light Scattering
2. Light Absorption
3. Colour of Colloidal Systems
4. Optical Methods of Investigating Colloidal Systems

Chapter 3. MOLECULAR-KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

1. Thermal Motion of Molecules and Brownian Motion
2. Diffusion in True Solutions and in Colloidal Systems
3. Osmotic Pressure
4. Sedimentation Stability
5. Sedimentation and Methods of Sedimentation Analysis

Chapter 4. SCIENCE OF ADSORPTION. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLID-GAS INTERFACE

1. Concept of Adsorption
2. Nature of Adsorption Forces
3. Langmuir’s Monomolecular Adsorption Theory
4. Polanyi’s Polymolecular Adsorption Theory and the BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) Theory
5. Capillary Condensation
6. Chemical Adsorption
7. Heat of Adsorption
8. Adsorption Rate
9. Effect of the Properties of the Adsorbent and the Adsorptive on Adsorption. Dynamic Adsorption. Adsorption from Mixtures of Gases

Chapter 5. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLUTION-GAS INTERFACE

1. Surface Tension
2. Concept of Surfactants
3. Gibbs’ Equation
4. Shishkovsky’s Equation. Transition from Gibbs’ Equation to Langmuir’s Equation
5. Effect of the Structure and Dimensions of a Surfactant Molecule on Adsorption at the Solution-Gas Interface. Traube’s Rule
6. Structure of the Adsorption Layer at the Solution-Gas Interface
7. Langmuir’s Balance. Determination of the Dimensions of Surfactant Molecules

Chapter 6. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLID-SOLUTION INTERFACE

1. Molecular Adsorption from Solutions
2. Ionic Adsorption
3. Exchange Adsorption
4. Wetting Phenomena
5. Adhesion

Chapter 7. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

1. Concept of Electrokinetic Phenomena
2. Structure of the Electric Double Layer
3. Effect of Different Factors on the Electrokinetic Potential
4. Electrophoresis and Electroosmosis
5. Determination of the Electrokinetic Potential
6. Practical Importance of Electrokinetic Phenomena
7. Other Electrical Properties of Colloidal Systems

Chapter 8. OBTAINING AND PURIFYING COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS. STRUCTURE OF COLLOIDAL MICELLES

1. Methods of Obtaining Colloidal Systems
2. Structure of Colloidal Micelles
3. Examples of Obtaining Colloidal Systems
4. Purifying Colloidal Systems

Chapter 9. STABILITY AND COAGULATION OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

1. Kinetics of Coagulation
2. Stability of Thin Liquid Layers and the Energy of Interaction Between the Surfaces of Two Bodies
3. Change in the Energy of Interaction Between Micelles as They Approach One Another
4. Solvation of Particles. Structural-Mechanical and Entropy Factors of Stability
5. Rules of Coagulation by Electrolytes
6. Theories of Coagulation by Electrolytes
7. Effect of the Dimensions and Concentration of Particles on Their Interaction in Dispersed Systems
8. Importance of Adsorption Phenomena to Coagulation
9. Particular Phenomena Observed in Coagulation by Electrolytes
10. Coagulation of Sols Having a Non-Aqueous Medium by Electrolytes
11. Heterocoagulation and Heteroadagulation of Colloidal Systems
12. Coagulation Under the Action of Physical Factors

Chapter 10. STRUCTURAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISPERSED SYSTEMS

1. Origination and Characteristics of Structures in Colloidal Systems
2. Viscosity of True and Colloidal Solutions
3. Structural Viscosity
4. Mechanical Properties of Colloidal Systems Exhibiting True Elasticity
5. Dependence of the Viscosity of Colloidal Systems on the Concentration of the Dispersed Phase

Chapter 11. SYSTEMS HAVING A GASEOUS DISPERSION MEDIUM

1. General Characteristics of Aerosols
2. Powders and Their Properties
3. Methods of Obtaining Aerosols
4. Methods of Destroying Aerosols
5. Practical Importance of Aerosols

Chapter 12. SYSTEMS HAVING LIQUID AND SOLID DISPERSED PHASES

1. Suspensions
2. Emulsions
3. Lattices
4. Foams
5. Systems Having a Solid Dispersion Medium

Chapter 13. COLLOIDAL SURFACTANTS

1. Principal Concepts and Classification of Colloidal Surfactants
2. State of Surfactants in a Solution
3. Stabilizing Action of Surfactants
4. Solubilization in Surfactant Solutions
5. Practical Importance of Colloidal Surfactant Solutions
6. Tannins and Dyes

Chapter 14. NATURE AND SOME PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES

1. General Information on Macromolecular Substances
2. Polydispersity and Molecular Weight of Macromolecular Substances
3. Structure of Macromolecules and Structure of Macromolecular Substances
4. Theories of Solutions of Macromolecular Substances
5. Thermodynamics of Dissolution of Macromolecular Substances
6. Swelling of Macromolecular Substances
7. Some Properties of Solutions of Macromolecular Substances
8. Polyelectrolytes
9. Gels

Recommended Literature
Index

Heat And Mass Transfer by A. Luikov

The present book was written by the outstanding Soviet scientist, academician of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences, Professor Aleksei V. Luikov, not long before his death in 1974. This is the amended and supplemented second edition of the popular reference book published in 1972.

Heat- and mass-transfer theory deals with the transfer of energy (heat), momentum, and mass, and embraces some sections of molecular physics, aerohydrodynamics, reversible and irreversible thermodynamics, physicochemistry of surface effects, and chemical engineering. Convective diffusion transfer processes are considered in terms of irreversible and nonlinear thermodynamics of continua. In this second edition, considerable attention and space have been devoted to asymmetric hydrodynamics due to the increasing importance of rheological materials, for which classical transfer equations are not applicable. Transfer equations based on nonlinear relations with memory govern transfer phenomena in such materials more accurately.

The chapters “Heat Conduction” and “Convective Heat Transfer” have been amended and supplemented. In the solution of convective heat transfer problems, the author substituted fourth-kind boundary conditions for boundary conditions of the third kind. In all cases, heat transfer in fluids is analysed jointly with heat transfer in a solid wall.

The chapter “Transport Phenomena in Capillary-Porous Bodies” is supplemented with a theoretical analysis of mass transfer in such materials in the presence of phase conversions (liquid evaporation), which is of great practical importance for the development of calculation procedures for transpiration cooling and duration of drying processes.

The sixth chapter entitled “Analytical Heat and Mass Diffusion Theory” comprises an analysis of the differential heat and moisture transfer equations in capillary-porous colloid materials during limit transitions, which is applicable to drying processes and experimental methods of determining thermophysical properties.

Translated from the Russian by T. Kortneva.

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Editor’s Preface to the Russian Edition

Author’s Preface to the First Edition

Chapter 1. Convective Diffusional Transfer
1-1. Basic Analytical Relations
1-2. Differential Transfer Equations
1-3. Thermodynamics of Transfer Processes
1-4. Multicomponent Mixtures
1-5. Derivation of Transfer Equations on the Basis of the Kinetic Theory of Gases
1-6. Transfer Equations for Asymmetric Fluids
1-7. Hydrodynamics of a Vortex Structure Fluid
1-8. Inhomogeneous Turbulence Heat Transfer
1-9. Elements of Nonlinear Thermomechanics in Continua
1-10. Distinguishing Features of Rheological Hydrodynamics
1-11. On Hyperbolic Heat- and Mass-Transfer Equations

Chapter 2. Heat Conduction
2-1. Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
2-2. Initial and Boundary Conditions
2-3. Heat Consumption Calculation Methods
2-4. Methods of Solving Heat-Conduction Problems
2-5. Steady-State Temperature Field
2-6. Solution of Steady-State Problems by the Conformal Mapping Technique
2-7. One-Dimensional Unsteady-State Field (Plate, Cylinder)
2-8. Temperature Waves
2-9. Boundary Conditions of the Fourth Kind
2-10. Two- and Three-Dimensional Problems

Chapter 3. Convective Heat Transfer
3-1. Heat and Mass Transfer in a Flow past a Flat Plate
3-2. Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer in a Laminar Flow past a Flat Plate
3-3. Heat and Mass Transfer in Pipe Flows and in Flows past Complex Geometries
3-4. Simultaneous Turbulent Heat and Mass Transfer
3-5. Free Convection
3-6. Thermoconvective Waves

Chapter 4. Conjugate Heat-Transfer Problems
4-1. Physical Basis of Conjugate Heat-Transfer Problems
4-2. Conjugation Number
4-3. Approximate Solution of Problems for a Plate in a Laminar Flow
4-4. Exact Solutions of Heat-Transfer Problems for a Plate (with a Heat Source) in Compressible Gas Flow
4-5. Asymmetric Problems without a Heat Source
4-6. Internal Conjugate Problems
4-7. Unsteady-State Heat Transfer with Laminar Flow of Incompressible Fluid in Plane and Circular Tubes
4-8. Conjugate Heat-Transfer Problem with Turbulent Fluid Flow

Chapter 5. Transport Phenomena in Capillary-Porous Bodies
5-1. Structural Properties
5-2. Thermodynamics of Surface Effects
5-3. Averaging Rules
5-4. Thermodynamic Properties of Moisture Transfer
5-5. Molecular-Kinetic Method
5-6. Heat Conduction in Capillary-Porous and Disperse Materials
5-7. Moisture Transfer in Porous Materials
5-8. Application of Capillary-Porous Materials in Space Engineering
5-9. Transfer Effects under Conditions of Weightlessness
5-10. Heat Pipes

Chapter 6. Analytical Heat and Mass Diffusion Theory
6-1. Differential Heat- and Mass-Transfer Equations
6-2. Differential Moisture-Transfer Equations in Drying Processes
6-3. Generalized System of Differential Heat- and Mass-Transfer Equations
6-4. Mass Transfer Similarity Numbers
6-5. Solution of Heat- and Mass-Transfer Equations at Generalized Boundary Conditions
6-6. Boundary Conditions of the Third Kind
6-7. Differential Equations of Filtration Through Porous Materials
6-8. Diffusion Through Porous Materials
6-9. Hyperbolic Differential Heat- and Mass-Transfer Equations and Their Solutions

References

Index

A Practical Course In Chemical Technology by I. P. Muklyonov (Ed.)

The course in chemical technology taught at chemical colleges and departments consists of three parts: lectures, practical studies, and laboratory work. A combination of these three teaching methods provides students with a sound foundation for studying any discipline of chemical technology.

This course is primarily aimed at presenting the basic laws of chemical technology, applicable to most chemical processes, as well as processes in the metallurgical, silicate, pulp and paper, and fuel processing industries. Studying the basic types of chemical processes—homogeneous and heterogeneous, non-catalytic and catalytic, electrochemical—and the associated reactors is combined with an analysis of concrete processes of greatest importance to the national economy. Particular attention is given to typical processes embodying the major aspects of chemical technology. The lectures and laboratory work also cover the structural materials used in the manufacture of chemical reactors.

In the 3rd Russian edition, emphasis is placed on the analysis of automated and computerized reactors, as well as new methods and instruments employed in the investigation of material properties. Thus, students performing laboratory work better assimilate the facts presented in lectures, acquire skills for controlling industrial processes with the aid of advanced instrumentation and computers, learn analytical procedures, and improve their techniques for processing experimental results.

In a laboratory, students carry out the first (according to the syllabus) experiment. Each work covers practically all stages of experimental procedures. First of all, students learn about the subject from the textbook in chemical technology, the present practical course, and the literature recommended at the end of each work. Then, they go through the safety rules to be observed in a chemical laboratory (see Appendix, p. 425) and the instructions for the work being carried out. After a briefing by the instructor (colloquium), students are assigned to conduct the experiment. Students then become familiar with the experimental setup, check whether it is assembled correctly, activate individual units, and calibrate some instruments.

The next stage is an experimental study of the effect of some process parameters on the course of the process. Some assignments involve the analysis of the effect of temperature, concentrations, time, and other factors within a broad range, enabling students to plot the process characteristics as a function of a particular variable. Students make the necessary calculations using the experimental results and write a report, including the statement of the problem and purpose of the work, process flow sheet calculations and plots based on the experimental results, and conclusions. An assignment must be stated in such a manner as to enable students to complete the experiment within six hours. Every student must carry out laboratory works from all six chapters, while particular assignments are given depending on his or her specialization.

Translated from the Russian by V. Vopyan

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Preface

Chapter 1. Noncatalytic Processes
Laboratory Work 1. Production of Phosphoric Fertilizers by Acid Decomposition of Natural Phosphates
Laboratory Work 2. Carbonization of Ammoniacal Brine
Laboratory Work 3. Froth-Bed Gas Absorption
Laboratory Work 4. Polycondensation of Dichloroethane and Sodium Polysulphide (Production of Polysulphide Rubbers or Thiokols)
Laboratory Work 5. The Kinetics of Sulphide Ore Roasting
Laboratory Work 6. The Kinetics of Dicalcium Silicate Formation
Laboratory Work 7. Coal Carbonization
Laboratory Work 8. Low-Temperature Carbonization
Laboratory Work 9. Pyrolysis of Petroleum Products
Laboratory Work 10. Studying the Oxidation Rate of Metals at Elevated Temperatures
Laboratory Work 11. Manufacture and Testing of Plastics

Chapter 2. Catalytic Processes
Laboratory Work 12. Catalytic Cracking of Petroleum Products
Laboratory Work 13. Contact Oxidation of Sulphur Dioxide
Laboratory Work 14. Oxidation of Ammonia
Laboratory Work 15. Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene
Laboratory Work 16. Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Alkylbenzenes
Laboratory Work 17. Dehydration and Dehydrogenation of Ethanol in the Production of Butadiene
Laboratory Work 18. Copolycondensation of Phenol and Formaldehyde
Laboratory Work 19. Catalytic Processes of Formaldehyde Production
A. Conversion of Methanol
B. Incomplete Oxidation of Methane
C. Conversion of Dimethyl Ether in a Fluidized Catalyst Bed
Laboratory Work 20. Esterification of Alcohols with Carboxylic Acids

Chapter 3. Automated and Computerized Apparatus
Laboratory Work 21. Automated Absorption Plants
Laboratory Work 22. Performance Analysis of Liquid-Phase Reactors
Laboratory Work 23. Optimization of a Contact Plant of Sulphuric Acid, Operating on a Double Contact-Double Absorption Principle
Laboratory Work 24. Analysis of Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes on an Automated Continuous-Circulation Plant
Laboratory Work 25. Analysis of Reactor Models
A. Continuous Tubular Reactor
B. Batch Perfectly Mixed Reactor
C. Continuous Perfectly Mixed Reactor and a Cascade of Reactors

Chapter 4. Electrochemical Processes
Laboratory Work 26. Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride Solution
Laboratory Work 27. Electrolysis of Lead Chloride Melt
Laboratory Work 28. Chromium Plating of Metals

Chapter 5. Preparation of Raw Materials and Material Analysis Techniques
Laboratory Work 29. Flotation
Laboratory Work 30. Water Treatment
Laboratory Work 31. Determination of Dispersity, Density of Solid Loose Materials, Density and Viscosity of Liquids
Laboratory Work 32. Analysis of the Porous Structure of Solids
A. Analysis of Porous Structure Using an Adsorption Vacuum System with a Quartz Spring Balance
B. Analysis of Secondary Structure of Porous Solids by Mercury Porometry
C. Determination of Specific Surface by the Low-Temperature Nitrogen Sorption Method
D. Determination of Specific Surface in a Chromatographic Vacuum
Laboratory Work 33. Analysis of Sorbent and Catalyst Structure by Electron Microscopy
Laboratory Work 34. Thermal Analysis
Laboratory Work 35. Analysis of Solid Materials by Infrared Spectroscopy
A. Location of the Maxima of the Main Absorption Bands in the Spectra of Known Compounds
B. Qualitative Analysis of a Mixture of Inorganic Salts by Infrared Spectra
C. Determination of the Structure of Inorganic Compounds from Infrared Spectra
Laboratory Work 36. Gas Analysis
Laboratory Work 37. Chromatographic Analysis of Multicomponent Gas and Liquid Mixtures
A. Effect of the Sample Injection Technique on the Accuracy of Analysis Results
B. Separation of Methane-Air Mixture
C. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of a Mixture of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
D. Analysis of a Mixture of Alkyl and Alkylene Benzenes
E. Separation and Quantitative Analysis of Mixtures Containing O₂, N₂, CO, CH₄, and CO₂

Appendix

Foundations Of The Non Linear Theory Of Elasticity by V. V. Novozhilov

This book is based on a course of lectures given by the author in 1947 in the Mathematical-Mechanical Department of Leningrad National University. It is devoted to the exposition of the theory of elasticity without any assumptions restricting the magnitude of elongations, displacements, or angles of rotation. It also examines, in a general formulation, the connection between stresses and strains in an isotropic elastic body.

Translated from the First (1948) Russian Edition by F. Bagemihl, H. Komm, W. Seidel

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Contents

Preface

Chapter I. The Geometry of Strain
§ 1. Coordinates
§ 2. The Angles Determining the Directions of the Coordinate Lines
§ 3. Strain Components
§ 4. Transformation of Strain Components Under Change of Axes
§ 5. Principal Axes of Strain
§ 6. Transformation of the Parameters e_r and u Under Change of Coordinate Axes
§ 7. Geometrical Meaning of the Parameters
§ 8. Fibers Preserving Direction Under Deformation
§ 9. Invariants of Strain and Rotation
§ 10. The General Picture of the Deformation in the Neighborhood of an Arbitrary Point of the Body
§ 11. Change in Volume
§ 12. On the Magnitude of Elongations and Shears
§ 13. The Theory of Small Deformations
§ 14. The Case of Small Deformations and Small Angles of Rotation
§ 15. The Transition to the Equations of the Classical Theory
§ 16. On the Transition to Curvilinear Coordinates

Chapter II. The Equilibrium of an Element of Volume of a Body
§ 17. Stresses
§ 18. Formulas for Transformation of Stress Components Under Change of Coordinate System
§ 19. Conditions for Equilibrium of an Elementary Parallelepiped Isolated From a Deformed Body
§ 20. Transformation of the Equations of Equilibrium of an Element of Volume to the Cartesian Coordinates of the Points of the Body Before Its Deformation
§ 21. Simplification of the Equations of Equilibrium in the Case of Small Elongations and Shears
§ 22. Simplification of the Equations of Equilibrium for Small Rotations
§ 23. Transition to the Classical Equations of Equilibrium
§ 24. Transition to Curvilinear Coordinates

Chapter III. Strain Energy, Boundary Conditions, Stress-Strain Law
§ 25. Strain Energy
§ 26. The Principle of Virtual Displacements
§ 27. Derivation of the Differential Equations of Equilibrium of a Deformed Isotropic Body from the Principle of Virtual Displacements
§ 28. The Relation Between Stress and Strain Components
§ 29. Boundary Conditions
§ 30. The Simplification of the Derived Equations in the Case of a Small Deformation
§ 31. Hooke’s Law
§ 32. On the Applicability of Equations (III.38) to Elastic-Plastic Deformations
§ 33. On the Simplest Variants of Nonlinear Stress-Strain Relations
§ 34. Conclusion

Chapter IV. Formulation of Elastic Problems in Terms of Stresses
§ 35. Two Further Forms for the Equations of Equilibrium of a Volume Element
§ 36. Simplification of Equations (IV.7) and (IV.8) for Small Deformations
§ 37. Still Another Form of the Boundary Conditions
§ 38. Simplification of Equations (IV.7) and (IV.8) for Small Angles of Rotation
§ 39. The Generalization of Saint-Venant’s Relations to the Case of Large Rotations and Strains
§ 40. Simplification of the Equations (IV.26) for Small Deformations
§ 41. On the Formulation of the Problems of the Theory of Elasticity in Terms of Stresses and Strains

Chapter V. The Problem of Elastic Stability
§ 42. Nonuniqueness of Solutions in the Theory of Elasticity
§ 43. The Differential Equations Which Determine the Critical Loads
§ 44. Boundary Conditions of the Problem of Elastic Stability
§ 45. Energy Criterion for the Determination of Critical Loads

Chapter VI. On the Deformation of Flexible Bodies
§ 46. Deformation of Plates
§ 47. Two-Dimensional Deformation of an Infinitely Long Strip
§ 48. Deformation of Shells
§ 49. On the Nature of Kirchhoff’s Assumptions
§ 50. Deformation of Rods (First Approximation)
§ 51. Deformation of Rods (Second Approximation)
§ 52. Pure Torsion
§ 53. The Final Expressions for the Strain Components of a Thin Rod
§ 54. Conclusion

Bibliography

Introductory Mathematics For Engineers – Lectures In Higher Mathematics by A D. Myškis

Prof. Myškis’ Lectures on Higher Mathematics is a textbook designed to cover key mathematical concepts for engineering students and technical colleges. It emphasises fundamental ideas and their practical applications in specialised fields, presented in an intuitive and accessible manner without unnecessary pedantry. The book focuses on building understanding through intuitive explanations of mathematical concepts and making their applications straightforward. It is intended for engineering students but is also suitable for home study and self-improvement.

The author, Prof. Anatoly Myškis, D.Sc., is well known not only for his original research but also for his equally original approach to the teaching of higher mathematics. He is one of the founders of the theory of differential equations with retarded argument.

His publications include Linear Differential Equations with Retarded Argument, Elements of Applied Mathematics (co-author), and Special Courses in Mathematics for Technical Colleges.

Translated from the Russian by V. M. Volosov, D. Sc.

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Contents

Chapter I. Variables and Functions
§ 1. Quantities

1. Concept of a Quantity
2. Dimensions of Quantities
3. Constants and Variables
4. Number Scale. Slide Rule
5. Characteristics of Variables

§ 2. Approximate Values of Quantities
6. The Notion of an Approximate Value
7. Errors
8. Writing Approximate Numbers
9. Addition and Subtraction of Approximate Numbers
10. Multiplication and Division of Approximate Numbers. General Remarks

§ 3. Functions and Graphs
11. Functional Relation
12. Notation
13. Methods of Representing Functions
14. Graphs of Functions
15. The Domain of Definition of a Function
16. Characteristics of Behaviour of Functions
17. Algebraic Classification of Functions
18. Elementary Functions
19. Transforming Graphs
20. Implicit Functions
21. Inverse Functions

§ 4. Review of Basic Functions
22. Linear Function
23. Quadratic Function
24. Power Function
25. Linear-Fractional Function
26. Logarithmic Function
27. Exponential Function
28. Hyperbolic Functions
29. Trigonometric Functions
30. Empirical Formulas

Chapter II. Plane Analytic Geometry
§ 1. Plane Coordinates

1. Cartesian Coordinates
2. Some Simple Problems Concerning Cartesian Coordinates
3. Polar Coordinates

§ 2. Curves in Plane
4. Equation of a Curve in Cartesian Coordinates
5. Equation of a Curve in Polar Coordinates
6. Parametric Representation of Curves and Functions
7. Algebraic Curves
8. Singular Cases

§ 3. First-Order and Second-Order Algebraic Curves
9. Curves of the First Order
10. Ellipse
11. Hyperbola
12. Relationship Between Ellipse, Hyperbola and Parabola
13. General Equation of a Curve of the Second Order

Chapter III. Limit. Continuity
§ 1. Infinitesimal and Infinitely Large Variables

1. Infinitesimal Variables
2. Properties of Infinitesimals
3. Infinitely Large Variables

§ 2. Limits
4. Definition
5. Properties of Limits
6. Sum of a Numerical Series

§ 3. Comparison of Variables
7. Comparison of Infinitesimals
8. Properties of Equivalent Infinitesimals
9. Important Examples
10. Orders of Smallness
11. Comparison of Infinitely Large Variables

§ 4. Continuous and Discontinuous Functions
12. Definition of a Continuous Function
13. Points of Discontinuity
14. Properties of Continuous Functions
15. Some Applications

Chapter IV. Derivatives, Differentials, Investigation of the Behaviour of Functions
§ 1. Derivative

1. Some Problems Leading to the Concept of a Derivative
2. Definition of Derivative
3. Geometrical Meaning of Derivative
4. Basic Properties of Derivatives
5. Derivatives of Basic Elementary Functions
6. Determining Tangent in Polar Coordinates

§ 2. Differential
7. Physical Examples
8. Definition of Differential and Its Connection with Increment
9. Properties of Differential
10. Application of Differentials to Approximate Calculations

§ 3. Derivatives and Differentials of Higher Orders
11. Derivatives of Higher Orders
12. Higher-Order Differentials

§ 4. V. H.ospital’s Rule
13. Indeterminate Forms of the Type 0/0
14. Indeterminate Forms of the Type ∞/∞

§ 5. Taylor’s Formula and Series
15. Taylor’s Formula
16. Taylor’s Series

§ 6. Intervals of Monotonicity. Extremum
17. Sign of Derivative
18. Points of Extremum
19. The Greatest and the Least Values of a Function

§ 7. Constructing Graphs of Functions
20. Intervals of Convexity of a Graph and Points of Inflection
21. Asymptotes of a Graph
22. General Scheme for Investigating a Function and Constructing Its Graph

Chapter V. Approximating Roots of Equations. Interpolation
§ 1. Approximating Roots of Equations

1. Introduction
2. Cut-and-Try Method. Method of Chords. Method of Tangents
3. Iterative Method
4. Formula of Finite Increments
   5*. Small Parameter Method

§ 2. Interpolation
6. Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula
7. Finite Differences and Their Connection with Derivatives
8. Newton’s Interpolation Formulas
9. Numerical Differentiation

Chapter VI. Determinants and Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations
§ 1. Determinants

1. Definition
2. Properties
3. Expanding a Determinant in Minors of Its Row or Column

§ 2. Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations
4. Basic Case
5. Numerical Solution
6. Singular Case

Chapter VII. Vectors
§ 1. Linear Operations on Vectors

1. Scalar and Vector Quantities
2. Addition of Vectors
3. Zero Vector and Subtraction of Vectors
4. Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar
5. Linear Combination of Vectors

§ 2. Scalar Product of Vectors
6. Projection of Vector on Axis
7. Scalar Product
8. Properties of Scalar Product

§ 3. Cartesian Coordinates in Space
9. Cartesian Coordinates in Space
10. Some Simple Problems Concerning Cartesian Coordinates

§ 4. Vector Product of Vectors
11. Orientation of Surface and Vector of Area
12. Vector Product
13. Properties of Vector Product
14*. Pseudovectors

§ 5. Products of Three Vectors
15. Triple Scalar Product
16. Triple Vector Product

§ 6. Linear Spaces
17. Concept of Linear Space
18. Examples
19. Dimension of Linear Space
20. Concept of Euclidean Space
21. Orthogonality

§ 7. Vector Functions of Scalar Argument. Curvature
22. Vector Variables
23. Vector Functions of Scalar Argument
24. Some Notions Related to the Second Derivative
25. Osculating Circle
26. Evolute and Evolvent

Chapter VIII. Complex Numbers and Functions
§ 1. Complex Numbers

1. Complex Plane
2. Algebraic Operations on Complex Numbers
3. Conjugate Complex Numbers
4. Euler’s Formula
5. Logarithms of Complex Numbers

§ 2. Complex Functions of a Real Argument
6. Definition and Properties
7*. Applications to Describing Oscillations

§ 3. The Concept of a Function of a Complex Variable
8. Factorization of a Polynomial
9*. Numerical Methods of Solving Algebraic Equations
10. Decomposition of a Rational Fraction into Partial Rational Fractions
11*. Some General Remarks on Functions of a Complex Variable

Chapter IX. Functions of Several Variables
§ 1. Functions of Two Variables

1. Methods of Representing
2. Domain of Definition
3. Linear Function
4. Continuity and Discontinuity
5. Implicit Functions

§ 2. Functions of Arbitrary Number of Variables
6. Methods of Representing
7. Functions of Three Arguments
8. General Case
9. Concept of Field

§ 3. Partial Derivatives and Differentials of the First Order
10. Basic Definitions
11. Total Differential
12. Derivative of Composite Function
13. Derivative of Implicit Function

§ 4. Partial Derivatives and Differentials of Higher Orders
14. Definitions
15. Equality of Mixed Derivatives
16. Total Differentials of Higher Order

Chapter X. Solid Analytic Geometry
§ 1. Space Coordinates

1. Coordinate Systems in Space
   2*. Degrees of Freedom

§ 2. Surfaces and Curves in Space
3. Surfaces in Space
4. Cylinders, Cones and Surfaces of Evolution
5. Curves in Space
6. Parametric Representation of Surfaces in Space. Parametric Representation of Functions of Several Variables

§ 3. Algebraic Surfaces of the First and the Second Orders
7. Algebraic Surfaces of the First Order
8. Ellipsoid
9. Hyperboloids
10. Paraboloids
11. General Review of Algebraic Surfaces of the Second Order

Chapter XI. Matrices and Their Applications
§ 1. Matrices

1. Definitions
2. Operations on Matrices
3. Inverse Matrix
4. Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues of a Matrix
5. The Rank of a Matrix

§ 2. Linear Mappings
6. Linear Mapping and Its Matrix
7. Transformation of the Matrix of a Linear Mapping When the Basis Is Changed
8. The Matrix of a Mapping Relative to the Basis Consisting of Its Eigenvectors
9. Transforming Cartesian Basis
10. Symmetric Matrices

§ 3. Quadratic Forms
11. Quadratic Forms
12. Simplification of Equations of Second-Order Curves and Surfaces

§ 4. Non-Linear Mappings
13*. General Notions
14*. Non-Linear Mapping in the Small
15*. Functional Relation Between Functions

Chapter XII. Applications of Partial Derivatives
§ 1. Scalar Field

1. Directional Derivative. Gradient
2. Level Surfaces
3. Implicit Functions of Two Independent Variables
4. Plane Fields
5. Envelope of One-Parameter Family of Curves

§ 2. Extremum of a Function of Several Variables
6. Taylor’s Formula for a Function of Several Variables
7. Extremum
8. The Method of Least Squares
9*. Curvature of Surfaces
10. Conditional Extremum
11. Extremum with Unilateral Constraints
12*. Numerical Solution of Systems of Equations

Chapter XIII. Indefinite Integral
§ 1. Elementary Methods of Integration

1. Basic Definitions
2. The Simplest Integrals
3. The Simplest Properties of an Indefinite Integral
4. Integration by Parts
5. Integration by Change of Variable (by Substitution)

§ 2. Standard Methods of Integration
6. Integration of Rational Functions
7. Integration of Irrational Functions Involving Linear and Linear-Fractional Expressions
8. Integration of Irrational Expressions Containing Quadratic Trinomials
9. Integrals of Binomial Differentials
10. Integration of Functions Rationally Involving Trigonometric Functions
11. General Remarks

Chapter XIV. Definite Integral
§ 1. Definition and Basic Properties

1. Examples Leading to the Concept of Definite Integral
2. Basic Definition
3. Relationship Between Definite Integral and Indefinite Integral
4. Basic Properties of Definite Integral
5. Integrating Inequalities

§ 2. Applications of Definite Integral
6. Two Schemes of Application
7. Differential Equations with Variables Separable
8. Computing Areas of Plane Geometric Figures
9. The Arc Length of a Curve
10. Computing Volumes of Solids
11. Computing Area of Surface of Revolution

§ 3. Numerical Integration
12. General Remarks
13. Formulas of Numerical Integration

§ 4. Improper Integrals
14. Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration
15. Basic Properties of Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration
16. Other Types of Improper Integral
17*. Gamma Function
18*. Beta Function
19*. Principal Value of Divergent Integral

§ 5. Integrals Dependent on Parameters
20*. Proper Integrals
21*. Improper Integrals

§ 6. Line Integrals
22. Line Integrals of the First Type
23. Line Integrals of the Second Type
24. Conditions for a Line Integral of the Second Type to Be Independent of the Path of Integration

§ 7. The Concept of Generalized Function
25*. Delta Function
26*. Application to Constructing Influence Function
27*. Other Generalized Functions

Chapter XV. Differential Equations
§ 1. General Notions

1. Examples
2. Basic Definitions

§ 2. First-Order Differential Equations
3. Geometric Meaning
4. Integrable Types of Equations
5*. Equation for Exponential Function
6. Integrating Exact Differential Equations
7*. Singular Points and Singular Solutions
8*. Equations Not Solved for the Derivative
9*. Method of Integration by Means of Differentiation

§ 3. Higher-Order Equations and Systems of Differential Equations
10. Higher-Order Differential Equations
11*. Connection Between Higher-Order Equations and Systems of First-Order Equations
12*. Geometric Interpretation of System of First-Order Equations
13*. First Integrals

§ 4. Linear Equations of General Form
14. Homogeneous Linear Equations
15. Non-Homogeneous Equations
16*. Boundary-Value Problems

§ 5. Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients
17. Homogeneous Equations
18. Non-Homogeneous Equations with Right-Hand Sides of Special Form
19*. Euler’s Equations
20*. Operators and the Operator Method of Solving Differential Equations

§ 6. Systems of Linear Equations
21. Systems of Linear Equations
22*. Applications to Testing Lyapunov Stability of Equilibrium State

§ 7. Approximate and Numerical Methods of Solving Differential Equations
23. Iterative Method
24*. Application of Taylor’s Series
25. Application of Power Series with Undetermined Coefficients
26*. Bessel’s Functions
27*. Small Parameter Method
28*. General Remarks on Dependence of Solutions on Parameters
29*. Methods of Minimizing Discrepancy
30*. Simplification Method
31. Euler’s Method
32. Runge-Kutta Method
33. Adams Method
34. Milne’s Method

Chapter XVI. Multiple Integrals
§ 1. Definition and Basic Properties of Multiple Integrals

1. Some Examples Leading to the Notion of a Multiple Integral
2. Definition of a Multiple Integral
3. Basic Properties of Multiple Integrals
4. Methods of Applying Multiple Integrals
5. Geometric Meaning of an Integral over a Plane Region

§ 2. Two Types of Physical Quantities
6*. Basic Example. Mass and Its Density
7*. Quantities Distributed in Space

§ 3. Computing Multiple Integrals in Cartesian Coordinates
8. Integral over Rectangle
9. Integral over an Arbitrary Plane Region
10. Integral over an Arbitrary Surface
11. Integral over a Three-Dimensional Region

§ 4. Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals
12. Passing to Polar Coordinates in Plane
13. Passing to Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
14*. Curvilinear Coordinates in Plane

Chapter XVII. [Heading not present in the supplied contents]

§ 5. Fourier Transformation
32*. Fourier Transform
33*. Properties of Fourier Transforms
34*. Application to Oscillations of Infinite String

Chapter XVIII. Elements of the Theory of Probability
§ 1. Random Events and Their Probabilities

1. Random Events
2. Probability
3. Basic Properties of Probabilities
4. Theorem of Multiplication of Probabilities
5. Theorem of Total Probability
   6*. Formulas for the Probability of Hypotheses
6. Disregarding Low-Probability Events

§ 2. Random Variables
8. Definitions
9. Examples of Discrete Random Variables
10. Examples of Continuous Random Variables
11. Joint Distribution of Several Random Variables
12. Functions of Random Variables

§ 3. Numerical Characteristics of Random Variables
13. The Mean Value
14. Properties of the Mean Value
15. Variance
16*. Correlation
17. Characteristic Functions

§ 4. Applications of the Normal Law
18. The Normal Law as the Limiting One
19. Confidence Interval
20. Data Processing

Chapter XIX. Computers
§ 1. Two Classes of Computers

1. Analogue Computers
2. Digital Computers

§ 2. Programming
3. Number Systems
4. Representing Numbers in a Computer
5. Instructions
6. Examples of Programming

Appendix. Equations of Mathematical Physics
1*. Derivation of Some Equations
2*. Some Other Equations
3*. Initial and Boundary Conditions

§ 2. Method of Separation of Variables
4*. Basic Example
5*. Some Other Problems

Bibliography

Name Index

Subject Index

List of Symbols

Engineering Thermodynamics by V.A. Kirillin; V.V. Sychev; A.E. Sheindlin

Although many Soviet and foreign textbooks in engineering thermodynamics already exist, the authors have decided to write a new textbook for university students in power engineering, heat physics, and applied physics departments. We have done so for the following reasons.

With improved instruction in thermodynamics in most higher educational institutions, the authors feel a more thorough presentation of basic problems is necessary. Of primary importance is an understanding of the fundamental concepts and methods of thermodynamics for analysing various physical phenomena.

Clearly, a modern course in engineering thermodynamics must reflect today’s and even tomorrow’s level of technology. Therefore, it is difficult to conceive of a modern textbook in thermodynamics which does not present the different methods of converting heat directly into electric power, modern methods of analysing the efficiency of the cycles of heating plants, the thermodynamics of dissociated and ionised gases, and other problems.

Since the authors consider it unjustified to include in courses of engineering thermodynamics problems relating to statistical physics and the molecular-kinetic theories of gases, we will limit ourselves to a short discussion of the statistical aspects of the second law of thermodynamics.

Although, as a rule, institutes of power engineering do not offer a special course in chemical thermodynamics, modern heat engineering involves many processes accompanied by chemical reactions, dissociation, and ionisation. The authors consider it necessary, therefore, to devote a special chapter to a short presentation of chemical thermodynamics to give the reader an idea of the methods applied in a thermodynamic description of chemical processes.

All numerical examples are given in the SI system (the unit to measure energy is the joule, and the unit to measure pressure is the pascal). As a general rule, along with their values in the SI system, the values of energy have also been indicated in calories (and pressure, in kgf/cm²).

The authors will be grateful for criticism and will take it into consideration in future work on the book.

Translated from the Russian by S. Semyonov

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Contents

Preface
Preface to the English edition

Introduction
Thermodynamics and its method
Properties of state
Concept of a thermodynamic process
Ideal gas Ideal gas laws
Concept of mixtures Mixtures of ideal gases
Concept of heat capacity

The first law of thermodynamics
Heat Joule’s experiment Equivalence of heat and work
Law of conservation and conversion of energy
Internal energy and external work
Mathematical statement of the first law of thermodynamics
Enthalpy
Mathematical statement of the first law of thermodynamics for processes of flow

The second law of thermodynamics
Cycles Concept of thermal efficiency Heat sources
Reversible and irreversible processes
Statements of the second law of thermodynamics
The Carnot cycle Carnot’s theorem
The thermodynamic temperature scale

Entropy
Change of entropy in irreversible processes
Combined mathematical statement of the first and second laws of thermodynamics
Entropy and thermodynamic probability
Reversibility and work

Differential equations of thermodynamics
Basic methods
Maxwell’s relations
Partial derivatives of internal energy and enthalpy
Heat capacities

Equilibrium in thermodynamic systems and phase changes
Homogeneous and heterogeneous thermodynamic systems
Thermodynamic equilibrium
Conditions of stability and equilibrium for an isolated homogeneous system
Conditions for phase equilibrium
Phase changes
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation
Phase stability
Phase changes at unequal phase pressures
Phase changes under curved surfaces

Thermodynamic properties of substances
Thermal and caloric properties of solids
Thermal and caloric properties of liquids
Andrews’ experiment The critical point Van der Waals’ equation
Thermal and caloric properties of real gases Equation of state for real gases
Thermodynamic properties of substances on the change-of-phase line Two-phase systems
Properties of substance at the critical point
Methods of calculating the entropy of substance
Thermodynamic diagrams of state for substances
Thermodynamic properties of substance in a metastable state

Basic thermodynamic processes
The isochoric process
The isobaric process
The isothermal process
The adiabatic process
Polytropic processes
Throttling The Joule-Thomson effect
Joule expansion (expansion into a vacuum)
Mixing
Compression processes

Fluid flow processes
Basic flow equations
Velocity of sound
Flow through convergent nozzles
Transonic range The Laval nozzle
Adiabatic flow with friction
General regularities of flow The influence inversion law
Adiabatic stagnation temperature

Methods to analyse the efficiency of thermopower plants
Cycle efficiency
Comparison methods for thermal efficiencies of reversible cycles
Method of efficiencies in the analysis of irreversible cycles
Entropy calculation method for the loss of availability in irreversible cycles
Exergy calculation method for availability losses

Gas power cycles
Cycles of reciprocating internal combustion engines
Gas-turbine cycles
Reaction-engine cycles

Vapour power cycles
The Carnot cycle
The Rankine cycle
Rankine cycle analysis allowing for irreversibilities

Reheat cycle

Regenerative cycle

Binary cycles

Thermification cycles

Cycles of direct-energy conversion systems

Thermoelectric generator cycle

The cycle of a thermionic converter

MHD-generator cycle

Refrigeration cycles

Reverse heat cycles and processes
Refrigeration installations

Air-compression refrigeration cycle

Vapour-compression refrigeration cycle

Steam-jet refrigeration cycle

Absorption refrigeration cycle

Thermoelectric refrigeration cycle

Heat pump
Principle of operation

Liquefaction of gases

Humid air

Basic concepts

I-d diagram for humid air

Fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics

Thermochemistry
Hess’s law
Kirchhoff’s equation

Chemical equilibrium and the second law of thermodynamics

Equilibrium constant and degree of dissociation

The Nernst heat theorem

Conclusion

Bibliography

Name index

Subject index

Quimica Orgánica by V. M. Potapov; S. N. Tatarinchik

La química orgánica atraviesa un período de notable desarrollo caracterizado por el descubrimiento de nuevas sustancias con propiedades excepcionales y la creación de compuestos innovadores de aplicación práctica en diversas áreas. Este progreso se apoya en el uso de métodos modernos de investigación fundamentados en la física y en una profundización de las nociones teóricas. Sin embargo, esto plantea retos educativos, ya que es necesario condensar una gran cantidad de material en los planes de estudio. Los autores abogan por priorizar las leyes generales de la química orgánica, dejando en segundo plano el contenido puramente descriptivo, y basan su enfoque en la teoría de la estructura química de Bútlerov, complementada con una mejor comprensión de los enlaces químicos y las reacciones orgánicas. Este enfoque permite clasificar las reacciones de manera sistemática y facilitar su aprendizaje.

El libro sigue una clasificación basada en los grupos funcionales, que determinan el comportamiento químico de los compuestos orgánicos. Se abordan primero los hidrocarburos y luego sus derivados, incluyendo halogenados e hidroxílicos, destacando aquellos compuestos de relevancia práctica en la industria, agricultura y medicina. Para esta nueva edición, los autores han incorporado recomendaciones de instituciones académicas como las escuelas politécnicas de Moscú y Leningrado, ajustando el contenido al programa aprobado en 1974 para especialidades como química analítica y química de explotaciones petrolíferas. Finalmente, los autores invitan a los lectores a proporcionar observaciones críticas para mejorar la obra en futuras ediciones.

Traducido del ruso por Neiml Sosa

Todos los créditos a los cargadores originales.

Nota: La calidad del escaneo es promedio

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The Stranger by Titus Popovici

A Soviet era novel of the political awakening of a young Romanian intellectual in 1944.

Translated from the Romanian by Lazar Marinescu

Illustrations: P. Nazarie

Jacket: P. Vulcanescu

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Examples And Problems To The Course Of Unit Operations Of Chemical Engineering by K. F. Pavlov; P. G. Romankou; A. A. Noskov

The gaining of skill in solving practical engineering problems is very important for students of the course in unit operations. The Department of Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering at the Leningrad Technological Institute places great emphasis on this aspect, and the present book contains many examples and problems in the course that are the result of many years of instructional experience.

Great attention is devoted to the independent work of students, and problems are provided on all sections of the course:

Fundamentals of applied hydraulics
Pumps, fans, compressors
Hydromechanical separation methods
Hydrodynamics of a fluidised bed
Agitation in a liquid medium
Heat transfer in chemical apparatus
Evaporation, crystallisation
Mass transfer, absorption
Distillation and rectification
Extraction and leaching
Adsorption
Drying
Moderate and deep refrigeration
The basic formulas and equations needed for solving the problems are given at the beginning of each chapter. The appendices contain numerous reference tables and diagrams.

The present book, edited by Associate Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, P. G. Romankov, is intended as a training aid for students of chemical engineering and related specialities in day, evening, and correspondence faculties. It will also be a useful aid in course and diploma designing.

About the Authors

Konstantin F. Pavlov (1895–1944)
Konstantin F. Pavlov was an outstanding specialist in the separation of natural and industrial gases. In 1934, he received his doctorate and the rank of professor. He headed the departments of Chemical Engineering of Inorganic Substances and General Chemical Engineering at the Leningrad Technological Institute, where, in 1936, he founded the first training laboratory in unit operations of chemical engineering in the country (now named after him).

He is the author of several training aids in chemical engineering and original research works (e.g., the rule of linearity of chemical engineering functions). During his final years, he worked in Moscow at the Institute of Physical Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Pyotr G. Romankov, D.Sc.
Professor Pyotr G. Romankov worked for many years as a chemical engineer and instructor at various chemical institutes. Since 1941, he has been the head of the Department of Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering at the Leningrad Technological Institute. Together with his pupils and collaborators, he has published over 250 scientific works, including several monographs on the theory and application of hydromechanical, heat, and mass-exchange processes of chemical engineering.

In 1964, Pyotr Romankov was elected an associate member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He is an Honoured Scientist of the RSFSR and has received numerous government awards. He is also a Doctor honoris causa of several foreign higher educational establishments.

Anatoli A. Noskov (1904–1977)
Anatoli A. Noskov worked for many years as an engineer in gas separation under the guidance of Prof. Konstantin Pavlov. He was later invited to work at the Department of Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering at the Leningrad Technological Institute, where he advanced from lecturer to professor.

Anatoli Noskov is well known for his contributions to improving rectification processes and methods for calculating standard operations of chemical engineering.

Edited by P. G. Romankov
Associate Member, USSR Academy of Sciences

Translated from the Russian by G. Leib

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Contents

CONTENTS
Preface
Introductory Methodical Instructions
Chapter 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF APPLIED HYDRAULICS
Fundamental Relationships and Formulas for Calculations
Examples
Problems
Symbols
Chapter 2. PUMPS, FANS, COMPRESSORS
Fundamental Relationships and Formulas for Calculations
Examples
Problems
Symbols
Chapter 3. HYDROMECHANICAL SEPARATION METHODS. HYDRODYNAMICS OF A FLUIDIZED BED. AGITATION IN A LIQUID MEDIUM
Fundamental Relationships and Formulas for Calculations
Settling
Filtration
Centrifugal Separation
Hydrodynamics of a Fluidized Bed
Agitation in a Liquid Medium
Examples
Settling
Filtration
Centrifugal Filtration
Fluidized Bed
Agitation in a Liquid Medium
Problems
Example of Calculating and Selecting a Multi-Tube Cyclone Separator
Example of Calculating and Selecting a Foam Gas Washer for Purifying a Gas of Dust
Example of Calculating and Selecting a Rotary Vacuum Filter
Symbols
Chapter 4. HEAT TRANSFER IN A CHEMICAL APPARATUS
Fundamental Relationships and Formulas for Calculations
Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer
Overall Heat Transfer in Surface Heat Exchangers
Overall Heat Transfer in Direct Contact of Streams
Approximate Values of Individual and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients
Examples
Problems
Examples of Calculating and Selecting Heat Exchangers
Symbols
Chapter 5. EVAPORATION. CRYSTALLIZATION
Fundamental Relationships and Formulas for Calculations
Examples
Problems
Example of Calculating and Selecting a Triple-Effect Evaporator
Symbols
Chapter 6. MASS TRANSFER. ABSORPTION
Fundamental Relationships and Formulas for Calculations
Examples
Problems
Symbols
Chapter 7. DISTILLATION AND RECTIFICATION
Fundamental Relationships and Formulas for Calculations
Examples
Problems
Example of Calculating and Selecting a Plate Rectification Column
Symbols
Chapter 8. EXTRACTION AND LEACHING
Fundamental Relationships and Formulas for Calculations
Examples
Problems
Symbols
Chapter 9. ADSORPTION
Fundamental Relationships and Formulas for Calculations
Examples
Problems
Symbols
Chapter 10. DRYING
Fundamental Relationships and Formulas for Calculations
Examples
Problems
Example of Calculating and Selecting a Fluidized-Bed Dryer for Drying Potassium Chloride
Example of Calculating and Selecting a Drum Dryer
Symbols
Chapter 11. MODERATE AND DEEP REFRIGERATION
Fundamental Relationships and Formulas for Calculations
Examples
Problems
Symbols
Answers to Problems
Bibliography
Appendices
Guide to Tables and Diagrams in Appendices

Binary Automatic Control Systems ( Advances In Science And Technology In The USSR Technology Series) by S.V. Emelyanov

The book outlines a new approach to the synthesis of nonlinear dynamic systems, a key problem in control engineering.

The suggested design formalism is based on the “binary” principle, which is essentially a dual treatment of signals in the dynamic system – as a phase variable in one circumstance and as a transformation operator in another. This principle opens up the possibility of handling control laws as ordinary phase variables and invokes feedback to generate such laws. The feedback mechanism, in this case, is exploited in a non-orthodox manner, leading to the occurrence of new types of feedback.

The efficiency of the new approach is demonstrated by constructing control systems that stabilize the motion of nonlinear dynamic plants with ill-defined dynamics. Stabilization is attained with continuous control and bounded gains.

Apart from solving the problems of ill-defined plant control, the binary principle is used advantageously for the development of nonlinear filters that separate close frequencies, for multiple differentiating noisy signals, and for the control of multi-connected systems.

The value of the binary principle is not confined to the control field; it may also be employed in studies of complicated dynamic systems in biology, biomechanics, social sciences, robotics, and biotechnology engineering, to name a few of the most promising applications.

About the Author
S.V. Emelyanov, Fellow of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, has been engaged in solving many diverse problems of control. He is renowned for his pioneering efforts in the development of variable structure systems. The idea of incorporating unstable structures and sliding modes into the closed-loop control system for the purpose of system stabilization was also devised by the author of this book.

Translated from the Russian by Michael G. Edelev

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Introduction 7
1 BINARY SYSTEMS OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL. MOTIVATION, DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTUALIZATION 10
1 Basic Principles and Definitions 10
1.1 Functional Diagrams of Control Systems in Classical Control Theory Setting 10
1.2 Block Diagrams of Adaptive Control Systems 12
1.3 The Concept of Operator-Variable and the Binary Principle 14
1.4 Generalized Elements of Binary Dynamic Systems 16
1.5 New Types of Feedback 17

2 The Principles of Control Under Uncertainty 18
2.1 Three Principles of Control for Solving Control Problems 18
2.2 Methods of Control for Ill-Defined Dynamic Systems 23

3 Generalized Block Diagrams of Binary Control Systems 28
3.1 Constructing Binary Control Systems 28
3.2 Structures of Binary Control Systems with Coordinate-Operator Feedback 29
3.3 Structures of Binary Control Systems with Coordinate-Operator and Operator Feedback 32
3.4 Structures of Binary Control Systems with Coordinate-Operator, Operator, and Operator-Coordinate Feedback 34

II FREE MOTION CONTROL 36
4 Definitions and Nomenclature 36
5 Time-Invariant Linear Coordinate Feedback 41
5.1 Finite Gain 41
5.2 High Feedback Gain 42
5.3 Constrained Control Signal 44
5.4 Imperfections 46
5.5 Linear Zone 49
5.6 Coordinate Feedback Under Inaccurate Information 51
5.7 Inaccuracies in Model Approximation 53

6 Coordinate-Operator Feedback 55
6.1 Proportional Coordinate-Operator Feedback 59
6.2 Proportional Coordinate-Operator Feedback with Magnitude Bounded Output 61
6.3 Nonlinear Time-Invariant Coordinate-Operator Feedback 67
6.4 Bang-Bang Coordinate-Operator Feedback 75
6.5 Bang-Bang Coordinate-Operator Feedback with Constraints and Dynamic Nonlinearities 79
6.6 Integral Coordinate-Operator Feedback 89
6.7 Integral Coordinate-Operator Feedback with a Constant Integration Rate 92
6.8 Inertial Coordinate-Operator Feedback 110
6.9 Integral Coordinate-Operator Feedback with Variable Integration Rate 118
6.10 Continuous Inertial Coordinate-Operator Feedback 124
6.11 Sur (2) Systems Under Integral Coordinate-Operator Feedback Law 128
6.12 Application of Algorithms with Inertial Coordinate-Operator Feedback to S System Control 136

7 Operator Feedback 154
7.1 (1) Systems with Integral Coordinate-Operator Feedback 160
7.2 Sp and Systems Under Imperfect Information 168
7.3 Spp (1) Systems with Inertial Coordinate-Operator Feedback 189
7.4 Quasicontinuous Control Algorithm 192
7.5 Spp (2) Systems with Integral Coordinate-Operator Feedback 206
7.6 S System Control with Algorithms 214

8 Operator-Coordinate Feedback 221
8.1 OCFB Generation Concepts 224
8.2 Suv (1) Systems with Proportional and Integral Coordinate-Operator Feedback 236
8.3 iS’ppv (1) Systems with Proportional Operator-Coordinate and Integral Coordinate-Operator Feedback 247
8.4 iSpV (1) Systems with Integral Laws of Coordinate-Operator and Operator-Coordinate Feedback 253
8.5 SppV (1) Systems with Integral Laws of Coordinate-Operator and Operator-Coordinate Feedback 258
8.6 Sppv (1) Systems with Inertial Laws of Coordinate-Operator and Operator-Coordinate Feedback 264

References
Index

Fundamentals Of Crystal Physics by Yu.I. Sirotin; M.P. Shaskolskaya

Over the past 15-20 years, experimental crystal physics has expanded beyond research laboratories and into practical applications in fields like quantum electronics, optics, semiconductor production, and piezotechnology. These advancements have highlighted the need for comprehensive textbooks on crystal physics. This book aims to fill that gap, offering a more detailed work to complement Nye’s 1967 textbook. It focuses on combining general physical principles with the symmetry approach characteristic of the Soviet crystal physics school founded by A.V. Shubnikov. The content is based on lectures and courses delivered at the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys and Moscow State University.

The book focuses on the anisotropy of crystal properties, particularly in areas such as diffusion, dielectric permittivity, magnetostriction, and piezooptical effects. It includes illustrations like representation surfaces and stereographic projections to explain the anisotropy of physical properties. The authors also provide a novel description of phase transitions with a double change of symmetry, illustrating how crystal properties change during phase transitions. The appendices include reference data, enhancing the book’s practical utility.

Translated from the Russian by Valentina Snigirevskaya.
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Contents

Preface to the Second Russian Edition 9
Excerpts from the Preface to the First Russian Edition 10
List of Notation 13

Chapter I. Basic Information on Crystallography 17

Crystal Structure and Space Lattice 17

Crystallographic Projections 23

Simple Finite Elements of the Symmetry of Crystals 27

Crystallographic Categories and Systems 42

Point Groups of Crystal Symmetry (Symmetry Classes) 47

Derivation and Description of 32 Classes of Crystal Symmetry (32 Point Groups of Symmetry) 55

Limit Groups of Symmetry (Curie Groups) 68

Symmetry of Crystal Structure 71

Combinations of the Symmetry Elements of Structures. Bravais Lattices. Generation of New Symmetry Elements 74

230 Space Groups of Symmetry 84

Mutual Vectors Basis and Reciprocal Lattice 88

Indexing of Directions and Planes in Crystals 92

Transformation of Indices with a Change of the System of Coordinates 101

Symmetrically Equivalent Sets of Planes and Directions. Simple Crystal Forms 114

Some Problems of Geometric Crystallography 125

Chapter II. Coordinate Systems, Vectors and Tensors 134

16. Cartesian Coordinate Systems 134
17. Orthogonal Transformations 137
18. Second-Rank Tensors 144
19. Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues of a Symmetric Second-Rank Tensors 147
20. Small Changes of a Symmetric Second-Rank Tensor 152
21. Normal and Tangential Components of a Second-Rank Symmetric Tensor 155
22. External Symmetry and Representation of Vectors and Second-Rank Symmetric Tensors 159
23. Axial Vectors 165

Chapter III. Introduction to Crystal Physics. Electrical and Thermal Properties of Crystals 174
24. Anisotropic Continuous Media 174
25. The Symmetry Principle in Crystal Physics 182
26. Fundamental Equations of Electrostatics of Crystals 188
27. Symmetry of the Dielectric Properties of Crystals 191
28. Crystals in a Uniform Electric Field 196
29. The Field in a Spherical Gap in an Anisotropic Medium 201
30. Fields of a Point Charge and a Dipole in an Anisotropic Medium 204
31. Pyroelectrics 207
32. Direct Electric Current in Crystals 210
33. Thermal Conductivity of Crystals 212

Chapter IV. Optical Properties of Crystals 216
34. Electromagnetic Waves in Transparent Crystals 216
35. Optical Indicatrix 220
36. Waves and Rays. Principle of Duality. Fresnel’s Ellipsoid 227
37. Solution of the Problem of Light Propagation in a Crystal in an Arbitrary System of Coordinates 232
38. Fresnel’s Equation. Wave and Ray Surfaces 236
39. Interconnection Between the Optical Surfaces in Crystals. Conical Refraction 240
40. Observation of the Optical Anisotropy of Crystals in Polarized Light 245

Chapter V. Symmetry of Higher-Rank Tensors 253
41. Tensors and Pseudotensors of Higher Ranks 253
42. Internal Symmetry of Tensors and Duality Relations 257
43. Non-Coordinate Notation of Tensors. Invariant Differential Operations on Tensors 263
44. External Symmetry and Representation of Tensors and Pseudotensors 266
45. Method of Direct Verification 275
46. Cyclic Coordinates. Hermann’s Theorem 281
47. Application of the Theory of Group Representation to the Problems of Tensor Symmetry 287
48. The Isotropic and Gyrotropic Tensors 301

Chapter VI. Elasticity of Crystals 308
49. Small Strains of a Continuous Medium 308
50. Stress Tensor 314
51. Generalized Hooke’s Law 319
52. Symmetry of the Elastic Properties of Crystals 324
53. Simple States of Stress 330
54. Bending and Twisting of Crystals 339
55. Temperature Stresses in Crystals 350
56. Elastic Waves in Crystals 358

Chapter VII. Thermodynamics of Crystals
57. Internal Energy and Thermodynamic Potential of a Crystal 380
58. Piezoelectric Effect and Its Symmetry 386
59. Simultaneous Solution of the Equations of the Electro- and Elastostatics of Crystals 396
60. Invariant and Non-Invariant Thermodynamic Potentials and Their Matrices 406
61. Dependence of Thermodynamic Coefficients on Conditions of Measurement 411
62. Elastic Waves in Piezoelectric Crystals 416
63. Thermodynamic Inequalities 419
64. Alterations of Crystal Symmetry in Phase Transitions of the Second Kind 423
65. Changes of the Physical Properties of Crystals Under Phase Transitions of the Second Kind 430
66. Mathematical Methods of the Theory of Phase Transitions 445

Chapter VIII. Magnetic Symmetry in Crystal Physics
67. Time Reversal and Antisymmetry 456
68. Point Groups of Magnetic Symmetry 460
69. Space Groups of Magnetic Symmetry—Shubnikov’s Groups 466
70. Magnetic Symmetry of Crystals 470
71. Geometric Realization of the Expanded Orthogonal Group 476
72. Tensors Defined on an Expanded Orthogonal Group 479
73. Piezomagnetic and Magnetoelectric Effects 485

Chapter IX. Effects of the Higher Orders
74. Thermodynamic Consideration of Non-Linear Effects 488
75. Piezoresistive Effect 491
76. Onsager Reciprocal Relations and Thermogalvanomagnetic Effects 493
77. Electrooptical and Piezooptical Effects 503
78. Artificial Optical Anisotropy of Crystals 508
79. Non-Linear Polarization in Case of Propagation of Electromagnetic Intense Waves 515
80. Generation of Light Harmonics. Directions of Synchronism 519
81. Optical Activity of Crystals 525
82. Artificial Optical Activity 540
83. Acoustic Activity of Crystals 545

Chapter X. Some General Problems of Crystal Physics
84. Extreme-Value Problems of Crystal Physics 551
85. The Problem of Comparing Tensor Properties of Crystals 535
86. The Problem of Choosing Standard Crystallographic and Crystal-Physical Systems of Coordinates 561
87. Functional Relations in Crystal Physics 556

Appendices
A. Crystallographic and Crystal-Physical Systems of Coordinates 581
B. Bravais Lattices and Crystallographic Matrices 581
C. Properties of Directions in Crystals 590
D. Analytical Proof of Theorems on the Multiplication of Symmetry Operations 597
E. Tensors Invariant with Respect to Crystallographic and Limit Groups 627
F. Contracted Notation of Tensors 627

References 637
Index 646

Steam Power Plant Piping Design by B. Rudomino; Yu. Remzhin

In the last decade, Soviet heat-power engineering has made significant advancements, including increased power plant capacities and improvements in thermodynamic cycles through intermediate superheating and higher steam parameters. These changes have simplified piping layouts in some aspects, but also made them more complex due to the need for superheating. The use of higher steam parameters has necessitated the use of stronger steels and thicker-walled pipes, which in turn requires better piping design methods. Current strength calculations for pipelines are governed by standards like “The Standard Procedures to Calculate Steam Boiler Elements for Strength” and industry-specific standards, ensuring mass production of piping elements while focusing on general strength principles.

The advent of digital computers has greatly enhanced piping design, enabling complex calculations for self-compensating pipelines and systems with movable inflection points and multiple anchor points. This book outlines the general theory of computer-aided pipeline design and presents a simpler calculation procedure with adequate accuracy. It emphasizes the importance of considering the deformation of bent ovalled elbows under internal pressure. It also introduces methods for calculating thermal expansion compensation using bellows-type expansion joints, as well as hydrodynamic calculations for pipelines with large pressure drops. The book is primarily aimed at engineers designing thermal power stations and can serve as a textbook for students in the field.

Translated from the Russian by Prem Kumar Dang
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Foreword 7
Chapter One
Piping Layout and Design 9
1.1. Piping Project Design 9
1.2. Layout and Design 12
1.3. Drainage of Pipelines 20
1.4. Pipeline Supports 24
1.5. Application of Pipe Fittings 35
Chapter Two
Hydrodynamic Calculations and Selection of Pipe Diameter 40
2.1. General Information and Formulas 40
2.2. Resistance Coefficients 51
2.3. Hydrodynamic Calculations of Pipelines for Small Specific Volume Changes 59
2.4. Hydrodynamic Calculations of Pipes with Large Steam Specific Volume Variations 66
2.5. Hydrodynamic Calculations of Boiling Water and High-Pressure Saturated Steam Pipelines 88
2.6. Selection of the Most Rational Pipe Size 106
Chapter Three
Pipeline Structural Calculations 117
3.1. General 117
3.2. Basic Properties of Steels Used for Power Station Pipelines 121
3.3. Wall Thickness Calculations 128
3.4. Calculation for Combined Action of Internal Pressure and Additional External Loads 132
3.5. Self-Elongation of Pipelines 138
3.6. Check Calculation of Stresses Caused by Compensating for Thermal Elongations 143
3.7. Flexure in Curved Pipes and Equivalent Stress Ranges 149
3.8. Check Calculation of Elbows for Cyclic Stress Ranges 161
3.9. Hydrodynamic Forces in Pipelines 172
Chapter Four
Pipeline Thermal Elongation Compensation and Its Calculation 176
4.1. Methods of Compensating Thermal Elongations 176
4.2. Self-Compensation Problem and Methods of Its Solution 177
4.3. Coordinate System and Determination of Displacements to Be Compensated 180
4.4. General Theory of Pipeline Calculation for Self-Compensation 186
4.5. Determination of Bending Moments Due to Weight Load 196
4.6. Methods of Calculating Pipelines for Self-Compensation 200
4.7. Bellows-Type Expansion Joints and Their Use as Axial Expansion Joints 215
4.8. Compensation of Pipelines Through the Use of Bellows-Type Expansion Joints as Elastic Hinges 222
4.9. Use of Electronic Digital Computing Machines for Calculating Self-Compensation of Pipelines 230
4.10. Criterion for Calculating the Compensating Capacity of Pipelines 234
Appendices 237
Index 269

Examples And Problems In Chemical Thermodynamics by M.Kh. Karapetyants

The present textbook is a study aid to the course in chemical thermodynamics.

The examples and problems contained in it cover the most essential and characteristic sections of the course, which should assist students in mastering the elementary methods of both general thermodynamic calculations and special calculations connected with separate processes of chemical technology.

The topics of the examples and problems mainly reflect questions concerning the technology of inorganic production processes and the chemical processing and refining of fuel. In this connection, the main attention has been devoted to gaseous systems.

Each chapter of the book begins with a brief theoretical introduction containing the equations and formulas needed for calculations. This is followed by examples with detailed solutions and problems.

The examples contain all the data necessary for calculations and can be used for independent solution. In compiling the book, the author tried to avoid identical examples and problems (using the same formulas and quantities, but describing different objects).

For a greater approximation to practical calculations, the book acquaints students with approximate methods of computation, graphical methods of calculation, and with some semi-empirical and empirical laws. The results of the calculations, when possible, are compared with experimental data or with calculations by other methods, which makes it possible to assess the accuracy of different methods and the limits of their application.

A considerable part of the examples and problems have been drawn up according to the published works of Soviet investigators. The experimental data are also taken from reference books and monographs. Some problems have been taken from different textbooks.

Translated from the Russian by G. Leib

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Preface 5
List of Symbols 9
Chapter One. The First Law of Thermodynamics 11
Chapter Two. Heats, Heat Capacity and Enthalpy 19
2.1. Hess’s Law 19
2.2. Thermochemical Laws 26
2.3. Heat Capacity and Enthalpy 31
2.4. Theoretical Temperature of Combustion 45
2.5. Influence of Temperature on Heat Reaction 49
Chapter Three. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 58
3.1. Entropy 58
3.2. Thermodynamic Potentials 76
Chapter Four. Real Gases 82
4.1. Pressure-Volume-Temperature-Composition Relationships 82
4.2. Fugacity 94
4.3. Heat Capacity 100
4.4. Enthalpy 104
4.5. Joule-Thomson Effect 109
Chapter Five. One-Component Heterogeneous Systems 114
5.1. Clapeyron-Clausius Equation 114
5.2. Methods for Comparative Calculation of the Temperature Dependence of Saturated Vapour Pressure 127
5.3. Critical Parameters 132
5.4. Heat Capacities of Coexisting Phases and Heats of Phase Transitions 137
Chapter Six. Generalized Methods of Calculation 145
6.1. Gases 145
6.2. Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium 156
Chapter Seven. Solubility 160
7.1. Influence of Temperature 160
7.2. Influence of Pressure 173
7.3. Mutual Solubility of Liquids 183
Chapter Eight. Vapour Pressure of Solutions 191
8.1. Completely Miscible Liquids 191
8.2. Incompletely Miscible and Immiscible Liquids 200
Chapter Nine. Equilibrium Constant and Change in Standard Gibbs Energy 209
9.1. Calculation of K and AG° According to Equilibrium Data 209
9.2. Calculation of K and AG° According to Thermal Data 225
Chapter Ten. Equilibrium Transition 243
10.1. Calculation of Equilibrium Transition 243
10.2. Influence of Various Factors on the Extent of a Reaction 252
10.3. Calculating the Equilibrium of Complex Processes 261
Answers to Problems 271
Chapter One 271
Chapter Two 271
Chapter Three 273
Chapter Four 275
Chapter Five 276
Chapter Six 279
Chapter Seven 280
Chapter Eight 282
Chapter Nine 283
Chapter Ten 285
Appendices 288

Chemical Thermodynamics by M.Kh. Karapetyants

The book is primarily aimed at students in higher education specialising in chemistry, particularly future engineers. The author has avoided unnecessary abstraction and overly complex mathematics to ensure the material remains practical and accessible, while still providing a solid theoretical foundation. The content includes approximate laws that allow for quick, practical problem-solving, even when precise values are unavailable. The author integrates empirical thermodynamics with the periodic table to make thermodynamic concepts more comprehensible, particularly entropy, which students often find difficult to grasp.

The book also addresses the importance of connecting thermodynamics with other branches of chemistry, such as general and inorganic chemistry, to enhance students’ understanding for later courses. The primary focus is on the thermodynamics of gaseous systems, with less emphasis on solutions and electrolytes. Numerous examples, mainly related to inorganic substances and chemical processing, help students apply theory to practical problems, with calculations that can be compared to experimental data. The book also includes many tables and figures derived from various sources to support these applications.

Translated from the Russian by G. Leib

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Contents

List of Tables 11
Preface 13
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 15
1.1. The Subject and Method of Thermodynamics 15
1.2. Basic Concepts and Definitions 17
1.2.1. Systems and Their Classification 17
1.2.2. Thermodynamic Parameters 18
1.2.3. Work and Heat 22
1.2.4. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 23
1.2.5. Mathematical Relations Between the Parameters of State 28
1.3. Terms and Symbols 33
Chapter 2. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 35
2.1. Content of the First Law 35
2.1.1. Cyclic Processes 35
2.1.2. Non-Cyclic Processes. Internal Energy 36
2.2. Enthalpy 41
Chapter 3. HEAT EFFECTS AND HEAT CAPACITIES 45
3.1. Hess’s Law 45
3.2. Standard Heat Effects 49
3.3. Some Methods of Calculating Heat Effects 53
3.3.1. Heats of Formation 53
3.3.2. Heats of Combustion 57
3.3.3. Comparative Calculation of Heat Effects 58
3.4. Heat Capacity 58
3.4.1. Heat Capacity in Different Processes 58
3.4.2. Temperature Dependence of Heat Capacity 61
3.4.3. Certain Laws 71
3.5. Temperature Dependence of Heat Effect 73
3.5.1. Kirchhoff Equation 73
3.5.2. Equation AH = <p(T) in Its Final Form 77
3.5.3. Heat Balance 84
Chapter 4. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 87
4.1. Content of the Second Law 87
4.1.1. The Carnot Cycle 87
4.1.2. Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 91
4.1.3. Impossibility of a Perpetual Motion Machine 92
4.2. Entropy 94
4.2.1. Change in Entropy in Reversible Processes 95
4.2.2. Change in Entropy in Irreversible Processes 97
4.2.3. Change in Entropy as a Criterion of the Equilibrium and Spontaneity of Processes 98
4.2.4. Relation Between Entropy and Other Thermodynamic Parameters and Some Relationships Between Derived Functions 102
4.3. Substantiation of the Second Law 106
4.3.1. Thermodynamic Probability of a State 106
4.3.2. Phase Space 106
4.3.3. Relationship Between Entropy and Thermodynamic Probability 108
4.3.4. Fluctuations 110
4.3.5. The Invalidity of the “Theory of Heat Death” of the Universe 112
Chapter 5. THERMODYNAMIC AND CHEMICAL POTENTIALS. THE GENERAL CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM 114
5.1. Thermodynamic Potentials 114
5.1.1. Change in Thermodynamic Potential as a Criterion of the Equilibrium and Spontaneous Nature of a Process 119
5.1.2. Various Thermodynamic Relationships 121
5.2. Characteristic Functions 123
5.3. Chemical Potential 128
5.4. General Conditions of Equilibrium 131
5.4.1. Stable and Unstable Equilibria 132
5.4.2. Equilibrium Coexistence of Phases. The Gibbs Phase Rule 134
5.4.3. Principle of Displacement of Equilibrium 139
Chapter 6. ONE-COMPONENT HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS 141
6.1. Ideal Gas 141
6.2. Equations of State of a Real Gas 150
6.3. Fugacity 159
6.3.1. Standard State 160
6.3.2. Temperature Dependence of Fugacity 162
6.3.3. Methods of Calculating Fugacity 163
6.4. Throttling 168
6.5. Calculation of Properties of Gases According to Experimental Data 175
6.5.1. Calculations Using the Relationships p-V-T and Cp = q>(T) 175
6.5.2. Calculations Using the Relationships Cp = <p(p, T) or H = q(p, T) and VT> = 9 (p) 184
6.5.3. Calculations Using (ij and C9 185
6.5.4. Influence of Pressure on the Heat Effect of a Reaction 185
6.6. A Generalized Method of Calculating Selected Properties of Gases and Liquids at Pressures above Atmospheric 186
6.6.1. Gases 186
6.6.2. Liquids 199
Chapter 7. ONE-COMPONENT HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS 205
7.1. Relationship Between Temperature and Pressure with Coexisting Phases 205
7.1.1. Clapeyron-Clausius Equation 205
7.1.2. Approximate Relationships 209
7.2. Methods for the Comparative Calculation of the Temperature Dependence of the Saturated Vapour Pressure 214
7.2.1. Straight Line Method 215
7.2.2. Method of Comparing Boiling Points of Given and Standard Substances at Equal Vapour Pressures 216
7.2.3. Method of Comparing Vapour Pressures of Various Substances at Equal Boiling Points 218
7.2.4. Method of Comparing Vapour Pressures of Various Substances at Equal Reduced Boiling Points 220
7.3. Critical State 221
7.4. Heat Capacities of Coexisting Phases and Heats of Phase Transitions 227
7.4.1. Heat Capacities of Coexisting Phases 227
7.4.2. Heats of Phase Transitions 232
7.5. Influence of Total Pressure on Saturated Vapour Pressure 244
7.6. Influence of Surface Curvature on Saturated Vapour Pressure 247
7.7. Second-Order Phase Transitions 249
Chapter 8. SOLUTIONS 251
8.1. Fundamental Concepts and Definitions 251
8.2. Partial Molar Quantities 255
8.2.1. Basic Equations 257
8.2.2. Methods of Calculation 260
8.3. Heat Capacities and Enthalpies of Solutions 264
8.3.1. Partial Molar Heat Capacities 264
8.3.2. Partial Molar Enthalpies 265
8.4. Ideal Solutions 272
8.5. Infinitely Dilute Solutions 278
8.5.1. Partial Molar Quantities 279
8.5.2. Henry’s Law 281
Chapter 9. BINARY SOLUTION-PURE COMPONENT EQUILIBRIUM 285
9.1. Relationship Between Temperature and Concentration 285
9.1.1. Solution-Solid Component Equilibrium 287
9.1.2. Analysis of Solubility Diagrams 292
9.1.3. Solution-Gas Equilibrium 304
9.2. Relationship Between Pressure and Concentration 305
9.2.1. Solution-Solid Component Equilibrium 306
9.2.2. Solution-Gas Equilibrium 307
9.3. Gas Mixture-Pure Component Equilibrium 317
9.4. Influence of Dispersion on Solubility 318
Chapter 10. SOLUTION-SOLUTION EQUILIBRIUM IN BINARY MIXTURES 319
10.1. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium for Completely Miscible Liquids at Low Pressures 319
10.1.1. Ideal Solution-Mixture of Ideal Gases 319
10.1.2. Non-Ideal Solution-Mixture of Ideal Gases 322
10.1.3. Separation of Solution Components 332
10.2. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium for Completely Miscible Liquids at High Pressures 334
10.2.1. Critical Phenomena 341
10.3. Equilibrium in Systems with Incompletely Miscible Liquids 349
10.3.1. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium 349
10.3.2. Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium 351
10.3.3. Gas-Gas Equilibrium 352
10.4. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium for Immiscible Liquids 355
Chapter 11. EQUILIBRIUM IN THREE- AND FOUR-COMPONENT SYSTEMS 359
11.1. Depicting Composition 359
11.1.1. Three-Component Systems 359
11.1.2. Four-Component Systems 361
11.2. Liquid-Solid Equilibrium in Three-Component Systems 362
11.2.1. Substances Forming No Compounds 362
11.2.2. Substances Forming Compounds 366
11.2.3. Isotherms of Aqueous Solutions of Two Common-Ion Salts 367
11.3. Mutual Solubility of Three Liquids 385
11.4. Liquid-Gas Equilibrium in Ternary Systems 391
11.4.1. Isotherm 391
11.4.2. Is

obaric Systems 399
Chapter 12. THE PRINCIPLE OF MAXIMUM ENTROPY 405
12.1. Entropy as a Thermodynamic Function 405
12.2. Method of Maximum Entropy 410
12.3. Application of the Maximum Entropy Principle in Thermodynamics 414
Chapter 13. MODERN CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS 419
13.1. Thermodynamic Models 419
13.2. Relations with Other Areas of Science 421
13.3. Role of Thermodynamics in Physical Chemistry 424
13.4. Applications of Thermodynamics in Industry 427
13.5. Advanced Topics in Thermodynamics 430

Chapter 14. EQUILIBRIUM TRANSFORMATION 518

14.1. Direction of a Process 518

14.2. Calculation of Equilibrium Transformation 527

14.2.1. Reactions in the Gaseous Phase 528

14.2.2. Reactions in Solutions 531

14.2.3. Heterogeneous Reactions 533

14.2.4. Electrochemical Reactions 537

14.3. Influence of Various Factors on the Extent of a Reaction 541

14.3.1. Temperature 541

14.3.2. Pressure 545

14.3.3. Presence of an Inert Gas 548

14.3.4. Ratio of Reactants 549

14.3.5. Change in Surface Area 550

14.3.6. Kind of Reaction 552

14.4. Equilibrium in Complex Chemical Systems 553

14.5. Sources of Errors in Calculating Equilibrium 562

14.5.1. Errors Due to Inaccuracy of Experimental Data 562

14.5.2. Errors Connected with the Processing of Experimental Data 564

14.6. Theoretical and Practical Extents of a Reaction 566

Chapter 15. FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS OF THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM FROM SPECTROSCOPIC DATA 568

15.1. Introduction 568

15.2. Thermodynamic Properties of Gases Due to Translational Degrees of Freedom 572

15.3. Thermodynamic Properties of Gases Due to Intramolecular Degrees of Freedom 575

15.3.1. Rotational Partition Function 577

15.3.2. Vibrational Partition Function 583

15.3.3. Partition Function for Electronic Excitation 587

15.3.4. Nuclear Spin 588

15.3.5. Effect of Isotopic Composition 589

15.3.6. Group of Properties 589

15.4. Calculation of Chemical Equilibrium 592

APPENDICES 599

List of Symbols 599

Heat Capacities, Standard Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of

General Petrography A Short Course by V. Zubkov

This book serves as introduction to petrography, the branch of geology concerned with the study of rocks through their mineral composition and texture. It explores the fundamental concepts and principles that underpin the study of rocks and minerals, with particular emphasis on the techniques and methodologies used in petrographic analysis.

Beginning with an overview of the history and crystal chemistry of minerals, the book progresses into more detailed discussions on crystallography, crystal optics, and the use of polarizing microscopes in studying mineral properties. It covers a wide range of topics, including the classification and nomenclature of rocks, rock-forming minerals, and the petrography of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

Key sections delve into the practical aspects of petrography, such as the study of thin rock sections, the use of polarizing microscopes to observe mineral grains, and the classification of rocks based on their mineral content. A significant portion of the book is dedicated to understanding the origins of magmatic rocks, their classification, and their occurrence, particularly in the context of the Soviet Union.

The book also touches on the intersection of petrography and other fields, including the importance of petrography in national economic development and the application of petrographic knowledge to engineering. It highlights how petrographic analysis is essential in evaluating the physical and mechanical properties of rocks, which are crucial for building, drilling, and various industrial applications.

Written for students and professionals in geology and related fields, this text is an invaluable resource for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of the physical nature of rocks and the methods used to study them.

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Contents

Chapter I. Concepts Concerning Petrography and Rocks 7

Chapter II. A Brief Resume of the History of Petrography 9

Chapter III. Some Facts Concerning the Crystal Chemistry of Minerals 16

Chapter IV. Some Crystallographic Information 18

Chapter V. The Elements of Crystal Optics

Ordinary and Polarized Light 25
The Wave Surface 29

Chapter VI. Studying Crystals by Polarizing Microscope 36

The Determination of Size and Quantity of Mineral Grains in Section 36
Study of Sections Without Analyzer 37
Investigation Between Crossed Nicols in Parallel Light 43
The Study of Minerals in Convergent Light (Conoscopy) 53
Finding Oriented Sections 57
Determination of Crystal System from Optical Properties 63
Additional Practical Instructions in Crystal Optics 64
The Principles of the Fedorov Method 65
The Study of Rocks in Thin Section 68

Chapter VII. Rock-Forming Minerals 69

The Most Prevalent Minerals in Magmatic Rocks 73
The Less Important Constituents of Magmatic Rocks 93
Minerals of the Sedimentary Rocks 98
Minerals of the Metamorphic Rocks 100
The Minerals of Technology 103

Chapter VIII. Igneous (Magmatic) Rocks 108

Chapter IX. Causes of the Diversity of Magmatic Rocks 114

Magmatic Differentiation 114
Crystallization Differentiation 115
Assimilation 116

Chapter X. Classification and Nomenclature of Rocks 117

Qualitative Mineralogical Classification 121
Quantitative Mineralogical Classification 121

Chapter XI. Description of Magmatic Rocks

Intrusive Acid Rocks 123
The Effusive Facies of an Acid Magma 124
Alkaline Rocks 131
Intermediate Rocks 139
Intrusive Basic Rocks 141
Effusive Basic Rocks 144
Ultra Basic Rocks 146
Occurrence of Magmatic Rocks in the U.S.S.R 148
The Petrography of Magmatic Rocks and Metallogenesis 149

Chapter XII. Sedimentary Rocks 151

Methods of Study of Sedimentary Rocks 155
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 156
Description of Sedimentary Rocks 156

Chapter XIII. The Petrography of Coal 166

The Metamorphism of Coal 173
The Effect of Metamorphism on the Ingredients and Essential Constituents of Coal 174
Mineral Matter in Coal 178

Chapter XIV. Metamorphic Rocks 182

Rocks Formed by Contact Metamorphism 187
Rocks Formed by Regional Metamorphism 187

Chapter XV. The Origin of Magma and Magmatic Rocks 193

Chapter XVI. Experimental and Technical Petrography 196

Chapter XVII. The Importance of Petrography in the National Economy 202

Chapter XVIII. The Elements of Engineering Petrography 208

The Concept of Engineering Petrography 208
The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Crystals 208
The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks 210
The Dependence of the Engineering Properties of Rocks on Their Petrographic Features 214
The Effect of Geological Processes on the Quality of Building Stone 218
Drilling Features of Rocks 219
Index 225

Chemistry And Technology Of Basic Organic And Petrochemical Synthesis Volumes 1, 2 by N.N. Lebedev

This is an English version of the textbook published in Russian in 1981 (the third Russian edition). The presentation of the material on basic chemical processes follows the pattern widely adopted in most educational institutions. This has made possible a unified) presentation of the theory and technology of the most important processes and provides a better understanding of the methods of manufacture of nufnerous products of basic and petrochemical synthesis.
Much emphasis is placed on the problems of the economy of raw materials and energy, environmental protection, and on the new trends in the development of the processes.
The author will be grateful for any comments and criticisms.

Translated from the Russian by A. Beknazarov

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Contents

Volume 1

Preface
Introduction

1.1. The Most Important Products of Basic Organic and Petrochemical Synthesis
1.2. Development of Basic Organic and Petrochemical Synthesis Technology

VOLUME 1
Chapter 1. Starting Materials for Basic Organic and Petrochemical Synthesis
1.1. Paraffins
1.1.1. Derivation of Lower Paraffins from Natural and Casinghead Gases
1.1.2. Derivation of Higher Paraffins from Petroleum Products
1.1.3. Isomerization of Paraffins
1.2. Olefins
1.2.1. Theoretical Foundations of Cracking and Pyrolysis
1.2.2. Technology of Cracking and Pyrolysis
1.2.3. Derivation and Concentration of Olefins
1.2.4. Production of Olefins by Their Interconversion Reactions
1.3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1.3.1. Aromatization of Petroleum Products
1.3.2. Coal Coking
1.3.3. Derivation and Concentration of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1.3.4. Production of Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Isomerization and Dealkylation
1.4. Acetylene
1.4.1. Production of Acetylene from Calcium Carbide
1.4.2. Production of Acetylene from Hydrocarbons
1.4.3. Comparison of Methods of Acetylene Production
1.5. Carbon Monoxide and Synthesis Gas
1.5.1. Production of Synthesis Gas by Catalytic Conversion of Hydrocarbons
1.5.2. Production of Synthesis Gas by High-Temperature Conversion of Hydrocarbons
1.5.3. Production of Synthesis Gas by Coal Gasification
1.5.4. Production of Concentrated Carbon Monoxide

Chapter 2. Halogenation Processes
2.1. General Description of Halogenation Processes
2.2. Radical-Chain Chlorination
2.2.1. Chemistry and Theoretical Foundations of the Process
2.2.2. Technology of Liquid-Phase Chlorination
2.2.3. Technology of Gas-Phase Chlorination
2.3. Ionic-Catalytic Halogenation
2.3.1. Additive Halogenation by Free Halogens
2.3.2. Hydrohalogenation Processes
2.3.3. Nuclear Chlorination of Aromatic Compounds
2.3.4. Halogenation of Oxygen-Containing and Nitrogen Compounds
2.4. Decomposition Reactions of Chloro Derivatives, Combined and Coupled Chlorination Reactions
2.4.1. Decomposition Processes, Their Combination and Coupling with Chlorination Reactions
2.4.2. Oxidative Chlorination and Synthesis of Chloro Derivatives Combined with Oxidative Chlorination
2.5. Fluorination Processes
2.5.1. Fluorination by Molecular Fluorine and Higher Metal Fluorides
2.5.2. Fluorination by Hydrogen Fluoride and Its Salts. Production of Fluoro-Olefins

Chapter 3. Hydrolysis, Hydration, Dehydration, Esterification and Amidation
3.1. Hydrolysis and Alkaline Dehydrochlorination of Chloro Derivatives
3.1.1. Chemistry and Theoretical Foundations of the Hydrolysis of Chloro Derivatives
3.1.2. Production of Chloro-Olefins and a-Oxides by Alkaline Dehydrochlorination
3.1.3. Production of Alcohols and Phenols by Hydrolysis
3.2. Hydration and Dehydration Processes
3.2.1. Chemistry and Theoretical Foundations of the Process
3.2.2. Hydration of Olefins and Acetylene
3.2.3. Dehydration Processes
3.3. Esterification Processes
3.3.1. Chemistry and Theoretical Foundations of Esterification Processes
3.3.2. Technology of the Synthesis of Esters of Carboxylic Acids
3.3.3. Production of Esters from Acid Chlorides, Carbonates, and Esters of Phosphorus Acids
3.4. Synthesis and Conversions of Nitrogen Derivatives of Acids
3.4.1. Synthesis and Conversions of Nitrogen Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
3.4.2. Synthesis and Conversions of Nitrogen Derivatives of Carbonic Acid

Chapter 4. Alkylation Processes
4.1. General Description of Alkylation Reactions
4.2. C-Alkylation
4.2.1. Chemistry and Theory of the Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds in the Ring
4.2.2. Technology of the Alkylation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
4.2.3. Alkylation of Phenols
4.2.4. Alkylation of Paraffins
4.3. Alkylation at Oxygen, Sulphur, and Nitrogen Atoms
4.3.1. O-Alkylation
4.3.2. S-Alkylation
4.3.3. Synthesis of Amines by N-Alkylation Reactions
4.4. p-Ethoxylation and Other Syntheses Based on a-Oxides
4.4.1. Chemistry and Theoretical Foundations of Syntheses from a-Oxides
4.4.2. Technology of Syntheses from a-Oxides
4.5. Vinylation Processes
4.5.1. Vinylation Catalyzed by Transition-Metal Salts
4.5.2. Vinylation Catalyzed by Alkalis
4.6. Alkylation at Atoms of Other Elements
4.6.1. Synthesis of Organosilicon Compounds
4.6.2. Organoaluminium Compounds and Syntheses Based on Them

VOLUME 2

Chapter 5. Sulphation, Sulphonation and Nitration Processes
5.1. Sulphation of Alcohols and Olefins. Surfactants of the Alkyl Sulphate Type
5.2. Sulphonation Processes. Surfactants of the Alkene and Aryl Sulphonate Types
5.3. Sulphochlorination and Sulphoxidation of Paraffins. Surfactants of the Alkyl Sulphonate Type
5.4. Nitration Processes
5.4.1. Nitration of Aromatic Compounds
5.4.2. Nitration of Saturated Hydrocarbons

Chapter 6. Oxidation Processes
6.1. General Description of Oxidation Processes
6.2. Homogeneous Oxidation at the Saturated Carbon Atom
6.2.1. Scientific and Engineering Foundations of the Process
6.2.2. Oxidation of Hydrocarbons to Hydroperoxides. Production of Phenol and Acetone
6.2.3. Oxidation of Paraffins
6.2.4. Oxidation of Naphthenes and Their Derivatives
6.2.5. Oxidation of Methylbenzenes to Aromatic Acids
6.2.6. Oxidation of Saturated Aldehydes and Alcohols
6.3. Heterogeneous-Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives
6.3.1. Scientific and Engineering Foundations of the Process
6.3.2. Oxidation of Olefins at the Saturated Carbon Atom
6.3.3. Oxidative Ammonolysis of Hydrocarbons
6.3.4. Production of Phthalic, Maleic and Other Cyclic Anhydrides
6.3.5. Production of Ethylene Oxide
6.4. Oxidation of Olefins Catalyzed by Metal Complexes
6.4.1. Epoxidation of Unsaturated Compounds
6.4.2. Oxidation and Oxidative Coupling of Olefins Catalyzed by Metal Complexes

Chapter 7. Dehydrogenation and Hydrogenation Processes
7.1. Physicochemical Foundations of Dehydrogenation and Hydrogenation Processes
7.1.1. Thermodynamics of Dehydrogenation and Hydrogenation Reactions
7.1.2. Catalysis, Mechanism and Kinetics of Dehydrogenation and Hydrogenation Reactions
7.2. Chemistry and Technology of Dehydrogenation Processes
7.2.1. Dehydrogenation and Oxidation of Alcohols
7.2.2. Dehydrogenation of Alkylaromatic Compounds. Production of Styrene and Its Homologues
7.2.3. Dehydrogenation of Paraffins and Olefins. Production of Butadiene and Isoprene
7.3. Chemistry and Technology of Hydrogenation Processes
7.3.1. Hydrogenation of Hydrocarbons
7.3.2. Hydrogenation of Oxygen-Containing Compounds
7.3.3. Hydrogenation of Nitrogen Compounds
7.3.4. Technology of Liquid-Phase Hydrogenation
7.3.5. Technology of Gas-Phase Hydrogenation

Chapter 8. Syntheses Based on Carbon Monoxide
8.1. Syntheses from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen
8.2. Oxo Synthesis
8.3. Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Based on Carbon Monoxide

Chapter 9. Condensation at the Carbonyl Group
9.1. Condensation of Aldehydes and Ketones with Aromatic Compounds
9.2. Synthesis of Acetals and the Prins Reaction. Production of Isoprene
9.3. Condensation of Aldehydes and Ketones with Nitrogen Bases. Production of Caprolactam
9.4. Reactions of the Aldol Condensation Type

Subject Index

Epidemiology by V. Zhdanov

This book provides an in-depth exploration of both general and specific epidemiology, offering a thorough understanding of infectious diseases and their control. The first part of the book covers general epidemiological principles, including the subject and tasks of epidemiology, the theory of infection, and the processes behind epidemics. It also delves into prophylaxis strategies for infectious diseases, equipping readers with foundational knowledge to address public health challenges.

The second part of the book shifts focus to specific epidemiological diseases, providing detailed sections on a wide array of infectious conditions, including typhoid fever, cholera, measles, and more. The book covers diseases transmitted through various vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks, as well as those caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It further explores rare and serious diseases like plague, anthrax, and rabies, offering insights into their epidemiology and control measures. Written with clarity and precision, this text serves as a vital resource for students, healthcare professionals, and researchers in the field of epidemiology.

Accepted as a textbook for the students of clinical and pediatric departments of medical institutes

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CONTENTS

Part One
GENERAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
The Subject and Tasks of Epidemiology 7
The Theory of Infection 18
The Theory of the Epidemic Process 31
Prophylaxis of Infectious Diseases 93

Part Two
SPECIFIC EPIDEMIOLOGY
Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid 139
Bacillary Dysentery 146
Toxic Food Infections 156
Cholera 162
Infective Hepatitis (Botkin’s Disease) 166
Poliomyelitis 176
Brucellosis 187
Leptospiroses 193
Helminthiases 198
Influenza 208
Measles 222
Whooping Cough 227
Diphtheria 231
Scarlet Fever 237
Epidemic Encephalitis 242
Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis 247
Chicken Pox 252
Epidemic Parotitis (Mumps) 256
Smallpox 259
Typhus Fever 264
Rickettsial Infections 270
Relapsing Fever 279
Tick-borne Spirochetoses 282
Malaria 285
Sandfly Fever (Pappataci Fever) 291
Leishmaniasis 294
Plague 298
Tularemia 302
Tick-borne Encephalitis (Russian Tick-borne Spring-Summer Encephalitis) 307
Japanese Encephalitis 313
Mosquito Encephalitides and Fevers 316
Hemorrhagic Fevers 320
Tetanus 323
Anthrax 326
Glanders 330
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Stomatitis Aphthosa) 332
Rabies 334
Trachoma 346

Introduction To Energy Technology by V. A. Venikov; E. V. Putyatin

This book serves as a guide to the course “An Introduction to Energy Technology,” designed for first-year students specialising in electric power engineering. It is based on lectures established by Prof. V. A. Venikov and delivered at the Moscow Institute of Power Engineering. The book introduces freshmen to the current state, history, challenges, and future prospects of energetics, offering insights into their chosen field and the role of engineers in solving its problems. It also provides guidance on adapting to university-level education, including self-study, lecture engagement, and practical training, while encouraging exploration of literature linking power engineering with various economic and ecological aspects.

Additionally, the book outlines basic safety measures and methods for processing experimental data, fostering a responsible approach to laboratory research. By offering a general overview of energy technology, it helps students develop a broad perspective on power engineering and its societal impact. As the first attempt to formalise this course and its supporting materials, the book is a valuable resource for both students and lecturers in energy and electrical engineering.

Edited by Prof. V. A. Venikov, D. Sc. (Eng.)
Translated from Russian by B. Nikolayev

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Preface 7
Introduction 9
1.1. General 9
1.2. Importance of Energy Technology to Technological Progress 13
1.3. Modern System of Higher Technical Education: Training for Power Engineering 20
1.4. Student’s Study at Institutions of Higher Education 24

Chapter 1. World Energy Resources
1.1. Energy Resources and Their Utilization 29
1.2. Energy Resources and Reserves 39

Chapter 2. Impact of Technology and Energy Industries on the Biosphere
2.1. Relation Between Natural Phenomena and Processes in Manmade Plants 57
2.2. Energy Growth and the Environment 59
2.3. The Biosphere and Technological Progress 63
2.4. Impact of Energy Industries on the Biosphere 71

Chapter 3. Current Methods for Converting Different Forms of Energy into Electricity
3.1. Laws of Conservation of Matter and Energy: Their Significance for Methods of Electric Power Generation 82
3.2. Condensing Power Plants 92
3.3. Heat-Electric Generating Plants 103
3.4. Gas-Turbine Plants 106
3.5. Combined Steam and Gas-Turbine Plants 107
3.6. Hydroelectric Plants 109
3.7. Pumped-Storage Plants 117
3.8. Tidal Power Plants 124
3.9. Nuclear Power Plants 127

Chapter 4. New Methods for Converting Different Forms of Energy into Electricity
4.1. Social Development and Need for New Energy Conversion Techniques 145
4.2. Magnetohydrodynamic Generation 150
4.3. Thermal Converters 157
4.4. Nuclear Batteries 164
4.5. Thermionic Converters 166
4.6. Electrochemical Cells 168
4.7. Geothermal Power Plants 172
4.8. Solar Power Plants 174
4.9. Energy from Breeders and Fusion Reactors 180

Chapter 5. Electric Power Engineering
5.1. Electric Power Industry in the USSR 186
5.2. Utilization of Electric Power in National Economy 198
5.3. Electric Energy Usage 206
5.4. Electric Power System 211
5.5. Theory of Operation and Design Features of Electric Power System Basic Components 215
5.6. Electric Power Transmission 227
5.7. Advantages of Integrated Power Systems 232

Chapter 6. The Control of Large Systems
6.1. Requirements for Operators 239
6.2. Data Control Processes 246
6.3. Means of Control 260
6.4. Electric Power System Control 265

Chapter 7. Experimental and Theoretical Research. Experimental Design and Data Processing
7.1. Purpose of Research into Electric Power Systems 273
7.2. Simulation and Similarity 276
7.3. Models and Simulation Techniques 281
7.4. Application of Models 285
7.5. Simulation Accuracy 295
7.6. Measurement Errors 296
7.7. Processing of Measurement Data 298

Appendix. Key Episodes in the Development of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology 304
Index 305

Similarity And Dimensional Methods In Mechanics by L. I. Sedov

Dimensional analysis and similarity theory are essential in physics and engineering, particularly for designing and testing complex structures like airplanes, ships, and dams. These theories guide the conditions for model experiments and identify key parameters for fundamental effects and operations. Despite their simplicity and utility, they are often inadequately explained in textbooks and educational practices, leading to confusion and misconceptions.

The book highlights the importance of clear definitions of dimensional and dimensionless quantities and foundational concepts like the number of basic units of measurement. It critiques the superficial treatment of these topics in academia, which has occasionally led to paradoxes, such as misinterpretations in Rayleigh’s conclusions on heat emission.

Dimensional analysis is especially valuable when combined with broader physical principles, yielding significant insights in fields like turbulence, where a complete mathematical framework is lacking. The book includes new results in turbulence theory and provides detailed analyses of problems like turbulent fluid motion and Newton’s second law.

While many applications of dimensional analysis are not covered, the text aims to demonstrate standard methods and inspire the selection and formulation of new problems and experiments. The first half of the book is accessible to general readers, while the latter half requires some knowledge of hydromechanics.

Translated from the Russian by V. I. Kisin

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CONTENTS
Foreword to the First Russian Edition 7
Foreword to the Third Russian Edition 9
Foreword to the Sixth Russian Edition 10
Foreword to the Eighth Russian Edition 11
Foreword to the Ninth Russian Edition 11

CHAPTER I. General Dimensions Theory
§ 1. Introduction 13
§ 2. Dimensional and Dimensionless Quantities 14
§ 3. Fundamental and Derived Units of Measurement 15
§ 4. Dimensions Formulas 20
§ 5. On Newton’s Second Law 21
§ 6. Nature of the Functional Relations Between Physical Quantities 27
§ 7. Parameters Defining a Class of Phenomena 32
References 35

CHAPTER II. Similarity, Modelling, and Various Examples of the Application of Dimensional Analysis
§ 1. Motion of a Simple Pendulum 36
§ 2. Flow of a Heavy Fluid Through a Spillway 38
§ 3. Fluid Motion in Pipes 40
§ 4. Motion of a Body in a Fluid 44
§ 5. Heat Transfer from a Body in a Fluid Flow 51
§ 6. Dynamic Similarity and Modelling of Phenomena 54
§ 7. Steady Motion of a Solid Body in a Compressible Fluid 63
§ 8. Unsteady Motion in a Fluid 68
§ 9. Ship Motion 72
§ 10. Planing over the Water Surface 79
§ 11. Impact on Water 86
§ 12. Entry of a Cone and a Wedge at Constant Speed into a Fluid 93
§ 13. Small-Amplitude Waves on the Surface of an Incompressible Fluid 95
§ 14. Three-Dimensional Self-Similar Motions of Continuous Media 103
References 106

CHAPTER III. Applications to the Theory of Motion of a Viscous Fluid and to the Theory of Turbulence
§ 1. Diffusion of Vorticity in a Viscous Fluid 108
§ 2. Exact Solutions of the Equations of Motion of a Viscous Incompressible Fluid 110
§ 3. Boundary Layer in the Flow of a Viscous Fluid Past a Flat Plate 116
§ 4. Isotropic Turbulent Motion of an Incompressible Fluid 120
§ 5. Steady Turbulent Motion 151
References 163

CHAPTER IV. One-Dimensional Unsteady Motion of a Gas
§ 1. Self-Similar Motion of Spherical, Cylindrical, and Plane Waves in a Gas 166
§ 2. Ordinary Differential Equations and the Shock Conditions for Self-Similar Motions 175
§ 3. Algebraic Integrals for Self-Similar Motion 187
§ 4. Motions which Are Self-Similar in the Limit 196
§ 5. Investigation of the Family of Integral Curves in the (z, V) Plane 200
§ 6. The Piston Problem 208
§ 7. Problem of Implosion and Explosion at a Point 211
§ 8. Spherical Detonation 213
§ 9. Flame Propagation 220
§ 10. Collapse of an Arbitrary Discontinuity in a Combustible Mixture 225
§ 11. Problem of a Strong Explosion 229
§ 12. Point Explosion with Counterpressure Taken into Account 260
§ 13. On Modelling and on Formulas for the Peak Pressure and Impulse of Explosions 272
§ 14. Problem of a Strong Explosion in a Medium with a Variable Density 282
§ 15. Unsteady Motion of a Gas when the Velocity is Proportional to the Distance from the Centre of Symmetry 293
§ 16. On the General Theory of One-Dimensional Motion of a Gas 304
§ 17. Asymptotic Laws of Shock Wave Damping 317
References 325

CHAPTER V. Introduction to the Theory of Gas Engines
§ 1. On Averaging of Nonuniform Gas Flows in Ducts 334
§ 2. Similarity Conditions and Abstract Parameters Determining the Characteristics of Compressors 348
§ 3. On Flight Efficiency of an Ideal Propeller and an Ideal Air-Breathing Jet Engine 359
References 366

CHAPTER VI. Applications to Astrophysical Problems
§ 1. Some Observational Results 367
§ 2. On the Equations of Equilibrium and Motion of a Gaseous Mass Simulating a Star 377
§ 3. Theoretical Formulas Relating Luminosity with Mass, and Radius with Mass 382
§ 4. Some Simple Solutions of the System of Equations of Stellar Equilibrium 386
§ 5. On the Relation Between the Period of Variation of the Brightness and the Average Density for Cepheids 392
§ 6. On the Theory of the Flare-ups of Novae and Supernovae 395
References 417

Name Index 419
Subject Index 422

Laboratory Manual Of Organic Synthesis by M. N. Khramkina

This book explains the modern theoretical concepts of organic chemistry to the extent needed for carrying out synthesis. A more detailed exposition of theoretical aspects, especially those involving the reaction mechanisms, is given in textbooks of organic chemistry.

This textbook presents a large number of syntheses. The greatest attention is devoted to laboratory operations which are of practical and methodological importance. If need be, a laboratory operation in a given subject can be replaced by a similar one in the students’ future speciality. In addition, when there is a large number of syntheses, the instructor can select those needed for review problems to see how well the students have learned their material.

Certain guides to organic synthesis were used when the textbook was being written.

This edition of the textbook has new material on the mechanism of individual reactions and a chapter on the identification of organic compounds.

Translated from the Russian by Nicholas Bobrov

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CONTENTS
Preface
Part I — METHODS USED IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Chapter 1 — WORK AND SAFETY RULES
1.1. Principal Laboratory Operations
Assembly
Cleaning and Drying Laboratory Equipment
Literature, Notebooks and Reports
1.2. Safety Rules in the Organic Synthesis Laboratory
Precautions and First Aid in Case of Accidents
Work with Poisons and Caustics
Work with Highly Flammable Substances and Explosives
Rules of Handling Glassware
First Aid in Case of Burns, Poisonings and Other Accidents
Local Fires and Burning Laboratory Equipment
Chapter 2 — PRINCIPAL LABORATORY OPERATIONS
2.1. Heating
2.2. Cooling
2.3. Measuring and Controlling the Temperature
2.4. Grinding and Stirring
2.5. Dissolution and Properties of Some Organic Solvents
Ethyl Alcohol
Methyl Alcohol
Ether
Petroleum Ether
Acetone
2.6. Drying and Principal Drying Agents
Drying Gases
Drying Organic Liquids
Drying Solids
Principal Drying Agents
2.7. Filtration
Filtration at Atmospheric Pressure
Suction Filtration
Chapter 3 — METHODS OF PURIFYING ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
3.1. Crystallisation
Solvent Selection
Recrystallisation Procedure
Formation of Crystals
3.2. Sublimation
3.3. Extraction
3.4. Distillation
Simple Distillation at Atmospheric Pressure
Steam Distillation
Vacuum Distillation (at Reduced Pressure)
Fractional Distillation
Rectification
3.5. Chromatography
Adsorption Chromatography (Column Chromatography)
Partition Chromatography
Paper Chromatography
Ion Exchange Chromatography
Chapter 4 — DETERMINATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
4.1. Melting Point
4.2. Boiling Point
4.3. Specific Gravity
4.4. Refractive Index
4.5. Molecular Weight
Chapter 5 — WORK WITH COMPRESSED AND LIQUEFIED GASES
5.1. Gas Cylinders and How to Use Them
5.2. Dosing Gases
5.3. Purification of Gases and Their Introduction into an Apparatus
5.4. Safety Rules in Handling Gas Cylinders
Chapter 6 — QUANTITATIVE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
6.1. Semimicrodetermination of Carbon and Hydrogen
Assembly
Analysis
6.2. Semimicrodetermination of Nitrogen (According to Dumas)
Assembly
Analysis
6.3. Microdetermination of Carbon and Hydrogen
Assembly
Analysis
Part II — SYNTHESES OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
Chapter 7 — HALOGENATION REACTIONS
7.1. Replacement of the Hydroxyl Group of Alcohols by a Halogen
7.2. Replacement of the Hydroxyl Group of Acids by a Halogen
7.3. Halogen Addition to a Multiple Bond
7.4. Direct Replacement of Hydrogen by a Halogen
7.5. Syntheses
Ethyl Bromide
Acetylene and Ethyl Bromide
Ethyl Iodide
Butyl Bromide
Acetyl Chloride
Benzoyl Chloride
1,2-Dibromoethane
Bromobenzene
α-Bromonaphthalene
p-Bromoanisole
Chapter 8 — ALKYLATION REACTIONS
8.1. Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds by Alcohols in the Presence of Sulphuric Acid
8.2. Preparation of Ethers
8.3. Syntheses
sec-Butylbenzene
Dibutyl Ether
Isoamyl Ether
Diphenyl Ether
Phenetole
β-Naphthyl Ethyl Ether (Nerolin, Bromelia)
Anisole
Chapter 9 — ACYLATION REACTIONS
9.1. Acylation of Alcohols and Amines by Carboxylic Acids
9.2. Acylation of Alcohols, Phenols and Amines by Acyl Chlorides
9.3. Acylation of Amines by Acid Anhydrides
9.4. Syntheses
Ethyl Acetate
Isoamyl Acetate
Ethyl Chloroacetate
Diethyl Oxalate (Oxalic Ester)
Ethyl Benzoate
Benzanilide
Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)
β-Naphthyl Acetate
Acetanilide
Chapter 10 — FRIEDEL-CRAFTS REACTIONS
10.1. Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds
10.2. Acylation of Aromatic Compounds
10.3. Syntheses
Isopropylbenzene
Diphenylmethane
Acetophenone
Benzophenone
Chapter 11 — OXIDATION REACTIONS
11.1. Oxidation at the Double Bond
11.2. Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols to Aldehydes or Ketones
11.3. Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones to Acids
11.4. Oxidation of Methyl and Methylene Groups
11.5. Preparation of Quinones by Oxidation
11.6. Syntheses
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Isovaleraldehyde
Benzophenone
Isobutyric Acid
Valeric Acid
Benzoic Acid
Benzoquinone
Anthraquinone
Chapter 12 — NITRATION REACTIONS
12.1. Nitration of Hydrocarbons of the Fatty Series
12.2. Nitration of Hydrocarbons of the Aromatic Series
12.3. Syntheses
Nitromethane
Nitrobenzene
o-,p-Nitrotoluene
o-,p-Nitrophenol
α-Nitronaphthalene
Chapter 13 — AMINATION REACTIONS
13.1. Preparation of Amines of the Fatty Series
13.2. Preparation of Amines of the Aromatic Series
13.3. Syntheses
Methylamine
Aniline
o-,p-Toluidine
α-Naphthylamine
Preparation of α-Naphthylamine Hydrochloride
Chapter 14 — SULPHONATION REACTIONS
14.1. Sulphonation of Aromatic Compounds
14.2. Syntheses
β-Naphthalenesulphonic Acid (Sodium Salt)
Benzenesulphonic Acid (Sodium Salt)
p-Toluenesulphonic Acid
Sulphanilic Acid
Chapter 15 — DIAZOTIZATION AND AZO COUPLING REACTIONS
15.1. Diazonium Salt Reactions with Loss of Nitrogen
15.2. Diazonium Salt Reactions without Loss of Nitrogen
15.3. Syntheses
Phenol
Iodobenzene
Helianthin
β-Naphthol Orange
Chapter 16 — GRIGNARD REACTIONS
16.1. Preparation of Hydrocarbons
Quantitative Determination of Active Hydrogen by the Chugaev-Tserevitinov Method
16.2. Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
16.3. Preparation of Alcohols
16.4. Syntheses
Phenylacetic Acid
Triphenylcarbinol
Diphenylcarbinol (Benzhydrol)
Chapter 17 — CANNIZZARO REACTIONS
17.1. Synthesis of Benzoic Acid and Benzyl Alcohol
Chapter 18 — CLAISEN REACTIONS
18.1. Syntheses
Ethyl Acetoacetate
Benzoylacetone
Chapter 19 — POLYMERIZATION AND POLYCONDENSATION REACTIONS
19.1. Polymerization
19.2. Polycondensation (Condensation Polymerization)
19.3. Syntheses
Paraldehyde
Polystyrene
Polymethyl Methacrylate
Copolymer of Styrene with Methyl Methacrylate
Methyl Methacrylate (from Methyl Methacrylate)
Glyptal Resin
Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin
Chapter 20 — IDENTIFICATION
20.1. Preliminary Tests
20.2. Qualitative Reactions
20.3. Preparation of Derivatives
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE
SUPPLEMENTS
Drying Agents for Organic Compounds
Steam Pressure at Different Temperatures
Pressure of Liquefied Gases in Cylinders
Colour Code of Compressed Gas Cylinders
Density of Sulphuric Acid Solutions (20°C)
Density of Hydrochloric Acid Solutions (20°C)
Density of Nitric Acid Solutions (20°C)
Density of Sodium Hydroxide Solutions (20°C)
Density of Potassium Hydroxide Solutions (20°C)
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Their Derivatives
Physical Properties of Phenols and Their Derivatives
Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Their Derivatives
Physical Properties of Ketones and Their Derivatives
Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Physical Properties of Primary and Secondary Amines and Their Derivatives (Acetamides)
Physical Properties of Acid Halides and Their Derivatives (Anilides)

Semiconductor Physics by P.S. Kireev

This textbook originates from lectures delivered by the author to students of the Semiconductor Materials and Devices Faculty at the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys. It assumes prior knowledge of subjects like Crystallography and Quantum Mechanics, allowing the material to focus exclusively on semiconductor physics without revisiting crystal lattice structures or atomic bonding. Leveraging students’ understanding of quantum mechanics, the textbook employs rigorous methods to address topics such as energy band structures and charge carrier transitions, including their interactions with lattice defects, phonons, and photons. Detailed intermediate calculations and experimental data further enhance comprehension.

While the material is presented at a high level, it remains accessible, supported by clear derivations and illustrations. Group theory methods are introduced to simplify problem-solving but are confined to an appendix, as this subject is typically not part of technical college curricula. The book deliberately avoids covering the operation of specific semiconductor devices, treating Semiconductor Physics as a distinct discipline with a focus on fundamental principles.

Translated from the Russian by Mark Samokhvalov

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CONTENTS
Preface 9

Chapter I. Introduction. Electron Theory of Conductivity 11

Electron Theory of Conductivity. Ohm’s Law 11
Mean-Free Time and Free-Path Distribution Functions 16
Electron Distribution Function. Mean Values of Physical Quantities 20
Semiconductors. The Classification of Materials According to Their Conductivity 31
Semiconductor Conductivity Models. The Concept of a Hole 35
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Conductivities 39
Chapter II. The Fundamentals of the Band Theory of Semiconductors 42
7. The Schrödinger Equation for the Crystal 42
8. The Adiabatic Approximation 45
9. Single Electron Approximation 50
10. Periodic Field of the Crystal Lattice. Translational Operator 54
11. Quasimomentum 59
12. The Effective Mass of the Electron 64
13. Relation Between Velocity and Quasimomentum 70
14. Acceleration Operator 73
15. Brillouin Zones 80
16. Normalising Inside a Potential Box and the Discrete Nature of Quasimomentum 85
17. Theory of the Quasifree Electron 90
18. Theory of the Quasibound Electron 105
19. Effective Mass Method. Influence of External Fields on Energy Spectrum of a Crystal 119
20. Localised States 125
21. Elementary Theory of Impurity States 130
22. Surface States 138
23. Quantisation of Electron Energy in a Magnetic Field. Landau Levels 141
24. Pauli Principle. Concept of Metal, Semiconductor, and Dielectric 146
25. Main Features of the Hole 153
26. Band Structure of Some Semiconductors. Calculation Methods 158
27. Quasiparticle Concept 175

Chapter III. Electron and Hole Statistics in Semiconductors 180
28. Density of States 180
29. Electron and Hole Concentrations 189
30. Electric Neutrality Equation 197
31. Intrinsic Semiconductor 200
32. Extrinsic Semiconductor. Impurity of One Type 205
33. Semiconductor Doped with Both Acceptor and Donor Impurities 215
34. Degenerate Semiconductor 221
35. Density of States in a Magnetic Field 225

Chapter IV. Kinetic Phenomena in Semiconductors 234
36. Boltzmann’s Kinetic Equation 234
37. Relaxation Time 241
38. Electric Current Density and Energy Flux Density 249
39. Kinetic Coefficients 253
40. Conductivity of Semiconductors 261
41. Galvanomagnetic Effects 270
42. Hall Effect in Extrinsic Conductivity Range 280
43. Hall Effect in a Substance with Several Types of Charge Carriers 288
44. Magnetic Field Dependence of Hall Coefficient 294
45. Magnetoresistive Effect 302
46. Heat Conductivity of Semiconductors 311
47. Thermoelectric Phenomena 318
48. Thermomagnetic Phenomena 334
49. General Analysis of Kinetic Phenomena 338
50. On Kinetic Phenomena in Semiconductors with Tensor Effective Masses 348
51. Tensorsensitive Effect. Tensorsensitivity 352
52. Piezoresistive Effect. Piezoresistance Coefficients 359

Chapter V. The Theory of Charge Carrier Scattering 369
53. Effective Scattering Cross Section 369
54. Relationship Between Relaxation Time and Effective Cross Section 378
55. Elements of Quantum Transition Theory 383
56. Impurity Ion Scattering 390
57. Scattering by Neutral Impurity Atoms 398
58. Lattice Vibrations. Normal Coordinates, Phonons 401
59. Acoustical and Optical Lattice Vibrations 409
60. Lattice Specific Heat. Phonon Statistics 422
61. Scattering by Thermal Lattice Vibrations. Method of Deformation Potential 432
62. Temperature Dependence of Charge Carrier Mobility 441
63. Dependence of Relaxation Time on External Fields. Deviations from Ohm’s Law 452

Chapter VI. Charge Carrier Recombination 461
64. Continuity Equation. Lifetime 461
65. Recombination Mechanism. Linear Recombination 472
66. Diffusion and Drift of Nonequilibrium Charge Carriers 484
67. Surface Recombination 492

Chapter VII. Contact Phenomena in Semiconductors 497
68. Debye Length 497
69. Work Function 510
70. Contact Potential Difference. Metal-Metal Contact 515
71. Metal-Semiconductor Contact 519
72. Inhomogeneous Semiconductor, p-n Junction 525

Chapter VIII. Optical and Photoelectrical Phenomena in Semiconductors 532
73. Light-Absorption Spectrum 532
74. Light Absorption by Free Charge Carriers 536
75. Cyclotron Resonance 546
76. Intrinsic Light Absorption 555
77. Absorption of Light by the Lattice 573
78. Light Absorption by Electrons in Localised States 579
79. Influence of the Ambient on Absorption Spectrum 586
80. Photoresistive Effect 590
81. Dember Effect. Photovoltaic Effect 599
82. Photomagnetoelectric Effect 608
83. Faraday Effect 613
84. Spin-Orbital Splitting of Energy Bands 623

Appendix. Introduction to the Theory of Groups 633

Space Transformations 633
Group of Symmetry Transformations. Properties of Group Elements 639
Relation Between Groups 643
Representation of Groups 646
The Properties of Irreducible Representations 649
The Basis of a Representation 652
Direct Product of Representations 655
Point Groups 659
Translational Groups. Brillouin Zones 665
The Wave Vector Group 671
Schrödinger Equation 680
Twin Groups. Time Inversion 684
Recommended Literature 694

Stability And Oscillation Of Elastic Systems Modern Concepts, Paradoxes And Errors by Ya. G. Panovko; I. I. Gubanova

This book discusses contemporary problems such as “jumps” in elastic systems, problems of aeroelasticity, problems of frictional self-oscillations, and self-synchronization, providing only the elementary data on these topics.

The first part examines the stability of equilibrium shapes in elastic systems. It addresses stability loss in cases of similar equilibrium shapes, the disappearance of stable equilibrium forms, and the absence of any equilibrium states. The error made by Euler in analysing stability loss is highlighted, and Mises’ truss is used as an example of stability loss in cases of similar equilibrium shapes.

The second part focuses on problems related to oscillations of linear systems, including systems with a fractional number of degrees of freedom, as well as the free oscillations of a cantilever in the field of centrifugal forces. Four methods for solving the problem of the action of periodic instantaneous impulses are presented. The Tacoma catastrophe is analysed as an example of aeroelastic oscillations.

Finally, the book explores problems of nonlinear system oscillations, including the vibration maintenance of rotation, the Sommerfeld effect, and self-oscillations of a quasi-system with dry friction.

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Table of Contents

Foreword
Foreword to the First Edition …………………………………………….. v
Foreword to the Second Edition ……………………………………………. vi
Part 1: The Stability of Equilibrium Shapes of Elastic Systems
Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 1

Chapter I: The Loss of Stability Upon the Appearance of Similar Equilibrium Shapes

§1. Euler’s Error ……………………………………………………………………. 5
§2. The Effect of Subcritical Compression of a Bar on the Critical Value of the Compressive Force …. 11
§3. One Version of the Application of the Energy Method ………………………. 17
§4. Loads Whose Values Depend on the Displacements ………………………….. 22
Chapter II: Loss of Stability Upon the Appearance of Non-Similar Equilibrium Shapes

§5. The Mises’ Truss ………………………………………………………………… 43
§6. The Stability of a Fluted Strip ………………………………………………….. 51
§7. More Examples of Systems with Jumps; Discussion of the Results …………. 58
Chapter III: Stability Loss Upon the Disappearance of Stable Equilibrium Shapes

§8. Tracking Loads: Static Statement of the Problem …………………………. 70
§9. Tracking Loads: Dynamic Statement of the Problem …………………….. 80
§10. Tracking Loads: A System with Two Degrees of Freedom ………………… 87
§11. The History of the Problem …………………………………………………… 91
Chapter IV: Stability Losses When Any Forms of Equilibrium Disappear

§12. General Stability of High Buildings ………………………………………… 97
§13. Characteristics of “Deformation Calculations” …………………………….. 104
§14. Two Discussions (Solutions of R. Lorenz and V. E. Vlasov) ……………….. 113
§15. Stability Losses of a Rod Under Tension …………………………………. 125
§16. Critical Internal Pressure for a Spherical Shell ……………………………. 136
§17. Rotation of a Flexible Shaft in a Rigid Tube-Shell ………………………… 140
Chapter V: Buckling of Not Fully Elastic Rods

§18. Elastic-Plastic Buckling: Classical Concept ……………………………….. 153
§19. Elastic-Plastic Buckling: Present-Day Concept ……………………………. 160
§20. Buckling of a Rod in a Statically Indeterminate System …………………. 167
§21. Stability Loss in the Case of Material Creep ……………………………….. 175
Part 2: Oscillations of Elastic Systems
Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 184

Chapter VI: Certain Problems of Oscillations of Linear Systems

§22. System with a Fractional Number of Degrees of Freedom ………………. 187

§23. Free Oscillations of a Cantilever in the Field of Centrifugal Forces ………. 192

§24. Equal-Frequency Shock Absorber ……………………………………………. 197

§25. Comments on the Formulas of Rayleigh and Grammel ……………………… 201

§26. Lagrange Errors ………………………………………………………………. 214

§27. Formula of A. N. Krylov ………………………………………………………. 224

§28. Four Methods of Solving the Problem of the Action of Periodic Instantaneous Impulses …….. 233

§29. Superpositions: Variations of Using It in Problems of Forced Oscillations … 244

§30. The “Inverse” Form of Differential Equations of Oscillations ……………. 252

§31. Terminology Information: Impedance, Receptance, Admittance, Response, Anti-Resonance …. 259

§32. Parametric Excitation of Oscillations ……………………………………… 269

§33. Destabilizing Action of the Forces of Viscous Friction …………………….. 285

§34. Linear Realisations of Dry Friction Forces …………………………………. 292

§35. Paradox Connected with Damping Coverings ……………………………… 302

§36. Damping of Pipeline Oscillations by Coriolis Forces ………………………. 309

Chapter VII: Dynamic Action of a Moving Load

§37. Brief Historical Sketch ……………………………………………………… 314
§38. Bresse Error ……………………………………………………………………… 322
§39. A Travelling Bending Wave …………………………………………………….. 327
§40. Action of an Infinite Strip of a Moving Load ………………………………. 332
Chapter VIII: Aeroelastic Oscillations

§41. Dynamic Problems of Aeroelasticity Theory ……………………………….. 338
§42. “Classical” Flutter ………………………………………………………………. 341
§43. Tacoma Catastrophe: Separation Flutter …………………………………… 351
Chapter IX: Problems of Nonlinear System Oscillations

§44. Vibration Maintenance of Rotation …………………………………………. 358
§45. Dynamics of the Boisse-Sarda Regulator …………………………………… 365
§46. Sommerfeld Effect ………………………………………………………………… 372
§47. Self-Oscillations: Method of Slowly Changing Amplitudes ……………….. 383
§48. Self-Oscillations of a Quasi-System with Dry Friction …………………… 393
§49. Discontinuous Self-Oscillations in the Case of Dry Friction ……………. 400
§50. Delta Method ……………………………………………………………………… 406

भौतिक विज्ञान सहज बोध (Physics For Entertainment In Hindi ) by या. इ. पेरेलमान (Yakov Perelman)

विश्वविख्यात भौतिक विज्ञानी या. इ. पेरेलमान की कृति महत्त्वपूर्ण पुस्तक ‘Physics for Entertainment’ का अनुवाद

बी.एस.के. काले

अनुवादक देवेन्द्र प्र. शर्मा

Many thanks to @life123 for scans

Note: There is slight warping on some pages but the print is very clear and readable

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The October Storm And After Stories And Reminiscences

We were the first to be fortunate enough to tell people about life under socialism and of the struggle to establish socialism.”

All the other contributors to this volume may justly subscribe to the above together with the author, Alexander Fadeyev, for all of them took part in the Great October Socialist Revolution. Among their number are A. Lunacharsky, the first People’s Commissar for Education, Academician V. Bonch-Bruyevich, A. Kollontai, a well-known woman revolutionary, and the writers Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, Vsevolod Ivanov, Valentin Katayev, and Kornei Chukovsky.

Many of the stories were written between 1920 and 1940, but there is also a large selection of modern writings by such well-known contemporary authors as Vera Panova, Yuri German, and others.

There are stories about the years of underground revolutionary work, the heroic era of the Civil War, and the great revolutionary forward thrust of the people building a new society.

Translated from the Russian
Designed by V. Kuleshov

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Contents

10 Anatoly Lunacharsky. Smolny on the Night of the
Storm
14 John Reed. Ten Days That Shook the World.
(Extracts)
24 Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich. How Lenin Wrote the
Decree on Land
29 Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich. The Arms of the Soviet
State ••
33 Alexandra Kollontai. The First Benefit
44 Mikhail Sholokhov. The Bastard
82 Alexander Fadeyev. Metelitsa Goes on Reconnaissance
102 Vsevolod Ivanov. Letter T.
114 Abdulla Kahhar. The Healer of the Blind
136 Vera Inber. The Crime of Nor Bibi
166 Valentin Katayev. Sleep
175 Boris Lavrenyov. The Forty First
242 A. Zorich. The Insult
262 Kornci Chukovsky. People’s Commissar for Education
275 Konstantin Fedin. Gorky Among Us
296 Maxim Gorky. Kamo
309 Maxim Gorky. Mitya Pavlov
311 Yuri German. A .Walk in the Yard
336 Yelizaveta Drabkina. Meditation
343 Vera Panova. Three Boys at the Gate
V. I. Lenin
The cruiser “Aurora”, a shot from which signalled the start of
the October Revolution. This picture was taken in April 1918
Red Guards

The Experience Of Soviet Medicine During The Great Patriotic War 1941-1945

A collection of Soviet experiences with battlefield injuries and their treatment during second world war.

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Contents

Table of Contents
General Section
Chapter I A Brief Historical Overview of the Methods of Treating Firearms Wounds of the Peripheral Nerves 1
Chapter II General Questions of Firearms-Inflicted Wounds to the Peripheral Nerves 17
Chapter III The Histopathology of Peripheral Nerve Trunks in Combat Trauma 62
Chapter IV Regeneration of Nerve Trunks After Firearms Wounds 102
Chapter V On the Organization of Treatment-Evacuation Aid for Firearms-Inflicted Wounds to the Peripheral Nerves 140
Chapter VI General Symptomatology and Diagnosis of Firearms Wounds to the Peripheral Nerves 156
Special Section
Chapter I The Clinical Treatment and Diagnostics of Firearms Wounds to Individual Peripheral Nerves 199

Chapter II Firearms Injuries to the Craniocerebral Nerves 269

Chapter III Surgical Treatment of Firearms Wounds to the Peripheral Nerves 288

Chapter IV Firearms Injuries of the Intercostal Nerves and the Thoracoabdominal Nerve 557

Chapter V Conservative Treatment of Firearms Injuries to the Peripheral Nerves 570

Chapter VI The Clinical Picture and Treatment of Reflex Contractures and Paralyses Developing After Firearms Injuries to the Peripheral Nerves 633

Chapter VII Causalgia and Its Treatment 676

Chapter VIII Orthopaedic Operations for Consequences of Peripheral Nerve Injuries 759

Chapter IX Residual Manifestations of Peripheral Nerve Injuries and the Methodology of Treating Them in the Later Period 775

Chapter X Long-Term Results of Surgical Treatment of Firearms-Inflicted Injuries to the Peripheral Nerves 787

Conclusion 816

அனைவருக்குமான இயற்பியல் இயக்கம், வெப்பம் (Physics For Everyone Motion, Heat In Tamil ) by எல். லாண்டாவோ (L. Landau); அ. கிட்டகரோட்ஸ்கி (A. Kitaigorodsky)

We have tried to write this book in a light and simple style, not denying ourselves the pleasure of an occasional joke with the reader. But this does not in any way mean that our Physics for Everyone is an easy book. Many of its pages must be read attentively for a long time; in order to understand physics, one must very often think hard and tensely.

The book’s main concern is the fundamental laws and concepts of physics. However, we have tried not to forget about illustrations from life and technology, true, not having the aim of dealing in any way with the inexhaustible field of applied physics.

நாங்கள் இந்தப் புத்தகத்தை இலகுவான மற்றும் எளிய பாணியில் எழுத முயன்றுள்ளோம், வாசகருடன் பொழுதுபோக்கு செய்யும் occasional ஜோக்குகளை நாங்கள் தவறவில்லை. ஆனால் இது எங்கள் ‘எல்லோருக்கும் புவியியல்’ ஒரு எளிய புத்தகம் என்பதை பொருளல்ல. அதன் பல பக்கங்களை கவனமாகவும் நீண்ட நேரம் வாசிக்க வேண்டும்; புவியியலைப் புரிந்துகொள்ள, பல முறை தீவிரமாகவும் சிந்திக்க வேண்டும்.

இந்த புத்தகத்தின் முதன்மை கவனம் புவியியலின் அடிப்படை விதிமுறைகள் மற்றும் கருத்துக்களிலேயே உள்ளது. அதே நேரத்தில், வாழ்க்கையிலிருந்து மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்பத்திலிருந்து எடுத்துக்காட்டுகளை மறக்காமல் இருக்க நாம் முயற்சித்துள்ளோம், ஆனால் வரையறுக்க முடியாத ஆபரேஷனல் புவியியல் பற்றிய விரிவான விவாதத்தை எங்களது நோக்கமாக வைத்திருக்கவில்லை.

தமிழாக்கம்: டாக்டர் இ. பழனியாண்டி

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कथा ही नाण्यांची (The Story Of Coins In Marathi) by गेरमन अलेक्सेइविच फ्योदोरोव-दविदोव (G. A. Fedorov-Davydov)

प्राख्यात सोविएत इतिहासकार आणि संशोधक गेरमन अलेक्सेइविच फ्योदोरोव – दविदोव यांनी लिहिलेल्या या पुस्तकामध्ये नाण्यांच्या इतिहासाचा परामर्ष घेण्यात आला आहे. इतिहासातील अनेक अत्यंत महत्वाच्या आणि मनोरंजक घटनांचा नाण्यांशी दाट संबंध आहे. नाण्यांच्या उदयापूर्वीच्या काळापासून ते आधुनिक नाण्यांच्या जन्माप- र्यंतचा कालखंड हा अशा मनोरंजक घटनांनी पूर्णपणे व्यापलेला आहे. इतिहासामध्ये आणि त्याचप्रमाणे नाण्यांम- ध्ये स्वारस्य असलेल्या सर्व वयोगटातील वाचकांसाठी हे पुस्तक अत्यंत उपयुक्त ठरेल.

अनुक्रमणिका

पाश्र्वभूमी ६
प्राचीन जगातील देशांचा फेरफटका २१
मध्ययुगीन नाणी ४७
प्राचीन रशिया ८३
आधुनिक इतिहासाचे पर्व ११०
भारतीय नाणी १३२

अनुवाद: डॉ. रविंद्र रसाळ

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Sleep, Hypnosis, Dreams by L. Rokhlin

A popular exposition of various aspects of human body and sleep.

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction …………………………………………….. 5
The Significance of Sleep …………………………………. 9
Changes Occurring in the Body During Sleep …………………… 11
Criticism of Various Theories of Sleep ……………………………. 15
Pavlov on Sleep ……………………………………………….. 23
Pavlov on Hypnosis …………………………………………….. 36
Dreams, Their Causes and Nature ………………………………. 48
Different States of Sleep and Conditions Conducive to Sleep ……… 73
Therapy by Prolonged Sleep …………………………………… 77
Disorders of Sleep ……………………………………………… 81
Morbid Sleep …………………………………………………… 81
Hygiene of Sleep ………………………………………………. 83

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Theory Of Stellar Spectra by V.V. Sobolev

The only source of our information on stars is their radiation. From stellar spectra we judge the structure of stellar atmospheres, their chemical composition, and physical processes taking place there. Spectrograms are interpreted on the basis of the theory of stellar spectra, wherein lies its enormous value for astrophysics. Until recently astronomers could observe stellar radiation only in a very small range of frequencies making up the visible region of the spectrum. However, about 20 years ago radio astronomy came into being which permits investigating the radiation of celestial bodies in a completely different spectral region.

Quite recently, in connection with the launching of satellites and rockets, there arose the theoretical possibility of obtaining stellar spectra in any frequency range. So far, highly useful spectrograms of stars and the sun have been obtained in the so-called rocket ultraviolet. It is obvious that this broadening of observational data will even further increase the significance of the theory of stellar spectra. At the same time it is necessary to improve and extend this theory.

The surface layers of stars, out of which their spectra arise, represent
strongly ionized gases, i.e., plasma. Plasma studies are also being carried out in physics laboratories, having increased in intensity of late. Methods used by physicists in studying plasmas are in many respects similar to methods used by astrophysicists in studying stellar atmospheres. Therefore, the theory of stellar spectra is of interest not only to astrophysicists but also to physicists.

An excellent example of the broad interest in the theory of stellar spectra is the summer seminary on problems of this theory, organized by the
Astronomical Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Leningrad University and held in Leningrad in June 1964* About 150 young astrophysicists and physicists of the Soviet Union participated in the sessions. This book was written on the basis of the lectures given at that time.
The first part of the book examines atomic processes associated with the
formation of spectra, with special emphasis on calculation of the energy levels of the atom and the probability of transitions between these levels. The second part deals with the theory of radiation transfer, which forms an important aspect of the theory of stellar spectra. The next two parts discuss the most essential problems in the formation of spectra of different types of stars and nebulae. The last part, devoted to ultraviolet spectra of celestial bodies, mainly gives a review of observational data and their qualitative interpretation (since, as yet, no quantitative theory of these spectra has been established).
The diversity of the problems of the modern theory of stellar spectra makes it impossible to present them with sufficient completeness in a single monograph.
The authors of this book have endeavored to acquaint the reader with the most important of these problems.

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Preface …………………………………………… iii
PART I. PHYSICAL PROCESSES CONNECTED WITH THE FORMATION OF SPECTRA ………… 1
Plasma Spectroscopy (S.E. Frish) …………………….. 1
Calculations of Atomic Energy Levels (A.P. Yutsis and Ya.I. Vizbarayte) …………… 23
Theory of Atomic Transitions (G.F. Drukarev) ……….. 35

PART II. THEORY OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER ……………………… 64
Certain Nonlinear Problems of the Theory of Radiative Transfer (V.A. Ambartsumyan) ……. 64
Radiative Diffusion in Gases (V.V. Sobolev) …………. 75
Determination of the Populations of Excited Levels in an Optically Thick Gas Layer (V.V. Ivanov) ……….. 92
Nonstationary Radiation Field (I.N. Minin) …………. 116
Randomized Problem of Diffuse Reflection (R.V. Ambartsumyan) ………… 135

PART III. SPECTRA OF FIXED STARS ……………………….. 140
Models of Stellar Atmospheres (V.V. Sobolev) ………. 140
Continuous Spectra of Hot White Dwarfs (A.K. Kolesov) ……. 147
Model Atmospheres of Main-Sequence Stars of Class M (V.G. Buslavskiy) …….. 152
Determination of the Chemical Composition of Stellar Atmospheres (A.A. Boyarchuk) ……….. 160

PART IV. SPECTRA OF NONSTATIONARY STARS AND INTERSTELLAR MATTER ………… 170
Spectra of Nonstationary (Variable) Stars (V.G. Gorbatskiy) ……….. 170
Analysis of the Emission Spectra of Nonstationary Stars (A.A. Boyarchuk) ………… 194
Spectra of Interstellar Matter (S.A. Kaplan) ………… 203
Radio Observations of Planetary Nebulae (Yu. N. Pariyskiy) ………. 216

PART V. SPECTRA OF CELESTIAL BODIES IN THE FAR ULTRAVIOLET REGION ……….. 220
Spectra of Celestial Bodies in the Far Ultraviolet Region (G.A. Gurzadyan) ………. 220

Psychological Research In The USSR Volume 1

A collection of articles on psychological research in the USSR.

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Contents

From the Editors ……………………………………………………………………. 7

PART ONE
General Problems of Psychology and Psychophysiology

Development of the Higher Mental Functions, by L. S. Vygotsky.
Translated by D. Myshne …………………………………………………………… 11

Problem of Development of the Higher Mental Functions ………….. 11
Method of Investigation ……………………………………………………….. 15
Structure of the Higher Mental Functions ………………………………… 21
Genesis of the Higher Mental Functions ………………………………….. 35

Problems of Psychological Theory, by S. L. Rubinstein.
Translated by D. Myshne …………………………………………………………… 59

Special Features of the Afferent Apparatus of the Conditioned Reflex and Their Importance to Psychology, by P. K. Anokhin.
Translated by D. Myshne …………………………………………………………… 67

Concerning the Decisive Role of Afferent Systems in Nervous Activity ………………………………………………………………………….. 68
Theory of Return Afferentation ………………………………………………. 71
Theory of the Acceptor of Action ……………………………………………. 81
Role of the Foregoing Theory in Explaining Certain Physiological and Mental Phenomena ……………………………………………………… 94

The Physiology of Conditioned Reflex, by E. A. Asratyan ………… 99

Bilateral Regulation as a Mechanism of Behaviour, by B. G. Ananyev.
Translated by D. Rottenberg …………………………………………………….. 128

Some Problems on the Control of Motor Acts, by N. A. Bernstein.
Translated by D. Danimanis ……………………………………………………… 139

Results of Experimental Studies on Properties of the Nervous System in Man, by B. M. Teplov and V. D. Nebylitsyn.
Translated by D. Rottenberg …………………………………………………….. 151

“Properties” and “Types” …………………………………………………….. 152
Syndromes of Basic Properties of the Nervous System …………….. 182
Correlation Between Mobility and Strength of the Nervous System …………………………………………………………………………… 186
Investigation of the “Inhibitory” Problem ……………………………….. 189
Electrical Activity of the Cerebral Cortex and Properties of the Nervous System ……………………………………………………………. 193
PART TWO
Sensations. Perceptions

On the Nature of Mental Reflection, by J. V. Shorokhova.
Translated by D. Myshne …………………………………………………………. 201

Interaction of the Sense Organs, by S. V. Kravkov.
Translated by D. Rottenberg …………………………………………………….. 225

Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………. 259

Manual Interaction in the Process of Tactile Perception, by B. F. Lomov.
Translated by D. Rottenberg …………………………………………………….. 260

General Characteristics of Perception …………………………………… 260
Manual Functional Asymmetries and Their Origin ………………….. 265
Experimental Data on Bimanual Interaction in Man ………………… 272
Specific Features of Bimanual Tactile Perception ……………………. 276
The Process of Bimanual Perception …………………………………….. 281
Digital Interaction in the Process of Bimanual Palpation …………. 287
Conditions Required for the Formation of an Integral Image in Bimanual Palpation ……………………………………………………….. 295
Synchronous Bimanual Palpation of Two Objects ………………….. 304

On the Basic Properties of the Mental Image and a General Approach to Their Analogue Simulation, by L. M. Wekker.
Translated by D. Myshne …………………………………………………………. 310

General Historical and Theoretical Premises in Stating the Problem of the Image ……………………………………………………… 310
Concerning Cybernetic Principles of the Theory of Image ………… 314
On the Control Function of the Image ……………………………………. 321
Concerning the Construction of a Mental Image …………………….. 326

Orienting Reflex as Information, by Y. N. Sokolov.
Translated by D. Myshne …………………………………………………………. 330

Criterion for Isolating the Orienting Reflex as an Independent Functional System ……………………………………………………….. 330
Orienting Reflex and Activation Reaction ……………………………… 335
Extinction of the Orienting Reflex and Associative Phenomena … 340
“Nerve Model of the Stimulus” ……………………………………………. 345
Algorithm of the Orienting Reaction During Differentiation of Sound Sequences ……………………………………………………….. 349
Algorithm of the Orienting Reaction in Tactile Perception ………. 359
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………. 360

Concerning the Activity of Man’s Visual System, by A. N. Leontyev and Y. B. Gippenreiter.
Translated by D. Myshne …………………………………………………………. 361

Development of Perceptual Activity and Formation of a Sensory Image in the Child, by A. V. Zaporozhets and V. P. Zinchenko.
Translated by D. Myshne …………………………………………………………. 395

[Psychology] of Set, by R. Natadze.
Translated by D. Myshne

Method
Preliminary Experiments
The Basic Experiment
Results of the First Variant of the Basic Experiment
Results of the Second Variant of the Basic Experiment
Conclusions

Concerning Time Perception and the Feedback Principle, by D. G. Elkin.
Translated by D. Myshne

🔍 Ah, yes, because nothing screams "compelling read" like a thrilling compilation of Soviet-era literature and Chinese folk tales. 📚✨ Dive into this digital labyrinth of #hyperlinks if your idea of a good time is getting hopelessly lost in a maze of dead social media links and Git repositories. 🤯🔥
https://mirtitles.org #SovietLiterature #ChineseFolkTales #DigitalLabyrinth #GitRepositories #HackerNews #ngated

Earth, Sweet Earth ( Science For Everyone) by Ekaterina Radkevich

The book is based on the author’s impressions of her numerous expeditions in the many countries. It is a fascinating narrative rather than a mere record of facts irrespective of how scientifically valid they can be. The book is bound to be appreciated as a piece of absorbing reading by anyone who cares to increase the scope of his or her competence about our sweet home of a planet that must be saved from destruction at all costs.

Ekaterina Radkevich, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, is one of the most distinguished geologists whose works are well known in her own country and in many other parts of the world. The overwhelming success of her publications is chiefly due to her indefatigable practical activity in the USSR and elsewhere and her unflagging interest in theoretical research which she has been conducting for quite some time at the Institute of Geological Studies in the Far East (Viadivostok).

Note: This book was the last remaining volume in the Science for Everyone Series! This completes volume the SFE series in English.

Many, many thanks to Hassaan Ali who purchased and posted this book to us to complete  this series. Much appreciated help!

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Contents
How I Became a Geologist (In Lieu of a Preface) 7

Part I. The Earth in the Universe 20

Chapter 1. The Earth as a Cosmic Body 20

Chapter 2. The Planet Earth 29

Chapter 3. The Deep-seated Structure of the Earth 38

Chapter 4. The Development of Views on the Origin of Earth and Other Planets of the Solar System 47

Part II. The History of the Development of the Earth 58

Chapter 5. The Dawn 58

Chapter 6. Life: The Earth’s Chronicle 70

Part III. Geology Everywhere 100

Chapter 7. The Work of the Wind 102

Chapter 8. The Role of Water in the Transformation of Our Planet 113

Chapter 9. The Activity of Subterranean Forces 127

Part IV. The Composition of the Earth’s Crust 147

Chapter 10. Sedimentary Rocks 147

Chapter 11. Magmatic (Igneous) Rocks 159

Chapter 12. Metamorphic Rocks 185

Part V. The Movements of the Earth’s Crust 202

Chapter 13. Mountains: Old and Young 203

Chapter 14. The Deformation of Rocks 208

Chapter 15. Fixism vs. Mobilism 216

Part VI. Mineral Resources 236

Chapter 16. The Mineral Kingdom 236

Chapter 17. Mineral Raw Materials and Technical Progress 258

Chapter 18. The Future of Mineral Raw Resources 280

Chapter 19. How Ores Are Formed 286

Chapter 20. The Science of Metallogeny 308

Chapter 21. In Quest of Ores 328

Chapter 22. At the Metallogenic Map of the Pacific Belt 338

Chapter 23. Mineral Resources of the Seas and the Underwater Storerooms of Mineral Raw Materials 349

Chapter 24. Save Our Earth! 361

To End on a Poetic Note 367

Accident First Aid by V.V. Yudenich

Prompt first aid in traumas helps in saving the life of an injured person and lessens the danger of the development of grave complications. This booklet describes in detail ways and methods for rendering first aid in haemorrhages, wounds, fractures, injuries to the internal organs, burns, frostbite, electrical injuries, and so on. The booklet is intended for a broad circle of readers.

Translated from the Russian by Elena Koltsova

Traumas and the Scope of First Aid 7
Wounds and Bleeding 12
Acute Anaemia 21
Traumatic Shock 22
The Compression Syndrome 24
Fainting 24
Rules for Applying Bandages 25
First Aid in Minor Injuries 39
Snake Bites 40
Closed Injuries 41
Injuries to the Head and Face 43
Chest Injuries 46
Injury to the Abdominal Organs 49
Injuries to the Spine 50
Fractures of the Pelvis 51
Injuries to the Arms and Legs 52
Electrical Injuries 63
Burns and Scalds 64
Frostbite 68
Sunstroke and Heatstroke 69
Artificial Respiration and External
Massage of the Heart 70

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ଆଲେକ୍ସେଇ କ୍ରିଲୋଭ From Bonfire To Reactor (In Odia by Alexei Krylov)

A popular science book for children explaining various sources of energy and how we can harness them from nature.

Some really fantastic full page drawings by Andrei Platonov

Translated to Oriya

Why do airplanes fly?
What makes cars and trains run?
Why is electricity provided to our homes and to factories? Why do people eat? Indeed, why and what for?

ତିହାସ

– ଚିତ୍ରାଙ୍କନ – ଆଦେଲ ପ୍ଲାଟୋନୋଭ୍

ଅନୁବାଦ – ଅରୁଣ ଢୁମାର ମହାନ୍ତ
– ମୁଖ୍ୟ ପରିବେଶକ – ନବଯୁଗ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥାଳୟ

ବଜ୍ରକବାଟି ରୋତ୍

କଟକ – ୭୫୩୦୦୧

ଶିଶୁମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ପୁସ୍ତକ, ଯାହାରେ ଉର୍ଜାର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସ୍ରୋତ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରକୃତିରୁ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କିପରି ଅଧିଗମନ କରାଯାଇପାରେ, ସେବିଷୟରେ ବିସ୍ତାରରେ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କରାଯାଇଛି।

ଆନ୍ଦ୍ରେଇ ପ୍ଲାଟୋନଭଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଆକର୍ଷଣୀୟ ପୃଷ୍ଠା ପୃଷ୍ଠା ଅଙ୍କନରେ ଭରିଥିବା ପୃଷ୍ଠାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୁସ୍ତକକୁ ଆରୋ ଆକର୍ଷଣୀୟ କରିଛି।

ଏହି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଜିଜ୍ଞାସାକୁ ଜଗାଇ ଦିଏ:
ଏୟାରପ୍ଲେନ୍ କାହିଁକି ଉଡେ?
କାହିଁକି ଗାଡ଼ି ଏବଂ ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ଚାଲେ?
ଆମ ଘର ଏବଂ କାରଖାନାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ କାହିଁକି ଯୋଗାଇ ଯାଏ?
ଲୋକମାନେ କାହିଁକି ଖାଉଛନ୍ତି?
ସତରେ, କାହିଁକି ଏବଂ କଣ ପାଇଁ?

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रासायनिक मूलद्रव्यांचा शोध – दमी. त्रीफोनोव, व. त्रीफोनोव (Chemical Elements How They Were Discovered In Marathi by D. N. Trifonov, V. D. Trifonov )

या पुस्तकामध्ये आपण रसायनशास्त्रातील “मुळाक्षरां “ची कशी रचना झाली, तसेच आपल्या चौकस बुद्धिमत्तेतून संशोधकांनी एकामागोमाग एकेका नव्या मूलद्रव्याचा शोध कसा लावला याचे विवेचन करणार आहोत.

बहुतेक सर्व रासायनिक मूलद्रव्यांवर अनेक पुस्तके लिहिली गेली आहेत. त्यांची संख्या एवढी प्रचंड आहे की त्यांचे एक स्वतंत्र ग्रंथालयच होईल. त्या पुस्तकांमध्ये, मूलद्रव्यांचा अंतर्भाव असणारे खडक व खनिजे, त्यांच्या नि- एकर्षणाच्या विविध पद्धती, मूलद्रव्यांचे भौतिक आणि रासायनिक गुणधर्म यांचा आढावा घेतलेला असतो. काही मूलद्रव्ये आश्चर्य वाटण्याएवढी मुबलक आहेत. त्यांचे उपयोगही अनपेक्षित वाटावेत एवढ्या भिन्नभिन्न क्षेत्रात केलेले आढळतील. खरे तर आजच्या प्रगत वैज्ञानिक युगात प्रत्येक मूलद्रव्याचा काहीना काहीतरी महत्त्वपूर्ण उपयोग आहेच आहे असेच दिसेल. प्रत्येक मूलद्रव्याचे त्याचे स्वतःचे असे खास “चरित्र” असून ती सारी आपापल्या परीने वैशिष्ट्यपूर्णही आहेत हे खरे की मूलद्रव्यांच्या शोधांच्या इतिहासाबाबत अद्यापीही बरीच संदिग्धता आहे व इतिहासकारांना न सुटलेले प्रश्न अजूनही सोडविता आलेले नाहीत. कुणी सांगावे, त्यांच्यापैकी एखादा- दुसरा इतिहासकार तुम्हीही असू शकाल !

अनुवाद : राजेंद्र सहस्रबुद्धे

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पशु-प्रेम की कहानियाँ – द.न. मामिन-सिबिर्याक (Animal Tales In Hindi by D. Mamin Sibiryak)

रूसी भाषा से अनूदित’ पशु-प्रेम की कहानियाँ’ नामक यह पुस्तक किशोर पाठकों के लिए है। इन कहानियों के रचनाकार हैं उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी के रूसी लेखक द.न. मामिन सिबिर्याक। कहानियों का अनुवाद रूसी से किया गया है। प्रस्तुत संकलन में उनकी छह कहानियाँ सम्मिलित हैं। इन कहानियों के पात्र विभिन्न पशु पक्षी हैं। ‘शिकारी येमेल्या’ कहानी में शिकारी का हृदय परिवर्तन होता दिखाया गया है। इसके मुख्य पात्र हैं-मृग-शावक, हिरनी और तीतर। ‘पोस्तोइको’ कहानी उन कुत्तों के बार में है जिन्हें कमेटीवाले पकड़कर ले जाते हैं। इस कहानी में कुत्तों के आपसी व्यवहार को दिग्वाया गया है जिस कहानी से हमें यह पता चलता है कि मानव-सुलभ असमानता तथा ईर्ष्या जैसे अवगुण पशुओं के जीवन में भी देखे जा सकते हैं।’ प्रियौमिश’ नामक कहानी में बूढ़े शिकारी तरास का हंस के प्रति प्रेम प्रदर्शित किया गया जो किसी शिकारी की गोली से तो ब्रच निकला था परंतु उसकी हंसिनी मारी गई थी।’ भूग शेडका’ नामक कहानी में भी पंखकटी नीलसर चिड़िया के प्रति शिकारी के दया भाव को दिखाया गया है।’ आक बोजात’ नामक कहानी के मुख्य पात्र हैं घोड़ा और उसका मालिक। इसमें भी मनुष्य और पशु पारस्परिक प्रेम को दिखाया गया है। ‘ बूढ़ा गौरा’ नामक कहानी में यह पढ़ने को मिलेगा कि पालतू पक्षियों का गौग और गौरैया जैसे घरेलू पक्षियों में क्या अंतर होता है।

मनुष्य और पशुओं के बीच कैसा संबंध होना चाहिए यह मामिन-सिबिर्याक की ये रूसी, कहानियाँ हमारे किशोरों की इन कहानियों को पढ़कर पता चलता है। चय ही पसंद आएँगी और पशु-पक्षियों द.न. के प्रति उनकी रुचि बढ़ाने में सहायक सिद्ध होंगी।

द.न. मामिन-सिबिर्याक इस पुस्तक के रचनाकार दमीत्री नारकीसेविच मामिन-सिबिर्याक (1852 1912) हैं। द.न. मामिन-सिविर्याक का जन्म 6 नवंबर, 1852 को रूम के पेर्म प्रांत के एक पुरोहित परिवार में हुआ था। चार वर्ष तक आपने पुरोहिती की शिक्षा प्राप्तयी। इसके बाद सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग जाकर आपने पहले पशु-चिकित्सा का और फिर कानून का अध्ययन किया। परंतु भिन्न कारणों से उनकी शिक्षा अधूरी रह गई। उसके बाद आप यूराल क्षेत्र में वापस आ गए। उन्होंने ग्रराल की खानों और मजदूरों के बारे में लिखना शुरू किया। इस विषय पर उन्होंने कई उपन्यास लिखे हैं। उन्हें हम्,’ यूराल का गोर्की’ भी कह सकते हैं. यद्यपि वह गोकर्की के पूर्ववर्ती थे। इसीलिए तो गोर्की ने उन्हें अपना शिक्षक माना है। गोर्की उन्हें अपना मित्र समान भी मानते थे। 1891 ई. तक यूराल में रहने के बाद द.न. मामिन सिबिंर्याक सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग चले गए। वहीं 15 नवंबर, 1912 को उनका देहांत हुआ।

द.न. मामिन-सिविर्याक के लेखन में उनके बाल साहित्य का स्थान विशिष्ट है। किशोरों के लिए लिखी गई उनकी कहानियाँ हमेशा से ही बहुत लोर्काप्रय गही हैं। उनकी अधिकांश कहानियों में पशुओं के जीवन का सजीव चित्रण है जो इस पुस्तक में भी पढ़ने को मिलेगा।

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"How did #SovietAuthors treat the #Holocaust? How did it differ from work elsewhere? And what are some of the challenges translating these works into English?"

#HarrietMurav and #SashaSenderovich discuss the new collection of #shortStories they edited and translated, #InTheShadowOfTheHolocaust: Short Fiction by #JewishWriters from the #SovietUnion

https://www.euraknot.org/soviet-holocaust-literature/
#SovietJews #JewishHistory #WWII #SovietLiterature #HolocaustLiterature #books @bookstodon

The Turning Point by Otto Lacis

When farmers lease plots of land in abandoned villages today, the state of desolation they find there is amazing. Those villages are found in areas that were occupied by the enemy during the war and also in regions that the enemy did not reach. The desolation and neglect have nothing to do with the war. They were caused by the Great Turn imposed on the nation by Stalin—the turn that crushed the peasants’ initiative, diligence and desire to work.

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Cecil Rhodes And His Time by Apolion Davidson

Cecil Rhodes…

He has been spoken and written about for a hundred years. Do we really need yet another book?

And does his time, the age when the world was divided up by the European countries using people like Rhodes, really need to be written about again? After all, the age of colonialism is past.

When undertaking this book, the author believed that only now that the political dominance of colonialism has ended can one truly grasp this phenomenon as a whole. And this must be done since the imprint of colonialism still remains on states, and even continents, and on the lives and characters of their inhabitants.

The figure of Rhodes helps one to understand a great deal about how colonialism functioned and about the psychology of people of that time. Why did Rhodes become a symbol of the largest empire in the history of mankind? Why was it Rhodes who became the idol of colonialism in the epoch of the division of the world? And what impression did his personality leave on the nature of colonialism?

These are some of the questions which the book tries to answer.

Translated from the Russian by Christopher English

Designed by Oleg Grebenyuk

Jacket: The battle of the Umguza (April 22, 1896). reproduced from Oliver Ransford’s book Bulawayo: Historic Battleground of Rhodesia, Cape Town, 1968.

Title page: A late nineteenth-century map of Southern Africa showing the countries conquered by Rhodes (from the book Rhodes by J. G. Lockhart and Hon. C. M. Woodhouse, London, 1963).

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Contents

Page

6 Testament of a Young Man

The Gold and Diamond King

26 “How Cecil Rhodes Made His Fortune”

64 His Road to Politics

79 Battle of the Magnates

Hero of the Day

96 The Land of Ophir Between the Zambezi and the Limpopo

120 From the “White Queen” to Inkosi Lobengula

165 Setting Up His Own State

182 His First Military Campaign

214 And the First War

239 The Idol of His Day

Instigator of the Boer War

262 The Conspiracy Against the Afrikaners

286 Rhodesia Against Rhodes

314 Mere Setback or Utter Debacle?

338 “Terug na Die Ou Transvaal” (“Back to the Old Transvaal”)

370 Fading Away

393 Conclusion

400 Appendix

416 References

436 Name Index

Engaging Essays In Cosmology by A. Tomilin

About the Book

A book of essays and short stories in three parts and ten chapters about the people and the achievements of the great science of the structure and development of the Universe from antiquity to the present day, composed and written on the basis of many sources by the author.

About the Author

A. Tomilin is a lecturer at an institute. Engaging Essays on Cosmology is not the first book by this author.

Young readers have repeatedly encountered his name in the pages of journals and popular
science collections. Several works have come from his pen, published by the “Children’s
Literature” publishing house, including the booklet For What – Nothing, written in
collaboration with N.V. Terebinskaya, the book Project Alpha K–2, as well as the book Engaging Essays on Astronomy, issued by “Molodaya Gvardiya.”

This English translation of the book in English by Damitr Mazanav, has an extended epilogue containing exciting new discoveries the theories from 1970s to 2026 that have fundamentally changed our views about Universe.

Translated from the Russian and typeset in LaTeX by Damitr Mazanav using Quattrocento

Illustrations: G. Kovanov and V. Kovynev

This English translation released on the Web by The Mir Titles Project in 2026
under Creative Commons Share Alike 4.0 License.

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Translator’s Note

This is the fourth book I am translating the Eureka series. The author A.N.~Tomilin has written several popular science books. We have earlier seen his book on cosmogony, titled Fascinating Cosmogony. This book is on a related theme of Cosmology. I was first introduced to ideas of cosmology and general relativity during my masters. Since then, the idea that we can infact study and make sense of the origins and structure of the universe at the largest scale have fascinated me. Translating this book in many ways was refreshing some of the ideas of cosmology and general relativity that I had learned. The quote by Corliss is indicative of how with limited data, we here on Earth, an insignificant part of the universe can make sense of it at all, constructing theories that will make sense of what we observe.

Since the book was written in 1971, several speculative hypotheses presented in the book have not been supported by data. To indicate this, at some places I have added sidenotes with my initials “DM”. I have also added an \textbf{Epilogue: Cosmology as of 2026} which summarises some of the major landmarks in the themes discussed since the book was written in 1970s. Another change that I have added is to give the chapters descriptive titles. Originally, the chapters were just numbered, but I thought giving descriptive titles would be a better choice.

The reader will occasionally encounter brief, aphoristic remarks attributed to Kozma Prutkov in the last chapter. These are not incidental embellishments, but deliberate inclusions. Kozma Prutkov was not a single individual, but a fictional author created in nineteenth-century Russia by a group of writers, including Aleksey Tolstoy and the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers. Presented as a pompous yet self-assured thinker, Prutkov’s writings consist of concise maxims, paradoxes, and satirical observations on knowledge, reason, and human pretension.

At first glance, such a figure may seem out of place in a discussion of cosmology. Yet the inclusion is not without purpose. Scientific inquiry, particularly in a field as vast and abstract as cosmology, carries with it a natural tendency towards overconfidence in models, measurements, and interpretations. Prutkov’s aphorisms serve as a quiet counterpoint to this tendency. They remind us — often with a touch of irony — that clarity is hard-won, that appearances can mislead, and that systems of thought, however elegant, may conceal their own limitations.

There is also a more practical reason. Cosmology deals with scales and concepts far removed from everyday experience. At such distances, both literal and intellectual, language can easily become either overly technical or excessively grand. A well-placed aphorism has the virtue of restoring proportion. It compresses an idea into a form that can be held in mind, even as the surrounding discussion expands beyond immediate intuition.

The remarks of Kozma Prutkov are therefore included not as commentary on specific results, but as companions to them. They are meant to be read not as authorities, but as provocations — brief interruptions that invite the reader to pause, reflect, and occasionally question the very framework within which the narrative unfolds. Mistakes and omissions (and I am sure they will be there), if any, are my own.

Contents

Translator’s Note vii
Instead Of An Introduction xvii

I. People 1

1. The Miletus Manifesto 3

1.1. When the Earth Was Flat… 4
1.2. In the Homeland of Science .
1.3. Thales of Miletus 11
1.4. Heraclitus of Ephesus 21
1.5. Philosophy + Mathematics = ? 24
1.6. Elea: Xenophanes and Parmenides 31
1.7. Zeno of Elea and His Paradoxes 35
1.8. The Atomists 40
1.9. Summa summarum of Greek materialism 43

2. The Philosopher King of Physics

2.1. Aristotle 47
2.2. The Triumph of Aristotelianism 53
2.3. At the Decline of Classical Greco-Roman Culture 58
2.4. Zigzag of History 64
2.5. Flames of Bonfires Do Not Dispel the Night 67
2.6. The Principles of Papal Infallibility 70
2.7. The Catholic Church and Progress 75
2.8. The Middle Ages and Technology 80

3. From Cusa to Calculus 89

3.1. Nicholas of Cusa 91
3.2. Cosmological Rubicon 96
3.3. The Immortality of the Great Heretic 102
3.4. Eppur si muove!. 110
3.5. René Descartes (Cartesius) 124
3.6. Isaac Newton 132
3.7. How Useful It Is When There Are No Great Discoveries 136
3.8. Newton’s Apple 142
3.9. The Universe of Sir Isaac 148

II. Successes and Doubts 157

4. The Star-Struck Philosophers 159

4.1. The World in Lomonosov’s Hands 162
4.2. The Universe as a System — Early Speculations 166
4.3. Immanuel Kant — Natural Philosopher 170
4.4. Epilogue of the Philosopher’s Life 178
4.5. Johann Lambert 183
4.6. William Herschel 187

5. The Dark Night of the Paradox 195

5.1. Olbers’ Paradox 198
5.2. Knights of the “Heat Death” 203
5.3. Hugo von Seeliger 210
5.4. A Celestial Census Saves the Situation 213

6. The Copernicus of Curves 219

6.1. What Euclid Taught 222
6.2. The King Midas of the Land of Mathematics 229
6.3. Visiting the Flatfolk 235
6.4. Gauss’s “Magnificent Theorem” 241
6.5. The Copernicus of Geometry 245
6.6. The Real Construction of the “Imaginary World”256
6.7. The Astonishing Spaces of Bernhard Riemann 261

III. Ideas 269

7. The Symphony of Space-Time 271

7.1. Can a “Decisive Experiment” Fail? 273
7.2. Overture to the Symphony of Relativity 279
7.3. In Search of the Harmony of the Universe 286
7.4. The Fourth Dimension 293
7.5. Special Theory of Relativity 302
7.6. The next step was inevitable… 305
7.7. “Look!” 314

8. The Priest, the Prize, and the Point of Origin 331

8.1. Nineteen Hundred And Seventeen, February 332
8.2. “I Only Solve The Equations” 342
8.3. Yet Another Great Discovery 354
8.4. Horizons of the Universe 365
8.5. Father Georges Solves Equations 369
8.6. Genius of George Gamow 372
8.7. “Big Bang” 377

9. A Journey Along the t-Axis 387

9.1. From “Radio Stars” to Star-like Objects 389
9.2. Quasars, or What Practice Does to Theory 395
9.3. A Journey Along the t-Axis 399
9.4. The Universe, the Year 1971 407

10. The Battle for the Soul of the Cosmos 413

10.1. When an Idea Is Not Mad Enough 415
10.2. Kabbalistics of the Twentieth Century 424
10.3. Matter + Antimatter = ? 434
10.4. The Battle of Ideas Continues 441
10.5. What Is the Universe? 446

IV. Epilogue: Cosmology as of 2026 453

11. The Dark Side of the Cosmos 455

11.1. The Mystery of the Missing Mass 457
11.2. A Hi-Res Echo of the Beginning 460
11.3. WMAP and the Age of Precision 465
11.4. Planck: The Ultimate Map (So far…) 467
11.5. Seconds after the Bang 470
11.6. The Cosmic Web: The Universe Draws Its Own Map 474
11.7. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey 476
11.8. Dark Energy and the Runaway Universe 479
11.9. The Hubble Deep Field 483
11.10. Hearing the Black Holes 487
11.11. The Future of the “t-Axis” 490
11.12. The Hubble Tension 496
11.13. The Next Horizon: The Engines of Discovery 499
11.14. The Mathematical Horizon 503
11.15. Concluding Thoughts 504

हृदयरोगों से कैसे बचें? – व्ला. जेलेनिन (Strengthen Your Heart In Hindi by V. Zelenin)

A book describing various ailments of the heart and how to avoid getting them. Talk about basic physiology of circulatory system and its diseases and their prevention.

हृदय की विभिन्न बीमारियों का वर्णन करने वाली एक पुस्तक और उन्हें प्राप्त करने से कैसे बचें । संचार प्रणाली और इसकी बीमारियों और उनकी रोकथाम के बुनियादी शरीर विज्ञान के बारे में बात करें ।

अनुवादक रमिंद्र पाल सिंह

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Anthony Eden by V. Trukhanovsky

In his monograph, V. Trukhanovsky, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and a specialist on contemporary British history, presents a political biography of the famous British diplomat, Foreign Minister and Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, who played an important role in British foreign policy from the 1930s to the 1950s.

This political portrait of Anthony Eden also serves to illustrate Anglo-Soviet, Anglo-American and Anglo-European relations, particularly in the immediate pre-war years.

The author devotes specific attention to Eden’s political activity during the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition and in the post-war period.

This book represents a notable contribution to the elaboration of the history of international relations, and will be of interest to the wide readership.

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A 1984 Soviet work. Scanned by Ismail, sent to him by Crickwich.

Contents

From the Author 5

Chapter I The Beginning of the Road 7

Chapter II The First Stage in the Policy of “Appeasement” 41

Chapter III Foreign Secretary in a Government of “Appeasers” 96

Chapter IV The War Years 174

Chapter V Opposition: The First Post-War Decade 223

Chapter VI Failure of a Policy, Failure of a Career 285

Epilogue 345