The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: Examining Correlations in Adolescent Girls
Sophia Magistro
This was a literature review for Public Health Research class for Dr. Jessica L. O’Leary, where Magistro “The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: Examining Correlations in Adolescent Girls.” This assignment was written March 28th, 2025 before it was published on the Pre-Professional Community Health Chronicle.
Abstract
This literature review explores the influence of social media usage on the mental health outcomes of adolescent girls in the United States. Given the prevalence of social media usage amongst adolescents, concerns regarding its influence on mental health have been raised, particularly with regards to depression, anxiety, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem. The review discusses the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes, drawing on theories such as social comparison theory, uses and gratifications theory, and cognitive-behavioral theory. It also investigates patterns of usage, including frequency of engagement, types of platforms, and the nature of online interactions. While negative impacts such as cyberbullying, sleep disruptions, and fear of missing out (FOMO) are well-documented, the review also highlights the positive aspects of social media, such as fostering social support, self-expression, and identity exploration. The review concludes with a discussion on the implications for parents, clinicians, and social media companies in promoting healthy online behavior and minimizing risks associated with social media use. Further research is crucial to better understand the causal relationships between social media and mental health and to develop effective interventions.
Background on Social Media and Mental Health
The increasing prevalence of social media usage among adolescents has raised significant concerns about its potential effects on mental health. With a majority of adolescents using platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok, researchers are struggling with understanding how these digital environments influence emotional and psychological well-being (Kosola et al., 2023). This literature review explores the complex relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes, particularly among adolescent girls, who have been shown to experience the most significant impacts from digital engagement (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020).
Social Media Usage in Teens
Social media usage has grown exponentially among teenagers, with 89% of adolescents in the U.S. reporting smartphone ownership, and 70% of them engaging with social media multiple times per day (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020). Such extensive use has led to concerns over the quality and type of interactions adolescents have online. Social comparison, feedback-seeking, and the fear of missing out (FOMO) are prominent themes observed in teens’ social media habits (Weigle & Shafi, 2023).
Relationship Between Social Media Usage and Mental Health Outcomes
The relationship between social media use and adolescent girls’ mental health is intricate and multifaceted. Some studies highlight a strong connection between social media addiction and negative mental health outcomes, such as anxiety, depression, and body image issues (Kosola et al., 2023). However, other studies suggest that the relationship may be more complex, with some adolescents benefiting from online support networks and self-expression opportunities (Valkenburg et al., 2021).
Theoretical Explanations
Social Comparison Theory
Social Comparison Theory suggests that individuals assess their self-worth by comparing themselves to others (Cherry, 2024). Social media increases upward social comparison, where adolescent girls, in particular, contrast their lives and bodies with idealized online portrayals, often leading to inadequacy, body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and depression (Valkenburg et al., 2021).
Pellegrino (2024) expands on this, noting that social media’s extensive networks and feedback loops reinforce these negative feelings. Likes and comments become a measure of self-worth, deepening social inferiority. The friendship paradox, where peers appear to have better lives based on curated posts, and algorithmic biases that highlight idealized content further distort adolescents’ self-perceptions, fueling self-criticism and isolation.
Uses and Gratifications Theory
The Uses and Gratifications Theory suggests that people use media to satisfy specific needs, such as social connection or validation. Adolescents actively seek social media to fulfill emotional needs, but the nature of their engagement (e.g., passive scrolling vs. active posting) can affect their mental health. According to Limperos and Herman (2024), this theory highlights how individuals’ media choices are driven by social and cognitive factors that shape their expectations and motivations for media use. Active engagement, such as seeking likes or comments, may lead to increased anxiety and social comparison, as adolescents anticipate validation and approval from their peers. On the other hand, passive consumption, such as scrolling through feeds without interacting, may contribute to feelings of isolation and inadequacy. This duality in how adolescents interact with social media can result in both positive and negative outcomes, depending on the type of gratification sought and the emotional needs being fulfilled (Limperos & Herman, 2024).
Cognitive-Behavioral Theory
Cognitive-Behavioral Theory (CBT) states that negative thought patterns contribute to mental health issues. On social media, adolescents may encounter distorted perceptions of reality, leading to cognitive distortions like comparing themselves unfavorably to others. These distorted perceptions can contribute to anxiety, depression, and body image issues. CBT also suggests that the behaviors resulting from negative thoughts, such as compulsive checking or social withdrawal, can reinforce these mental health problems (Weigle & Shafi, 2023).
Patterns of Social Media Usage Among Adolescents
Impact of Frequency and Type of Engagement
The frequency and type of social media engagement are key factors in its affect on mental health. Research has shown that more frequent use correlates with higher rates of depression and anxiety, especially when adolescents experience negative online interactions or prolonged exposure to photoshopped images (Kosola et al., 2023; Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020). Moreover, the type of engagement contributes to certain mental health outcomes. Active engagement, such as posting, commenting, and sharing, can lead to more negative effects, particularly when feedback does not meet expectations. On the other hand, passive engagement, such as browsing content, is generally less impactful but still presents risks, especially when adolescents engage in social comparison (Valkenburg et al., 2021).
Popular Platforms
Different platforms have unique features that may affect adolescent mental health in distinct ways. Instagram and Snapchat, which emphasize visual content, are particularly
problematic for adolescents concerned with body image (Balyan, 2024, p. 24). Platforms like Facebook, which focus more on text-based interactions, might not have the same level of negative impact on body image but still contribute to mental distress through other means, such as cyberbullying or social comparison (Kosola et al., 2023). Balyan also noted that research has shown Facebook is not as popular among youth today, further highlighting the shifting dynamics of online platforms and their varying effects on adolescents’ well-being.
Negative Impacts of Social Media Use on Mental Health
Depression and Anxiety
Social media use, particularly in large doses, has been strongly connected to depression and anxiety in adolescents. The constant exposure to perfected images and the pressure to create a flawless online persona can cause feelings of inadequacy, which in turn trigger or exacerbate symptoms of anxiety and depression (Kosola et al., 2023). This effect is further supported by the findings of Zsila and Reyes (2023), who note that excessive social media use is also associated with increased sadness, isolation, and a decline in psychological well-being. Their research highlights that while social media can offer a sense of connection, prolonged exposure to idealized portrayals of others’ lives often deepens feelings of inadequacy, ultimately amplifying loneliness and stress. Both studies underscore how the pressure to maintain an idealized digital presence contributes to the deterioration of adolescents’ mental health.
Body Image and Self-Esteem Issues
The pressure to adhere to beauty standards portrayed on social media platforms like Instagram has been widely cited as a cause of body image concerns. Adolescents who spend significant time on these platforms are more prone to experience body dissatisfaction and engage in unhealthy behaviors to attain idealized concepts of beauty (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020). Increased social media screen time, particularly among girls aged 13 to 15, is also associated with higher risks of self-harm, depression, and lower self-assurance, as shown in a study by Barthorpe et al. (2020). The study found that for every 30-minute increase in weekday social media use, there was a significant increase in the likelihood of depression and self-harm, as well as a decrease in self-assurance (Barthorpe, et al., 2020). The size of these associations was similar for usage on both weekdays and weekends. This highlights how prolonged exposure to social media, especially among adolescents, can exacerbate mental health issues, including body image dissatisfaction.
Cyberbullying and Online Harassment
Cyberbullying is common for social media users to experience, and research has indicated that adolescents who deal with online harassment are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. The anonymity provided by social media allows bullying to occur more frequently and with greater severity than during in person interactions (Kosola et al., 2023). Research by Dyer (2023) highlights the increasing worry about the involvement of social media in exacerbating cyberbullying, particularly with platforms like Instagram, where younger users may experience heightened pressure related to their appearance. Meta (formerly Facebook) has been heavily criticized for failing to address these concerns, with Frances Haugen revealing that the company was aware of the negative impact Instagram had on teenage girls’ mental health, particularly regarding eating disorders and body image issues (Dyer, 2023). This has sparked lawsuits and heightened scrutiny of how social media platforms may further adverse mental health outcomes amidst adolescents.
Sleep Disruptions and Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
Social media use, particularly before bedtime, has been linked to significant sleep disturbances, which in turn can exacerbate mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. Woods and Scott (2016) determined that adolescents who used social media more frequently, both overall and specifically during the night, experienced lower quality sleep, lower self-esteem, and higher rates of anxiety and depression. Exposure to stimulating content will increase cognitive arousal, also further contributing to delayed sleep and lower overall sleep quality.
In addition to its psychological effects, social media also induces a psychological feeling of responsibility to remain constantly connected. The fear of missing out (FOMO) contributes to heightened anxiety and stress, as adolescents feel compelled to stay engaged with online interactions, even at the expense of their well-being. This constant urge to check notifications, remain up-to-date on social happenings, and compare their lives to others can create a cycle of emotional suffering (Zsila & Reyes, 2023). Adolescents may experience a sense of inadequacy or fear of exclusion, which reinforces adverse mental health effects and perpetuates feelings of insecurity. Over time, this can cause increased loneliness, depression, and a diminished sense of self-worth, as online interactions become a source of emotional strain rather than support (Weigle & Shafi, 2023).
Positive Impacts of Social Media Use on Mental Health
Social Support and Increased Sense of Community
Social media serves as a vital tool for adolescents seeking support and connection, especially for those who feel isolated in their offline lives. Online platforms give young users the chance to find communities that share similar experiences, fostering a sense of belonging, solidarity, and emotional support (Balyan, 2024, p. 63). For marginalized groups, social media can offer a safe and accessible space to connect with others who understand their unique challenges, providing a valuable outlet for expression and connection. This digital interaction can significantly reduce feelings of loneliness, alienation, and isolation by helping adolescents find others who validate their experiences and provide comfort (Valkenburg et al., 2021).
Self-Expression and Identity Exploration
Adolescence is a crucial time for identity development, and social media offers a unique platform for self-exploration. By engaging with different communities, expressing personal beliefs, and experimenting with creative content, adolescents can explore aspects of their identity in ways that may not be available to them in real life. Social media allows them to be able to develop confidence in expressing who they are (Kosola et al., 2023).
Awareness and Resources
Social media provides adolescents with direct access to mental health information, peer support networks, and professional services. There are many sites that provide educational content on coping skills, stress management, and self-care strategies, while others provide forums that normalize mental health concerns. Online support groups and awareness campaigns have the potential to provide adolescents with the confidence to seek help when needed, making mental health services more accessible than ever (Weigle & Shafi, 2023).
Ongoing Research
Despite growing evidence linking social media use and mental health, more research is needed to fully understand these complex interactions. Future studies should aim to establish causal relationships, investigate the effects of specific platform features, and explore interventions that could mitigate negative consequences while enhancing positive experiences.
As digital engagement continues to evolve, a deeper understanding of these dynamics will be crucial for shaping effective policies and support systems (Valkenburg et al., 2021).
The Role of Parents, Educators, and Policymakers
Recognizing the influence of social media on adolescent mental health is crucial for parents, educators, and policymakers. By implementing informed strategies, such as setting healthy boundaries for usage, fostering digital literacy, and encouraging open discussions, adults can help adolescents navigate online spaces more safely (Balyan, 2024, p. 6). Creating interventions that address potential harms while reinforcing social media’s benefits is key to fostering a healthier digital environment (Grinschgl et al., 2021).
What Can Social Media Companies Do to Promote Positivity?
Social media platforms also have a role in promoting positive online experiences. Companies can implement measures that encourage healthy online behavior, reduce harmful social comparisons, and promote body positivity. Features such as algorithm adjustments, screen time management tools, and mental health support integrations can help mitigate risks associated with excessive or harmful social media use (Hjetland et al., 2024).
Does Limiting Social Media Usage Make a Difference?
Parental restrictions on social media use can lead to a meaningful influence on improving mental health in adolescents. Research indicates that reducing screen time is linked to improved sleep quality, lower anxiety levels, and stronger real-world social connections. Encouraging a balanced approach to social media, rather than complete restriction, may be the most effective way to help adolescents benefit from digital engagement while minimizing its risks (Valkenburg et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Overall, while much of the literature concerning mental health and social media has examined adolescents generally, it is worth understanding how those effects are increased or differ, particularly for adolescent girls. As outlined across this overview, adolescent girls are particularly vulnerable to social comparison, body satisfaction, and bullying that exist more deeply in places like Instagram and TikTok. By recognizing the unique challenges faced by teenage girls, future studies and interventions can better address their specific needs so they can build a healthier social media relationship and improve their mental health in the age of the internet.
References
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Barthorpe, A., Winstone, L., Mars, B., & Moran, P. (2020). Is social media screen time really associated with poor adolescent mental health? A time use diary study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 864–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.106
Cherry, K. (2024, May 21). How social comparison theory influences our views on ourselves: To compare or not to compare? Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/social-comparison-theory-2795872
Dyer, O. (2023). Meta is sued by 41 US states for driving children’s addiction to social media and hiding the harms. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 383, p. 2518. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2883496780/fulltext/383338F18A6948D7PQ/1?accountid=14690&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals
Hjetland, G. J., Finserås, T. R., Sivertsen, B., Colman, I., Hella, R. T., et al. (2024). Digital self-presentation and adolescent mental health: Cross-sectional and longitudinal insights from the “LifeOnSoMe” study. BMC Public Health, 24, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20052-4
Kosola, S., Mörö, S., & Holopainen, E. (2024). Smartphone use and well-being of adolescent girls: A population-based study. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 109(7), 576–581. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2023-326521
Limperos, A., & Herman, A. (2024). Chapter 10: Uses and Gratifications Theory. In N. Bowman (Ed.), Entertainment Media and Communication (pp. 149-162).
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Shafi, R. M. A. (2024). Social media and youth mental health. Current Psychiatry Reports, 26(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01478-w Woods, H. C., &
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Reyes, M. E. S. (2023). Pros & cons: Impacts of social media on mental health. BMC Psychology, 11, 201. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01243-x
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