#platetectonics — Public Fediverse posts
Live and recent posts from across the Fediverse tagged #platetectonics, aggregated by home.social.
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Earth, Sweet Earth ( Science For Everyone) by Ekaterina Radkevich
The book is based on the author’s impressions of her numerous expeditions in the many countries. It is a fascinating narrative rather than a mere record of facts irrespective of how scientifically valid they can be. The book is bound to be appreciated as a piece of absorbing reading by anyone who cares to increase the scope of his or her competence about our sweet home of a planet that must be saved from destruction at all costs.
Ekaterina Radkevich, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, is one of the most distinguished geologists whose works are well known in her own country and in many other parts of the world. The overwhelming success of her publications is chiefly due to her indefatigable practical activity in the USSR and elsewhere and her unflagging interest in theoretical research which she has been conducting for quite some time at the Institute of Geological Studies in the Far East (Viadivostok).
Note: This book was the last remaining volume in the Science for Everyone Series! This completes volume the SFE series in English.
Many, many thanks to Hassaan Ali who purchased and posted this book to us to complete this series. Much appreciated help!
You can get the book here and here
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Contents
How I Became a Geologist (In Lieu of a Preface) 7Part I. The Earth in the Universe 20
Chapter 1. The Earth as a Cosmic Body 20
Chapter 2. The Planet Earth 29
Chapter 3. The Deep-seated Structure of the Earth 38
Chapter 4. The Development of Views on the Origin of Earth and Other Planets of the Solar System 47
Part II. The History of the Development of the Earth 58
Chapter 5. The Dawn 58
Chapter 6. Life: The Earth’s Chronicle 70
Part III. Geology Everywhere 100
Chapter 7. The Work of the Wind 102
Chapter 8. The Role of Water in the Transformation of Our Planet 113
Chapter 9. The Activity of Subterranean Forces 127
Part IV. The Composition of the Earth’s Crust 147
Chapter 10. Sedimentary Rocks 147
Chapter 11. Magmatic (Igneous) Rocks 159
Chapter 12. Metamorphic Rocks 185
Part V. The Movements of the Earth’s Crust 202
Chapter 13. Mountains: Old and Young 203
Chapter 14. The Deformation of Rocks 208
Chapter 15. Fixism vs. Mobilism 216
Part VI. Mineral Resources 236
Chapter 16. The Mineral Kingdom 236
Chapter 17. Mineral Raw Materials and Technical Progress 258
Chapter 18. The Future of Mineral Raw Resources 280
Chapter 19. How Ores Are Formed 286
Chapter 20. The Science of Metallogeny 308
Chapter 21. In Quest of Ores 328
Chapter 22. At the Metallogenic Map of the Pacific Belt 338
Chapter 23. Mineral Resources of the Seas and the Underwater Storerooms of Mineral Raw Materials 349
Chapter 24. Save Our Earth! 361
To End on a Poetic Note 367
#earthHistory #earthScience #geochemistry #geology #geophysics #historyOfEarth #mineralResources #mining #planetaryScience #plateTectonics #popularScience #rocks #sovietLiterature -
Mid-Proterozoic Expansion Of Passive Margins And Reduction In Volcanic Outgassing Supported Marine Oxygenation And Eukaryogenesis
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119683 <-- shared paper
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https://zenodo.org/records/17353904 <-- supplementary data
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#proterozoic #platetectonics #tectonics #deepcarboncycle #eukaryogenesis #evolutionoflife #life #evolution #geology #geologichistory #pangea #supercontinent #diversification #volcanic #offgassing #marine #thermodynamics #model #modeling #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #nuna #subduction #structuralgeology #CO2 #carbondioxide #climate #eukaryotic #BoringBillion #rodinia #oceanbasins #marinechemistry #outgassing #global #earth -
#GreenlandIce usage
#GreenlandCanadaPipeline(2/n)
... a thought experiment, let's reduce the geographical reach for a moment, b/c "thinking globally" never solves any real-world problems:
The American north east, the area b/W #CAN and #DK (#Greenland.)I have no idea about water depths and #PlateTectonics in that region, but wouldn't a #WaterPipeline be feasible?
#CAN will need increasing amounts of water for #ForestFire fighting, and more and more...
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Himalayas Formation May Have Destroyed At Least 30% Of Continental Crust In Collision Zone
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https://phys.org/news/2024-11-himalayas-formation-destroyed-continental-crust.html <-- shared technical article
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.119070 <-- shared paper
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#geology #structuralgeology #model #modeling #numericmodeling #geochemistry #mountainbuilding #orogeny #Himalayas #continentalcrust #platetectonics #continents #EuropeanAlps #ZagrosMountains #mantle #subsumed #deformation #erosion #thickening #extrusion #massbalance #calculations #delamination #topography #lithosphere -
Himalayas Formation May Have Destroyed At Least 30% Of Continental Crust In Collision Zone
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https://phys.org/news/2024-11-himalayas-formation-destroyed-continental-crust.html <-- shared technical article
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.119070 <-- shared paper
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#geology #structuralgeology #model #modeling #numericmodeling #geochemistry #mountainbuilding #orogeny #Himalayas #continentalcrust #platetectonics #continents #EuropeanAlps #ZagrosMountains #mantle #subsumed #deformation #erosion #thickening #extrusion #massbalance #calculations #delamination #topography #lithosphere -
Himalayas Formation May Have Destroyed At Least 30% Of Continental Crust In Collision Zone
--
https://phys.org/news/2024-11-himalayas-formation-destroyed-continental-crust.html <-- shared technical article
--
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.119070 <-- shared paper
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#geology #structuralgeology #model #modeling #numericmodeling #geochemistry #mountainbuilding #orogeny #Himalayas #continentalcrust #platetectonics #continents #EuropeanAlps #ZagrosMountains #mantle #subsumed #deformation #erosion #thickening #extrusion #massbalance #calculations #delamination #topography #lithosphere -
Himalayas Formation May Have Destroyed At Least 30% Of Continental Crust In Collision Zone
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https://phys.org/news/2024-11-himalayas-formation-destroyed-continental-crust.html <-- shared technical article
--
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.119070 <-- shared paper
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#geology #structuralgeology #model #modeling #numericmodeling #geochemistry #mountainbuilding #orogeny #Himalayas #continentalcrust #platetectonics #continents #EuropeanAlps #ZagrosMountains #mantle #subsumed #deformation #erosion #thickening #extrusion #massbalance #calculations #delamination #topography #lithosphere -
Himalayas Formation May Have Destroyed At Least 30% Of Continental Crust In Collision Zone
--
https://phys.org/news/2024-11-himalayas-formation-destroyed-continental-crust.html <-- shared technical article
--
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.119070 <-- shared paper
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#geology #structuralgeology #model #modeling #numericmodeling #geochemistry #mountainbuilding #orogeny #Himalayas #continentalcrust #platetectonics #continents #EuropeanAlps #ZagrosMountains #mantle #subsumed #deformation #erosion #thickening #extrusion #massbalance #calculations #delamination #topography #lithosphere -
Mysterious 165-Million-Year-Old Minerals Found On Easter Island Defy Plate Tectonics
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https://scitechdaily.com/mysterious-165-million-year-old-minerals-found-on-easter-island-defy-plate-tectonics/ <-- shared technical article
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https://doi.org/10.22541/au.170129661.17646127/v1 <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #geology #structuralgeology #platetectonics #EasterIsland #RapaNui #oceanic #plate #volcanic #vulcanism #mineralogy #magma #dating #timing #plume #RingOfFire #mantle #mechanics #model #modeling -
Algorithm Raises New Questions About Cascadia Earthquake Record
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https://phys.org/news/2024-08-algorithm-cascadia-earthquake.html <-- shared technical article
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https://doi.org/10.1130/B37343.1 <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #sedimentology #geology #structuralgeology #platetectonics #CascadiaSubductionZone #PNW #PacificNorthwest #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #forests #tsunamis #earthquake #risk #hazard #timing #naturaldisasters #geomorphology #geomorphometry #turbidite #corrleation #causation #model #modeling #massmovement #landslides #algorithm #machinelearning #AI -
Scientists Unveil Mysterious Origins Of Earth’s Largest Igneous Rocks
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https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-unveil-mysterious-origins-of-earths-largest-igneous-rocks/ <-- shared technical article
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https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn3976 <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #geology #structuralgeology #earth #global #igneous #vulcanism #massif #anorthosite #origin #formation #morphology #platetectonics #subduction #crust #mantle #Grenvilleorogen #orogeny #geochemistry #mineralogy #magma #oceaniccrust #model #modeling #petrogensis -
Earth's Billion-Year Balancing Act
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https://phys.org/news/2024-02-earth-billion-year.html <-- shared technical article
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https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG423C.1 <-- shared paper
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#geology #geologichistory #BoringBillion #BalancedBillion #earth #earthhistory #life #lifeonearth #atmosphere #oxygenation #structuralgeology #tectonics #complexlife #eukaryote #platetectonics #crust #mantle #core -
Earth Only Has Six Continents, Not Seven, As We've All Been Taught [well, seven/eight with Zealandia!]
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https://www.earth.com/news/claim-earth-has-six-continents-not-seven-north-america-europe-connected/ <-- shared technical article
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2024.05.001 <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #geology #structuralgeology #earth #continents #geography #tectonics #platetectonics #NorthAmerica #Eurasia #volcanic #vulcanism #iceland #greenland #midatlanticridge #tectonicboundary #GreenlandIcelandFaroesRidge #ROMP #geologichistory -
The Craton Enigma - Scientists Propose a New Continental Formation Theory
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https://scitechdaily.com/the-craton-enigma-scientists-propose-a-new-continental-formation-theory/ <-- shared technical article
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07307-1 <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #geology #structuralgeology #cratons #craton #planetary #evolution #platetectonics #earth #structure #geologicalhistory #cooling #rock #weathering #erosion #water #Archaean #continental #crust #mantle #landmasses #continentalcrust #subaerial #magma #terrigenous #sediments #sedimentation #lithosphere -
Geoscientists Find Pacific Plate Is Scored By Large Undersea Faults That Are Pulling It Apart
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https://phys.org/news/2024-02-geoscientists-pacific-plate-scored-large.html <-- shared technical article
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https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105452 <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #geology #pacific #pacificocean #structuralgeology #platetectonics #tectonics #oceanplates #subduction #remotesensing #geophysics #lithosphere #crust #mantle #model #modeling #spatialanalysis #extension #syndrift #faults #faulting #seismology #geochemistry #WesternPacific -
Magma And Mountain Building At The Columbia River Gorge
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https://www.earthscope.org/news/magma-and-mountain-building-at-the-columbia-river-gorge/ <-- shared technical article
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https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj3357 <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #remotesensing #GPS #geophysics #subductionzone #plateboundary #PNW #Oregon #columbiariver #geology #structuralgeology #model #modeling #vulcanism #volcanic #magma #fieldwork #igneous #platetectonics #uplift #compression #extension #geologicmapping #geologic #orogeny #mountains #mountainbuilding -
Post-Subduction Tectonics Induced By Extension From A Lithospheric Drip
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01201-7 <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #formation #mechanical #data #geology #structuralgeology #platetectonics #subduction #tectonics #lithosphere #model #modeling #Borneo #magmatism #topography #uplift #Malysia #spatialanalysis #remotesensing #seismology #seismic #geophysics #gravity #gravational #volcanic #vulcanism #arc #simulation #simulations #crust #mantle #continent #orogeny -
New Insights Into The Seamount Structure Of The Northern Part Of The Ninetyeast Ridge (Indian Ocean) Through The Integrated Analysis Of Geophysical Data
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https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11050924 <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #seamount #NinetyeastRidge #bathymetry #fault #highresolution #seismicdata #reflector #magneticfield #anomaly #remotesensing #vulcanism #ocean #seafloor #survey #volcanic #IndianOcean #hydrospatial #sampling #geology #geophysics #geophysical #magnetism #magnetic #sonar #magmatism #structuralgeology #platetectonics #hotspot #model #modeling #3dmodeling #3dmodel #spatialnanalysis #formation #stage #data -
Scientists May Have Solved The Mystery Of How The Andes Got So Big
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https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-may-have-solved-the-mystery-of-how-the-andes-got-so-big <-- shared article
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118009 <-- shared paper
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[although my postgrad was in geology and I am licensed in the field, it has been a number of years since I worked directly in a geologic discipline; that said, I very much like to try and keep up with ‘things geology’…]
#GIS #spatial #mapping #geology #southamerica #data #modeling #model #mathematics #mathematicalmodeling #structuralgeology #andes #chile #peru #platetectonics #tectonics #tectonic #movement #mountain #mountainbuilding #remotesensing #geologists #orogeny #vulcanism #pointers #APM #RPM -
Quantitative Tectonic Geomorphic Study From Bedrock Rivers Of The Fold And Thrust Belt In The Bengal Basin
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https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4669 <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #modeling #mapping #spatialanalysis #geology #tectonics #geomorphology #BayOfBengal #BengalBasin #hydrology #rivers #people #risk #hazard #geomorphic #structuralgeology #india #bangladesh #burma #platetectonics #remotesensing #DEM #elevation #bathymetry #topobathy #hydrospatial #uplift #fault #faulting #earthquakes #drainage #watersheds #basins #network -
Wilson Cycle Phase 4 - Episode 4 - Collision and Collapse
“Tuzo was indeed an amazing man. His scientific interests were in the building of mountain ranges and moving of continents, and he certainly had a huge and long-lasting effect on Earth Science. But even more, his talent was in moving another type of mountain: those ideas in men’s and women’s minds that lock us into past patterns of behaviour and prevent visualization of new possibilities.”
~ Gordon F. West and others, from “John Tuzo Wilson: a man who moved mountains.”‘The final stage of the Wilson Cycle involves continental-continental collision and the formation of giant mountain belts. And yet it’s how these giant mountain belts get exposed at the surface that allows us to study the Wilson Cycle in its entirety. Now we are going to explore the rocks which are formed deep within the mountain building stages of the Wilson Cycle and discover how these rocks are exposed at the surface today.
~ Professor Dougal Jerrom - intro to Episode 4In the video below, “Wilson Cycle Phase 4 -Episode 4 -Collision and Collapse”, we finish our trip with Professor Dougal Jerrom, and the team of researchers in search of evidence for the collision and collapse of the Caledonian orogeny in the Caledonides Mountains. This series has kept the last and best for the finale, and it is a mind-blowing conclusion. I really recommend you watch the 29 minute video for yourself. It is well worth your time!
We first stop to look at some eclogites, and Norway has the best in the world - “the jewel in the crown of Norway” and are under its protection. These are ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks that have been formed 100 km. or more deep in the subduction zone, and are especially stunning with coarse-grained “pegmatic” texture, deep green orthopyroxene, bright red garnet, and a white mineral coesite, a metamorphic index mineral indicates they underwent extremely high pressure. As Professor Jerrom says, discovering how these rocks were exposed is one of the most fascinating geology stories yet.
This starts with the subduction of oceanic crust underneath oceanic crust. The subducted slab is being pulled down by its own weight, and the two continents are approaching each other. The upper portion of the slab is still buoyant (see the model below, and the model in the video they run in the CEED lab) and doesn’t want to go down, so the slab breaks off and sinks through the mantle. The upper slab springs back up in a process called “eduction” (the reverse of subduction) and brings the deep metamorphic rocks back up where they are exposed during the collapse portion of the Wilson Cycle.
The late stages of subduction and collision build mountains as high as 3 km., but they are gravitationally unstable. The crust is thickened and getting heavier, and the upper level goes back into extension even as the lower crust is still thickening because of its own weight. This happens EVEN AS MOUNTAIN BUILDING IS STILL OCCURRING. Lots of erosion fills the basin with thick sediments up to 25 km. We see a giant detachment fault that is slowly denuding the top of the mountain of sedimentary rock that is sliding down a fault plane of metamorphosed rock. So mountains can quickly (in geological time) be stripped and the deeper crustal rocks exposed by isostatic rebound. We see this happening to day in the Himalayas Tibetan Plateau.
We are taken up close to a “textbook” active detachment fault with gouge, grain-size reduction, and fluid circulation. By studying the magnetism of the fractures of the fault and comparing it with the magnetism in this part of the world, tells us that the fault was reactivated, and also tells us about the end of the Caledonian, and the beginning of a new Wilson Cycle!
“So we’ve seen all the gems of knowledge stored in the rocks of Norway from the mountains to the fields tell us about this major cycle in Earth’s history, but it doesn’t end here because it’s happening again today with the north Atlantic opening and Norway is the place we could come back to in millions and millions of years in the future to understand the closure of that ocean and the mountain building event that would form the next Wilson Cycle.’
~ Professor Jerrom Dougal closes the series.Wilson Cycle Phase 4 - Episode 4 - Collision and Collapse: https://youtu.be/pFuW4MtXhIM
The video introduces a paper published in the 90s that outlines the process of subduction and eduction, by Torgeir B. Anderson (yes, the same Torgeir that has been providing all the information on our journey) et al. Highly informative https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229872945_Subduction_and_eduction_of_continental_crust_major_mechanisms_during_continent-continent_collision_and_orogenic_extensional_collapse_a_model_based_on_the_south_Norwegian_Caledonides
#JohnTuzoWilson #LegendsOfGeology #TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #WatchTheDamnVideo #PlateTectonics #SubductionAndEduction #OrogenicCollapse #eclogites #geology #Science #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
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Wilson Cycle Phase 4 - Episode 4 - Collision and Collapse
“Tuzo was indeed an amazing man. His scientific interests were in the building of mountain ranges and moving of continents, and he certainly had a huge and long-lasting effect on Earth Science. But even more, his talent was in moving another type of mountain: those ideas in men’s and women’s minds that lock us into past patterns of behaviour and prevent visualization of new possibilities.”
~ Gordon F. West and others, from “John Tuzo Wilson: a man who moved mountains.”‘The final stage of the Wilson Cycle involves continental-continental collision and the formation of giant mountain belts. And yet it’s how these giant mountain belts get exposed at the surface that allows us to study the Wilson Cycle in its entirety. Now we are going to explore the rocks which are formed deep within the mountain building stages of the Wilson Cycle and discover how these rocks are exposed at the surface today.
~ Professor Dougal Jerrom - intro to Episode 4In the video below, “Wilson Cycle Phase 4 -Episode 4 -Collision and Collapse”, we finish our trip with Professor Dougal Jerrom, and the team of researchers in search of evidence for the collision and collapse of the Caledonian orogeny in the Caledonides Mountains. This series has kept the last and best for the finale, and it is a mind-blowing conclusion. I really recommend you watch the 29 minute video for yourself. It is well worth your time!
We first stop to look at some eclogites, and Norway has the best in the world - “the jewel in the crown of Norway” and are under its protection. These are ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks that have been formed 100 km. or more deep in the subduction zone, and are especially stunning with coarse-grained “pegmatic” texture, deep green orthopyroxene, bright red garnet, and a white mineral coesite, a metamorphic index mineral indicates they underwent extremely high pressure. As Professor Jerrom says, discovering how these rocks were exposed is one of the most fascinating geology stories yet.
This starts with the subduction of oceanic crust underneath oceanic crust. The subducted slab is being pulled down by its own weight, and the two continents are approaching each other. The upper portion of the slab is still buoyant (see the model below, and the model in the video they run in the CEED lab) and doesn’t want to go down, so the slab breaks off and sinks through the mantle. The upper slab springs back up in a process called “eduction” (the reverse of subduction) and brings the deep metamorphic rocks back up where they are exposed during the collapse portion of the Wilson Cycle.
The late stages of subduction and collision build mountains as high as 3 km., but they are gravitationally unstable. The crust is thickened and getting heavier, and the upper level goes back into extension even as the lower crust is still thickening because of its own weight. This happens EVEN AS MOUNTAIN BUILDING IS STILL OCCURRING. Lots of erosion fills the basin with thick sediments up to 25 km. We see a giant detachment fault that is slowly denuding the top of the mountain of sedimentary rock that is sliding down a fault plane of metamorphosed rock. So mountains can quickly (in geological time) be stripped and the deeper crustal rocks exposed by isostatic rebound. We see this happening to day in the Himalayas Tibetan Plateau.
We are taken up close to a “textbook” active detachment fault with gouge, grain-size reduction, and fluid circulation. By studying the magnetism of the fractures of the fault and comparing it with the magnetism in this part of the world, tells us that the fault was reactivated, and also tells us about the end of the Caledonian, and the beginning of a new Wilson Cycle!
“So we’ve seen all the gems of knowledge stored in the rocks of Norway from the mountains to the fields tell us about this major cycle in Earth’s history, but it doesn’t end here because it’s happening again today with the north Atlantic opening and Norway is the place we could come back to in millions and millions of years in the future to understand the closure of that ocean and the mountain building event that would form the next Wilson Cycle.’
~ Professor Jerrom Dougal closes the series.Wilson Cycle Phase 4 - Episode 4 - Collision and Collapse: https://youtu.be/pFuW4MtXhIM
The video introduces a paper published in the 90s that outlines the process of subduction and eduction, by Torgeir B. Anderson (yes, the same Torgeir that has been providing all the information on our journey) et al. Highly informative https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229872945_Subduction_and_eduction_of_continental_crust_major_mechanisms_during_continent-continent_collision_and_orogenic_extensional_collapse_a_model_based_on_the_south_Norwegian_Caledonides
#JohnTuzoWilson #LegendsOfGeology #TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #WatchTheDamnVideo #PlateTectonics #SubductionAndEduction #OrogenicCollapse #eclogites #geology #Science #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
-
Wilson Cycle Phase 4 - Episode 4 - Collision and Collapse
“Tuzo was indeed an amazing man. His scientific interests were in the building of mountain ranges and moving of continents, and he certainly had a huge and long-lasting effect on Earth Science. But even more, his talent was in moving another type of mountain: those ideas in men’s and women’s minds that lock us into past patterns of behaviour and prevent visualization of new possibilities.”
~ Gordon F. West and others, from “John Tuzo Wilson: a man who moved mountains.”‘The final stage of the Wilson Cycle involves continental-continental collision and the formation of giant mountain belts. And yet it’s how these giant mountain belts get exposed at the surface that allows us to study the Wilson Cycle in its entirety. Now we are going to explore the rocks which are formed deep within the mountain building stages of the Wilson Cycle and discover how these rocks are exposed at the surface today.
~ Professor Dougal Jerrom - intro to Episode 4In the video below, “Wilson Cycle Phase 4 -Episode 4 -Collision and Collapse”, we finish our trip with Professor Dougal Jerrom, and the team of researchers in search of evidence for the collision and collapse of the Caledonian orogeny in the Caledonides Mountains. This series has kept the last and best for the finale, and it is a mind-blowing conclusion. I really recommend you watch the 29 minute video for yourself. It is well worth your time!
We first stop to look at some eclogites, and Norway has the best in the world - “the jewel in the crown of Norway” and are under its protection. These are ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks that have been formed 100 km. or more deep in the subduction zone, and are especially stunning with coarse-grained “pegmatic” texture, deep green orthopyroxene, bright red garnet, and a white mineral coesite, a metamorphic index mineral indicates they underwent extremely high pressure. As Professor Jerrom says, discovering how these rocks were exposed is one of the most fascinating geology stories yet.
This starts with the subduction of oceanic crust underneath oceanic crust. The subducted slab is being pulled down by its own weight, and the two continents are approaching each other. The upper portion of the slab is still buoyant (see the model below, and the model in the video they run in the CEED lab) and doesn’t want to go down, so the slab breaks off and sinks through the mantle. The upper slab springs back up in a process called “eduction” (the reverse of subduction) and brings the deep metamorphic rocks back up where they are exposed during the collapse portion of the Wilson Cycle.
The late stages of subduction and collision build mountains as high as 3 km., but they are gravitationally unstable. The crust is thickened and getting heavier, and the upper level goes back into extension even as the lower crust is still thickening because of its own weight. This happens EVEN AS MOUNTAIN BUILDING IS STILL OCCURRING. Lots of erosion fills the basin with thick sediments up to 25 km. We see a giant detachment fault that is slowly denuding the top of the mountain of sedimentary rock that is sliding down a fault plane of metamorphosed rock. So mountains can quickly (in geological time) be stripped and the deeper crustal rocks exposed by isostatic rebound. We see this happening to day in the Himalayas Tibetan Plateau.
We are taken up close to a “textbook” active detachment fault with gouge, grain-size reduction, and fluid circulation. By studying the magnetism of the fractures of the fault and comparing it with the magnetism in this part of the world, tells us that the fault was reactivated, and also tells us about the end of the Caledonian, and the beginning of a new Wilson Cycle!
“So we’ve seen all the gems of knowledge stored in the rocks of Norway from the mountains to the fields tell us about this major cycle in Earth’s history, but it doesn’t end here because it’s happening again today with the north Atlantic opening and Norway is the place we could come back to in millions and millions of years in the future to understand the closure of that ocean and the mountain building event that would form the next Wilson Cycle.’
~ Professor Jerrom Dougal closes the series.Wilson Cycle Phase 4 - Episode 4 - Collision and Collapse: https://youtu.be/pFuW4MtXhIM
The video introduces a paper published in the 90s that outlines the process of subduction and eduction, by Torgeir B. Anderson (yes, the same Torgeir that has been providing all the information on our journey) et al. Highly informative https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229872945_Subduction_and_eduction_of_continental_crust_major_mechanisms_during_continent-continent_collision_and_orogenic_extensional_collapse_a_model_based_on_the_south_Norwegian_Caledonides
#JohnTuzoWilson #LegendsOfGeology #TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #WatchTheDamnVideo #PlateTectonics #SubductionAndEduction #OrogenicCollapse #eclogites #geology #Science #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
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Wilson Cycle Phase 4 - Episode 4 - Collision and Collapse
“Tuzo was indeed an amazing man. His scientific interests were in the building of mountain ranges and moving of continents, and he certainly had a huge and long-lasting effect on Earth Science. But even more, his talent was in moving another type of mountain: those ideas in men’s and women’s minds that lock us into past patterns of behaviour and prevent visualization of new possibilities.”
~ Gordon F. West and others, from “John Tuzo Wilson: a man who moved mountains.”‘The final stage of the Wilson Cycle involves continental-continental collision and the formation of giant mountain belts. And yet it’s how these giant mountain belts get exposed at the surface that allows us to study the Wilson Cycle in its entirety. Now we are going to explore the rocks which are formed deep within the mountain building stages of the Wilson Cycle and discover how these rocks are exposed at the surface today.
~ Professor Dougal Jerrom - intro to Episode 4In the video below, “Wilson Cycle Phase 4 -Episode 4 -Collision and Collapse”, we finish our trip with Professor Dougal Jerrom, and the team of researchers in search of evidence for the collision and collapse of the Caledonian orogeny in the Caledonides Mountains. This series has kept the last and best for the finale, and it is a mind-blowing conclusion. I really recommend you watch the 29 minute video for yourself. It is well worth your time!
We first stop to look at some eclogites, and Norway has the best in the world - “the jewel in the crown of Norway” and are under its protection. These are ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks that have been formed 100 km. or more deep in the subduction zone, and are especially stunning with coarse-grained “pegmatic” texture, deep green orthopyroxene, bright red garnet, and a white mineral coesite, a metamorphic index mineral indicates they underwent extremely high pressure. As Professor Jerrom says, discovering how these rocks were exposed is one of the most fascinating geology stories yet.
This starts with the subduction of oceanic crust underneath oceanic crust. The subducted slab is being pulled down by its own weight, and the two continents are approaching each other. The upper portion of the slab is still buoyant (see the model below, and the model in the video they run in the CEED lab) and doesn’t want to go down, so the slab breaks off and sinks through the mantle. The upper slab springs back up in a process called “eduction” (the reverse of subduction) and brings the deep metamorphic rocks back up where they are exposed during the collapse portion of the Wilson Cycle.
The late stages of subduction and collision build mountains as high as 3 km., but they are gravitationally unstable. The crust is thickened and getting heavier, and the upper level goes back into extension even as the lower crust is still thickening because of its own weight. This happens EVEN AS MOUNTAIN BUILDING IS STILL OCCURRING. Lots of erosion fills the basin with thick sediments up to 25 km. We see a giant detachment fault that is slowly denuding the top of the mountain of sedimentary rock that is sliding down a fault plane of metamorphosed rock. So mountains can quickly (in geological time) be stripped and the deeper crustal rocks exposed by isostatic rebound. We see this happening to day in the Himalayas Tibetan Plateau.
We are taken up close to a “textbook” active detachment fault with gouge, grain-size reduction, and fluid circulation. By studying the magnetism of the fractures of the fault and comparing it with the magnetism in this part of the world, tells us that the fault was reactivated, and also tells us about the end of the Caledonian, and the beginning of a new Wilson Cycle!
“So we’ve seen all the gems of knowledge stored in the rocks of Norway from the mountains to the fields tell us about this major cycle in Earth’s history, but it doesn’t end here because it’s happening again today with the north Atlantic opening and Norway is the place we could come back to in millions and millions of years in the future to understand the closure of that ocean and the mountain building event that would form the next Wilson Cycle.’
~ Professor Jerrom Dougal closes the series.Wilson Cycle Phase 4 - Episode 4 - Collision and Collapse: https://youtu.be/pFuW4MtXhIM
The video introduces a paper published in the 90s that outlines the process of subduction and eduction, by Torgeir B. Anderson (yes, the same Torgeir that has been providing all the information on our journey) et al. Highly informative https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229872945_Subduction_and_eduction_of_continental_crust_major_mechanisms_during_continent-continent_collision_and_orogenic_extensional_collapse_a_model_based_on_the_south_Norwegian_Caledonides
#JohnTuzoWilson #LegendsOfGeology #TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #WatchTheDamnVideo #PlateTectonics #SubductionAndEduction #OrogenicCollapse #eclogites #geology #Science #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
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Wilson Cycle Phase 4 - Episode 4 - Collision and Collapse
“Tuzo was indeed an amazing man. His scientific interests were in the building of mountain ranges and moving of continents, and he certainly had a huge and long-lasting effect on Earth Science. But even more, his talent was in moving another type of mountain: those ideas in men’s and women’s minds that lock us into past patterns of behaviour and prevent visualization of new possibilities.”
~ Gordon F. West and others, from “John Tuzo Wilson: a man who moved mountains.”‘The final stage of the Wilson Cycle involves continental-continental collision and the formation of giant mountain belts. And yet it’s how these giant mountain belts get exposed at the surface that allows us to study the Wilson Cycle in its entirety. Now we are going to explore the rocks which are formed deep within the mountain building stages of the Wilson Cycle and discover how these rocks are exposed at the surface today.
~ Professor Dougal Jerrom - intro to Episode 4In the video below, “Wilson Cycle Phase 4 -Episode 4 -Collision and Collapse”, we finish our trip with Professor Dougal Jerrom, and the team of researchers in search of evidence for the collision and collapse of the Caledonian orogeny in the Caledonides Mountains. This series has kept the last and best for the finale, and it is a mind-blowing conclusion. I really recommend you watch the 29 minute video for yourself. It is well worth your time!
We first stop to look at some eclogites, and Norway has the best in the world - “the jewel in the crown of Norway” and are under its protection. These are ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks that have been formed 100 km. or more deep in the subduction zone, and are especially stunning with coarse-grained “pegmatic” texture, deep green orthopyroxene, bright red garnet, and a white mineral coesite, a metamorphic index mineral indicates they underwent extremely high pressure. As Professor Jerrom says, discovering how these rocks were exposed is one of the most fascinating geology stories yet.
This starts with the subduction of oceanic crust underneath oceanic crust. The subducted slab is being pulled down by its own weight, and the two continents are approaching each other. The upper portion of the slab is still buoyant (see the model below, and the model in the video they run in the CEED lab) and doesn’t want to go down, so the slab breaks off and sinks through the mantle. The upper slab springs back up in a process called “eduction” (the reverse of subduction) and brings the deep metamorphic rocks back up where they are exposed during the collapse portion of the Wilson Cycle.
The late stages of subduction and collision build mountains as high as 3 km., but they are gravitationally unstable. The crust is thickened and getting heavier, and the upper level goes back into extension even as the lower crust is still thickening because of its own weight. This happens EVEN AS MOUNTAIN BUILDING IS STILL OCCURRING. Lots of erosion fills the basin with thick sediments up to 25 km. We see a giant detachment fault that is slowly denuding the top of the mountain of sedimentary rock that is sliding down a fault plane of metamorphosed rock. So mountains can quickly (in geological time) be stripped and the deeper crustal rocks exposed by isostatic rebound. We see this happening to day in the Himalayas Tibetan Plateau.
We are taken up close to a “textbook” active detachment fault with gouge, grain-size reduction, and fluid circulation. By studying the magnetism of the fractures of the fault and comparing it with the magnetism in this part of the world, tells us that the fault was reactivated, and also tells us about the end of the Caledonian, and the beginning of a new Wilson Cycle!
“So we’ve seen all the gems of knowledge stored in the rocks of Norway from the mountains to the fields tell us about this major cycle in Earth’s history, but it doesn’t end here because it’s happening again today with the north Atlantic opening and Norway is the place we could come back to in millions and millions of years in the future to understand the closure of that ocean and the mountain building event that would form the next Wilson Cycle.’
~ Professor Jerrom Dougal closes the series.Wilson Cycle Phase 4 - Episode 4 - Collision and Collapse: https://youtu.be/pFuW4MtXhIM
The video introduces a paper published in the 90s that outlines the process of subduction and eduction, by Torgeir B. Anderson (yes, the same Torgeir that has been providing all the information on our journey) et al. Highly informative https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229872945_Subduction_and_eduction_of_continental_crust_major_mechanisms_during_continent-continent_collision_and_orogenic_extensional_collapse_a_model_based_on_the_south_Norwegian_Caledonides
#JohnTuzoWilson #LegendsOfGeology #TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #WatchTheDamnVideo #PlateTectonics #SubductionAndEduction #OrogenicCollapse #eclogites #geology #Science #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
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Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing
“I enjoy, and have always enjoyed, disturbing scientists.”
~ John Tuzo Wilson
“From great oceans, giant mountains will form. This is the prediction of the third phase of the Wilson Cycle where we see the closure of the vast oceans like the Iapetus Ocean, and the formation of continent to continent collision mountains.”
~ Professor Dougal Jerrom, intro to Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing video linked below
In the 24 minute video below (a great watch), we continue our travels with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, to look at evidence of the closing of the former Iapetus Sea in the Caledonian of Norway. The video starts with a nice recap of the other videos.
Whenever there is an ocean closure, geoscientists always look for ophiolite. Ophiolites in the geologic record provide evidence of subduction zone tectonics. We have already seen the pillow basalts, sheeted dikes (gabbros) and peridotites that form ocean crust in earlier videos in this series. An ophiolite is then a bit of oceanic crust that got swept up in the continental collisions and provides the first proof of an ocean closure.
Next we learn about melange - the sediments that were scraped up during subduction, also known as an accretionary wedge. There are also remnants of the island arc formed during subdution all accreted between the bits of continental crustal blocks that eventually collided.
Enjoy the video below where you see glimpses of the geology of the beautiful Norwegian Caledonian.
Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing: https://youtu.be/jYlQCbDmEVw
More on the closing of the Iapetus Sea here: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean
Includes Step 5 of the Wilson Cycle: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/10962360456...
Refer to this great labeled diagram of the Wilson Cycle for the components of the ocean closure and continent to continent collision and mountain building: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/109628513962823739
Note: We will see the last steps of the Wilson Cycle, the continent to continent collision and the formation of giant mountain belts, and the great grand finale of this series. Stay tuned.
#JohnTuzoWilson #TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #IapetusOcean #Norway #PlateTectonics #Ophiolite #AccretionaryWedge #granites #SutureZones #Laurentia #Baltica #geology #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology -
Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing
“I enjoy, and have always enjoyed, disturbing scientists.”
~ John Tuzo Wilson
“From great oceans, giant mountains will form. This is the prediction of the third phase of the Wilson Cycle where we see the closure of the vast oceans like the Iapetus Ocean, and the formation of continent to continent collision mountains.”
~ Professor Dougal Jerrom, intro to Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing video linked below
In the 24 minute video below (a great watch), we continue our travels with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, to look at evidence of the closing of the former Iapetus Sea in the Caledonian of Norway. The video starts with a nice recap of the other videos.
Whenever there is an ocean closure, geoscientists always look for ophiolite. Ophiolites in the geologic record provide evidence of subduction zone tectonics. We have already seen the pillow basalts, sheeted dikes (gabbros) and peridotites that form ocean crust in earlier videos in this series. An ophiolite is then a bit of oceanic crust that got swept up in the continental collisions and provides the first proof of an ocean closure.
Next we learn about melange - the sediments that were scraped up during subduction, also known as an accretionary wedge. There are also remnants of the island arc formed during subdution all accreted between the bits of continental crustal blocks that eventually collided.
Enjoy the video below where you see glimpses of the geology of the beautiful Norwegian Caledonian.
Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing: https://youtu.be/jYlQCbDmEVw
More on the closing of the Iapetus Sea here: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean
Includes Step 5 of the Wilson Cycle: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/10962360456...
Refer to this great labeled diagram of the Wilson Cycle for the components of the ocean closure and continent to continent collision and mountain building: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/109628513962823739
Note: We will see the last steps of the Wilson Cycle, the continent to continent collision and the formation of giant mountain belts, and the great grand finale of this series. Stay tuned.
#JohnTuzoWilson #TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #IapetusOcean #Norway #PlateTectonics #Ophiolite #AccretionaryWedge #granites #SutureZones #Laurentia #Baltica #geology #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology -
Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing
“I enjoy, and have always enjoyed, disturbing scientists.”
~ John Tuzo Wilson
“From great oceans, giant mountains will form. This is the prediction of the third phase of the Wilson Cycle where we see the closure of the vast oceans like the Iapetus Ocean, and the formation of continent to continent collision mountains.”
~ Professor Dougal Jerrom, intro to Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing video linked below
In the 24 minute video below (a great watch), we continue our travels with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, to look at evidence of the closing of the former Iapetus Sea in the Caledonian of Norway. The video starts with a nice recap of the other videos.
Whenever there is an ocean closure, geoscientists always look for ophiolite. Ophiolites in the geologic record provide evidence of subduction zone tectonics. We have already seen the pillow basalts, sheeted dikes (gabbros) and peridotites that form ocean crust in earlier videos in this series. An ophiolite is then a bit of oceanic crust that got swept up in the continental collisions and provides the first proof of an ocean closure.
Next we learn about melange - the sediments that were scraped up during subduction, also known as an accretionary wedge. There are also remnants of the island arc formed during subdution all accreted between the bits of continental crustal blocks that eventually collided.
Enjoy the video below where you see glimpses of the geology of the beautiful Norwegian Caledonian.
Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing: https://youtu.be/jYlQCbDmEVw
More on the closing of the Iapetus Sea here: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean
Includes Step 5 of the Wilson Cycle: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/10962360456...
Refer to this great labeled diagram of the Wilson Cycle for the components of the ocean closure and continent to continent collision and mountain building: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/109628513962823739
Note: We will see the last steps of the Wilson Cycle, the continent to continent collision and the formation of giant mountain belts, and the great grand finale of this series. Stay tuned.
#JohnTuzoWilson #TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #IapetusOcean #Norway #PlateTectonics #Ophiolite #AccretionaryWedge #granites #SutureZones #Laurentia #Baltica #geology #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology -
Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing
“I enjoy, and have always enjoyed, disturbing scientists.”
~ John Tuzo Wilson
“From great oceans, giant mountains will form. This is the prediction of the third phase of the Wilson Cycle where we see the closure of the vast oceans like the Iapetus Ocean, and the formation of continent to continent collision mountains.”
~ Professor Dougal Jerrom, intro to Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing video linked below
In the 24 minute video below (a great watch), we continue our travels with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, to look at evidence of the closing of the former Iapetus Sea in the Caledonian of Norway. The video starts with a nice recap of the other videos.
Whenever there is an ocean closure, geoscientists always look for ophiolite. Ophiolites in the geologic record provide evidence of subduction zone tectonics. We have already seen the pillow basalts, sheeted dikes (gabbros) and peridotites that form ocean crust in earlier videos in this series. An ophiolite is then a bit of oceanic crust that got swept up in the continental collisions and provides the first proof of an ocean closure.
Next we learn about melange - the sediments that were scraped up during subduction, also known as an accretionary wedge. There are also remnants of the island arc formed during subdution all accreted between the bits of continental crustal blocks that eventually collided.
Enjoy the video below where you see glimpses of the geology of the beautiful Norwegian Caledonian.
Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing: https://youtu.be/jYlQCbDmEVw
More on the closing of the Iapetus Sea here: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean
Includes Step 5 of the Wilson Cycle: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/10962360456...
Refer to this great labeled diagram of the Wilson Cycle for the components of the ocean closure and continent to continent collision and mountain building: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/109628513962823739
Note: We will see the last steps of the Wilson Cycle, the continent to continent collision and the formation of giant mountain belts, and the great grand finale of this series. Stay tuned.
#JohnTuzoWilson #TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #IapetusOcean #Norway #PlateTectonics #Ophiolite #AccretionaryWedge #granites #SutureZones #Laurentia #Baltica #geology #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology -
Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing
“I enjoy, and have always enjoyed, disturbing scientists.”
~ John Tuzo Wilson
“From great oceans, giant mountains will form. This is the prediction of the third phase of the Wilson Cycle where we see the closure of the vast oceans like the Iapetus Ocean, and the formation of continent to continent collision mountains.”
~ Professor Dougal Jerrom, intro to Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing video linked below
In the 24 minute video below (a great watch), we continue our travels with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, to look at evidence of the closing of the former Iapetus Sea in the Caledonian of Norway. The video starts with a nice recap of the other videos.
Whenever there is an ocean closure, geoscientists always look for ophiolite. Ophiolites in the geologic record provide evidence of subduction zone tectonics. We have already seen the pillow basalts, sheeted dikes (gabbros) and peridotites that form ocean crust in earlier videos in this series. An ophiolite is then a bit of oceanic crust that got swept up in the continental collisions and provides the first proof of an ocean closure.
Next we learn about melange - the sediments that were scraped up during subduction, also known as an accretionary wedge. There are also remnants of the island arc formed during subdution all accreted between the bits of continental crustal blocks that eventually collided.
Enjoy the video below where you see glimpses of the geology of the beautiful Norwegian Caledonian.
Wilson Cycle Phase 3: Ocean Closing: https://youtu.be/jYlQCbDmEVw
More on the closing of the Iapetus Sea here: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean
Includes Step 5 of the Wilson Cycle: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/10962360456...
Refer to this great labeled diagram of the Wilson Cycle for the components of the ocean closure and continent to continent collision and mountain building: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/109628513962823739
Note: We will see the last steps of the Wilson Cycle, the continent to continent collision and the formation of giant mountain belts, and the great grand finale of this series. Stay tuned.
#JohnTuzoWilson #TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #IapetusOcean #Norway #PlateTectonics #Ophiolite #AccretionaryWedge #granites #SutureZones #Laurentia #Baltica #geology #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology -
Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening
“…for times before the present oceans existed, we cannot do plate tectonics. Instead we must consider the life cycles of the ocean basins.”
~ John Tuzo Wilson
In the 12 minute video below (a great and quick watch), “Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening”, we continue our travels with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, to look at evidence of the former presence of oceanic crust.
The first evidence we find is the presence of pillow basalts formed in the deep ocean. Pillow basalts are erupting magma that is quenched (hardened) by the ocean water. The scientists can tell that the ocean was deep because the pressure of the water allowed the gases to be released in solution (no vesicles in the basalt). Pillow basalts are the top layer of oceanic crust.
Secondly we find evidence of a black smoker in a copper mine. The black smoker was created by hydrothermal activity, as evidenced by the presence of copper and other minerals, in the sheeted dikes, the second layer of oceanic crust.
Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening: https://youtu.be/AtflMez-Zb4
Includes Step 3 and 4 of the Wilson Cycle: c.im/@vickyveritas/10962360456...
Note: We will see the other steps of the Wilson Cycle in this series. More to come!#TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #PlateTectonics #geology #PillowBasalts #SheetedDikes #BlackSmoker #HydrothermalActivity #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
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Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening
“…for times before the present oceans existed, we cannot do plate tectonics. Instead we must consider the life cycles of the ocean basins.”
~ John Tuzo Wilson
In the 12 minute video below (a great and quick watch), “Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening”, we continue our travels with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, to look at evidence of the former presence of oceanic crust.
The first evidence we find is the presence of pillow basalts formed in the deep ocean. Pillow basalts are erupting magma that is quenched (hardened) by the ocean water. The scientists can tell that the ocean was deep because the pressure of the water allowed the gases to be released in solution (no vesicles in the basalt). Pillow basalts are the top layer of oceanic crust.
Secondly we find evidence of a black smoker in a copper mine. The black smoker was created by hydrothermal activity, as evidenced by the presence of copper and other minerals, in the sheeted dikes, the second layer of oceanic crust.
Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening: https://youtu.be/AtflMez-Zb4
Includes Step 3 and 4 of the Wilson Cycle: c.im/@vickyveritas/10962360456...
Note: We will see the other steps of the Wilson Cycle in this series. More to come!#TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #PlateTectonics #geology #PillowBasalts #SheetedDikes #BlackSmoker #HydrothermalActivity #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
-
Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening
“…for times before the present oceans existed, we cannot do plate tectonics. Instead we must consider the life cycles of the ocean basins.”
~ John Tuzo Wilson
In the 12 minute video below (a great and quick watch), “Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening”, we continue our travels with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, to look at evidence of the former presence of oceanic crust.
The first evidence we find is the presence of pillow basalts formed in the deep ocean. Pillow basalts are erupting magma that is quenched (hardened) by the ocean water. The scientists can tell that the ocean was deep because the pressure of the water allowed the gases to be released in solution (no vesicles in the basalt). Pillow basalts are the top layer of oceanic crust.
Secondly we find evidence of a black smoker in a copper mine. The black smoker was created by hydrothermal activity, as evidenced by the presence of copper and other minerals, in the sheeted dikes, the second layer of oceanic crust.
Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening: https://youtu.be/AtflMez-Zb4
Includes Step 3 and 4 of the Wilson Cycle: c.im/@vickyveritas/10962360456...
Note: We will see the other steps of the Wilson Cycle in this series. More to come!#TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #PlateTectonics #geology #PillowBasalts #SheetedDikes #BlackSmoker #HydrothermalActivity #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
-
Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening
“…for times before the present oceans existed, we cannot do plate tectonics. Instead we must consider the life cycles of the ocean basins.”
~ John Tuzo Wilson
In the 12 minute video below (a great and quick watch), “Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening”, we continue our travels with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, to look at evidence of the former presence of oceanic crust.
The first evidence we find is the presence of pillow basalts formed in the deep ocean. Pillow basalts are erupting magma that is quenched (hardened) by the ocean water. The scientists can tell that the ocean was deep because the pressure of the water allowed the gases to be released in solution (no vesicles in the basalt). Pillow basalts are the top layer of oceanic crust.
Secondly we find evidence of a black smoker in a copper mine. The black smoker was created by hydrothermal activity, as evidenced by the presence of copper and other minerals, in the sheeted dikes, the second layer of oceanic crust.
Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening: https://youtu.be/AtflMez-Zb4
Includes Step 3 and 4 of the Wilson Cycle: c.im/@vickyveritas/10962360456...
Note: We will see the other steps of the Wilson Cycle in this series. More to come!#TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #PlateTectonics #geology #PillowBasalts #SheetedDikes #BlackSmoker #HydrothermalActivity #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
-
Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening
“…for times before the present oceans existed, we cannot do plate tectonics. Instead we must consider the life cycles of the ocean basins.”
~ John Tuzo Wilson
In the 12 minute video below (a great and quick watch), “Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening”, we continue our travels with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, to look at evidence of the former presence of oceanic crust.
The first evidence we find is the presence of pillow basalts formed in the deep ocean. Pillow basalts are erupting magma that is quenched (hardened) by the ocean water. The scientists can tell that the ocean was deep because the pressure of the water allowed the gases to be released in solution (no vesicles in the basalt). Pillow basalts are the top layer of oceanic crust.
Secondly we find evidence of a black smoker in a copper mine. The black smoker was created by hydrothermal activity, as evidenced by the presence of copper and other minerals, in the sheeted dikes, the second layer of oceanic crust.
Wilson Cycle Phase 2: Ocean Opening: https://youtu.be/AtflMez-Zb4
Includes Step 3 and 4 of the Wilson Cycle: c.im/@vickyveritas/10962360456...
Note: We will see the other steps of the Wilson Cycle in this series. More to come!#TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #PlateTectonics #geology #PillowBasalts #SheetedDikes #BlackSmoker #HydrothermalActivity #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
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Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting
“These two mountain ranges are really one and the same – except that they are now separated by the Atlantic Ocean, which cut the range in two at a low angle when it opened between them. At one time the two belts had been joined, end-to-end, Caledonides in the north, Appalachians in the south…”
~ John Tuzo Wilson, “Did The Atlantic Close And Then Re-Open?” Nature, Vol. 211, No. 5050, August 13, 1966
Rifting of the enormously long mountain chain ended up with parts in both North America (Appalachians) and Norway (Caledonides), among many other places. Geologist and Geophysicist John Tuzo Wilson reconstructed the multi-phased tectonics to trace the earlier proto-Atlantic Ocean that closed, and today’s Atlantic Ocean that opened through the processes that are named for him: The Wilson Cycles.
In the video below, “Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting”, we travel with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, and researchers from the Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED) who take us back 450 million years, and into what was once 90 kilometers deep in the Earth’s crust to the Caledonian rocks of Norway that tell us about the biggest cycle on Earth. Don’t miss the video which gives a voice to the rocks that record our dynamic Earth and the Wilson Cycle.
Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting: https://youtu.be/WAGFSf8gqfg
Includes Step 1 and 2 of the Wilson Cycle: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/109623604569764070
Note: We will see the other steps of the Wilson Cycle in this series of videos. More to come!
#TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #PlateTectonics #geology #peridotites #turbidites #tillites #conglomerates #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
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Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting
“These two mountain ranges are really one and the same – except that they are now separated by the Atlantic Ocean, which cut the range in two at a low angle when it opened between them. At one time the two belts had been joined, end-to-end, Caledonides in the north, Appalachians in the south…”
~ John Tuzo Wilson, “Did The Atlantic Close And Then Re-Open?” Nature, Vol. 211, No. 5050, August 13, 1966
Rifting of the enormously long mountain chain ended up with parts in both North America (Appalachians) and Norway (Caledonides), among many other places. Geologist and Geophysicist John Tuzo Wilson reconstructed the multi-phased tectonics to trace the earlier proto-Atlantic Ocean that closed, and today’s Atlantic Ocean that opened through the processes that are named for him: The Wilson Cycles.
In the video below, “Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting”, we travel with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, and researchers from the Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED) who take us back 450 million years, and into what was once 90 kilometers deep in the Earth’s crust to the Caledonian rocks of Norway that tell us about the biggest cycle on Earth. Don’t miss the video which gives a voice to the rocks that record our dynamic Earth and the Wilson Cycle.
Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting: https://youtu.be/WAGFSf8gqfg
Includes Step 1 and 2 of the Wilson Cycle: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/109623604569764070
Note: We will see the other steps of the Wilson Cycle in this series of videos. More to come!
#TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #PlateTectonics #geology #peridotites #turbidites #tillites #conglomerates #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
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Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting
“These two mountain ranges are really one and the same – except that they are now separated by the Atlantic Ocean, which cut the range in two at a low angle when it opened between them. At one time the two belts had been joined, end-to-end, Caledonides in the north, Appalachians in the south…”
~ John Tuzo Wilson, “Did The Atlantic Close And Then Re-Open?” Nature, Vol. 211, No. 5050, August 13, 1966
Rifting of the enormously long mountain chain ended up with parts in both North America (Appalachians) and Norway (Caledonides), among many other places. Geologist and Geophysicist John Tuzo Wilson reconstructed the multi-phased tectonics to trace the earlier proto-Atlantic Ocean that closed, and today’s Atlantic Ocean that opened through the processes that are named for him: The Wilson Cycles.
In the video below, “Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting”, we travel with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, and researchers from the Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED) who take us back 450 million years, and into what was once 90 kilometers deep in the Earth’s crust to the Caledonian rocks of Norway that tell us about the biggest cycle on Earth. Don’t miss the video which gives a voice to the rocks that record our dynamic Earth and the Wilson Cycle.
Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting: https://youtu.be/WAGFSf8gqfg
Includes Step 1 and 2 of the Wilson Cycle: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/109623604569764070
Note: We will see the other steps of the Wilson Cycle in this series of videos. More to come!
#TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #PlateTectonics #geology #peridotites #turbidites #tillites #conglomerates #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
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Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting
“These two mountain ranges are really one and the same – except that they are now separated by the Atlantic Ocean, which cut the range in two at a low angle when it opened between them. At one time the two belts had been joined, end-to-end, Caledonides in the north, Appalachians in the south…”
~ John Tuzo Wilson, “Did The Atlantic Close And Then Re-Open?” Nature, Vol. 211, No. 5050, August 13, 1966
Rifting of the enormously long mountain chain ended up with parts in both North America (Appalachians) and Norway (Caledonides), among many other places. Geologist and Geophysicist John Tuzo Wilson reconstructed the multi-phased tectonics to trace the earlier proto-Atlantic Ocean that closed, and today’s Atlantic Ocean that opened through the processes that are named for him: The Wilson Cycles.
In the video below, “Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting”, we travel with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, and researchers from the Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED) who take us back 450 million years, and into what was once 90 kilometers deep in the Earth’s crust to the Caledonian rocks of Norway that tell us about the biggest cycle on Earth. Don’t miss the video which gives a voice to the rocks that record our dynamic Earth and the Wilson Cycle.
Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting: https://youtu.be/WAGFSf8gqfg
Includes Step 1 and 2 of the Wilson Cycle: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/109623604569764070
Note: We will see the other steps of the Wilson Cycle in this series of videos. More to come!
#TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #PlateTectonics #geology #peridotites #turbidites #tillites #conglomerates #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology
-
Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting
“These two mountain ranges are really one and the same – except that they are now separated by the Atlantic Ocean, which cut the range in two at a low angle when it opened between them. At one time the two belts had been joined, end-to-end, Caledonides in the north, Appalachians in the south…”
~ John Tuzo Wilson, “Did The Atlantic Close And Then Re-Open?” Nature, Vol. 211, No. 5050, August 13, 1966
Rifting of the enormously long mountain chain ended up with parts in both North America (Appalachians) and Norway (Caledonides), among many other places. Geologist and Geophysicist John Tuzo Wilson reconstructed the multi-phased tectonics to trace the earlier proto-Atlantic Ocean that closed, and today’s Atlantic Ocean that opened through the processes that are named for him: The Wilson Cycles.
In the video below, “Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting”, we travel with Professor Dougal Jerrom of Oslo University, and researchers from the Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED) who take us back 450 million years, and into what was once 90 kilometers deep in the Earth’s crust to the Caledonian rocks of Norway that tell us about the biggest cycle on Earth. Don’t miss the video which gives a voice to the rocks that record our dynamic Earth and the Wilson Cycle.
Wilson Cycle Phase 1: Rifting: https://youtu.be/WAGFSf8gqfg
Includes Step 1 and 2 of the Wilson Cycle: https://c.im/@vickyveritas/109623604569764070
Note: We will see the other steps of the Wilson Cycle in this series of videos. More to come!
#TheWilsonCycle #Caledonides #Norway #PlateTectonics #geology #peridotites #turbidites #tillites #conglomerates #ScienceMastodon #NorwegianGeologyRocks @geology