#elementary-particles — Public Fediverse posts

How Many Elementary Particles Are There, Really?

https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-many-elementary-particles-are-there-really-20260615/

#HackerNews #elementaryparticles #particlephysics #science #quantumphysics #fundamentalphysics

How Many Elementary Particles Are There, Really?

https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-many-elementary-particles-are-there-really-20260615/

#HackerNews #elementaryparticles #particlephysics #science #quantumphysics #fundamentalphysics

Particles, Quanta, Waves ( Knowledge Series) by Ya.A. Smorodinsky

Ya. A. SMORODINSK.Y is a Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences and Professor at the Moscow State University. He is well known in the field of mathematical physics and in nuclear and elementary physics and is also an author of many articles on popular science. For a long time Ya. A. Smorodinsky worked together with the late Academician L. D. Landau. He was awarded the State Prize. The book makes the reader acquainted with the present ‘‘state of art” and perspectives of quantum mechanics. The author exposes in original form the milestones in the history of the development of quantum-mechanical concepts and the difficulties in understanding them.
The book is intended for college students, instructors and teachers of technical and high schools, specialists and all those interested in the present state of the physical theory.

Translated from the Russian by V. Kissin

Many thanks to @life123 for the scans.

Note: There is warping in some pages but the text is clear and readable.

You can get the book here and here

Follow us on

Twitter https://x.com/MirTitles

Mastadon https://mastodon.social/@mirtitles

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Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/mir-titles

Fork us on gitlab https://gitlab.com/mirtitles

Preface
Introduction
Motion of Celestial Bodies
What Happens Within Short Distances 12
Myriad of Twins 13
Why Electrons in the Atom Do Not Emit 14
Dimension Considerations 15
Incomprehensible Close by 18
Waves and Particles 19
Coherence 21
Planck’s Constant Enters the Theory 23
How to Trap a Quantum 24
Electron, Pauli’s Principle 26
De Broglie Waves 27
Diffraction of Electrons 29
Phonons 31
Mössbauer Effect 33
Scattering of Particles 35
Schrödinger Equation 35
Wave Function 36
Uncertainty Principle 40
What Else Is Quantized? 42
Quantization of the Projection of Angular Momentum 46
Once More on Angular Momentum 47
Line Width 48
Laws of Light Emission 51
Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission 53
Laser 53
Electrons in Solids 54
Superfluidity 55
Superconductivity 58
Superfluidity of Helium-3 59
Quantization of Magnetic Flux 59
Josephson Effect 60
The Invisible 61
Similarity in Nature 62
Elementary Particles: What We Know and What We Try to Understand 63
The 1932 Nucleus 64
Forces and Fields 66
What Does the Proton Consist of? 68
A Far-Fetched Yet Useful Analogy 70
Indistinguishable Nucleons 71
The Law of Energy Conservation in the Microcosm 72
On Coulomb’s Law and Nuclear Forces 72
The 1948 Nucleus 75
Exponential Decay 75
Baryon Charge 79
Mesons 82
Excited Nucleons 83
Hyperons 85
Excited Hyperons 88
Λ-Hyperon and Its Descendants 89
Strangeness 89
Long Lifetime of Ω 91
Quarks 92
The Baryon Decuplet 94
Do Quarks Exist? 95
π-Meson 97
Fall of 1974: New Problems 99
Weak Interactions 100
Neutrino 101
Muon 104
Charge Symmetry (C-Symmetry) 105
Spatial Symmetry (P-Symmetry) 106
Combined Symmetry (CP-Symmetry) 107
Time Symmetry (T-Symmetry) 108
Decays of π-Mesons 110
Breakdown of Charge Symmetry 112
Conclusion 113
Appendix 116

Particles, Quanta, Waves ( Knowledge Series) by Ya.A. Smorodinsky

Ya. A. SMORODINSK.Y is a Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences and Professor at the Moscow State University. He is well known in the field of mathematical physics and in nuclear and elementary physics and is also an author of many articles on popular science. For a long time Ya. A. Smorodinsky worked together with the late Academician L. D. Landau. He was awarded the State Prize. The book makes the reader acquainted with the present ‘‘state of art” and perspectives of quantum mechanics. The author exposes in original form the milestones in the history of the development of quantum-mechanical concepts and the difficulties in understanding them.
The book is intended for college students, instructors and teachers of technical and high schools, specialists and all those interested in the present state of the physical theory.

Translated from the Russian by V. Kissin

Many thanks to @life123 for the scans.

Note: There is warping in some pages but the text is clear and readable.

You can get the book here and here

Follow us on

Twitter https://x.com/MirTitles

Mastadon https://mastodon.social/@mirtitles

Bluesky https://bsky.app/profile/mirtitles.bsky.social

Tumblr https://www.tumblr.com/mirtitles

Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/mir-titles

Fork us on gitlab https://gitlab.com/mirtitles

Preface
Introduction
Motion of Celestial Bodies
What Happens Within Short Distances 12
Myriad of Twins 13
Why Electrons in the Atom Do Not Emit 14
Dimension Considerations 15
Incomprehensible Close by 18
Waves and Particles 19
Coherence 21
Planck’s Constant Enters the Theory 23
How to Trap a Quantum 24
Electron, Pauli’s Principle 26
De Broglie Waves 27
Diffraction of Electrons 29
Phonons 31
Mössbauer Effect 33
Scattering of Particles 35
Schrödinger Equation 35
Wave Function 36
Uncertainty Principle 40
What Else Is Quantized? 42
Quantization of the Projection of Angular Momentum 46
Once More on Angular Momentum 47
Line Width 48
Laws of Light Emission 51
Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission 53
Laser 53
Electrons in Solids 54
Superfluidity 55
Superconductivity 58
Superfluidity of Helium-3 59
Quantization of Magnetic Flux 59
Josephson Effect 60
The Invisible 61
Similarity in Nature 62
Elementary Particles: What We Know and What We Try to Understand 63
The 1932 Nucleus 64
Forces and Fields 66
What Does the Proton Consist of? 68
A Far-Fetched Yet Useful Analogy 70
Indistinguishable Nucleons 71
The Law of Energy Conservation in the Microcosm 72
On Coulomb’s Law and Nuclear Forces 72
The 1948 Nucleus 75
Exponential Decay 75
Baryon Charge 79
Mesons 82
Excited Nucleons 83
Hyperons 85
Excited Hyperons 88
Λ-Hyperon and Its Descendants 89
Strangeness 89
Long Lifetime of Ω 91
Quarks 92
The Baryon Decuplet 94
Do Quarks Exist? 95
π-Meson 97
Fall of 1974: New Problems 99
Weak Interactions 100
Neutrino 101
Muon 104
Charge Symmetry (C-Symmetry) 105
Spatial Symmetry (P-Symmetry) 106
Combined Symmetry (CP-Symmetry) 107
Time Symmetry (T-Symmetry) 108
Decays of π-Mesons 110
Breakdown of Charge Symmetry 112
Conclusion 113
Appendix 116

Want to know more about what particle physics is like, told by others other than only me? Our group's Instagram account gives a voice to a very wide group of scientists

For example, we have measured if there is anything inside quarks. And Andreas Hinzmann, one of the authors, made this nice post about that result https://www.instagram.com/p/DW6hU-PjnJK/?igsh=OGM3dmFnZ2Q0eGV2 #scicomm #wisskomm #quarks #elementaryparticles

Want to know more about what particle physics is like, told by others other than only me? Our group's Instagram account gives a voice to a very wide group of scientists

For example, we have measured if there is anything inside quarks. And Andreas Hinzmann, one of the authors, made this nice post about that result https://www.instagram.com/p/DW6hU-PjnJK/?igsh=OGM3dmFnZ2Q0eGV2 #scicomm #wisskomm #quarks #elementaryparticles

Macroscopic Theories Of Matter And Fields A Thermodynamic Approach ( Advances in Science and Technology in the USSR)

Advances in Science and Technology in the USSR
Mathematics and Mechanics Series

This is a collection of articles by Soviet scientists on current issues of building macroscopic models of matter and fields. Based on thermodynamics concepts the papers develop general variational techniques of modeling material continuous media and fields allowing for their interactions in reversible and irreversible processes. The book is intended for researchers, engi­neers, graduate and postgraduate students interested in the mechanics of continuous media.

Translated from the Russian by Eugene Yankovsky

You can get the book here and here.

Twitter: @MirTitles
Mastodon: @[email protected]
Mastodon: @[email protected]
Bluesky: mirtitles.bsky.social

Contents
Preface, L. I. Sedov 7
A Thermodynamic Approach to the Basic Variational Equation for Building Models of Continuous Media, L. I. Sedov 19
Applying the Basic Variational Equation for Building Models of Matter and Fields, L. I. Sedov 43

Introduction 43
Definitions 43
Variations of Tensors for Which Scalar Invariants Retain Their Form 46
Special Types of Tensor Components Qlj 48
Defining Variations and Their Interrelationship in the Comoving and the Observer’s Reference Frame 50
Auxiliary Formulas for Variations 55
Given Scalar and Tensor Parameters Characterizing Models of Material Media and Fields 56
The Determining Parameters in the Characteristics of a Continuous Medium as a Whole and the Characteristics of Individual World Lines 60
The Basic Variational Equation and Identities Following from the Scalar Nature of the Lagrangian Density 62
The Euler Equations for the Basic Variational Equation (2.8.1) 66
The Conditions at Strong Discontinuities 71
On Models of Fluids 74
An Elastic-Body Model 79
Constructing Models of Fields 81
A Model of Interacting Material Medium and Electromagnetic Field 83
Examples 90
Transition from Relativistic to Newtonian Mechanics in the Presence of Irreversible Processes, L. T. Chernyi 98
The Basic Vibrational Equation 98
The Euler Equations and Conditions on Discontinuities 102
Transition to Newtonian Mechanics 106
Irreversible Processes 108
Conclusion 114
Models of Ferromagnetic Continuous Media with Magnetic Hysteresis, L. T. Chernyi 116

Introduction 116
The Determining Parameters 118
The Variational Principle and the Main Equations 121
A Phenomenological Theory of Irreversible Processes 126
Some Corollaries of the General Theory 130
Examples of Models of Magnetizable Media 137
Magnetizable and Polarizable Media with Microstructure, V. A. Zhelnorovich 141

The Determining Parameters of Magnetizable and Polarizable Media with Microstructure 141
Relaxation Models of Magnetizable and Polarizable Media Without Microstructure 150
Models of Magnetizable Liquids with Intrinsic Moment of Momentum 156
Couette Flow of an Incompressible Viscous Magnetizable Liquid 156
Poiseuille Flow in Cylindrical Channel 157
Magnetoacoustic Waves in Magnetizable Liquids 160
On Exact Solutions for Interacting Gravitational and Electromagnetic Fields, G. A. Alekseev 168

Introduction 168
The Einstein-Maxwell Equations in Matrix Form 169
Building the Associated Linear System and the Reduction Conditions 172
Soliton Solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell Equations 176
One-Soliton Solutions with Minkowski’s Space-Time as Background 180
Interaction of Solitons with a Uniform Electromagnetic Field 184
Neutrino Fields in General Relativity, N. R. Sibgatullin 187

Introduction 187
Canonical Equations of Neutrino Fields and Waves 188
On the Infinite Dimensional Algebra and the Lie Group of Neutrino Vacuum Equations 199
Exact Solutions of Neutrino Vacuum Equations 208
Rotation of the Polarization Vector of Gravitational Waves in a Burst of Neutrino Radiation 220
Tensor Representation of Spinor Fields, V. A. Zhelnorovich 224

Introduction 224
Dirac Matrices 224
The Spinor Representation of the Lorentz Group 226
Spinors in Four-Dimensional Pseudo-Euclidean Vector Space 231
Conjugate Spinors 233
The Relation Between Even-Rank Spinors and Tensors 234
The Relation Between First-Rank Spinors and Systems of Complex Tensors 234
Real-Valued Tensors Determined by a Spinor 238
Rotations in Four-Dimensional Space and Spinors 240
Invariant Spinor Subspaces 243
Spinors in Three-Dimensional Euclidean Space 244
Tensor Representation of Spinors in Three-Dimensional Euclidean Space 246
Rotations in Three-Dimensional Space and Spinors 248
Tensor Representation of Differential Spinor Equations in the Minkowski Space 250
Some Solutions of Differential Equations for Relativistic Models of Magnetizable Fluids with Intrinsic Angular Momentum in an Electromagnetic Field 254
Index 26

#elementaryParticles #generalRelativity #mirPublishers #physics #quantumMechanics #sovietLiterature #variationalPrinciples

Vera Chernogorova – Conversations About The Atomic Nucleus (Eureka Series)

The book discusses issues related to the study of the atomic nucleus and its structure, nuclear forces, and the components of the nucleus. It also describes the achievements of Soviet scientists in the field of nuclear energy.

About the Author

After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at university, Vera Aleksandrovna entered postgraduate studies and later became a research fellow at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in the town of Dubna. For nearly twelve years, she participated in experiments conducted on a particle accelerator — the synchrocyclotron. Vera Aleksandrovna is a co-author of many scientifi c papers on the study of the properties of mu-mesons.

In recent years, she has published over ten articles in journals such as Znanie — Sila (Knowledge Is Power), Science and Life, Technology for the Youth, and others.

The topics of these articles include problems in nuclear physics, high-energy physics, astrophysics, controlled thermonuclear fusion, the application of scientific achievements in The human practice, and the future of science. Many of these articles have been reprinted in foreign journals.

In 1973, our publishing house released her book Mysteries of the Microworld, which discussed some current problems in the physics of elementary particles. Conversations About the Atomic Nucleus is the author’s second book to appear in the Eureka series.

Illustrations: K. Moshkin
Translated from the Russian & typeset in LaTeX by Damitr Mazanav

You can get the book here and here

This book is an Open Educational Resource (OER).

Released under Creative Commons by ShareAlike 4.0

#Ccbysa #Oer #elementaryParticles #eurekaSeries #nuclearPhysics #physics #plasmaPhysics #popsci #popularScience #scipop #structureOfMatter

Electrons, Phonons, Magnons
by M. I. Kaganov

#soviet #books #physics #quantum #popularscience #science #elementaryparticles #mirtitles
https://archive.org/details/Kaganov.Electrons.Phonons.Magnons/

White Dwarf Stars May be Shrouded in Extremely Light Particles Called Axions https://www.universetoday.com/168970/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-shrouded-in-extremely-light-particles-called-axions-1/ #standardmodelofparticlephysics #cernaxionsolartelescope #darkmatterparticles #elementaryparticles #neutronstars #darkmatter #astronomy #cosmology #featured #axions

Don't ask me to explain it!

#HiggsField #Higgsboson #quantumfields #elementaryparticles

How the Higgs Field (Actually) Gives Mass to Elementary Particles | Quanta Magazine https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-the-higgs-field-actually-gives-mass-to-elementary-particles-20240903/?utm_source=pocket-newtab-en-us

Don't ask me to explain it!

#HiggsField #Higgsboson #quantumfields #elementaryparticles

How the Higgs Field (Actually) Gives Mass to Elementary Particles | Quanta Magazine https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-the-higgs-field-actually-gives-mass-to-elementary-particles-20240903/?utm_source=pocket-newtab-en-us

Watch the latest episode of our series NewIn with Lukas Heinrich, our newly appointed Professor for #DataScience in #Physics. He develops methods which help discover new #elementaryparticles based on huge amounts of data: http://go.tum.de/200052

#Higgsboson #machinelearning

📷 A. Eckert
▶ https://youtu.be/eB_DRAyMEuc
🎥 @prolehre

Lev Tarasov – The World is Built on Probability (LaTeX version)

In this post we will see the book Lev Tarasov’s The World is Built on Probability  in completely digital version typeset using LaTeX!

About the book

This text is divided into two major parts.
The aim of the first part is to convince the reader that the random world begins directly in his or her own living room because, in fact, all modern life is based on probability. The first part is on the concept of probability and considers making decisions in conflict situations, optimizing queues, games, and the control of various processes, and doing random searches.

The second part of this text shows how fundamental chance is in nature using the probabilistic laws of modern physics and biology as examples. Elements of quantum mechanics are also involved, and this allows the author to demonstrate how probabilistic laws are basic to microscopic phenomena. The idea is that the reader, passing from the first part of the book to the second one, would see that probability is not only around us but it is at the basis of everything.

Translated from the Russian by Michael Burov First published 1988

Revised from the 1984 Russian edition.

This completely digital version typeset in using LaTeX with EB Garamond font.

PS: In this electronic edition all the figures have been reworked in the SVG format using Inkscape for a clearer presentation. I had started this project some years back, but did not pursue it to the finish. But it is finally here. I have checked a couple of times for typos or mistakes, but I am there might be some lurking here and there, so if you find any, please leave a comment.

Next in line Irodov’s Basic Laws of Electromagnetism (finished typesetting, only images need to be recreated) and Fundamental Laws of Mechanics.

You can get the book here. (File size 1.9 MB for the book!)

Access the LaTeX project files gitlab.com/mirtitles/twibop

Some snaps from the book:

Lev Tarasov – The World is Built on Probability (LaTeX version)

In this post we will see the book Lev Tarasov’s The World is Built on Probability  in completely digital version typeset using LaTeX!

About the book

This text is divided into two major parts.
The aim of the first part is to convince the reader that the random world begins directly in his or her own living room because, in fact, all modern life is based on probability. The first part is on the concept of probability and considers making decisions in conflict situations, optimizing queues, games, and the control of various processes, and doing random searches.

The second part of this text shows how fundamental chance is in nature using the probabilistic laws of modern physics and biology as examples. Elements of quantum mechanics are also involved, and this allows the author to demonstrate how probabilistic laws are basic to microscopic phenomena. The idea is that the reader, passing from the first part of the book to the second one, would see that probability is not only around us but it is at the basis of everything.

Translated from the Russian by Michael Burov First published 1988

Revised from the 1984 Russian edition.

This completely digital version typeset in using LaTeX with EB Garamond font.

PS: In this electronic edition all the figures have been reworked in the SVG format using Inkscape for a clearer presentation. I had started this project some years back, but did not pursue it to the finish. But it is finally here. I have checked a couple of times for typos or mistakes, but I am there might be some lurking here and there, so if you find any, please leave a comment.

Next in line Irodov’s Basic Laws of Electromagnetism (finished typesetting, only images need to be recreated) and Fundamental Laws of Mechanics.

You can get the book here. (File size 1.9 MB for the book!)

Access the LaTeX project files gitlab.com/mirtitles/twibop

Some snaps from the book: