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Particles, Quanta, Waves ( Knowledge Series) by Ya.A. Smorodinsky

Ya. A. SMORODINSK.Y is a Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences and Professor at the Moscow State University. He is well known in the field of mathematical physics and in nuclear and elementary physics and is also an author of many articles on popular science. For a long time Ya. A. Smorodinsky worked together with the late Academician L. D. Landau. He was awarded the State Prize. The book makes the reader acquainted with the present ‘‘state of art” and perspectives of quantum mechanics. The author exposes in original form the milestones in the history of the development of quantum-mechanical concepts and the difficulties in understanding them.
The book is intended for college students, instructors and teachers of technical and high schools, specialists and all those interested in the present state of the physical theory.

Translated from the Russian by V. Kissin

Many thanks to @life123 for the scans.

Note: There is warping in some pages but the text is clear and readable.

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Preface
Introduction
Motion of Celestial Bodies
What Happens Within Short Distances 12
Myriad of Twins 13
Why Electrons in the Atom Do Not Emit 14
Dimension Considerations 15
Incomprehensible Close by 18
Waves and Particles 19
Coherence 21
Planck’s Constant Enters the Theory 23
How to Trap a Quantum 24
Electron, Pauli’s Principle 26
De Broglie Waves 27
Diffraction of Electrons 29
Phonons 31
Mössbauer Effect 33
Scattering of Particles 35
Schrödinger Equation 35
Wave Function 36
Uncertainty Principle 40
What Else Is Quantized? 42
Quantization of the Projection of Angular Momentum 46
Once More on Angular Momentum 47
Line Width 48
Laws of Light Emission 51
Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission 53
Laser 53
Electrons in Solids 54
Superfluidity 55
Superconductivity 58
Superfluidity of Helium-3 59
Quantization of Magnetic Flux 59
Josephson Effect 60
The Invisible 61
Similarity in Nature 62
Elementary Particles: What We Know and What We Try to Understand 63
The 1932 Nucleus 64
Forces and Fields 66
What Does the Proton Consist of? 68
A Far-Fetched Yet Useful Analogy 70
Indistinguishable Nucleons 71
The Law of Energy Conservation in the Microcosm 72
On Coulomb’s Law and Nuclear Forces 72
The 1948 Nucleus 75
Exponential Decay 75
Baryon Charge 79
Mesons 82
Excited Nucleons 83
Hyperons 85
Excited Hyperons 88
Λ-Hyperon and Its Descendants 89
Strangeness 89
Long Lifetime of Ω 91
Quarks 92
The Baryon Decuplet 94
Do Quarks Exist? 95
π-Meson 97
Fall of 1974: New Problems 99
Weak Interactions 100
Neutrino 101
Muon 104
Charge Symmetry (C-Symmetry) 105
Spatial Symmetry (P-Symmetry) 106
Combined Symmetry (CP-Symmetry) 107
Time Symmetry (T-Symmetry) 108
Decays of π-Mesons 110
Breakdown of Charge Symmetry 112
Conclusion 113
Appendix 116

रासायनिक मूलद्रव्यांचा शोध – दमी. त्रीफोनोव, व. त्रीफोनोव (Chemical Elements How They Were Discovered In Marathi by D. N. Trifonov, V. D. Trifonov )

या पुस्तकामध्ये आपण रसायनशास्त्रातील “मुळाक्षरां “ची कशी रचना झाली, तसेच आपल्या चौकस बुद्धिमत्तेतून संशोधकांनी एकामागोमाग एकेका नव्या मूलद्रव्याचा शोध कसा लावला याचे विवेचन करणार आहोत.

बहुतेक सर्व रासायनिक मूलद्रव्यांवर अनेक पुस्तके लिहिली गेली आहेत. त्यांची संख्या एवढी प्रचंड आहे की त्यांचे एक स्वतंत्र ग्रंथालयच होईल. त्या पुस्तकांमध्ये, मूलद्रव्यांचा अंतर्भाव असणारे खडक व खनिजे, त्यांच्या नि- एकर्षणाच्या विविध पद्धती, मूलद्रव्यांचे भौतिक आणि रासायनिक गुणधर्म यांचा आढावा घेतलेला असतो. काही मूलद्रव्ये आश्चर्य वाटण्याएवढी मुबलक आहेत. त्यांचे उपयोगही अनपेक्षित वाटावेत एवढ्या भिन्नभिन्न क्षेत्रात केलेले आढळतील. खरे तर आजच्या प्रगत वैज्ञानिक युगात प्रत्येक मूलद्रव्याचा काहीना काहीतरी महत्त्वपूर्ण उपयोग आहेच आहे असेच दिसेल. प्रत्येक मूलद्रव्याचे त्याचे स्वतःचे असे खास “चरित्र” असून ती सारी आपापल्या परीने वैशिष्ट्यपूर्णही आहेत हे खरे की मूलद्रव्यांच्या शोधांच्या इतिहासाबाबत अद्यापीही बरीच संदिग्धता आहे व इतिहासकारांना न सुटलेले प्रश्न अजूनही सोडविता आलेले नाहीत. कुणी सांगावे, त्यांच्यापैकी एखादा- दुसरा इतिहासकार तुम्हीही असू शकाल !

अनुवाद : राजेंद्र सहस्रबुद्धे

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Science for Everyone – Physics and Geometry of Disorder – Percolation Theory

We now come to another gem in the Science For Everyone series, Physics and Geometry of Disorder – Percolation Theory by A. L. Efros.

From the back cover:

This book is  about percolation theory and its various applications, which occur mostly in physics and chemistry. The book is self-sufficient in that it contains chapters on elementary probability theory and Monte Carlo simulation. Most attention is paid to the relationship between the geometrical and physical properties of systems in the vicinity of their percolation thresholds. The theory is applied to examples of impurity semiconductors and doped ferromagnetics, which demonstrate its universality. Although written for students at high schools, the book is very good reading for college students and will satisfy the curiosity of a physicist for whom this will be a first encounter with percolation theory.

The book was translated from the Russian by V. I. Kisin and was first published by Mir in 1986.

The Internet Archive Link and here

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Updated: 15 January 2019

Contents

Part  I. Site Percolation Problem 14

Chapter 1. Percolation Threshold 14
Two Pundits Shred a Wire Mesh (14).
What Is a Random Variable? (17).
Mean Value and Variance (18).
Why a Large Wire Mesh? (23).
Exercises (27).

Chapter 2. Basic Rules for Calculating Probabilities Continuous Random Variables 28
Events and Their probabilities (28).
Addition of Probabilities (30).
Multiplication of Probabilities (33).
Exercises (37).
Percolation Threshold in a 2 x 2 Network (37).
Exercise (40).
Continuous Random Variables (40).
Exercises (44).
Percolation Threshold as a Continuous Random Variable (44).
Exercise (48).

Chapter 3. Infinite Cluster 48
Permanent Magnet (48).
Doped Ferromagnetics (53).
Formation of an Infinite Cluster (56).
Exercise (59).
Site Percolation Problem Revisited (59).
Clusters at a Low Concentration of Magnetic Atoms(63).
Exercises (67).

Chapter 4 Solution of the Site Percolation Problem by Monte Carlo Computer Techniques 68
Why Monte Carlo? (68).
What Is the Monte Carlo Method? (70).
How to Think Up a Random Number (74).
The Mid—Square Method (76).
Exercises (78).
Linear Congruent Method (78).
Exercises (79).
Determination of Percolation Threshold. by Monte Carlo Simulation on a Computer. Distribution of Blocked and Non-blocked Sites (81).
Exercise (84).
Search for Percolation Path (85).
Determination of the Threshold (86).
Exercise (89).

Part II. Various Problems of Percolation Theory and Their Applications

Chapter 5. Problems on Two-Dimensional Lattices 90
We Are Planting an Orchard (the Bond Problem) (90).
Exercise (95).
Inequality relating x_b to x_s (95).
Exercise (98).
Covering and Containing; Lattices (98).
“White” Percolation and “Black” Percolation (105).
Dual Lattices (110).
Exercise (115).
Results for Plane Lattices (116).
Exercise (117).
Directed Percolation (117).

Chapter 6. Three—Dimensional Lattices and Approximate Evaluation of Percolation Thresholds 120
Three-Dimensional Lattices (121).
Percolation Thresholds for 3D Lattices (126).
Factors Determining Percolation Threshold in the Bond Problem (127).
How to Evaluate Percolation Threshold in the Site Problem (129).
Exercise (134).

Chapter 7. Ferromagnetics with Long-Range Interaction. The Sphere Problem 135
Ferromagnetics with Long-Range Interaction (136).
Exercise (140).
The Sphere (Circle) Problem (140).
The Circle (Sphere) Problem Is the Limiting Case Of the Site Problem (144).

Chapter 8. Electric Conduction of Impurity Semiconductors. The Sphere Problem 147
Intrinsic Semiconductors (147).
Impurity Semiconductors (150).
Transition to Metallic Electric Conduction at Increased Impurity Concentrations (158).
The Mott Transition and Sphere Problem (161).
Exercise (166).

Chapter 9. Various Generalizations of the Sphere Problem 166
Inclusive Figures of Arbitrary Shape (166).
The Ellipsoid Problem (169).
Other Surfaces (173).
Another Experiment at the House Kitchen. The Hard-Sphere Problem (174).

Chapter 10. Percolation Level 179
“The Flood” (179).
How to Construct a Random Function (182).
Analogy to the Site Problem (185).
Percolation Levels in Plane and Three Dimensional Problems (186).
Impurity Compensation in Semiconductors (189).
Motion of a Particle with Nonzero Potential Energy (190).
Motion of an Electron in the Field of Impurities (192).

Part III. Critical Behavior of Various Quantities Near Percolation Threshold. Infinite Cluster Geometry 195

Chapter 11 The Bethe Lattice
Rumors (196).
Solution of the Site Problem on the Bethe Lattice (200).
Discussion (204).
Exercise (206).

Chapter 12. Structure of Infinite Clusters 206
The Shklovskii—de Gennes Model (206).
Role of the System’s Size (210).
Electric Conduction Near Percolation Threshold (215).
Exercise. (219).
Function P (X) Near Percolation Threshold. Role Played by Dead—Ends (219).
Universality of Critical Exponents (222).

Chapter 13. Hopping Electric Conduction 226
Mechanism of Hopping Conduction (227).
Resistor Network (229).
Properties of Resistor NetworK (231).
The Sphere` Problem Revisited (232).
Calculation of Resistivity (233). Discussion of the Result (235).

Chapter 14. Final Remarks 237
Some Applications (237).
What Is Percolation Theory, After All? (240)

Answers and Solutions 242
Chapter 1 (242). Chapter 2 (244). Chapter 3 (246).
Chapter 4 (249). Chapter 5 (250). Chapter 6 (256).
Chapter 7 (257). Chapter 8 (257). Chapter 11 (257).
Chapter 12 (258).

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