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1000 results for “Arben”
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Arbentalstrasse is now on #AlphabeticalZürich. Took a bit more time than I expected - remind me to not try to translate Swiss German, written in Gothic script, to English (even with the help of a transcription and a High German translation :D ).
https://alphabeticalzurich.wordpress.com/2024/01/31/arbentalstrasse/
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They always said we’re too small, too weak, too full of fear…but #YmaOHyd!
Bore da pawb….🏴
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Cwpan y byd heddiw! Ffantastig!!
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Stwff Arbennig! #MilesHunt
@ Canolfan Celfyddydau The Gate, Y Rhath, Caerdydd
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Stwff Arbennig! #MilesHunt
@ Canolfan Celfyddydau The Gate, Y Rhath, Caerdydd
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Stwff Arbennig! #MilesHunt
@ Canolfan Celfyddydau The Gate, Y Rhath, Caerdydd
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Stwff Arbennig! #MilesHunt
@ Canolfan Celfyddydau The Gate, Y Rhath, Caerdydd
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From Arbenz to Zelaya | MIA https://miamericas.org/?p=197 #chiquita #unitedfruit #bitterfruit
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From Arbenz to Zelaya | MIA https://miamericas.org/?p=197 #chiquita #unitedfruit #bitterfruit
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From Arbenz to Zelaya | MIA https://miamericas.org/?p=197 #chiquita #unitedfruit #bitterfruit
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From Arbenz to Zelaya | MIA https://miamericas.org/?p=197 #chiquita #unitedfruit #bitterfruit
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Now watching:
'Eden Log'
- directed by Franck Vestiel
- written by Franck Vestiel, Pierre Bordage
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- with Clovis Cornillac, Vimala Pons, Zohar Wexler, Sifan Shao, Arben Bajraktaraj......
___#edenlog - #franckvestiel - #nowwatching #firstwatch - #cinema #frenchcinema #cinemastodon #film #filmastodon #movies #moviesmastodon - #letterboxd #trakt
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Naw cymuned yng Nghymru am dderbyn cyllid arbennig Balchder Bro gan San Steffan
Mae cymunedau difreintiedig yng Nghaerffili, Llandudno, Llanelli, a Chwm Afan ymhlith y rheiny fydd yn derbyn £20 miliwn i adfywio’u bro #bro
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Cydnabyddiaeth genedlaethol i wefan fro Clonc360 yn “arbennig iawn”
“Mewn oes lle mae llai a llai o gyfryngau lleol ar lawr gwlad, mae’n braf gweld bod gwefannau a phapurau bro yn parhau i fod yn arf gymunedol bwysig” #bro
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#Elezioni #NordMacedonia #Presidenziali
Risultati definitivi:Affluenza: 49,87%
Gordana #SiljanovskaDavkova (#VMRO/#DPMNE|EPP): 41,2%
Stevo #Pendarovski (#SDSM|S&D): 20,48%
Bujar #Osmani (#DUI|Centro-sinistra albanese): 13,73%
Maksim #Dimitrievski (#ZNAM|Sinistra nazionalista): 9,52%
Arben #Taravari (#ASh|Centro-destra albanese): 9,47%
Biljana #Vankovska (supp. #Levica|Sinistra): 4,68%
Stevčo #Jakimovski (#GROM|Centro): 0,92%In foto la mappa del voto.
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Turning Saffron into Slop – Treylya Safran yn Skomblans
Kernewek is under attack. The attacker? Machine-made rubbish. Fresh from companies dictionary-bashing to make terrible ‘translations’ for their black-and-gold-washing brandification of Kernow, the shoddiness has spiralled.
Error-riddled AI ‘Kernewek textbooks’ have appeared on Amazon, by ‘authors’ who are at best well-meaning but harmful and at worst out to exploit us. Worse, a prominent crackpot is ‘translating’ conspiracy theories into ‘Cornish’ en masse. It’s not just nonsensical; it ties our language to fascism faster than we, making content by hand, can work to untie it.
There are those who believe that the best defence is to put down our shield and join the opposing forces: to ‘buy in’ to AI in the hope of coming out the other side with a useful tool for the language and a stronger community. Such hopes must be abandoned. What follows is a look why this approach is wrong-headed, as evidenced by universities, activists and indigenous groups.
Kernewek yw yn-dann omsettyans. An omsettyer? Atal gwrys dre jynn. Nowydh devedhys a gompanis ow pylla gerlyvrow rag gul ‘treylyansow’ euthyk rag aga merkegyans yethwolghi a Gernow, an pilyekter re wrug pesya.
‘Dysklyvrow’ ‘Kernewek’ gwallblagys re apperyas war Amazon, gans ‘awtours’ neb yw teg aga thowl dhe’n gwella ha drogusus aga hwans dhe’n gwettha. Lakka, yma koyntwas a vri ow ‘treylya’ tybiethow kesplottyans dhe ‘Gernewek’ yn routh. Nyns yw gocki hepken; y kelm agan yeth orth faskorieth uskissa es dell yllyn, dre wul dalgh dre leuv, oberi dh’y digelmi.
Yma nebes a grys bos agan gwella difres gorra an skoos dhyworthyn ha junya an ostys er agan pynn: dhe ‘unverhe’ gans SK gans govenek dos yn-mes gans toul dhe les rag an yeth ha kemeneth kreffa. Res yw hepkor govenegow a’n par na. An pyth hag a sew a vir orth prag yth yw an devedhyans ma penn-gam, dell yw dustunys gans pennskolyow, gweythresoryon ha bagasow teythyek.
Note: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has come to be synonymous with Generative AI (GenAI) and with Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, in common parlance. Unless explicitly stated, I use the terms interchangeably.
Kernewek is under attack. The attacker? Machine-made rubbish. Fresh from companies dictionary-bashing to make terrible ‘translations’ for their black-and-gold-washing brandification of Kernow*, the shoddiness has spiralled.
Error-riddled AI ‘Kernewek textbooks’ have appeared on Amazon, by ‘authors’ who are at best well-meaning but harmful and at worst out to exploit us. Worse, a prominent crackpot is ‘translating’ conspiracy theories into ‘Cornish’ en masse. It’s not just nonsensical; it ties our language to fascism faster than we, making content by hand, can work to untie it.
There are those who believe that the best defence is to put down our shield and join the opposing forces: to ‘buy in’ to AI in the hope of coming out the other side with a useful tool for the language and a stronger community. Such hopes must be abandoned. What follows is a look why this approach is wrong-headed, as evidenced by universities, activists and indigenous groups.
LOW-RESOURCES AND LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY
Simply adding a language to an AI model leads to a spike in poor-quality articles, drowning out quality writing by humans. AI has “industrialized the acts of destruction—which affect vulnerable languages most, since AI translations are typically far less reliable for them.”1 Wikipedia editors from varied languages evidence that machine translation tools have made it easier than ever before to create shoddy articles in minoritised languages, causing massive damage in minutes. AI leads to non-speakers producing much longer, truthier rubbish, Sámi computational linguistics expert Trond Trosterud notes: “the problem [is] that they are armed with Google Translate. Earlier they were armed only with dictionaries.”1
Kernewek, like all but 60 of the world’s roughly 7,000 languages, is designated “low-resource”, meaning it lacks sufficient data to train a machine.2 It is tempting, therefore, to assume that the solution is to provide more data. However, training an LLM requires petabytes of text, audio and video—manually categorised and in a machine-readable format—a vast trove that Kernewek simply does not have.3 Professor Will Lamb, Chair of Gaelic Ethnology and Linguistics at Edinburgh University, speaks of “millions of work hours devoted to just one aspect” of a working AI.4
Even if ChatGPT is trained on another language than English, the time and labour required may make it largely unviable. Current assessments of the performance of ChatGPT for different languages have shown that it performs worse in all tasks.5
Prof. Lina Dencik, Data Justice Lab
Furthermore, the amount of data and work is not the only barrier; at issue is the nature of the language itself. Microsoft has found that languages such as Breton—and thus Kernewek—cause a high rate of errors distinct from the size of their dataset, due to grammatical features, such as mutation, not present in well-sourced languages. As such, they remain poor without significant additional work.6 Essentially, simply adding more Kernewek may not help. Thus, engaging with AI is, for Kernewek, to tie ourselves to slop.
Noten: Skians Kreftus (SK) re dheuth ha bos kesstyr gans SK Dinythus (SKDin) ha gans Patronyow Yeth Bras (PYB), kepar ha ChatGPT, yn lavar kemmyn. Marnas bos menegys yn kler, my a us an termys yn keschanjyadow.
Kernewek yw yn-dann omsettyans. An omsettyer? Atal gwrys dre jynn. Nowydh devedhys a gompanis ow pylla gerlyvrow rag gul ‘treylyansow’ euthyk rag aga merkegyans yethwolghi a Gernow*, an pilyekter re wrug pesya.
‘Dysklyvrow’ ‘Kernewek’ gwallblagys re apperyas war Amazon, gans ‘awtours’ neb yw teg aga thowl dhe’n gwella ha drogusus aga hwans dhe’n gwettha. Lakka, yma koyntwas a vri ow ‘treylya’ tybiethow kesplottyans dhe ‘Gernewek’ yn routh. Nyns yw gocki hepken; y kelm agan yeth orth faskorieth uskissa es dell yllyn, dre wul dalgh dre leuv, oberi dh’y digelmi.
Yma nebes a grys bos agan gwella difres gorra an skoos dhyworthyn ha junya an ostys er agan pynn: dhe ‘unverhe’ gans SK gans govenek dos yn-mes gans toul dhe les rag an yeth ha kemeneth kreffa. Res yw hepkor govenegow a’n par na. An pyth hag a sew a vir orth prag yth yw an devedhyans ma penn-gam, dell yw dustunys gans pennskolyow, gweythresoryon ha bagasow teythyek.
ASNODHOW ISL HA TIPOLOGIETH YETHEL
Keworra yeth yn sempel orth patron SK a led orth spik yn erthyglow drog aga kwalita, ow peudhi skrif a gwalita gans tus. SK re wrug “diwysyansegi an aktys diswrians—hag a nas yethow goliadow an moyha, drefen bos treylyansow SK lieskweyth le lel yn tipek ragdha.”1 Golegydhyon Wikipedia a yethow divers a re dustuni re wrug medhelweyth-treylya y wul bos esya dell veu bythkweth kyns gwruthyl erthyglow pilyek yn yethow lyharivhes, ow kawsya damach kowrek yn mynysennow. SK a led orth digowsoryon owth askorra atal lieskweyth hirra ha gwirekka, konnyk yethonieth reknansek Sámi Trond Trosterud a not: “an kudyn [yw] aga bos ervys gans Google Translate. A-varra nyns ens ervys marnas gans gerlyvrow.”1
Kernewek, kepar hag oll marnas 60 a ogas lowr 7,000 yeth a’n bys, yw klassys avel “isel y asnodhow”, ow styrya nag eus dhodho kedhlow lowr dhe drenya jynn.2 Rakhenna, dynyek yw desevos bos an assoylyans profya moy a gedhlow. Byttegyns, res yw petavaytys a dekst, son ha gwydhyow—klassys dre leuv hag yn furvas redyadow gans jynn— dhe drenya PYB, tresorva efan nag eus dhe Gernewek yn sempel.3 Y kews Professor Will Lamb, Kaderyer Ethnologieth ha Yethonieth Wodhalek orth Pennskol Karedin, a “vilvilyow a ourys ober sakrys orth unn wedh hepken” a SK owth oberi.4
Hogen mars yw ChatGPT trenys war yeth a-der Sowsnek, an termyn hag ober yw res a styr y vos martesen anhewul dre vras. Arvreusyansow a-lemmyn a berformyans a ChatGPT rag yethow dyffrans re dhiskwedhas y perform gweth yn oberennow oll.5
Prof. Lina Dencik, Data Justice Lab
Pella, nyns yw an myns a gedhlow hag ober an unsel lett; a vern yw natur an yeth y honan. Microsoft re drovyas y kaws yethow kepar ha Bretonek—hag ytho Kernewek—kevradh ughel a wallow diblans a vraster aga sett kedhlow, drefen nasyow gramasek, kepar ha treylyansow, nag usi kevys yn yethow ughel aga asnodhow. Yndella, i a bes orth bos drog heb meur a ober keworransel.6 Yn essensek, possybyl yw ny wra keworra moy a Gernewek yn sempel gweres. Yndelma, oberi gans SK yw, rag Kernewek, omgelmi orth skomblans.
CORNISH UNDER CAPITALISM
But surely we can improve things over time? It will take a lot of help from AI companies, but it will be worth it. Sadly, Gabriel Nicholas, a research fellow at the Center for Democracy and Technology, has found that once a tech company has established basic capabilities for a language, they pat themselves on the back and move on.7
Big tech companies are just that: companies. They exist to make a profit. Unfortunately, a market dominated by big languages gives them no incentive to invest in improvements for small ones.
All of the speech technology, smart homes and voice interaction systems used today are the products of commercial research. To put it bluntly, they exist to either make money from your data, to sell you more goods and services, or to influence your thinking. None of this AI exists for the public good. […] Unless there is a strong enough economic argument, don’t expect big companies to rush into producing Welsh, Gaelic or Cornish speech systems.8
Prof. Ian McLoughlin, University of Kent
Should they decide that a Kernewek AI is a viable profit-making enterprise, our situation may even be worse than abandonment. As Dr. Fintan Mallory remarks, the dominant means of profit for privately-funded AI enterprises is to convert their tools into surveillance devices.9 As Kernewek is currently one of the UK’s only languages which is not currently easily surveillable, this poses a huge risk to Kernewek activism and the fight for self-determination in a state that seeks to criminalise dissent.
While we’re on the subject of Kernewek and its position under capitalism, let’s consider the human cost. I lost my 13-year career in language to AI as soon as English output became viable enough to excuse not paying a human. In the unlikely instance that we achieve an AI that can produce quality Kernewek, why would anyone bother paying speakers? The idea of AI sucking all the life out of my heritage language when we are struggling to survive as-is is appalling.
Simply put, profit is antithetical to people. While AI is the new favourite toy of profit, it will be antithetical to people. And a language is its people.
KENEDHEL HEB YETH, KENEDHEL HEB KOLON
Combinations of characters on a screen mean nothing without agency and intention.10
Ross Perlin, Endangered Language Alliance
While language is not unique to humans, it is one of the chief parts of being human. It cannot be reduced to mere data, but is a highly social process.11 We all know how synthetic customer support via robot sounds or how AI fails to pick up nuance. As Dr. Mallory comments, “Language [is] something more like the soul of a community. You can’t store this in a machine. You can’t solve a human problem like linguicide with a view of language that removes the human component.”12
AI cannot comprehend Kernewek or any other language. It is a stochastic parrot: predicting what word is likely to follow the previous one.13 It cannot understand us. It cannot intend anything. If it tells you it feels delighted to help you, it is lying. I want our community to grow, but one hundred ‘Cornish-speaking’ computers do not add to it. One human does—bringing ideas and hopes and fears and foibles—and I do not think the Kernewek ‘speaking’ computers will add even one human to our community.
Worse, if it does, there is evidence from Microsoft to suggest that the use of GenAI on language tasks, even once a week, impairs cognitive ability to learn, leading to decreased engagement with the topic, overreliance on the technology and hobbled skills in independent problem-solving.14 By using AI tools to ‘teach’ a learner Kernewek, we may in fact be impairing their ability to learn the language at all without this crutch. We will make regurgitators in place of speakers.
Perlin also emphasises the human element, saying that when we hold community central to our languages, as we do, the stochastic parrot can feel like a violation.15 At the moment, I can tell when someone is using AI ‘Kernewek’ to me. The idea that one day I will not know when an outsider—someone I would welcome if they took up a book or a class—is puppeting my ancestors’ jaws and speaking through them is ghoulish. It has the instant sting of colonialism, of appropriation when one could appreciate, of parroting when one could join our chorus.
Hawai’ian scholar Ha‘alilio Solomon agrees: “It is painful, because it reminds us of all the times that our culture and language has been appropriated. We have been fighting tooth and nail in an uphill climb for language revitalization.[…] People are going to think that this is an accurate representation of the Hawaiian language.”16
TRUST AND COMMUNITY FEELING
The anti-machine backlash has long been simmering but is now seemingly breaking to the surface.17
NBC NEWS
The explosion of insults for AI itself (clanker, tinskin, toaster), its output (slop, dross, brainrot) and its users (slopper, groksucker, botlicker, second-hand thinker)—as well as others more clearly based on real-world slurs than I am comfortable to include—tells a tale of the general attitude of distrust and disgust towards the technology and its use on anglophone and other majority language internet.18 While the attitude among tech bros and corporates remains bombastic, for the general public AI is “becoming interchangeable with things that sort of suck.”19
Further, it’s not just majority languages with this negative view of AI as taint. A quick sampling of social media comments and likes regarding AI and Scottish Gaelic by Professor Lamb showed a split of 54% negative, 33% positive and 13% neutral. (Lamb, 2024) The sentiment of the top-rated negative comment was that AI is harmful and the second-highest that AI should be kept away from heritage languages.
What are we telling our descendants? That our language and culture isn’t worth the personal effort? That’s how I might read it, if I were them.20
Kernewek survey respondent
Kernewek paints an even starker picture, especially among younger and more technologically-savvy learners and speakers. A survey on Cornish Discord and Whatsapp found that 65% felt AI would be bad (11.5%) or very bad (53%) for the language. When asked what the community response should be to AI, 46% said we should prevent it and 27% avoid it, with only over-60s thinking that we should work with it.20
31% of respondents said using AI in Kernewek would cause them to feel estranged from the language, while 54% said that they would feel strongly estranged and 23% a little estranged from any organisation, resource or teacher using AI.
The response from those who gave their knowledge of AI as either “expert” or “good” was particularly damning. Everyone in this group responded that AI would be harmful for the language, that the use of AI would estrange them from a source strongly and that we should prevent the use of AI for Kernewek.
IDENTITY, AUTHENTICITY AND DIVERSITY
Aristotelis Ioannis Paschalidis, writing for UNESCO, was not speaking specifically about minoritised languages when he asked this, but the question resonates even more strongly for us: “How much loss of identity is one willing to sacrifice for efficiency?”21
Identity is of paramount importance to Kernewek speakers. Ute Wimmer’s study Reversing Language Shift: the Case of Cornish identified the language’s “function as a symbol of national identity” as the second highest motive (66%**) among speakers and learners, beaten only by Cornish culture (80%).22 This would seem cause for celebration, but when AI is added to the mix, it becomes a risk. Vincent Koc of Hyperlink states that AI can “inadvertently contribute to the dilution of language and cultural identity.”23
He also identifies that automating language learning or generation “may diminish the richness and authenticity that comes from human speakers who carry cultural histories in their speech.” Indeed, four studies by the University of Southern California have shown that using LLMs to assist writing “is linked to notable declines in linguistic diversity and may interfere with the societal and psychological insights language provides.”24
This is in English, one of the richest and largest languages in the world. Imagine the possible impact on a smaller language like Kernewek—with less documentation, less data, a tiny speakerbase and basically no money—and on its many language varieties and orthographies. Particular to the Kernewek context, Late speakers are already struggling to be seen as valid under the dominance of Middle. Do we think AI knows the difference? Thoughtlessly, it will either mix everything together, confusing everyone, or it will use Middle to overwhelm Late.
Generative AI-driven content creation, by favoring standardized languages, risks the disappearance of regional dialects.25
Barcelona supercomputing Center ….
Not only are varieties at risk; AI threatens to drown Kernewek as a whole. Perlin agrees that the linguistic flattening that occurred over centuries in English could manifest overnight in a minoritised language with AI at the helm—as it would be, being able to effortlessly outstrip human Kernewek. He raises concerns of LLMs freezing a language in place and even defining what it means to know the language, especially with low numbers of native speakers.26
Garbage translations multiply online like fake news. Native speakers of the languages in question are bypassed as being “too hard to find,” compared with automated methods of vetting that are completely disconnected from real-life communication. While larger and more powerful language communities may be able to hold the bots to account and even make strategic use of them, it is all too easy to imagine [a minority language] being overwhelmed.26
Ross Perlin, Endangered Language Alliance
Uncontrolled and in the hands of tech giants, synthetic Kernewek will outnumber and outmanoeuvre human Kernewek.
DATA SOVEREIGNTY AND COLONIALISM
Indigenous data sovereignty is the right of [an indigenous nation] to govern the collection, ownership, and application of its own data.27
Native Nations Institute
There are, however, indigenous cultures that are working on a more equitable relationship with AI. Tech without the giant requires resources, but it allows communities to retain data sovereignty over the cultural asset that is their language. Te Mana Raraunga, the Māori Data Sovereignty Network, has created a list of principles for the creation, use and sharing of Māori data, prioritising the need to enhance control for current and future Māori.
They raise a key point that should be considered carefully by stewards of linguistic and cultural knowledge: “Data from us, and about us and our resources, are valuable assets. Once control of it is lost, it is difficult to regain.”28 Decisions must not be taken lightly or hastily; we can always say “yes” if we have previously said “no” to a particular dataset’s use, but can never say “no” if we have already said “yes”.
The AI field, like any other space, is occupied by people who are set in their ways and unintentionally have a very colonial perspective.29
Michael Running Wolf, First Languages AI Reality
This is vital in the context of the potential control of Kernewek data by powerful external corporations. Capitalist extractivism has long been a bane on societies in the imperial periphery and our Cornish society is no different, having faced centuries of its wealth and natural resources being stripped and sold by and large for the profit of those outside Cornwall.
The book Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Policy notes that current data relations can be seen as “a continuation of the processes and underlying belief systems of extraction, exploitation, accumulation and dispossession that have been visited on Indigenous populations through historical colonialism.”30 This extractive understanding of information is, they note, not disrupted but rather replicated by paying people for their data.
Ultimately, our language must not lie in outside hands governed by proprietary principles that do not allow us sufficient sovereignty over one of our most valuable natural resources: our language. We must have open data principles, not bow to corporate control. We must steer and steward the use of our data, rather than expose it to use against our interests and for the pockets of big tech.
Rather than approaching language preservation as a technical problem, I think indigenous communities need to be politically empowered, whether that be funding from governments or legal protections to use their languages.31
Dr. Fintan Mallory, Durham University
We must prioritise language-as-community and seek open, equitable and ethical use of our language, heritage and other cultural assets. We must avoid thinking of AI as the magic that it promises and invest in basic research, driven by our own community. Corporations will not save us and, indeed, may do us great harm.
NO CORNISH ON A DEAD PLANET
Global capitalism and governments […] are addicted to ‘free’ market ideology over the wellbeing of communities, people and the planet.32
Cymdeithas yr Iaith Maniffesto 2022
Honestly, most takedowns of AI would have hit this point already. It’s one of the main arguments against Generative AI, but in case you’re not familiar with it, we will briefly look over the main points.
Water used in cooling AI data centers must be drinkable water. AI guzzles this water. The University of California has reported that “global water demand from AI could reach 4.2-6.6 billion cubic meters by 2027. That exceeds 50 percent of the UK’s annual water use in 2023.”33 All this while the Global Commission on the Economics of Water has declared “a rapidly accelerating water crisis” to which Kernewek should not be contributing.34
We have become utterly dependent on private technologies manufactured and controlled by a handful of opaque companies [who] appear mostly indifferent to the social consequences of their activities and only invest minimally if obliged by government regulations to enhance their public image.35
Iker Erdocia, Dublin City University
AI requires vast quantities of hardware at the cost of mining rare earth minerals. These are difficult to extract and purify and come with heavy environmental and social costs. They are often extracted from mines in countries with poorer environmental and labour protections. Reset states that “communities living near these mines, often indigenous or minority groups, regularly face land degradation, water contamination and human rights abuses. Much of this can be directly linked to the AI hardware.”36 When the hardware inevitably cooks and is useless, it is then thrown out as e-waste into poor communities. The potential advancement of Kernewek must not come at the expense of our sister indigenous and minority communities.
Training an also AI requires huge amounts of energy, soon perhaps as much as a small country37 and has an enormous carbon footprint.38 What is clear is that—through water usage, extractive industry, energy consumption and carbon footprint—AI is bad news for the struggling environment of the planet we live on and there is no Cornish on a dead planet.
MAKING AI AN EX-PARROT
Rather than making minority languages more accessible, AI is now creating an ever expanding minefield for students and speakers of those languages to navigate.39
mit technology review
We have heard of the vast improbability of getting AI to be able to mimic Kernewek in light of the costs in data, work, time and technology. We have considered the likely choice of cold negligence or surveillance product and the importance of data sovereignty. We have read about the effects on the livelihoods of Cornish speakers, as well as the the catastrophic costs to the environment and indigenous peoples.
We have learned that linguistic flattening by AI impoverishes its subjects and how AI may decide for us how our language must operate. We have seen the inescapability of language as human and the risks of creating ‘learners’ who cannot learn and ‘speakers’ who cannot speak. We have seen the dangers to reputation and trust for any organisation who would shovel what is seen as ‘slop’.
We have heard why giving in to the juggernaut of AI would be a mistake for Kernewek and how our community does not support our laying down of the shield. Instead, we must fight. We must make Kernewek a space as free of slop as possible, we must educate botlickers into ethical and effective language learning and use, we must avoid second-hand thinking.
We must make our language a no AI zone, a network of reliable humans and their human creations, built on authenticity, community, effort and trust: a Kernewek for the people, of the people and by the people.
KERNEWEK YN-DANN GEVALAV
Mes yn sur y hyllyn ni gwellhe taklow dres termyn? Y fydh res meur a weres a gompanis SK, mes y talvia dhyn. Yn trist, Gabriel Nicholas, kesvroder hwithrans orth an Center for Democracy and Technology, re drovyas pan wrug kompani tek fondya gallosow selyek rag unn yeth, i a omgeslowenha yn ughel hag ena movya yn-rag.7
Kompanis tek bras yw yndella poran: kompanis. Ymons i ena rag gwaynya budh. Y’n gwettha prys, ny wra marghas rewlys gans yethow bras ri kentryn dhe gevarghewi yn gwellhe rag an re byghan.
Oll a’n deknegieth kows, chiow konnyk ha systemow ynterweythres lev usys hedhyw yw an askorrasow a hwithrans kenwerthel. Dhe vos sogh, yth yns i po rag dendyl arghans a’th kedhlow, po gwertha gwara ha gonisyow, po delenwel dha dybyansow. Nyns yw tra vyth a’n SK ma rag an les kemmyn. […] Mar nag eus argyans erbysek krev lowr, na wra gwaytya kompanis bras dhe fyski dhe askorra systemow kows Kembrek, Godhalek po Kernewek.8
Prof. Ian McLoughlin, pennskol kint
Ha mars ervirons bos SK Kernewek aventur a yll gwaynya budh, possybyl yw bos agan studh gweth ages dell via gans forsakyans. Dell lever Dr. Fintan Mallor, an fordh vrassa a waynya budh rag kompanis SK arghesys yn privedh yw kedreylya aga thoulys yn devisyow aspians.9 Drefen bos Kernewek onan a’n yethow boghes y’n RU nag yw aspiadow yn es y’n eur ma, hemm yw peryl kowrek rag gweythresieth Kernewek ha’gan strif a-barth omdhetermyans yn stat a vynn galweythegi dissent.
Ha ni ow tochya Kernewek ha’y savla yn-dann gevalav, gwren ni mires orth an kost denel. My a gellis ow soodh 13 bloodh yn yethow dhe SK kettooth ha dell veu eskorrans Sowsnek hewul lowr dhe askusya sevel orth tyli den. Y’n kas diwirhaval may kevyn SK hag a yll askorra Kernewek da, prag y hwrussa nebonan omankombra ow pe kowser? An tybyans a SK ow tenna oll an bewnans a’m taves ertach ha ni ow kwynnel dhe dreusvewa dell on yw skruthus.
Yn sempel, budh yw gorthenebel orth tus. Hedre vo SK an degen nowydh flamm a vudh, y fydh gorthenebel orth tus. Ha yeth yw hy thus.
KENEDHEL HEB YETH, KENEDHEL HEB KOLON
Nyns eus styr dhe gesunyansow a lytherennow war skrin heb dewis ha heb mynnas.10
Ross Perlin, Endangered Language Alliance
Kyn nag yw yeth dibarow dhe dhensys, onan a’n rannow chif a vos denel yw. Ny yll bos lehes dhe gedhlow hepken, mes yth yw argerdh sosyel dres eghen.11 Ni oll a wor py mar synthesek y sen skoodhyans prener der SK po fatel yll SK fyllel orth konvedhes arliwyow. Dell gampol Dr. Mallory, “Yeth [yw] neppyth moy kepar hag enev a gemeneth. Ny yllir gwitha hemma yn jynn. Ny yllir assoylya kudyn denel kepar ha yethladhans gans gwel a yeth hag a remov an gerann denel.”12
Ny yll SK konvedhes Kernewek po taves vyth aral. Papynjay chonsus yw: y targan py ger yw gwirhaval wosa an huni kyns.13 Ny yll agan konvedhes. Ny yll mynnes tra vyth. Mar kwra derivas orthis y vos pes da dha weres, gow yw. My a vynn agan kemeneth dhe devi, mes ny wra kans jynn-amontya a yll ‘kewsel Kernewek’ keworra orti. Y hwra unn den—ow tri tybyansow ha govenegow hag ownow ha gwanderyow—ha ny dybav y hwra an jynnys-amontya kernwegorek keworra unn den hogen orth agan kemeneth.
Gwettha, mar kwra, yma dustuni a-dhyworth Microsoft hag a brof y hwra an devnydh a SKDin war oberennow yeth, unweyth an seythen hogen, aperya gallos godhvosel a dhyski, ow ledya orth omworrans lehes gans an desten, gorfydhyans y’n deknegieth ha sleyneth sprallys a assoylya kudynnow yn anserghek.14 Der usya toulys SK dhe ‘dhyski’ Kernewek, possybyl yw ni dhe shyndya gallos dyski an yeth vytholl heb an kroch ma. Ni a wra gul mimyoryon yn le Kernewegoryon.
Ynwedh Perlin a boslev an elven dhenel, ow leverel pan wren ni synsi kemeneth avel kres agan yethow, dell wren, an papynjay chonsus a yll bos klewys kepar ha defolyans.15 Y’n eur ma, my a aswon pan eus nebonan owth usya ‘Kernewek’ SK dhymm. An tybyans ny wrav vy unn jydh godhvos pan eus estren—nebonan a wrussen vy dynerghi mar pe lyver po klass ganses—ow popettya diwawen ow hengerens ha kewsel dresta yw bedhrosus. Yma dhe’n dra an wan dhistowgh a drevesigeth, a berghenegyans pan yllir gwerthveurhe, a bapynjaya pan yllir junya agan kesgan.
Unver yw skolheyk Hawai’i henwys Noah Ha‘alilio Solomon: “Ankensi yw, drefen ni dhe vos kofhes a’n prysyow oll re beu agan gonisogeth ha yeth perghenegys. Ni re beu owth omladh dre dhens hag ewines yn batel gales a-barth dasvewheans yeth.[…] Y hwra pobel krysi bos hemma representyans ewn a’n yeth a Hawai’i.”16
TREST HAG OMGLEWANS AN GEMENETH
Hir re beu an kil-lash gorthjynn ow kovryjyon mes lemmyn yma va ow terri an arenep dell hevel.17
NBC NEWS
Tardh an arvedhennow rag SK y honan (clanker, tinskin, toaster), y askorras (slop, dross, brainrot) ha’y usyoryon (slopper, groksucker, botlicker, second-hand thinker)—keffrys hag erel selys moy yn kler war geryow kas gwir dell ov attes gans aga heworra—a re hwedhel a stons ollgemmyn a wogrys ha divlases war-tu hag an deknegieth ha’y devnydh war an kesrosweyth Sowsnek ha yethow bras erel.18 Kynth yw an stons yn-mysk gwesyon dek ha korforeth hwath gwresek, rag an boblek gemmyn y hwra SK “dos ha bos keschanjyadow gans taklow tamm kawgh.”19
Pella, nyns yw marnas yethow moyhariv gans an gwel negedhek ma a SK avel podrek. Sampel uskis a gampollow media sosyel ha meusi ow tochya SK ha Godhalek Alban gans Professor Lamb a dhiskwedhas fals a 54% negedhek, 33% posedhek ha 13% heptu. (Lamb, 2024) Sentiment an kampol negedhek an moyha talvesys o bos SK dregynnus hag an nessa y talvia dhyn lettya SK rag kestav gans tavosow ertach.
Pyth eson ni ow leverel orth agan diyskynysi? Ny dal agan yeth ha gonisogeth an strivyans personel? Hemm yw martesen fatel wrussen vy y redya, a pen vy i.20
Gorthebydh sondyans Kernewek
Kernewek a baynt aven moy serth, yn arbennik gans dyskoryon ha kowsoryon yowynka ha moy skentel gans tek. Sondyans war Discord ha Whatsapp Kernewek a drovyas bos 65% a grysis y fia SK drog (11.5%) po pur dhrog (53%) rag an yeth. Pan veu govynnys pyth a dal bos gorthyp an gemeneth orth SK, 46% a leveris y kodh y hedhi ha 27% y woheles, gans an dus moy ha 60 bloodh hepken ow tybi y kodh oberi ganso.20
31% a worthebydhyon an sondyans a leveris y hwrussa an devnydh a SK yn Kernewek aga fellhe a’n yeth, hag ynwedh 54% a leveris y fiens i pellhes yn krev ha 23% pellhes tamm a by kowethas, asnodh po dyskador pynag ow tevnydhya SK.
An gorthyp a’n re a leveris bos aga godhvos a SK po “konnyk” po “da” o dampnus yn arbennik. Pubonan y’n bagas ma a worthebis y fia SK dregynnus rag Kernewek, y hwrussa an devnydh a SK gans pennfenten aga fellhe a’n bennfenten na yn krev hag y kodh dhyn hedhi an devnydh a SK rag Kernewek.
HONANIETH, LELDER HA DIVERSETH
Nyns esa Aristotelis Ioannis Paschalidis, ow skrifa a-barth UNESCO, ow kewsel yn komparek a-dro dhe yethow lyharivhes pan wrug ev y wovyn, mes an govyn a dhassen yn kreffa ragon: “Pygemmys koll a honanieth a vynnir sakrifia rag effeythuster?”21
Honanieth yw a’n moyha bri rag Kernewegoryon. Studhyans Ute Wimmer Reversing Language Shift: the Case of Cornish a henow “gweythres [an yeth] avel arwodh a honanieth kenedhlek” avel an nessa ughella skila (66%**) yn-mysk kowsoryon ha dyskoryon, fethys gans gonisogeth Kernow (80%) hepken.22 Yth havalsa hemma bos acheson solempnyans, mes pan vo SK keworrys, y teu ha bos peryl. Vincent Koc a Hyperlink a lever y hyll SK “kevri dre wall orth an gwannheans a yeth ha honanieth wonisogethel”.23
Ev a aswon ynwedh y hallsa awtomategi dyski po dinythi yeth “lehe an rychedh ha lelder hag a dheu a gowsoryon dhenel neb a dheg istoriow gonisogethel y’ga hows”. Yn hwir, peswar studhyans gwrys gans Pennskol Kaliforni Soth re dhiskwedhas bos devnydhya PYB dhe weres gans skrifa “kelmys orth dyfygyansow nosedhek yn diverseth yethel hag y hyll mellya gans an konvedhes brysoniethel ha kowethasel yw proviys gans yeth.”24
Ha hemm yw yn Sowsnek, onan a’n yethow an ryccha ha brassa y’n bys. Dismyk an effeyth war yeth byghanna kepar ha Kernewek—gans le a dhogvennans, le a gedhlow, sel kowsoryon munys hag ogas hag arghans mann—ha war y lies orgraf hag eghen yeth. Yn arbennik yn gettesten Kernewek, seulabrys yma kowsoryon Diwedhes ow strivya dhe vos gwelys avel vas gans gwartheyvans Kres. A dybyn y hwor SK an dyffrans? Heb preder, y hwra po kemyska puptra warbarth, ow sowdheni pubonan, po devnydhya Kres dhe fetha Diwedhes.
An gwruthyl a dhalgh herdhys gans SK Dinythus, dre favera yethow savonegys, a argyl an vansyans a rannyethow ranndiryel.25
Kresen woramontyorieth Barcelona
Nyns yw eghennow hepken yn peryl; SK a wodros beudhi Kernewek yn tien. Akordys yw Perlin y hallsa an platheans yethel a hwarva dres kansbledhynnyow yn Sowsnek hwarvos dres nos yn yeth lyharivhes gans SK orth an fronnow—dell via, ow pos gallosek a bassya Kernewek denel heb assay. Ev a venek prederow yn kever PYB ow rewi yeth yn hy le ha hogen ow settya pyth yw an styr a wodhvos an yeth, yn arbennik gans niverow munys a gowsoryon deythyek.26
Treylyansow leun a atal a liesha warlinen kepar ha nowodhow fug. Kowsoryon deythyek a’n yethow ma yw passyes avel bos “re gales dhe drovya”, komparys orth fordhow awtomategys a surheans kwalita hag yw disjunys yn tien a geskomunyans y’n bys gwir. Kynth yw possybyl rag kemenethow yeth brassa ha moy gallosek synsi an bottys ma dhe akont ha’ga devnydhya yn stratejek hogen, re es yw dismygi [yeth lyhariv] ow pos reverthys.26
Ross Perlin, Endangered Language Alliance
Heb kontrol hag yn diwla an gewri deknegieth, Kernewek synthesek a wra gornivera ha gorthrabellhe Kernewek denel.
SOVRANEDH KEDHLOW HA KOLONEGIETH
Sovranedh kedhlow teythyek yw an gwir gans [kenedhel teythyek] a woverna an kuntel, perghenogeth ha gweytha a’y hedhlow hy honan.27
Native Nations Institute
Byttegyns, yma gonisogethow teythyek hag usi owth oberi war geskowethyans moy ewnhynsek gans SK. Tek heb an kowr a res asnodhow, mes y as kemenethow gwitha sovranedh kedhlow war an gerthen wonisogethel hag yw aga yeth. Te Mana Raraunga, Rosweyth Sovranedh Kedhlow Māori, re wrug rol a bennrewlys rag an gwruthyl, devnydhya ha kevrenna a gedhlow Māori, ow ragwirhe an edhom a grefhe maystri rag Māori a-lemmyn hag a dheu.
I a venek poynt posek hag a dalvia bos konsidrys gans rach gans stywards a skians yethel ha gonisogethel: “Kedhlow ahanan, a-dro dhyn ha’gan asnodhow, yw kerthennow a bris. Pan vo maystri kellys, kales yw y dhaskemeres.”28 Ny dal gul erviransow yn skav po yn uskis; y hyllyn pupprys leverel “ea” mar kwrussyn leverel “na” kyns orth us sett kedhlow, mes ny yllyn nevra leverel “na” mar kwrussyn leverel “ea” seulabrys.
An desten SK, kepar ha pub le aral, yw leun a dus hag yw settys y’ga maneryow ha gans gwel pur drevesigel yn tidowl.29
Michael Running Wolf, First Languages AI Reality
Hemm yw pur bosek y’n gettesten a’n kontrol possybyl a gedhlow Kernewek gans korforethow gallosek a-ves. Estenegieth jatelydhek re beu molleth war gowethasow y’n amal emperourethek ha nyns yw kowethas Kernewek dyffrans, wosa enebi kansvledhynnyow a’y rychys hag asnodhow naturek ow pos destryppys ha gwerthys dre vras gans budh tus yn-mes a Gernow.
An lyver henwys Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Policy a verk lemmyn y hyllir gweles perthynyansow kedhlow avel “pesyans a’n argerdhow ha systemow-krysi isworwedhek a estennans, drogusyans, kuntellyans ha diberghenogeth re beu gwrys war boblansow Teythyek dres trevesigeth istorek.”30 An konvedhes estennek ma a gedhlow yw, dell verkons, hevelebys a-der goderrys gans tyli pobel rag aga hedhlow.
Wostiwedh, res yw ma na vo agan yeth gorrys yn diwla a-ves routys gans pennrewlys perghenogel na as dhyn sovranedh lowr a onan a’gan asnodhow naturel an moyha posek: agan yeth. Res yw dhyn kavos pennrewlys kedhlow ygor, a-der plegya orth kontrol korforethel. Res yw dhyn lewya ha gidya an devnydh a’gan kedhlow, a-der y usya erbynn agan lesow ha rag pocketys tek bras.
A-der drehedhes an arwithans a davosow avel kudyn teknegiethel, my a dyb bos res dhe gemenethow teythyek bos reythhes yn politek, po der arghasans a wovernansow po dre dhifresyansow laghel dhe dhevnydhya aga yethow.31
Dr. Fintan Mallory, Pennskol Durham
Res yw dhyn ragwirhe yeth-avel-kemeneth ha hwilas devnydh ygor, ewnhynsek hag ethegel a’gan kerthennow yeth, ertach ha gonisogethel. Res yw dhyn goheles tybi a SK avel an hus mayth ambos ha kevarghewi yn hwithrans selyek, lewys gans agan kemeneth. Ny wra korforethow agan selwel ha, hogen, i a yll agan shyndya.
NYNS EUS KERNEWEK WAR BLANET MAROW
Governansow ha kevalav ollvysel […] yw omres dhe ideologieth marghas ‘rydh’ moy es dell yns omres dhe sewena kemenethow, pobel ha’n planet.32
Cymdeithas yr Iaith Maniffesto 2022
An brassa rann a vreusyansow a SK a wrussa meneges hemma seulabrys. Onan a’n argyansow brassa yw erbynn SK Dinythus, mes rag own bos ankoth dhis, ni a wra mires orth an chif boyntys.
Res yw bos evadow an dowr goyeynhe pub kresen kedhlow SK. Y kollenk an dowr ma. Pennskol Kaliforni re dherivas “y hallsa demond dowr ollvysel SK hedhes 4.2-6.6 bilvil metrow kubek erbynn 2027. Henn yw moy es 50 kansran a us dowr bledhynnyek an RU yn 2023.”33 Y kettermyn, an Desedhek Ollvysel Erbysieth Dowr a dheklaryas “barras dowr ow tardha yn uskis” ma na dal Kernewek kevri dhodho.34
Ni re dheuth ha bos yn hwir omres dhe deknegiethow privedh gwrys ha kontrolys gans dornas a gompanis diskler [hag] a hevel bos mygyl dre vras orth an sewyansow sosyel a’ga gwriansow ha kevri yn ispoyntel marnas mars yns i konstrinys gans rewlys an wovernans dhe wellhe aga imach poblek.35
Iker Erdocia, Pennskol Sita Dulyn
Yma edhom dhe SK a vynsow kowrek a galesweyth orth kost palas monyow tanow. Kales yw estenna ha purhe an re ma hag yma kostow kerghynedhel ha sosyel poos. Estennys yns i yn fenowgh a hwelyow yn powyow gans difresyansow lakka rag lavur ha’n kerghynnedh. Reset a lever “yn fenowgh y hwra kemenethow yw trigys yn ogas dhe’n hwelyow, yn fenowgh bagasow lyhariv po teythyek, enebi gwethheans an tir, defolyans an dowr hag abusyans gwiryow denel. Meur a hemma a yll bos kelmys yn tidro orth an galesweyth SK.”36 Pan yw an galesweyth kegys yn sertan hag euver, ena tewlys yw avel e-wast yn kemenethow boghosek. Res yw nyns yw an avonsyans possybyl a Gernewek orth kost agan kemenethow hwor lyhariv ha teythyek.
Ynwedh res yw myns hujes a nerth rag trenya SK, yn skon martesen an keth myns ha pow byghan37 hag yma ol troos karbon kowrek.38 Kler yw—der usadow dowr, diwysyans estennek, konsumyans nerth hag ol troos karbon—bos SK yeyn nowodhow rag kerghynnedh ow strivya a’n planet mayth on ni trigys warnodho ha nyns eus Kernewek war blanet marow.
GUL DHE SK BOS EKS-PAPYNJAY
A-der gul dhe yethow lyhariv bos moy hedhadow, lemmyn yma SK ow kwruthyl tardhek pupprys owth omlesa rag studhyoryon ha kowsoryon a’n yethow ma dhe wolya.39
mit technology review
Ni re glewas a’n anwirhevelepter efan a wul dhe SK gallos mimya Kernewek yn golow an kostys yn kedhlow, ober, termyn ha teknegieth. Ni re gonsidras lycklod an dewisynter dispresyans yeyn po askorras-aspia ha’n posekter a sovranedh kedhlow. Ni re redyas a-dro dhe’n effeythyow war vewnansow Kernewegoryon, keffrys ha’n kostys katastrofek rag an kerghynnedh ha poblow teythyek.
Ni re dhyskas y hwra platheans yethel gans SK boghosekhe y destennow ha fatel yll SK martesen ervira a’gan parth fatel godh dh’agan yeth oberi. Ni re welas an anwoheladewder a yeth avel denel ha’n peryllyow a wul ‘dyskoryon’ na yll dyski ha ‘kowsoryon’ na yll kewsel. Ni re welas an peryllyow orth bri ha fydhyans rag kowethasow a wrussa palas an pyth hag yw gwelys avel ‘skomblans’.
Ni re glewas prag y fia omblegya orth an jagganat a SK error rag Kernewek ha dell na vynn agan kemeneth skoodhya gorra an skoos a-dhyworthyn. Yn y le, res yw dhyn batalyas. Res yw dhyn gul dhe Gernewek bos spas mar rydh a skomblans dell yll bos, res yw adhyski orth botlapyoryon yn dyski ha devnydh yeth yn ethegel hag yn effeythus, res yw goheles tybi wortaswerth.
Res yw dhyn gul dh’agan yeth bos parth heb SK, rosweyth a dus fydhyadow ha’ga gwriansow denel, drehevys war lelder, kemeneth, assay ha trest: Kernewek hag yw a-barth an bobel, a’n bobel ha gans an bobel.
Niwlen Ster
Notennow
* A prime example is the laughably-unaffordable restaurant RenMor, which The Headland Hotel thinks is a version of “Re’n Mor”, which they believe means “by the sea” as in “next to the sea” but actually means “by the sea!” like saying “by Zeus!”. This is both hilarious and enraging.
** A figure perhaps lower than it should be if you consider that many of the “emotional motives” which were not counted in this category, such as “I’m Cornish, what better reason do you need?”, do also refer to identity.
FENTENNOW
1. Judah, J. (2025) How AI and Wikipedia have sent vulnerable languages into a doom spiral, MIT Technology Review.
2. Ackermann, A. (2023) When AI doesn’t speak your language, Coda.
3. Crichton, D. (2024) AI and the Death of Human Languages, Lux.
4. Lamb, W. (2024). Could Artificial Intelligence save Scottish Gaelic?, The University of Edinburgh.
5. Dencik, L. (/2025) AI Inequalities: Minority Languages, TUC Cymru.
6. Joshi, P., Santy, S., Budhiraja, A., Bali, K., & Microsoft Research, India. (2020). The State and Fate of Linguistic Diversity and Inclusion in the NLP World. Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics.
7. Ackermann, A. (op cit)
8. McLoughlin, I. (2018) How to teach AI to speak Welsh (and other minority languages), The Conversation.
9. Mallory, F. (2025) RISE UP Panel Discussion & Q&A: What AI Can and Cannot Do for Minoritised Languages, YouTube.
10. Perlin, R. (2024) AI Won’t Protect Endangered Languages, The Dial.
11. RISE UP (2025) #4 RISE UP Event Summary: What AI Can and Cannot Do For Minoritised Languages, RISE UP.
12. Mallory, F. (2024) European Day of Languages: Will lesser spoken languages soon only be kept alive by AI technology? Durham University.
13. Bender, E., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A., & Mitchell, M. (2021) On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
14. Lee, H.-P., Sarkar, A., Tankelevitch, L., Drosos, I., Rintel, S., Banks, R., & Wilson, N. (2025) The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge Workers. Microsoft.
15. Perlin, R. (op cit)
16. Judah, J. (op cit)
17. Abbruzzese, J., & Wile, R. (2025) Is an AI backlash brewing? What ‘clanker’ says about growing frustrations with emerging tech, NBC News.
18. Webster, K. (2025) Why Using ChatGPT at Work Could Hurt Your Reputation, Inc. Magazine.
19. Herrman, J. (2024) Is That AI? Or Does It Just Suck?, Intelligencer.
20. Wilson, L. (2025) Skians Kreftus ha Kernewek/Artificial Intelligence and Cornish
21. Paschalidis, A. I. (2025) AI and the great linguistic flattening, UNESCO.
22. Wimmer, U. (2010). Reversing Language Shift: the Case of Cornish. Cornish Language Board, p. 113
23. Koc, V. (2025) Generative AI and Large Language Models in Language Preservation: Opportunities and Challenges, ResearchGate.
24. Sourati, Z., Karimi-Malekabadi, F., & Ozcan, M. (2025) The Shrinking Landscape of Linguistic Diversity in the Age of Large Language Models, ResearchGate.
25. Melero, M. (2024) The Future of Language (and Cultural) Diversity in the Age of AI, CLARIN.
26. Perlin, R. (op cit)
27. Russo Carroll, S., Rodriguez Lonebear, D., & Martinez, A. (2017). Data Governance for Native Nation Rebuilding, Native Nations Institute.
28. Te Mana Raraunga. (2018). Frequently Asked Questions, Te Mana Raraunga.
29. Ackermann, A. (op cit)
30. Walter, M., Kukutai, T., Carroll, S. R., & Rodriguez-Lonebear, D. (Eds.). (2020). Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Policy. Taylor & Francis, p. 24
31. Mallory, F. (op cit)
32. Cymdeithas yr Iaith (2022) Cymru Rydd, Cymru Werdd, Cymru Gymraeg., p. 27
33. O’Sullivan, L. (2025). How AI’s Failure on Linguistic Diversity is Deepening Global Inequality, RESET – Digital for Good.
34. Harvey, F. (2024). Global water crisis leaves half of world food production at risk in next 25 years, The Guardian.
35. Erdocia, I., Migge, B., & Schneider, B. (2024). Language is not a data set—Why overcoming ideologies of dataism is more important than ever in the age of AI. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 28(5), p. 23
36. O’Sullivan, L. (op cit)
37. Erdenesanaa, D. (2023) A.I. Could Soon Need as Much Electricity as an Entire Country, The New York Times
38. Heikkilä, M. (2022) We’re getting a better idea of AI’s true carbon footprint, MIT Technology Review.
39. Judah, J. (op cit)#4 #AI #ArtificialIntelligence #Breus #Cornish #Cornwall #data #generativeAI #history #jynn #kedhlow #Kernewek #Kernow #Kernowek #LLM #machine #PYB #SK #SKDinythus #SkiansKreftus #Sordya
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A COMPLETE LIST OF WARS AND ARMED CONFLICTS INITIATED BY THE UNITED STATES THROUGHOUT ITS HISTORY
The list of wars and conflicts fought exclusively on foreign territory is given below:
1622 – Attack on the Indians in Jamestown.
1635-1636 – War with the Algonquin Indians in New England.
1675-1676 – War with the Indians, resulting in the destruction of almost half of the towns in Massachusetts.
1792 – War for the capture of Kentucky.
1796 – War for the capture of Tennessee.
1797-1800 – Pirate attacks on French merchant ships.
1800 – Slave rebellion led by Gabriel Prosser in Virginia. About a thousand people were hanged, including Prosser himself. The slaves themselves did not kill a single person.
1803 – War to seize Ohio.
1803 – War to seize Louisiana.
1805-1815 – War in Africa for the right of the US to spread drugs around the world.
1806 – Attempted American invasion of Rio Grande (then a Spanish possession).
1810 – Invasion of Spanish West Florida.
1812-1814 – War with England, invasion of Canada.
1812 – Occupation of Spanish West.
1813 – Capture of Spanish Mobile Bay, occupation of the Marquesas Islands.
1814 – Occupation of Spanish Pensacola.
1816 – Attack on Fort Nichols in Spanish Florida.
1817-1819 – Occupation of East Florida.
1824 – Invasion of the Puerto Rican city of Fajardo.
1824 – Landing of American troops in Cuba.
1833 – Invasion of Argentina.
1835 – Capture of Mexican Texas.
1835 – Invasion of Peru.
1840 – Invasion of Fiji.
1841 – Genocide on the island of Upolu (Drummond).
1843 – Invasion of China.
1846-1848 – War with Mexico.
1846 – Aggression against New Granada (Colombia).
1849 – Artillery bombardment of Indochina.
1852 – Invasion of Argentina.
1853-1856 – Invasion of China.
1853 – Invasion of Argentina and Nicaragua.
1854 – Destruction of the Nicaraguan city of San Juan del Norte.
1854 – Attempt to seize the Hawaiian Islands.
1855 – Invasion and coup in Nicaragua.
1855 – Invasion of Fiji and Uruguay.
1856 – Invasion of Panama.
1858 – Intervention in Fiji, genocide.
1858 – Invasion of Uruguay.
1859 – Attack on the Japanese fort of Taku.
1859 – Invasion of Angola.
1860 – Invasion of Panama.
1863 – Punitive expedition to Shimonoseki (Japan).
1864 – Military expedition to Japan.
1865 – Invasion of Paraguay, genocide, 85% of the population destroyed.
1865 – Intervention in Panama, Government coup.
1866 – Attack on Mexico.
1866 – Punitive expedition to China.
1867 – Attack on the Midway Islands.
1868 – Repeated invasions of Japan.
1868 – Invasion of Uruguay and Colombia.
1874 – Troop deployment to China and Hawaii.
1876 – Invasion of Mexico.
1878 – Attack on Samoa.
1882 – Troops sent to Egypt.
1888 – Attack on Korea.
1889 – Punitive expedition to Hawaii.
1890 – Troops sent to Haiti.
1890 – Troops sent to Argentina.
1891 – Intervention in Chile.
1891 – Punitive expedition to Haiti.
1893 – Troops sent to Hawaii, invasion of China.
1894 – Intervention in Nicaragua.
1894-1896 – Invasion of Korea.
1894-1895 – War in China.
1895 – Invasion of Panama.
1896 – Invasion of Nicaragua.
1898 – Capture of the Philippines, genocide (600,000 Filipinos).
1898 – Invasion of San Juan del Sur (Nicaragua).
1898 – Capture of the Hawaiian Islands.
1899-1901 – War with the Philippines.
1899 – Invasion of the Nicaraguan port of Bluefields.
1901 – Troops sent to Colombia.
1902 – Invaded Panama.
1903 – Troops sent to Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Syria.
1904 – Troops sent to Korea and Morocco.
1904-1905 – Intervention in the Russo-Japanese War.
1905 – Intervention in the revolution in Honduras.
1905 – Troops sent to Mexico.
1905 – Troops sent to Korea.
1906 – Invasion of the Philippines.
1906-1909 – Invasion of Cuba.
1907 – Operations in Nicaragua.
1907 – Intervention in the revolution in the Dominican Republic.
1907 – Participation in the war between Honduras and Nicaragua.
1908 – Invasion of Panama.
1910 – Invasion of Bluefields and Corinto (Nicaragua).
1911 – Intervention in Honduras.
1911 – Genocide in the Philippines.
1911 – Troop deployment in China.
1912 – Capture of Havana (Cuba).
1912 – Intervention in Panama during elections.
1912 – Invasion of Honduras.
1912-1933 – Occupation of Nicaragua.
1914 – Intervention in the Dominican Republic.
1914-1918 – Series of invasions of Mexico.
1914-1934 – Occupation of Haiti.
1916-1924 – Occupation of the Dominican Republic.
1917-1933 – Occupation of Cuba.
1918-1922 – Occupation of the Russian Far East.
1918-1920 – Troops sent to Panama.
1919 – Troops landed in Costa Rica.
1919 – War against the Serbs in Dalmatia on the side of Italy.
1919 – Intervention in Honduras during elections.
1920 – Intervention in Guatemala.
1922 – Intervention in Turkey.
1922-1927 – Intervention in China.
1924-1925 – invasion of Honduras.
1925 – Military operations in Panama.
1926 – Invasion of Nicaragua.
1927-1934 – Occupation of China.
1932 – Invasion of El Salvador.
1936 – Intervention in Spain.
1937 – War with Japan.
1937 – Intervention in Nicaragua, Government coup.
1939 – Troop deployment in China.
1941-1945 – Genocide of the civilian population of Germany (Dresden, Hamburg).
1945 – Nuclear attack on Japan.
1945-1991 – Sabotage activities against the USSR. (Invasion of airspace – more than 5,000, parachute drops – more than 140, direct sabotage. Total budget – $13 trillion).
1946 – Punitive operations in Yugoslavia.
1946-1949 – Bombing of China.
1947-1948 – Recolonization of Vietnam, genocide.
1947-1949 – Military operations in Greece.
1948-1953 – Military operations in the Philippines.
1948 – Military coup in Peru.
1948 – Military coup in Nicaragua.
1948 – Military coup in Costa Rica.
1949-1953 – Attempts to overthrow the government in Albania.
1950 – Punitive operations in Puerto Rico.
1950-1953 – Intervention in Korea.
1951 – Military aid to Chinese rebels.
1953-1964 – Special operations in British Guiana.
1953 – Overthrow of Mossadegh, who received 99.9% of the vote in a referendum.
1953 – Forced deportation of the Inuit (Greenland).
1954 – Overthrow of the government in Guatemala: Invasion codenamed Operation PBSUCCESS and Government coup by CIA mercenaries against President Jacobo Árbenz, who was planning to carry out sweeping land reforms and nationalize the lands of the United Fruit Company. Arbenz's overthrow was followed by four decades of military terror and civil war, in which some 140,000 people died. A ceasefire in the civil war was not signed until 1996.
1954 – Iran: The CIA and British intelligence organize the overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh during Operation Ajax. Subsequently, during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iran becomes the most important ally of the United States in the Middle East.
1956 – The US begins providing military aid to Tibetan rebels fighting against China.
1957-1958 – Attempt to overthrow the government in Indonesia.
1958 – Occupation of Lebanon: The US intervenes in the Lebanese crisis.
1958 – Bombing of Indonesia.
1958 – China: In the confrontation between the PRC and Taiwan over the Jinmen and Matsu islands, the US sends warships and marines to support Taiwan.
1959 – Troops are sent into Laos.
1959 – Punitive operations in Haiti.
1960 – Military operations in Ecuador.
1960 – Invasion of Guatemala.
1960 – Support for a military coup in El Salvador.
1960-1965 – Intervention in the internal affairs of the Congo. Support for Mobutu.
1961-1964 – Military coup in Brazil.
1961 – Terrorist war against Cuba using biological weapons. A group of US-backed Cuban militants carries out an unsuccessful operation in the Bay of Pigs.
1962 – Cuba: During the Caribbean crisis, the island is subjected to a total blockade.
1962 – Punitive operations in Guatemala.
1963-1966 – Government Coup and punitive operations in the Dominican Republic.
1964 – Punitive operation in Panama.
1964 – Support for the coup in Brazil.
1964-1974 – Intervention in the internal affairs of Greece.
1964 – Laos: American air and ground forces conduct a military operation in northeastern Laos. After years of fighting, the military solution is deemed futile, and American intervention forces leave the country in 1973.
1964-1975 – Aggression against Vietnam: The US intervenes massively in the Vietnam War. During the hostilities, up to 550,000 US soldiers are stationed in the country. Troops are not withdrawn until 1975.
1965 – Government Coup in Indonesia, genocide.
1965 – Cambodia: The US bombs border areas along the Vietnamese border. Cambodia is thus drawn into the Vietnam War.
1966 – Intervention in Guatemala.
1967 – Support for the coup and subsequent fascist regime in Greece.
1968 – Hunt for Che Guevara in Bolivia.
1971–1973 – Bombing of Laos.
1971 – US military assistance during the coup in Bolivia.
1972 – Troop deployment in Nicaragua.
1973 – Coup in Chile.
1973 – Terror in Uruguay.
1974 – Support for the Mobutu regime in Zaire.
1974 – Preparation for aggression against Portugal.
1974 – Attempted coup in Cyprus.
1975 – Occupation of Western Sahara, troop deployment in Morocco.
1975 – Intervention in the internal affairs of Australia.
1975 – Attack on Cambodia.
1975-1989 – Support for genocide in East Timor.
1978 – Military aid to a dictator, financing genocide.
1979 – Support for the cannibal Bokasa.
1979 – Military aid to Yemeni rebels.
1980-1992 – Military presence in El Salvador, special operations, genocide.
1980-1990 – Military aid to Iraq. One million dead in ten years.
1980 – Support and financing of the Khmer Rouge.
1980 – Operation Gladio in Italy, 86 victims.
1980 – Punitive operation in South Korea.
1980 – Iran: Operation Eagle Claw to free American hostages at the US embassy in Tehran fails.
1981 – Attempted coup in Zambia.
1981 – Military pressure on Libya, two Libyan aircraft shot down.
1981-1990 – Support for the Contras, terrorism, genocide.
1982 – Intervention in the internal affairs of Suriname.
1982-1983 – Attack on Lebanon.
1982 – Support for genocide in Guatemala.
1983 – Iran/Iraq: The US provides military support to Iran in the Iran-Iraq War in exchange for the release of American hostages in Tehran. At the same time, the US supplies weapons to the Iraqi side.
1983 – Lebanon: As part of an international coalition led by the US, the US intervenes in the Lebanese Civil War. As a result of a series of terrorist acts, the international coalition leaves Lebanon.
1983 – Intervention in Grenada: As a result of a coup d'état, a new government oriented towards the Soviet Union comes to power. This leads to the US invasion of Grenada.
1983 – Intervention in the internal affairs of Angola.
1984 – Two Iranian aircraft are shot down.
1984 – Mining of Nicaraguan bays.
1985 – Financing of genocide in Chad.
1986 – Attack on Libya.
1986-1987 – Attack on an Iranian ship in international waters, destruction of an Iranian oil platform.
1986 – Financing and military support for social terror, seizure of natural resources.
1986 – Libya: In retaliation for Libyan terrorist acts, the US bombs targets in Tripoli and Benghazi (Operation Canyon Eldorado).
1987-1988 – Participation in the Iraq-Iran War, use of chemical weapons.
1988 – Financing of terror and genocide in Turkey.
1988 – Explosion of a Pan American passenger plane over Scotland. Guilt acknowledged in 2003. The US missile cruiser USS Vincennes (CG-49) shoots down an Iran Air passenger plane over the Strait of Hormuz, killing 290 people. According to the American side, it was impossible for their military to distinguish the Iranian passenger plane from a military one and establish contact with the pilots. At the time, the American cruiser was in Iranian territorial waters as part of Operation Earnest Will. The captain of the USS Vincennes was awarded a medal.
1988 – Invasion of Honduras.
1988 – Destruction of an Iranian passenger plane.
1989 – Intervention in Panama.
1989 – Two Libyan aircraft shot down.
1989 – Bombing of the Philippines.
1989 – Punitive operation in the Virgin Islands.
1990 – Genocide in Guatemala.
1990 – Naval blockade of Iraq.
1990 – Financing of the Bulgarian opposition ($1.5 million)
1991 – Aggression against Iraq.
1991 – Bombing of Kuwait.
1992-1994 – Occupation of Somalia.
1992 – Genocide and terror during the seizure of Angola's natural resources (650,000 people killed).
1993-1995 – Bombing of Bosnia.
1994-1996 – Terror against Iraq.
1994 – Genocide in Rwanda (about 800,000 people).
1995 – Bombing of Croatia.
1998 – Destruction of a pharmaceutical factory in Sudan by a missile strike.
1998 – Bombing of Iraq.
1999 – Aggression against Yugoslavia.
2001 – Invasion of Afghanistan.
2002 – Troop deployment to the Philippines.
2003 – Actions in Liberia.
2003 – Clashes with Syrian border guards.
2003 – Iraq: The Iraq War, in which a number of American allies also participate. After the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime, a long-term occupation begins, characterized by a high level of violence in the country, which, according to various sources, cost the lives of up to 655,000 Iraqis.
2004 – Somalia: US air strikes against Islamists, active support for Somali government forces in the civil war.
2004 – Troops sent to Haiti.
2004 – Attempted coup in Equatorial Guinea.
2008 – Invasion of Pakistan.
2008 – War in South Ossetia
2011 – War in Libya: Air strikes and missile attacks on the country as part of the intervention in Libya. This resulted in the overthrow and killing of the head of state, Muammar Gaddafi.
2013-2017 – War in Syria: The US and its allies began bombing Islamic State positions in Syria and Iraq.
2014 – War in Ukraine.
2015 – Yemen: US missile strikes on positions of Yemeni rebels — Houthis and active support for the intervention of Saudi Arabia and its allies in Yemen.
2025 – Overthrow of Bashar al-Assad's legitimate government in Syria with the help of terrorist organizations supported by the US federal budget.
2025 – Terrorist bombings in Iran and escalation of the hybrid war started by the Zionists in 1979.
2026 – Attempted government coup in Iran.
2026 – Bombing and invasion of Venezuela, kidnapping of democratically elected President Nicolas Maduro.
#^https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/35248
#USA #US #american #government #CIA #MIC #Pentagon #deepstate #banksters #weapons #chemicalweapons #military #terrorism #bioterrorism #massmurder #killing #warmongers #war #bombing #capture #invasion #intervention #occupation #coup #violence #deaths #genocide #lawlessness against the whole World #history -
Yn absenoldeb trafodaeth am bêl-droed yn gyffedninol ar Mastodon, ac am bêl-droed Cymru'n arbennig, dyma edefyn i bostio sdwff am Rownd Derfynol Cwpan Cymru y Dynion heddiw.
Caernarfon v Y Fflint | 15:15 (Rodney Parade, Casnewydd)
#CwpanCymruJD #JDWelshCup #MastodonFC
https://sgorio.cymru/rhagolwg-rownd-derfynol-cwpan-cymru-jd-2025-26/ -
Ich weiss nicht warum, aber heute bin ich in einen #Radiergummi #Kanninchenbau gefallen. Dabei habe ich mit Freuden festgestellt, dass es die Klassiker von Läufer alle noch gibt, den Plast, den Plast-Combi und den Doppel-Läufer Universal. Kennt ihr, oder?
Aber ich hatte mich auch daran erinnert, dass es diese runden Radierer mit Metallscheibe in der Mitte gab, hauptsächlich gedacht, um mit der Schreibmaschine Geschriebenes zu radieren. Die hatten echt Power, fast wie Schleifpapier. Die gibt es wohl nicht mehr. Dafür habe ich das hier gefunden:
I’m intrigued 😅 schliesslich habe ich #Füllfederhalter, die ein Mehrfaches davon kosten. Und ein schöner vintage #Fixpencil von #CarandAche ist auch nicht billig …
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Mae calendr cynnwys yn amserlen o'r hyn y byddwch chi'n ei bostio a phryd y byddwch chi'n ei bostio, ac maen nhw'n ddefnyddiol iawn!
📅 Ni fydd gwyliau, gwerthiannau, a dyddiadau arbennig eraill yn eich synnu pan fyddwch chi'n cynllunio ar eu cyfer.
📅 Ni fyddwch yn ceisio darganfod beth i'w bostio bob dydd.
📅 Gallwch gynllunio ymlaen llaw!
📅 Byddwch yn postio'n gyson!
📅 Gallwch chi addasu!#AwarenessCalendar #ContentCalendar #GCW #CambrianWeb #Cymraeg #Aberystwyth #Cymru
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#Elezioni #NordMacedonia #Presidenziali
Risultati definitivi:Affluenza: 49,87%
Gordana #SiljanovskaDavkova (#VMRO/#DPMNE|EPP): 41,2%
Stevo #Pendarovski (#SDSM|S&D): 20,48%
Bujar #Osmani (#DUI|Centro-sinistra albanese): 13,73%
Maksim #Dimitrievski (#ZNAM|Sinistra nazionalista): 9,52%
Arben #Taravari (#ASh|Centro-destra albanese): 9,47%
Biljana #Vankovska (supp. #Levica|Sinistra): 4,68%
Stevčo #Jakimovski (#GROM|Centro): 0,92%In foto la mappa del voto.
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#Elezioni #NordMacedonia #Presidenziali
Risultati definitivi:Affluenza: 49,87%
Gordana #SiljanovskaDavkova (#VMRO/#DPMNE|EPP): 41,2%
Stevo #Pendarovski (#SDSM|S&D): 20,48%
Bujar #Osmani (#DUI|Centro-sinistra albanese): 13,73%
Maksim #Dimitrievski (#ZNAM|Sinistra nazionalista): 9,52%
Arben #Taravari (#ASh|Centro-destra albanese): 9,47%
Biljana #Vankovska (supp. #Levica|Sinistra): 4,68%
Stevčo #Jakimovski (#GROM|Centro): 0,92%In foto la mappa del voto.
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Survivre (2024)
★★☆☆
Le film n’a clairement pas à rougir face aux blockbusters US (compte-tenu de son budget dérisoire).
✍️ La suite ici :
https://www.senscritique.com/film/survivre/critique/307108992#Survivre #FrédéricJardin #ÉmilieDequenne #AndreasPietschmann #ArbenBajraktaraj #Film #Cinema
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Stori i ddysgwyr sydd yn #dysguCymraeg - story about Dave the cat and her friends for Welsh learners - gyda chyfieithiad (with translation)
1306: “Llys”, lle mae nwyddau arbennig. // “Court”, in which there is special merchandise.
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Sut ma cynnal gyrfa cerddorol yng Nghymru? Dyna oedd un o gwestiynau raglen #ByddedHysbys #dailingual i #BBC #RadioCymru
Croesawn atebion David Ball #CymruGreadigol i sesiwn #BethNesaf arbennig ar gerddoriaeth bore dMercher yma 0830-0930.
Ceir cyfle i holi cwestiynau, gyda diolch.
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Llyfr newydd gyrraedd o’r ether: “David Jones - Mythmaker” gan Elizabeth Ward. Argraffiad cyntaf mewn cyflwr arbennig, ac am bris rhesymol am unwaith. Teimlaf na fydd hyn yn eistedd ar y silff “i’w darllen” am yn hir; mae bach o sychedvarna i am ddarllen rhywbeth “newydd” am Dai Fach o Lundain.
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Os ydych chi’n chwilio am ddyluniad gwefan newydd ar gyfer busnes, neu wefan e-fasnach ymatebol ar gyfer eich siop ar-lein, 𝗴𝗮𝗱𝗲𝘄𝗰𝗵 𝗶 𝗻𝗶 𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗽𝘂.
Gallwn ddarparu:
👉 Arbenigwyr mewn datblygu gwefannau dwyieithog ac amlieithog
👉 Gwefannau e-fasnach
👉 Cynnal a Chadw WordPress
👉 Optimeiddio Gwefan
👉 Pecynnau Gofal Gwe
👉 Hyfforddiant WordPress
👉 Gwe-letya ac enwau parth
👉 Datblygiad personol
👉 Gwerth ychwanegolGofynnwch am ddyfynbris heddiw!
