#lifesatisfaction — Public Fediverse posts

DATE: June 27, 2026 at 12:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------

TITLE: Love and money both matter for health, but they don’t replace each other

URL: https://www.psypost.org/love-and-money-both-matter-for-health-but-they-dont-replace-each-other/

A recent study published in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships provides evidence that having a happy romantic relationship and feeling financially secure both independently contribute to a person’s overall health and well-being. The authors found that a satisfying relationship protects mental and physical health regardless of a person’s objective income or education level. These findings suggest that public health efforts might benefit from treating social connection and economic stability as two separate but equally important pillars of a healthy life.

Human health depends heavily on the environment and social conditions in which a person lives. Two major factors known to influence how long and how well people live are their romantic relationships and their socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status refers to a combination of a person’s income, education level, and general social standing in their community. High-quality romantic relationships generally predict better physical functioning, lower depression rates, and higher overall life satisfaction.

Similarly, higher socioeconomic status, or SES, tends to be linked with a lower risk of physical illness and better mental health. People with more financial and educational resources typically experience less chronic stress and have better access to quality healthcare. Despite both of these domains playing large roles in human well-being, academic studies tend to focus on them separately. Researchers often study marriage quality without looking deeply into a couple’s specific financial situation.

In other cases, public health experts examine poverty and physical health without considering a person’s home life. Because of this separated approach, it has remained somewhat unknown whether the health benefits of a good relationship persist after taking income and education into account. It is possible that relationship benefits are partly a side effect of financial stability, or vice versa. The researchers designed this study to directly compare the relative strengths of relationship quality and socioeconomic status in predicting overall well-being.

“The relationship science literature has built a strong case that relationship quality matters for health, but that work often does not account for socioeconomic status, even though SES is one of the most well-documented predictors of health,” said study author Hannah Williamson, an associate professor of human development and family sciences at the University of Texas at Austin. “If we want to know how much relationships really matter, we need to test that question rigorously, alongside SES rather than instead of it.”

The research team also wanted to see if these effects apply across different types of societies. To test this, the authors compared data from the United States and Spain. “We also wanted to test it in more than one context, since most of this research is conducted in the U.S. alone,” Williamson said. “Working with colleagues in Spain let us see whether the pattern holds somewhere with a different social safety net and healthcare system.”

These two high-income countries share similar levels of income inequality but have completely different healthcare systems. In the United States, healthcare access is often tied directly to full-time employment and educational attainment. In Spain, citizens have access to a universal healthcare system that provides low and standardized medical costs across the entire population. This structural difference allowed the researchers to test whether the health benefits of income and education change depending on a country’s social safety net.

To explore these dynamics, the researchers recruited large, nationally representative survey samples from both countries using online research panels. The United States sample included 1,004 adult participants sourced through a platform called Dynata. They had an average age of 45 and a median household income of $6,000 per month. The Spanish sample included 969 adult participants sourced through a platform called NetQuest, with an average age of 53 and a median household income of 2,200 euros per month.

The authors measured relationship quality using two specific concepts. First, they asked participants to rate their overall relationship satisfaction using a simple seven-point scale. Second, they measured a concept called perceived partner responsiveness. This psychological term refers to the extent to which a person feels understood, validated, and genuinely cared for by their romantic partner.

The study also assessed socioeconomic status in three different ways. Participants reported their monthly household income and their highest level of formal education. They also completed a measure of subjective social status. For this subjective measure, participants looked at a picture of a ten-rung ladder representing their country’s social hierarchy and selected the rung they felt best represented their own standing.

To measure outcomes, the researchers asked participants to report on three areas of their lives. These included overall life satisfaction, symptoms of mental health issues like anxiety and depression, and a self-rating of their general physical health. For example, mental health symptoms were assessed using a four-item questionnaire measuring how often participants felt down or worried. The authors then used statistical models to see how the relationship variables and the socioeconomic variables predicted these three health outcomes.

The data showed that high relationship satisfaction and perceived partner responsiveness consistently predicted higher life satisfaction in both countries. People with happy relationships also reported better physical health and fewer mental health symptoms. Importantly, these positive health effects remained robust even after the researchers factored in participants’ income, education, and subjective social status. This provides evidence that feeling loved and understood by a partner acts as an independent source of well-being.

Williamson noted that a good relationship and money provide distinct benefits. “The main takeaway is that relationship quality and socioeconomic status are not substitutes for one another,” she told PsyPost. “Each affects health independently. Having a responsive, caring partner was linked to better mental health regardless of income or education.”

Subjective social status also emerged as a consistent predictor of health across both nations. Participants who felt they were higher up on the social ladder tended to report better physical and mental health, regardless of their actual income. This effect appeared strongly in both the United States and Spain. The subjective feeling of social standing seems to carry its own psychological weight above and beyond the actual numbers in a bank account.

“On the socioeconomic side, it was people’s own sense of their social standing, not their actual income or education, that consistently predicted both mental and physical health,” Williamson said. “So a strong relationship does not fully offset the health effects of financial hardship, and financial security alone does not guarantee good relational or physical health. Both deserve attention.”

When looking at objective socioeconomic measures, the authors found differing patterns between the two countries. In the United States, a person’s education level was a strong predictor of their life satisfaction, mental health, and physical health. Higher education generally translated to fewer negative health symptoms. Income also predicted some positive health outcomes for the American sample, though its effects were weaker and less consistent than those of education.

In Spain, the patterns looked completely different regarding objective wealth and schooling. Education level did not significantly predict life satisfaction or physical health among the Spanish participants. The authors suggest this divergence likely reflects the structural differences between the two societies. Because Spain offers universal healthcare, a person’s physical health may not depend nearly as much on their education level or their ability to secure a job with medical benefits.

“Subjective SES, how people rate their own social standing, predicted health more consistently than objective income or education did, in both countries,” Williamson said. “We also saw that education’s association with health was weaker in Spain than in the U.S., which fits with the idea that universal healthcare access may reduce education’s role in shaping health outcomes through access to better employer-provided health insurance.”

As with all research, there are a few limitations to consider. The study relied entirely on observational data taken at a single point in time. Because the researchers did not track participants over many years, they cannot say for certain whether a good relationship causes better health or if being healthy simply makes it easier to maintain a good relationship. Health, wealth, and relationship satisfaction likely influence each other in a continuous cycle.

“The data are cross-sectional, so we can’t speak to causal direction,” Williamson pointed out. “And because this was a two-country comparison, we can describe a difference between the U.S. and Spain but can’t isolate exactly which institutional or cultural factor is responsible.”

Additionally, the researchers measured many of the core concepts using single-item questions. While these types of brief questions help keep surveys short and prevent participants from quitting early, they provide less detail than longer, multi-item questionnaires. The data was also entirely self-reported. Self-reported data can sometimes be influenced by a person’s mood on the day they take the survey or by cultural differences in how people express their feelings.

Future research could build on these findings by tracking couples over long periods of time. This approach would help scientists see how changes in income directly affect relationship quality and physical health.

“I’d like to extend this comparison to more countries to see how far the pattern generalizes, and to move toward longitudinal designs that can speak more directly to causality,” Williamson said. “I’m also interested in pinning down the specific mechanisms, such as healthcare access, that might explain why these associations vary across countries.”

Investigating how social policies interact with personal relationships might help public health officials design better ways to support vulnerable communities. Programs that target both economic stability and relationship skills might offer the best path forward for population health.

The study, “Romantic Relationships and Socioeconomic Status as Independent Predictors of Health and Wellbeing: Evidence From the United States and Spain,” was authored by Inmaculada Valor-Segura, María Alonso-Ferres, and Hannah C. Williamson.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/love-and-money-both-matter-for-health-but-they-dont-replace-each-other/

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#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #HealthAndRelationships #SocioeconomicStatus #RelationshipQuality #MentalHealth #PhysicalHealth #LifeSatisfaction #SubjectiveSocialStatus #PublicHealth #UniversalHealthcare #Wellbeing

DATE: June 27, 2026 at 12:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------

TITLE: Love and money both matter for health, but they don’t replace each other

URL: https://www.psypost.org/love-and-money-both-matter-for-health-but-they-dont-replace-each-other/

A recent study published in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships provides evidence that having a happy romantic relationship and feeling financially secure both independently contribute to a person’s overall health and well-being. The authors found that a satisfying relationship protects mental and physical health regardless of a person’s objective income or education level. These findings suggest that public health efforts might benefit from treating social connection and economic stability as two separate but equally important pillars of a healthy life.

Human health depends heavily on the environment and social conditions in which a person lives. Two major factors known to influence how long and how well people live are their romantic relationships and their socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status refers to a combination of a person’s income, education level, and general social standing in their community. High-quality romantic relationships generally predict better physical functioning, lower depression rates, and higher overall life satisfaction.

Similarly, higher socioeconomic status, or SES, tends to be linked with a lower risk of physical illness and better mental health. People with more financial and educational resources typically experience less chronic stress and have better access to quality healthcare. Despite both of these domains playing large roles in human well-being, academic studies tend to focus on them separately. Researchers often study marriage quality without looking deeply into a couple’s specific financial situation.

In other cases, public health experts examine poverty and physical health without considering a person’s home life. Because of this separated approach, it has remained somewhat unknown whether the health benefits of a good relationship persist after taking income and education into account. It is possible that relationship benefits are partly a side effect of financial stability, or vice versa. The researchers designed this study to directly compare the relative strengths of relationship quality and socioeconomic status in predicting overall well-being.

“The relationship science literature has built a strong case that relationship quality matters for health, but that work often does not account for socioeconomic status, even though SES is one of the most well-documented predictors of health,” said study author Hannah Williamson, an associate professor of human development and family sciences at the University of Texas at Austin. “If we want to know how much relationships really matter, we need to test that question rigorously, alongside SES rather than instead of it.”

The research team also wanted to see if these effects apply across different types of societies. To test this, the authors compared data from the United States and Spain. “We also wanted to test it in more than one context, since most of this research is conducted in the U.S. alone,” Williamson said. “Working with colleagues in Spain let us see whether the pattern holds somewhere with a different social safety net and healthcare system.”

These two high-income countries share similar levels of income inequality but have completely different healthcare systems. In the United States, healthcare access is often tied directly to full-time employment and educational attainment. In Spain, citizens have access to a universal healthcare system that provides low and standardized medical costs across the entire population. This structural difference allowed the researchers to test whether the health benefits of income and education change depending on a country’s social safety net.

To explore these dynamics, the researchers recruited large, nationally representative survey samples from both countries using online research panels. The United States sample included 1,004 adult participants sourced through a platform called Dynata. They had an average age of 45 and a median household income of $6,000 per month. The Spanish sample included 969 adult participants sourced through a platform called NetQuest, with an average age of 53 and a median household income of 2,200 euros per month.

The authors measured relationship quality using two specific concepts. First, they asked participants to rate their overall relationship satisfaction using a simple seven-point scale. Second, they measured a concept called perceived partner responsiveness. This psychological term refers to the extent to which a person feels understood, validated, and genuinely cared for by their romantic partner.

The study also assessed socioeconomic status in three different ways. Participants reported their monthly household income and their highest level of formal education. They also completed a measure of subjective social status. For this subjective measure, participants looked at a picture of a ten-rung ladder representing their country’s social hierarchy and selected the rung they felt best represented their own standing.

To measure outcomes, the researchers asked participants to report on three areas of their lives. These included overall life satisfaction, symptoms of mental health issues like anxiety and depression, and a self-rating of their general physical health. For example, mental health symptoms were assessed using a four-item questionnaire measuring how often participants felt down or worried. The authors then used statistical models to see how the relationship variables and the socioeconomic variables predicted these three health outcomes.

The data showed that high relationship satisfaction and perceived partner responsiveness consistently predicted higher life satisfaction in both countries. People with happy relationships also reported better physical health and fewer mental health symptoms. Importantly, these positive health effects remained robust even after the researchers factored in participants’ income, education, and subjective social status. This provides evidence that feeling loved and understood by a partner acts as an independent source of well-being.

Williamson noted that a good relationship and money provide distinct benefits. “The main takeaway is that relationship quality and socioeconomic status are not substitutes for one another,” she told PsyPost. “Each affects health independently. Having a responsive, caring partner was linked to better mental health regardless of income or education.”

Subjective social status also emerged as a consistent predictor of health across both nations. Participants who felt they were higher up on the social ladder tended to report better physical and mental health, regardless of their actual income. This effect appeared strongly in both the United States and Spain. The subjective feeling of social standing seems to carry its own psychological weight above and beyond the actual numbers in a bank account.

“On the socioeconomic side, it was people’s own sense of their social standing, not their actual income or education, that consistently predicted both mental and physical health,” Williamson said. “So a strong relationship does not fully offset the health effects of financial hardship, and financial security alone does not guarantee good relational or physical health. Both deserve attention.”

When looking at objective socioeconomic measures, the authors found differing patterns between the two countries. In the United States, a person’s education level was a strong predictor of their life satisfaction, mental health, and physical health. Higher education generally translated to fewer negative health symptoms. Income also predicted some positive health outcomes for the American sample, though its effects were weaker and less consistent than those of education.

In Spain, the patterns looked completely different regarding objective wealth and schooling. Education level did not significantly predict life satisfaction or physical health among the Spanish participants. The authors suggest this divergence likely reflects the structural differences between the two societies. Because Spain offers universal healthcare, a person’s physical health may not depend nearly as much on their education level or their ability to secure a job with medical benefits.

“Subjective SES, how people rate their own social standing, predicted health more consistently than objective income or education did, in both countries,” Williamson said. “We also saw that education’s association with health was weaker in Spain than in the U.S., which fits with the idea that universal healthcare access may reduce education’s role in shaping health outcomes through access to better employer-provided health insurance.”

As with all research, there are a few limitations to consider. The study relied entirely on observational data taken at a single point in time. Because the researchers did not track participants over many years, they cannot say for certain whether a good relationship causes better health or if being healthy simply makes it easier to maintain a good relationship. Health, wealth, and relationship satisfaction likely influence each other in a continuous cycle.

“The data are cross-sectional, so we can’t speak to causal direction,” Williamson pointed out. “And because this was a two-country comparison, we can describe a difference between the U.S. and Spain but can’t isolate exactly which institutional or cultural factor is responsible.”

Additionally, the researchers measured many of the core concepts using single-item questions. While these types of brief questions help keep surveys short and prevent participants from quitting early, they provide less detail than longer, multi-item questionnaires. The data was also entirely self-reported. Self-reported data can sometimes be influenced by a person’s mood on the day they take the survey or by cultural differences in how people express their feelings.

Future research could build on these findings by tracking couples over long periods of time. This approach would help scientists see how changes in income directly affect relationship quality and physical health.

“I’d like to extend this comparison to more countries to see how far the pattern generalizes, and to move toward longitudinal designs that can speak more directly to causality,” Williamson said. “I’m also interested in pinning down the specific mechanisms, such as healthcare access, that might explain why these associations vary across countries.”

Investigating how social policies interact with personal relationships might help public health officials design better ways to support vulnerable communities. Programs that target both economic stability and relationship skills might offer the best path forward for population health.

The study, “Romantic Relationships and Socioeconomic Status as Independent Predictors of Health and Wellbeing: Evidence From the United States and Spain,” was authored by Inmaculada Valor-Segura, María Alonso-Ferres, and Hannah C. Williamson.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/love-and-money-both-matter-for-health-but-they-dont-replace-each-other/

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#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #HealthAndRelationships #SocioeconomicStatus #RelationshipQuality #MentalHealth #PhysicalHealth #LifeSatisfaction #SubjectiveSocialStatus #PublicHealth #UniversalHealthcare #Wellbeing

DATE: June 27, 2026 at 12:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------

TITLE: Love and money both matter for health, but they don’t replace each other

URL: https://www.psypost.org/love-and-money-both-matter-for-health-but-they-dont-replace-each-other/

A recent study published in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships provides evidence that having a happy romantic relationship and feeling financially secure both independently contribute to a person’s overall health and well-being. The authors found that a satisfying relationship protects mental and physical health regardless of a person’s objective income or education level. These findings suggest that public health efforts might benefit from treating social connection and economic stability as two separate but equally important pillars of a healthy life.

Human health depends heavily on the environment and social conditions in which a person lives. Two major factors known to influence how long and how well people live are their romantic relationships and their socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status refers to a combination of a person’s income, education level, and general social standing in their community. High-quality romantic relationships generally predict better physical functioning, lower depression rates, and higher overall life satisfaction.

Similarly, higher socioeconomic status, or SES, tends to be linked with a lower risk of physical illness and better mental health. People with more financial and educational resources typically experience less chronic stress and have better access to quality healthcare. Despite both of these domains playing large roles in human well-being, academic studies tend to focus on them separately. Researchers often study marriage quality without looking deeply into a couple’s specific financial situation.

In other cases, public health experts examine poverty and physical health without considering a person’s home life. Because of this separated approach, it has remained somewhat unknown whether the health benefits of a good relationship persist after taking income and education into account. It is possible that relationship benefits are partly a side effect of financial stability, or vice versa. The researchers designed this study to directly compare the relative strengths of relationship quality and socioeconomic status in predicting overall well-being.

“The relationship science literature has built a strong case that relationship quality matters for health, but that work often does not account for socioeconomic status, even though SES is one of the most well-documented predictors of health,” said study author Hannah Williamson, an associate professor of human development and family sciences at the University of Texas at Austin. “If we want to know how much relationships really matter, we need to test that question rigorously, alongside SES rather than instead of it.”

The research team also wanted to see if these effects apply across different types of societies. To test this, the authors compared data from the United States and Spain. “We also wanted to test it in more than one context, since most of this research is conducted in the U.S. alone,” Williamson said. “Working with colleagues in Spain let us see whether the pattern holds somewhere with a different social safety net and healthcare system.”

These two high-income countries share similar levels of income inequality but have completely different healthcare systems. In the United States, healthcare access is often tied directly to full-time employment and educational attainment. In Spain, citizens have access to a universal healthcare system that provides low and standardized medical costs across the entire population. This structural difference allowed the researchers to test whether the health benefits of income and education change depending on a country’s social safety net.

To explore these dynamics, the researchers recruited large, nationally representative survey samples from both countries using online research panels. The United States sample included 1,004 adult participants sourced through a platform called Dynata. They had an average age of 45 and a median household income of $6,000 per month. The Spanish sample included 969 adult participants sourced through a platform called NetQuest, with an average age of 53 and a median household income of 2,200 euros per month.

The authors measured relationship quality using two specific concepts. First, they asked participants to rate their overall relationship satisfaction using a simple seven-point scale. Second, they measured a concept called perceived partner responsiveness. This psychological term refers to the extent to which a person feels understood, validated, and genuinely cared for by their romantic partner.

The study also assessed socioeconomic status in three different ways. Participants reported their monthly household income and their highest level of formal education. They also completed a measure of subjective social status. For this subjective measure, participants looked at a picture of a ten-rung ladder representing their country’s social hierarchy and selected the rung they felt best represented their own standing.

To measure outcomes, the researchers asked participants to report on three areas of their lives. These included overall life satisfaction, symptoms of mental health issues like anxiety and depression, and a self-rating of their general physical health. For example, mental health symptoms were assessed using a four-item questionnaire measuring how often participants felt down or worried. The authors then used statistical models to see how the relationship variables and the socioeconomic variables predicted these three health outcomes.

The data showed that high relationship satisfaction and perceived partner responsiveness consistently predicted higher life satisfaction in both countries. People with happy relationships also reported better physical health and fewer mental health symptoms. Importantly, these positive health effects remained robust even after the researchers factored in participants’ income, education, and subjective social status. This provides evidence that feeling loved and understood by a partner acts as an independent source of well-being.

Williamson noted that a good relationship and money provide distinct benefits. “The main takeaway is that relationship quality and socioeconomic status are not substitutes for one another,” she told PsyPost. “Each affects health independently. Having a responsive, caring partner was linked to better mental health regardless of income or education.”

Subjective social status also emerged as a consistent predictor of health across both nations. Participants who felt they were higher up on the social ladder tended to report better physical and mental health, regardless of their actual income. This effect appeared strongly in both the United States and Spain. The subjective feeling of social standing seems to carry its own psychological weight above and beyond the actual numbers in a bank account.

“On the socioeconomic side, it was people’s own sense of their social standing, not their actual income or education, that consistently predicted both mental and physical health,” Williamson said. “So a strong relationship does not fully offset the health effects of financial hardship, and financial security alone does not guarantee good relational or physical health. Both deserve attention.”

When looking at objective socioeconomic measures, the authors found differing patterns between the two countries. In the United States, a person’s education level was a strong predictor of their life satisfaction, mental health, and physical health. Higher education generally translated to fewer negative health symptoms. Income also predicted some positive health outcomes for the American sample, though its effects were weaker and less consistent than those of education.

In Spain, the patterns looked completely different regarding objective wealth and schooling. Education level did not significantly predict life satisfaction or physical health among the Spanish participants. The authors suggest this divergence likely reflects the structural differences between the two societies. Because Spain offers universal healthcare, a person’s physical health may not depend nearly as much on their education level or their ability to secure a job with medical benefits.

“Subjective SES, how people rate their own social standing, predicted health more consistently than objective income or education did, in both countries,” Williamson said. “We also saw that education’s association with health was weaker in Spain than in the U.S., which fits with the idea that universal healthcare access may reduce education’s role in shaping health outcomes through access to better employer-provided health insurance.”

As with all research, there are a few limitations to consider. The study relied entirely on observational data taken at a single point in time. Because the researchers did not track participants over many years, they cannot say for certain whether a good relationship causes better health or if being healthy simply makes it easier to maintain a good relationship. Health, wealth, and relationship satisfaction likely influence each other in a continuous cycle.

“The data are cross-sectional, so we can’t speak to causal direction,” Williamson pointed out. “And because this was a two-country comparison, we can describe a difference between the U.S. and Spain but can’t isolate exactly which institutional or cultural factor is responsible.”

Additionally, the researchers measured many of the core concepts using single-item questions. While these types of brief questions help keep surveys short and prevent participants from quitting early, they provide less detail than longer, multi-item questionnaires. The data was also entirely self-reported. Self-reported data can sometimes be influenced by a person’s mood on the day they take the survey or by cultural differences in how people express their feelings.

Future research could build on these findings by tracking couples over long periods of time. This approach would help scientists see how changes in income directly affect relationship quality and physical health.

“I’d like to extend this comparison to more countries to see how far the pattern generalizes, and to move toward longitudinal designs that can speak more directly to causality,” Williamson said. “I’m also interested in pinning down the specific mechanisms, such as healthcare access, that might explain why these associations vary across countries.”

Investigating how social policies interact with personal relationships might help public health officials design better ways to support vulnerable communities. Programs that target both economic stability and relationship skills might offer the best path forward for population health.

The study, “Romantic Relationships and Socioeconomic Status as Independent Predictors of Health and Wellbeing: Evidence From the United States and Spain,” was authored by Inmaculada Valor-Segura, María Alonso-Ferres, and Hannah C. Williamson.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/love-and-money-both-matter-for-health-but-they-dont-replace-each-other/

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#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #HealthAndRelationships #SocioeconomicStatus #RelationshipQuality #MentalHealth #PhysicalHealth #LifeSatisfaction #SubjectiveSocialStatus #PublicHealth #UniversalHealthcare #Wellbeing

DATE: June 25, 2026 at 08:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------

TITLE: People who embrace national and global identities report higher life satisfaction

URL: https://www.psypost.org/people-who-embrace-national-and-global-identities-report-higher-life-satisfaction/

An analysis of World Values Survey data covering developing and developed countries found that national citizenship, national pride, and world citizenship all predicted life satisfaction. Although the positive effect of national pride on well-being was weaker for individuals who strongly identified as world citizens, those high on both measures still reported the highest overall life satisfaction. The paper was published in Scientific Reports.

Identity is a person’s understanding of who they are, where they belong, and how they relate to others. It is shaped by an individual’s characteristics, values, experiences, and memberships in different social groups. An important aspect of identity is the relationship a person has with their own nation and with humanity as a whole.

There are several aspects of these relationships. National pride is the emotional attachment people feel toward their country, its culture, history, and shared traditions. National citizenship is a more cognitive, or thought-based, civic form of identification based on belonging to a political community.

On the other hand, a person may also have a sense of belonging to humanity as a whole, which is called world citizenship. This broader identity is associated with greater sympathy for people from other societies. It also relates to a more impartial concern for others and stronger support for cooperation across national boundaries.

Social identity theory suggests that identification with a nation may strengthen self-esteem by allowing individuals to see themselves as members of a respected social group. However, national identification can become harmful when it depends on hostility toward outsiders or encourages xenophobia, which is a prejudice against people from other countries. National and world citizenship may appear contradictory because one emphasizes national distinctiveness while the other emphasizes universal inclusion.

Nevertheless, people can integrate these identities by caring deeply about their own country while also recognizing duties toward humanity and supporting solutions to global problems. Study author Glen Spiteri and his colleagues wanted to explore the relationship between national citizenship, world citizenship, and subjective well-being. They noted that previous studies indicate that both stronger national identity and a stronger identification with all humanity are associated with better subjective well-being.

Theoretically, national identity and identification with all humanity should be based on opposing psychological mechanisms. It would be somewhat unexpected to see both being positively associated with psychological well-being. The authors aimed to clarify these relationships by analyzing data from waves five and six of the World Values Survey. The World Values Survey is a large international research program that studies people’s values, beliefs, attitudes, and social views across countries and over time.

Wave five data were collected between 2005 and 2009, while wave six was conducted between 2010 and 2016. In total, data used in this study came from 100,650 respondents across 69 nations. The number of participants from individual nations in wave five ranged from 479 participants in Morocco to 2,681 participants in Egypt. In wave six, the smallest sample was again from Morocco with 150 participants, while the largest sample was from India with 3,218 participants.

In this analysis, the study authors used participants’ ratings of their perceptions of world citizenship and national citizenship. Participants rated statements like “I see myself as a world citizen” and “I see myself as a citizen of the [e.g., French] nation”. Researchers also looked at national pride, life satisfaction, and various demographic data. Life satisfaction was used as a proxy measure, or a practical stand-in, for psychological well-being.

Results showed that all three indicators of identity, which included world citizenship, national citizenship, and national pride, were associated with higher life satisfaction. However, there was also an interaction between national pride and world citizenship. The association between national pride and life satisfaction tended to be lower in individuals who strongly identified as world citizens. Also, in individuals with strong national pride, the link between world citizenship and life satisfaction tended to be weaker.

In spite of this, individuals who experienced both high national pride and high world citizenship tended to report the highest life satisfaction overall. Additionally, national pride and national citizenship identification had a positive interaction, meaning their combined effects on life satisfaction were cooperative. The study authors concluded, “Our findings suggest that the joint effects on well-being of national and global identifications, despite their seemingly competing natures, remain additive. We point to the need for future research on the underlying psychological mechanisms and behavioral consequences of these joint identifications.”

The study contributes to the scientific understanding of the links between psychological well-being and group identity. However, it should be noted that all data came from self-reports, leaving room for reporting bias to have affected the results. While it is possible that some people feel high national pride, high world citizenship, and the highest life satisfaction, participants who systematically selected the highest available ratings without fully considering the content could have affected the outcomes.

Additionally, the observational design of the study does not allow any direct cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn from the findings.

The paper, “Life satisfaction effects of national identity, global identity, and their interactions,” was authored by Glen Spiteri, Seamus Kim, and Falk Lieder.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/people-who-embrace-national-and-global-identities-report-higher-life-satisfaction/

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#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #LifeSatisfaction #NationalIdentity #WorldCitizenship #NationalPride #GlobalIdentity #SocialIdentityTheory #WellBeing #WorldValuesSurvey #CivicIdentity #CrossCulturalResearch

DATE: June 25, 2026 at 08:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
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TITLE: People who embrace national and global identities report higher life satisfaction

URL: https://www.psypost.org/people-who-embrace-national-and-global-identities-report-higher-life-satisfaction/

An analysis of World Values Survey data covering developing and developed countries found that national citizenship, national pride, and world citizenship all predicted life satisfaction. Although the positive effect of national pride on well-being was weaker for individuals who strongly identified as world citizens, those high on both measures still reported the highest overall life satisfaction. The paper was published in Scientific Reports.

Identity is a person’s understanding of who they are, where they belong, and how they relate to others. It is shaped by an individual’s characteristics, values, experiences, and memberships in different social groups. An important aspect of identity is the relationship a person has with their own nation and with humanity as a whole.

There are several aspects of these relationships. National pride is the emotional attachment people feel toward their country, its culture, history, and shared traditions. National citizenship is a more cognitive, or thought-based, civic form of identification based on belonging to a political community.

On the other hand, a person may also have a sense of belonging to humanity as a whole, which is called world citizenship. This broader identity is associated with greater sympathy for people from other societies. It also relates to a more impartial concern for others and stronger support for cooperation across national boundaries.

Social identity theory suggests that identification with a nation may strengthen self-esteem by allowing individuals to see themselves as members of a respected social group. However, national identification can become harmful when it depends on hostility toward outsiders or encourages xenophobia, which is a prejudice against people from other countries. National and world citizenship may appear contradictory because one emphasizes national distinctiveness while the other emphasizes universal inclusion.

Nevertheless, people can integrate these identities by caring deeply about their own country while also recognizing duties toward humanity and supporting solutions to global problems. Study author Glen Spiteri and his colleagues wanted to explore the relationship between national citizenship, world citizenship, and subjective well-being. They noted that previous studies indicate that both stronger national identity and a stronger identification with all humanity are associated with better subjective well-being.

Theoretically, national identity and identification with all humanity should be based on opposing psychological mechanisms. It would be somewhat unexpected to see both being positively associated with psychological well-being. The authors aimed to clarify these relationships by analyzing data from waves five and six of the World Values Survey. The World Values Survey is a large international research program that studies people’s values, beliefs, attitudes, and social views across countries and over time.

Wave five data were collected between 2005 and 2009, while wave six was conducted between 2010 and 2016. In total, data used in this study came from 100,650 respondents across 69 nations. The number of participants from individual nations in wave five ranged from 479 participants in Morocco to 2,681 participants in Egypt. In wave six, the smallest sample was again from Morocco with 150 participants, while the largest sample was from India with 3,218 participants.

In this analysis, the study authors used participants’ ratings of their perceptions of world citizenship and national citizenship. Participants rated statements like “I see myself as a world citizen” and “I see myself as a citizen of the [e.g., French] nation”. Researchers also looked at national pride, life satisfaction, and various demographic data. Life satisfaction was used as a proxy measure, or a practical stand-in, for psychological well-being.

Results showed that all three indicators of identity, which included world citizenship, national citizenship, and national pride, were associated with higher life satisfaction. However, there was also an interaction between national pride and world citizenship. The association between national pride and life satisfaction tended to be lower in individuals who strongly identified as world citizens. Also, in individuals with strong national pride, the link between world citizenship and life satisfaction tended to be weaker.

In spite of this, individuals who experienced both high national pride and high world citizenship tended to report the highest life satisfaction overall. Additionally, national pride and national citizenship identification had a positive interaction, meaning their combined effects on life satisfaction were cooperative. The study authors concluded, “Our findings suggest that the joint effects on well-being of national and global identifications, despite their seemingly competing natures, remain additive. We point to the need for future research on the underlying psychological mechanisms and behavioral consequences of these joint identifications.”

The study contributes to the scientific understanding of the links between psychological well-being and group identity. However, it should be noted that all data came from self-reports, leaving room for reporting bias to have affected the results. While it is possible that some people feel high national pride, high world citizenship, and the highest life satisfaction, participants who systematically selected the highest available ratings without fully considering the content could have affected the outcomes.

Additionally, the observational design of the study does not allow any direct cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn from the findings.

The paper, “Life satisfaction effects of national identity, global identity, and their interactions,” was authored by Glen Spiteri, Seamus Kim, and Falk Lieder.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/people-who-embrace-national-and-global-identities-report-higher-life-satisfaction/

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#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #LifeSatisfaction #NationalIdentity #WorldCitizenship #NationalPride #GlobalIdentity #SocialIdentityTheory #WellBeing #WorldValuesSurvey #CivicIdentity #CrossCulturalResearch

Trust and Patience Emerge as Unexpected Architects of Happiness Across 76 Nations

New study shows trust, patience, and cooperation lead to more happiness and less worry in 76 countries. Find out why.

#TrustAndHappiness, #GlobalWellbeing, #SocialCooperation, #PatiencePays, #LifeSatisfaction

https://newsletter.tf/trust-patience-happiness-76-countries-study/

A new study in 76 countries found that people who trust and cooperate more are happier. This is more important for well-being than just having money.

#TrustAndHappiness, #GlobalWellbeing, #SocialCooperation, #PatiencePays, #LifeSatisfaction
https://newsletter.tf/trust-patience-happiness-76-countries-study/

PsyPost: Short video addiction is linked to lower life satisfaction through loneliness and anxiety. “A new study published The Journal of Psychology provides evidence that problematic use of short video platforms is linked to higher feelings of loneliness, which subsequently relate to elevated anxiety and a decrease in a person’s contentment with their life.”

PsyPost: Short video addiction is linked to lower life satisfaction through loneliness and anxiety. “A new study published The Journal of Psychology provides evidence that problematic use of short video platforms is linked to higher feelings of loneliness, which subsequently relate to elevated anxiety and a decrease in a person’s contentment with their life.”

GAS TAX DISPUTE IGNITES NATIONAL GLOOM AS POLL REVEALS RECORD LOW SATISFACTION

Australia's life satisfaction hits record low (6.22/10) due to gas tax dispute and economic worries. Find out how it affects you.

#Australia #LifeSatisfaction #GasTax #Economy #JimChalmers

https://newsletter.tf/australia-life-satisfaction-low-gas-tax-debate/

Life satisfaction in Australia has fallen to its lowest point ever, scoring 6.22 out of 10. This is lower than during the COVID-19 pandemic.

#Australia #LifeSatisfaction #GasTax #Economy #JimChalmers
https://newsletter.tf/australia-life-satisfaction-low-gas-tax-debate/

The one sign that someone is highly intelligent, according to philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer

https://fed.brid.gy/r/https://www.upworthy.com/the-one-sign-someone-is-highly-intelligent-according-to-philosopher-arthur-schopenhauer

The Happiness Myth: Why Money Can’t Buy What Matters Most.
https://wp.me/p84YjG-a20
#MoneyMyth #TrueHappiness #WealthVsWellbeing #HappinessResearch #LifeSatisfaction #MeaningfulLife #BeyondMoney #RealWealth #HappinessTruth #WhatReallyMatters

https://zsoltzsemba.com/happiness-myth-money-cant-buy-what-matters-most/

The Happiness Trilogy: 1 of 3-Part Blog Series

Are You Happy?

Fascinating, if You Ask Me!

For nearly eight decades, Harvard researchers have been tracking the lives of hundreds of individuals in what has become one of the most comprehensive studies on human happiness ever conducted. The Harvard Study of Adult Development didn’t just follow people through good times and bad; it revealed fundamental truths about what makes life worth living. What they discovered challenges everything we think we know about success, health, and happiness.

The Surprising Power of Relationships

When Harvard scientists began analyzing decades of health data, medical records, and personal interviews, they expected to find that genetics, wealth, or career success would be the key predictors of a long and happy life. Instead, they discovered something far more profound: the quality of our relationships matters more than anything else.

People who were most satisfied in their relationships at age 50 were the healthiest at age 80. This wasn’t just about feeling good emotionally—close relationships actually protected physical health better than cholesterol levels, blood pressure, or family medical history. The strength of your social bonds literally predicts how long you’ll live and how well you’ll age.

Director Robert Waldinger, a psychiatrist at Massachusetts General Hospital, puts it simply: relationships are a form of self-care. While we invest time and money into gym memberships, organic food, and health supplements, we often neglect the single most important factor in our wellbeing—the people around us.

Loneliness: The Silent Killer

The research revealed a darker side, too. Loneliness isn’t just an emotional burden; it’s a serious health risk. The study found that social isolation has health consequences as severe as smoking or alcoholism. People who felt lonely experienced faster physical and mental decline, regardless of how well they took care of their bodies in other ways.

This finding takes on new significance in our modern world, where technology promises connection but often delivers isolation. We can have hundreds of online friends yet feel profoundly alone. The Harvard study reminds us that it’s not the number of connections that matters, but their quality and depth.

Beyond Genetics: What Really Determines Healthy Aging

The study identified six key factors that predicted healthy aging, and genetics wasn’t at the top of the list. Physical activity, absence of smoking and alcohol abuse, mature coping mechanisms for stress, maintaining a healthy weight, and having a stable marriage all proved more important than having long-lived ancestors.

For the inner-city participants in the study, education emerged as an additional protective factor. Higher education correlated with better health choices throughout life, including avoiding smoking, eating well, and using alcohol moderately.

Perhaps most encouraging, the research showed that our life trajectories aren’t fixed in our twenties. People who struggled early in life could become thriving octogenarians, while those who seemed destined for success could derail through alcoholism or depression. Change is always possible.

The Brain-Body Connection

One of the most fascinating discoveries was how relationships protect cognitive function. People in happy marriages maintained better memory and mental sharpness as they aged. Even couples who bickered frequently showed this protective effect, as long as they felt they could count on each other when it mattered most.

This brain-body connection works both ways. Marital dissatisfaction didn’t just affect mood; it actually increased physical pain in older adults. Those in unhappy relationships reported more emotional distress and greater physical discomfort on the same days, showing how deeply intertwined our social and physical health really are.

Conclusion

The Harvard Study of Adult Development offers a clear prescription for a good life, and it’s simpler than we might think. Invest in relationships. Show up for the people who matter. Build communities that support you through hard times. Take care of your body, but remember that tending to your connections is just as vital.

In a world obsessed with productivity, achievement, and individual success, this research delivers a counter-cultural message: happiness isn’t something we achieve alone. It’s something we build together, one relationship at a time.

https://www.weforum.org/videos/harvard-conducted-an-85-year-study-on-happiness-here-s-what-it-found

What is the level of life satisfaction among parents? 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 What role do children play in this context? 🤔
WiSo scientist Dr Hudde tells us more about his research. 🎓✨
You can find the whole video here: 🎥 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHmVIe1bQZ8

#LifeSatisfaction #FamilyResearch #Parenting #WiSoCologne #SocialSciences

#Arts and #crafts give greater #lifesatisfaction than work, survey suggests

https://www.theguardian.com/society/article/2024/aug/16/arts-and-crafts-give-greater-life-satisfaction-than-work-survey-suggests

#Arts and #crafts give greater #lifesatisfaction than work, survey suggests

https://www.theguardian.com/society/article/2024/aug/16/arts-and-crafts-give-greater-life-satisfaction-than-work-survey-suggests

#Anxiety and #anger may explain how #parenting styles shape #lifesatisfaction

https://www.psypost.org/anxiety-and-anger-may-explain-how-parenting-styles-shape-life-satisfaction/

#Anxiety and #anger may explain how #parenting styles shape #lifesatisfaction

https://www.psypost.org/anxiety-and-anger-may-explain-how-parenting-styles-shape-life-satisfaction/

📚👪 Parenthood: More Meaning, Less Life Satisfaction? 🤔
A study by Dr Ansgar Hudde and Professor Dr Marita Jacob shows that parenthood is associated with lower life satisfaction, but higher meaning in life. 📊 The study is based on data from over 43,000 participants from 30 countries and the results are published in the Journal of Marriage and Family.

Read more about the study and its findings ▶️ https://uni.koeln/EN35R

#UniKöln #UniCologne #Parenthood #LifeSatisfaction #MeaningInLife

📚👪 Parenthood: More Meaning, Less Life Satisfaction? 🤔
A study by Dr Ansgar Hudde and Professor Dr Marita Jacob shows that parenthood is associated with lower life satisfaction, but higher meaning in life. 📊 The study is based on data from over 43,000 participants from 30 countries and the results are published in the Journal of Marriage and Family.

Read more about the study and its findings ▶️ https://uni.koeln/EN35R

#UniKöln #UniCologne #Parenthood #LifeSatisfaction #MeaningInLife

Study: Parenthood goals in youth linked to later life happiness https://www.psypost.org/study-parenthood-goals-in-youth-linked-to-later-life-happiness/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #Parenthood #WellBeing #ParentingGoals #Happiness #LifeSatisfaction

Study: Parenthood goals in youth linked to later life happiness https://www.psypost.org/study-parenthood-goals-in-youth-linked-to-later-life-happiness/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #Parenthood #WellBeing #ParentingGoals #Happiness #LifeSatisfaction

Study: Parenthood goals in youth linked to later life happiness https://www.psypost.org/study-parenthood-goals-in-youth-linked-to-later-life-happiness/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #Parenthood #WellBeing #ParentingGoals #Happiness #LifeSatisfaction

Study: Parenthood goals in youth linked to later life happiness https://www.psypost.org/study-parenthood-goals-in-youth-linked-to-later-life-happiness/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #Parenthood #WellBeing #ParentingGoals #Happiness #LifeSatisfaction

Weight gain doesn’t appear to reduce happiness https://www.psypost.org/weight-gain-doesnt-appear-to-reduce-happiness/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #WeightGain #Happiness #BodyPositivity #MentalHealth #LifeSatisfaction

New research reveals personality and life satisfaction differences between lifelong singles and partnered individuals https://www.psypost.org/new-research-reveals-personality-and-life-satisfaction-differences-between-lifelong-singles-and-partnered-individuals/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #Personality #LifeSatisfaction #Singles #Relationships #Research

Personalient individuals are happier due to smoother social relations https://www.psypost.org/personalient-individuals-are-happier-due-to-smoother-social-relations/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #Happiness #SocialRelations #EmotionalWellbeing #PersonalityDevelopment #LifeSatisfaction

Internet use linked to better mental health for older adults https://www.psypost.org/internet-use-linked-to-better-mental-health-for-older-adults/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #MentalHealth #OlderAdults #InternetUse #Wellbeing #LifeSatisfaction

Women report greater satisfaction with singlehood than men, study finds https://www.psypost.org/women-report-greater-satisfaction-with-singlehood-than-men-study-finds/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #Singlehood #WomenEmpowerment #RelationshipStatus #LifeSatisfaction #DatingTrends

Study finds people in relationships tend to be happier than singles https://www.psypost.org/study-finds-people-in-relationships-tend-to-be-happier-than-singles/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #Relationships #Happiness #Singles #EmotionalWellbeing #LifeSatisfaction

‘‘Happiness recession’: #UK 15-year-olds at bottom of #European #satisfaction league

Quarter of #British #teenagers in age group report low #LifeSatisfaction, compared with 7% of their Dutch peers
https://www.theguardian.com/society/article/2024/aug/29/uk-teenagers-low-life-satisfaction-europe
#ToryLegacy

‘‘Happiness recession’: #UK 15-year-olds at bottom of #European #satisfaction league

Quarter of #British #teenagers in age group report low #LifeSatisfaction, compared with 7% of their Dutch peers
https://www.theguardian.com/society/article/2024/aug/29/uk-teenagers-low-life-satisfaction-europe
#ToryLegacy

Is #marriage a prescription for #happiness? A new poll says yes

Adults who are married report being more satisfied with their lives than those in any other type of relationship, the Gallup poll showed.

“Any way you analyze those data, we see a fairly large and notable advantage to being #married in terms of how people evaluate their life.”

#lifesatisfaction 💍

Hmmm.

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-02-marriage-prescription-happiness-poll.html

Almost all trans people more satisfied with life after transition, study shows
https://www.msn.com/en-gb/health/familyhealth/almost-all-trans-people-more-satisfied-with-life-after-transition-study-shows/ar-BB1hYM2j?cvid=260a7ff0d8a34decd77c7ebf17ed8816&ocid=winp2fptaskbarhover&ei=8

#Trans
#Transition
#LifeSatisfaction

Not All Older Adults Reap Cognitive Benefits of Life Satisfaction Not All Older Adults Reap Cognitive Benefits of Life Satisfaction

https://go.squidapp.co/n/eYMxIZf
via SQUID App https://squidapp.page.link/5Mmr

#Poverty
#LifeSatisfaction
#CognitiveBenefits
#OlderAdults
#Marginalization
#Psychological
#Health

Not All Older Adults Reap Cognitive Benefits of Life Satisfaction Not All Older Adults Reap Cognitive Benefits of Life Satisfaction

https://go.squidapp.co/n/eYMxIZf
via SQUID App https://squidapp.page.link/5Mmr

#Poverty
#LifeSatisfaction
#CognitiveBenefits
#OlderAdults
#Marginalization
#Psychological
#Health

#TheMetalDogArticleList
#YahooEntertainment
"Money can't buy you happiness, but it can buy you a helicopter, and you can land next to some": The wit and wisdom of David Lee Roth
The very best quotes from Diamond Dave, original Van Halen mouthpiece, Hollywood bon vivant and unbeatable wit

https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/money-cant-buy-happiness-buy-101642741.html

#VanHalen #DavidLeeRoth
#FinancialStability
#PsychologicalWellbeing
#LifeStressors
#LifeSatisfaction
#HealthyFinancialHabits
#SpendingHabits
#CognitiveBiases
#RaisingHappinessLevels

#TheMetalDogArticleList
#YahooEntertainment
"Money can't buy you happiness, but it can buy you a helicopter, and you can land next to some": The wit and wisdom of David Lee Roth
The very best quotes from Diamond Dave, original Van Halen mouthpiece, Hollywood bon vivant and unbeatable wit

https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/money-cant-buy-happiness-buy-101642741.html

#VanHalen #DavidLeeRoth
#FinancialStability
#PsychologicalWellbeing
#LifeStressors
#LifeSatisfaction
#HealthyFinancialHabits
#SpendingHabits
#CognitiveBiases
#RaisingHappinessLevels

"The people of Finland thrive when it comes to their life satisfaction for a myriad of reasons, according to mental health experts." #lifesatisfaction #contentment #Finland #mentalhealthmatters https://www.huffpost.com/entry/finland-happiest-country-in-the-world_l_63ce9748e4b0c2b49ad6f624

#harmonization #surveyinstrument #lifesatisfaction #generalhealth
QuestionLink now harmonizes German survey instruments for two additional constructs: General life satisfaction and general health: https://www.gesis.org/en/services/processing-and-analyzing-data/data-harmonization/question-link

#harmonization #surveyinstrument #lifesatisfaction #generalhealth
QuestionLink now harmonizes German survey instruments for two additional constructs: General life satisfaction and general health: https://www.gesis.org/en/services/processing-and-analyzing-data/data-harmonization/question-link

"Despite the poor weather, #Finns lead the most satisfied lives in the EU" 😂

(I've been wanting to complain about the #weather around here recently... 😝)

https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/news-in-brief/16977-eu-survey-reveals-finland-boasts-highest-levels-of-life-satisfaction-in-europe.html

#finland #europe #lifesatisfaction