home.social

#acidrain — Public Fediverse posts

Live and recent posts from across the Fediverse tagged #acidrain, aggregated by home.social.

  1. The Destruction of Nature is a Cost of War

    by Ci Davis

    We have become accustomed to seeing the human impacts of war, from starvation in Sudan to the almost 100,000 killed in Gaza, but most people will be less familiar with the environmental impacts. On February 28th, another Middle East war broke out when the US and Israel launched an attack on Iran. In the first few hours, the Supreme Leader was killed, followed by the bombing of a school, killing 150 Iranian schoolgirls, and soon after, columns of smoke began to rise from targeted hits on petrochemical infrastructures.  

    Over the past three weeks, oil refineries, gas fields, tankers, nuclear facilities, desalination plants, oil storage tanks, air bases, and industrial areas have all been attacked. The water, marine and toxic-air pollution are a consequence of the smoke from the multiple infernos, from the widely dispersed toxic fragments, and from the many chemicals and heavy metals that escape into the soil and water, caused by thousands of bomb and missile strikes

    The human and environmental costs of another war prompted two protests in Sheffield. On 21st March, 150 people demonstrated outside the Town Hall to call for an end to the war on Iran and also made connections with other current conflicts, including Gaza, Lebanon, Sudan, Ukraine and Cuba.  

    Our media tends to represent the environmental impacts of war as collateral damage, an unfortunate side effect, but really, they are a deliberate and targeted means of disrupting the lives of people by making their connection to land fragile or even untenable.  No clearer example exists than the use of Agent Orange to defoliate the forests of Vietnam that left millions of Vietnamese and hundreds of thousands of US veterans with multigenerational health disorders and birth defects. Environmental harm is one of the ways that war impacts lives that can last many decades.

    The environmental impacts of war cannot be separated from the environmental costs of the military machine itself, which is responsible for 5.5% of global greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions, which rose by a staggering 9.4% in 2024. The US military is the largest institutional emitter of GHGs that are responsible for climate change, burning 270000 barrels of oil daily. Countries are not required to produce figures for the wartime emissions, but recently it is estimated that the war in Ukraine has produced 237 million tonnes of CO2, the Gaza conflict 32 million tonnes and in the first 5 days of the Iran war 5 million tonnes. At a time when all countries should be doing everything to reduce climate and environmental damage, the resort to war is escalating the harm. 

    Apocalyptic images, showing clouds of black toxic smoke blocking out the sun over Tehran, following the bombings of local oil depots on 7th March, are haunting. The oily residues, soot and sulphur-laden smoke, combined with a rare rainstorm, produced acid rain, causing immediate respiratory impacts with a lasting health legacy. For people who had already experienced chemical weapons attacks during the Iran-Iraq war, this environmental warfare was experienced as chemical warfare again.

    Impact of War on the Environment Author: Sayedqudrathashimy1991 Source: Wikimedia Commons

    The Middle East is experiencing the climate crisis through water insecurity. The conflict in Syria, which displaced 1.5 million people between 2007 and 2010, was in part precipitated by drought.  There are clear parallels to Iran today. After six years of drought, the water supply to Tehran was at just 11% capacity, and the shortage of water to drink or to supply agriculture contributed to protests in January 2026. War is exploiting this suffering, with all parties having targeted water and sewerage systems that, if continued, threaten to displace people throughout the region, as well as causing severe health impacts.  

    Most of us will be familiar with the skeletons of buildings and mountains of debris from TV images of Gaza. The 61 million tonnes of rubble are laden with asbestos, unexploded weapons, dead bodies, and untreated sewerage that has rendered the land unfit for agriculture. The clearance will take decades and burn through hundreds of thousands more tonnes of fossil fuel, and we are seeing the same thing being repeated across Iran and the Gulf.

    Years after wars end, the land, air and sea will remain contaminated. Thankfully, the deliberate targeting of the environment is becoming recognised in International Law as a war crime or ecocide and can be punished under the ICC’s Rome Statute. If it is demonstrated that the military intentionally launched an attack, knowing that it will cause long-term severe damage to the natural environment, that is excessive to the military advantage anticipated, then prosecutions may follow. 

    As the war drags on, it risks total destruction of the oil-fields, spillage of nuclear material, and depleted Uranium contamination. These huge environmental threats will have global impacts, experienced as economic shocks and agricultural losses, threatening food security.  War demonstrates our intimate connection with the land and the importance of environmental protection.

    Most people oppose the war, the use of UK bases in support of it, and sending the military to the Middle East.  We should make our voices heard, calling upon world leaders to respond to our opposition and pull back from the brink, for the sake of people and the planet.

    For more information on what you can do, contact: [email protected] 

    References

    Gayle, D. (2025, May 31). What is ecocide and could it become a crime under international law? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/may/28/what-is-ecocide-and-could-it-become-a-under-international-law

    Gayle, D. (2026, March 20). From black rain to marine pollution, the war in Iran is an environmental disaster. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/mar/19/down-to-earth-iran-us-israeli-war-environmental-destruction

    Holmes, O., Gayle, D., & Ahmedzade, T. (2026, March 23). Tehran’s toxic cloud: Satellite images show oily fires burned for days. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/23/tehran-toxic-cloud-satellite-image-oil-fires

    Meadway, J. (2026, January 15). How ‘day zero’ water shortages in Iran are fuelling protests. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/15/how-day-zero-water-shortages-in-iran-are-fuelling-protests

    Moneer, Z. (2026, March 22). Water Infrastructure Has Become a Target in Modern Warfare. Earth.Org. https://earth.org/from-lifeline-to-strategic-weapon-how-water-infrastructure-becomes-a-target-in-armed-conflicts/

    Neimark, B., & Mackintosh, K. (2025, November 4). How wars ravage the environment – and what international law is doing about it. The Conversation. https://doi.org/10.64628/AB.4yt3f6ys7

    New data reveals the Military Emissions Gap is growing wider. (2025, November 6). CEOBS. https://ceobs.org/new-data-reveals-the-military-emissions-gap-is-growing-wider/

    Palmer, M. G. (2005). The legacy of agent orange: Empirical evidence from central Vietnam. Social Science & Medicine, 60(5), 1061–1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.04.037

    Photos: Dire water shortages pile misery on Gaza’s starving population. (n.d.). Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 March 2026, from https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2025/8/4/unprecedented-water-crisis-in-gaza-amid-israeli-induced-starvation

    The US-Israel war on Iran and how war and conflict are destroying the environment. (2026, March 19). Greenpeace International. https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/82201/iran-lebanon-war-environment-climate-impacts/

    Three days of Operation Epic Fury: Rapid overview of environmental harm in Iran and the region. (2026, March 3). CEOBS. https://ceobs.org/three-days-of-operation-epic-fury-rapid-overview-of-environmental-harm-in-iran-and-the-region/

    #AcidRain #AgentOrange #ChemicalWeapons #Cuba #DepletedUranium #environment #Gaza #GreenhouseGas #Iran #Iraq #Lebanon #nuclear #Oil #sewage #SheffieldAntiWarCoalition #Sudan #Ukraine #Vietnam #War #Water
  2. Manaro Voui volcano, #Ambae #Vanuatu eruption plume spreading over the island of Espiritu Santo where acid rain has been reported in recent days, seen on 6 March by #Himawari-9 #acidrain

  3. Manaro Voui volcano, #Ambae #Vanuatu eruption plume spreading over the island of Espiritu Santo where acid rain has been reported in recent days, seen on 6 March by #Himawari-9 #acidrain

  4. Manaro Voui volcano, #Ambae #Vanuatu eruption plume spreading over the island of Espiritu Santo where acid rain has been reported in recent days, seen on 6 March by #Himawari-9 #acidrain

  5. Manaro Voui volcano, #Ambae #Vanuatu eruption plume spreading over the island of Espiritu Santo where acid rain has been reported in recent days, seen on 6 March by #Himawari-9 #acidrain

  6. Manaro Voui volcano, #Ambae #Vanuatu eruption plume spreading over the island of Espiritu Santo where acid rain has been reported in recent days, seen on 6 March by #Himawari-9 #acidrain

  7. ‘We’ve done it before’: how not to lose hope in the fight against ecological disaster.

    Some days it can feel as if climate catastrophe is inevitable.

    But history is full of cases – such as the banning of whaling and CFCs – that show humanity can come together to avert disaster.

    mediafaro.org/article/20250911

    #Environment #ClimateCrisis #FossilFuels #CFC #OzoneLayer #Whaling #AcidRain #Lead #Pollution #GreenhouseGas #Longread

  8. Worst bleaching on record for Western Australian coral reefs ~ BBC

    ”In a new report, the Aims researchers found the 2024-25 season was the "most severe coral bleaching on record" for WA coral reefs ....”

    bbc.com/news/articles/cq877llq

    #coralbleaching #globalwarming #acidrain #oceanacidification #wildlife #nature

  9. Scientists Are Warning of A Brand-New Kind of #AcidRain

    Story by Darren Orf

    Key points:
    - While acid rain caused by sulfur dioxide is an environmental threat of the past (at least, for now), a new kind of acid is proliferating in rain water—as well as groundwater, ice cores, and even human blood.
    - #TrifluoroaceticAcid (#TFA) is a subclass of “#ForeverChemical” that’s been steadily increasing in concentrations around the world.
    - With calls to consider this rise in TFA a planetary threat, some governments are starting ban chemicals linked to TFA—but the threat will require global cooperation.

    "Acid rain may have a sequel, and like most sequels, it’s arguably worse.

    "While the world’s first bout of acid rain (at least, in modern times) came from increased concentrations of sulfuric acid produced largely from coal plants, this new #anthropogenic source is possibly more pervasive, more persistent, and more sinister. Its name is Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), a kind of 'forever chemical' that, for decades, has been steadily increasing in #RainWater—but not just rain water.

    "Countries around the world have found increasing concentrations in #groundwater, #ArcticIceCores, #wine, and even #HumanBlood. In fact, TFA is likely the most pervasive form of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl (#PFAS)—technically, a subclass known as ultrashort-chain perfluoroalkyl acid (#PFAA)—on Earth due in part to the fact that longer-chain PFAS degrade into TFA via #incinerators or #SewageTreatment plants. They’re also used in #refrigerants instead of #chlorofluorocarbons and #hydrochlorofluorocarbons, which were famously known to deplete the Earth’s #OzoneLayer.

    "In October of 2024, a team of European environmental scientists raised the TFA alarm, stating that a rise in concentration could be considered a threat to '#PlanetaryBoundaries' — a system designed to make sure the planet remains #habitable for human life (which we are doing a real bang-up job at following).

    " 'Since the 1990s, it has been suggested that hazard-related concerns of TFA and other short-chain PFAAs are much lower than those of PFAAs with longer perfluoroalkyl chains, which are more #bioaccumulative and generally more #toxic,' the authors wrote back in October. 'However, these early reports did not consider TFA’s ubiquitous accumulation in the environment, in particular its observed accumulation in water resources and #bioaccumulation in various plants, including crops.'

    "One of the most dangerous things about PFAAs is what we don’t know about them. Unlike other PFAS (of which there are, sadly, thousands of different kinds), TFA is so small (a.k.a. ultrashort) that it’s water-soluble, meaning it likely passes through the human body pretty quickly. A new Nature article reports that some scientists find this evidence compelling enough to not even consider TFA a kind of PFAS, but a growing chorus of voices are raising concerns that increased concentrations of TFA in water and food sources could render TFA’s fast-moving nature a moot point.

    "In fact, TFA’s water-solubility could be a long-term headache. If scientists and governments eventually decide that TFA does need to be removed from drinking water and other sources, current filtration technologies are not up to the task. In other words, ridding the world of TFA will not only be immensely difficult, it’ll also be incredibly expensive. Current regulations to eliminate certain forms of PFAS are already proving to be fiscally onerous.

    "Thankfully, some governments are taking action. #Denmark, for example, banned 23 substances earlier this month known to contain PFAS that contribute to rising TFA concentrations. Meanwhile, the #US is lagging behind—the Environmental Protection Agency [#EPA] doesn’t even define TFA as a 'forever chemical,' much to the dismay of #environmentalist groups and to the merriment of many #industry leaders.

    "Rising concentrations of TFA is the acid rain sequel no one wanted. But just like every terrible sequel ever made, it seems like we’re getting it anyway."

    msn.com/en-us/travel/news/scie

    #WaterIsLife #Dupont #DowChemical #3M #ForeverChemicals #EPACuts #Deregulation #TrumpSucks #USPol #WorldPol #Environment #EnvironmentalDamage #GenXChemicals #3MLied

  10. A new study connects recent regionally confined warming in China 2010ff to their strive for healthy air by scrubbing SO2 from their coal chimneys. *

    In other news, India is lambasted by a politician for excluding most of their coal chimneys from SO2 scrubbing regulation. **

    And here's a curious side effect of acid rain from SO2:
    it reduces CO2 emissions from soil 💡
    sciencedirect.com/science/arti "Acid rain reduces soil CO2 emission and promotes soil organic carbon accumulation in association with decreasing the biomass and biological activity of ecosystems: A meta-analysis" by Ziqiang Liu et al 2022

    So when large areas simultaneously get rid of SO2 pollution
    , CO2 emissions start to rise noticeably? Europe's SO2 reduction was fastest, USA is her typical laggard, and China began 2010ff and is now already on par with a mid-1990s Europe, much faster than USA.

    My musings:
    I guess, it means, once the soil removes the acid, CO2 emissions start to rise.
    AFAIK, acid removal is no automatism in forest soil but I can imagine, removal from agricultural land happens automatically bit by bit during subsequent harvests? (Yum!)

    Germany distributed chalk or something to her forest soils to counter the acidification and to rescue dying forests.

    But. Plants and other beings suffer during acidification. And when forests recover they raise their carbon uptake. Crop yields also recover when the soil does, I reckon. (Indeed! see *** and pic 2, and also ****. Now I wonder whether the elsewhere celebrated yield gains are more due to cleaner air than genetical engineering and pesticides!)

    Maybe, CO2 emissions from soil are balanced out by increased carbon uptake from healthier beings.
    Does the paper say anything about all these musings?

    "Overall, the responses of soil GHGs emissions to acid rain vary across different ecosystems, climates, soil types and experimental duration, and thus no consensus has emerged yet" 😁

    * "East Asian aerosol cleanup has likely contributed to the recent acceleration in global warming" by Samset et al nature.com/articles/s43247-025
    A Conversation piece by the authors: theconversation.com/cleaner-ai

    ** "‘Faulty premises’: Jairam Ramesh slams govt after it eases SO2 emission norms" theprint.in/india/faulty-premi

    *** "The negative effects of simulated acid rain on maize physiology, grain quality and yield in a field trial" by Jidong Liao et al, 2025 sciencedirect.com/science/arti

    **** "More Power Generation, More Wheat Losses? Evidence from Wheat Productivity in North China" by Fujin Yi et al 2024 .
    link.springer.com/article/10.1

    #SO2 #AcidRain #SoilBiodiversity #soil #carbonUptake #CO2 #greenhousegases #agriculture #forest #cropyield #ClimateChange

  11. New YouTube video from METTE:

    ✨ Pouring, Dripping, Reigning. #ACIDRAIN wearing@AlexanderMcQueen to @YouTubeMusic Legacy Party ❤️

    youtube.com/watch?v=2N2DhXKNnN

    #music #mette #youtube #musicsocial

  12. #PlasticRain Is the New #AcidRain

    Plastic rain could prove to be a more insidious problem than acid rain.

    by Matt Simon
    June 12, 2020

    "Hoof it through the national parks of the western United States—Joshua Tree, the #GrandCanyon, Bryce Canyon—and breathe deep the pristine air. These are unspoiled lands, collectively a great American conservation story. Yet an invisible menace is actually blowing through the air and falling via raindrops: #Microplastic particles, tiny chunks (by definition, less than 5 millimeters long) of fragmented plastic bottles and microfibers that fray from clothes, all #pollutants that get caught up in Earth’s atmospheric systems and deposited in the #wilderness.

    "Writing in the journal Science, researchers report a startling discovery: After collecting #rainwater and air samples for 14 months, they calculated that over 1,000 metric tons of microplastic particles fall into 11 protected areas in the western US each year. That’s the equivalent of over 120 million plastic water bottles.

    "'We just did that for the area of protected areas in the West, which is only 6 percent of the total US area,' says lead author Janice Brahney, an environmental scientist at Utah State University. 'The number was just so large, it's shocking.'

    "It further confirms an increasingly hellish scenario: Microplastics are blowing all over the world, landing in supposedly pure habitats, like the #Arctic and the remote #FrenchPyrenees. They’re flowing into the #oceans via #wastewater and tainting #deepsea #ecosystems, and they’re even ejecting out of the water and blowing onto land in sea breezes. And now in the American West, and presumably across the rest of the world given that these are fundamental atmospheric processes, they are falling in the form of plastic rain—the new acid rain.

    "Plastic rain could prove to be a more insidious problem than acid rain, which is a consequence of #SulfurDioxide and #NitrogenOxide emissions. By deploying #scrubbers in power plants to control the former, and catalytic converters in cars to control the latter, the US and other countries have over the last several decades cut down on the #acidification problem. But microplastic has already corrupted even the most #RemoteEnvironments, and there’s no way to scrub water or land or air of the particles—the stuff is absolutely everywhere, and it’s not like there’s a plastic magnet we can drag through the oceans. What makes plastic so useful—its hardiness—is what also makes it an alarming pollutant: Plastic never really goes away, instead breaking into ever smaller bits that infiltrate ever smaller corners of the planet. Even worse, plastic waste is expected to skyrocket from 260 million tons a year to 460 million tons by 2030, according to the consultancy McKinsey. More people joining the middle class in #EconomicallyDeveloping countries means more #consumerism and more #PlasticPackaging. "

    Read more:
    getpocket.com/explore/item/pla

    #Crapitalism #BanPlastics #WaterIsLife #OceansAreLife

  13. Analysis of AcidRain Malware Variant "AcidPour" and Its Impact on Ukraine

    Date: 19 March 2022
    CVE: Not specified
    Sources: hackread.com/acidrain-linux-ma

    Issue Summary

    AcidRain, a destructive wiper malware, has been identified as a potential threat linked to the cyberattack on Viasat's KA-SAT satellite broadband service. This malware targets modems and routers, specifically designed to erase their storage contents, rendering the devices inoperable. The attack on Viasat disrupted communications across Ukraine and Europe, marking a significant cyber incident amidst the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

    Technical Key findings

    AcidRain works by recursively deleting files and then attempting to destroy data on various storage devices, such as flash memory and SD/MMC cards, by overwriting them with up to 0x40000 bytes of data or using specific IOCTLS for erasure. This approach suggests a brute-force method, possibly indicating the attackers' desire for the tool to remain generic and reusable across different firmware. SentinelOne researchers found developmental and code overlaps with the VPNFilter malware, hinting at a connection to known Russian APT groups.

    Vulnerable products

    The attack mainly targeted satellite modems connected to the KA-SAT network, affecting thousands of modems across Europe. However, the malware's generic design suggests that it could potentially impact a wide range of routers and IoT devices with similar storage systems.

    Impact assessment

    The primary impact is the rendering of targeted modems and routers unusable, causing significant disruptions in satellite communications. This not only affects individual users but also has broader implications for organizations relying on satellite networks for their operations, including remote access to infrastructure and communications across Europe.

    Patches or workaround

    Specific patches or workarounds for AcidRain were not detailed in the sources. However, the fundamental mitigation involves securing network devices against unauthorized access and ensuring firmware is up to date to reduce vulnerabilities that could be exploited by similar malware.

    Tags

    #AcidRain, #AcidPour, #Ukraine, #ViasatAttack, #VPNFilter, #WiperMalware, #CyberSecurity, #RouterSecurity, #ModemWiper

  14. The #AcidPour malware is a new variant of #AcidRain targeting #Linux x86 systems in #Ukraine, as discovered by #SentinelLabs researchers. Unlike its predecessor designed for #MIPS architecture, AcidPour specifically targets x86 Linux distributions such as #Ubuntu, #Mint, #Fedora, and #Debian. It introduces new capabilities, including references to Unsorted Block Images (#UBI) and #Logical Volume Manager (LVM) virtual block devices, suggesting an expansion in the range of potential targets. AcidPour's distinct codebase and wiping logic, particularly for devices like LVMs, indicate an evolved threat strategy. Despite the evolving nature of malware threats, SentinelLabs has alerted stakeholders in Ukraine, though the full scope and specific targets of AcidPour remain undisclosed. Users and organizations are advised to enhance cybersecurity measures and educate on phishing and malware threats.

    Source: New AcidRain Linux Malware Variant “AcidPour” Found Targeting Ukraine

  15. What Is #OpenPit #Mining

    Definition, Examples, and Environmental Impact

    By Rebecca Coffey, Updated July 26, 2022

    "Environmentally, open-pit mining is devastating. It consumes enormous amounts of water, heavily pollutes water and air, disfigures landscapes, and permanently destroys habitat. Even after pits are exhausted and sites are rehabilitated, the pit area retains elevated risks of #erosion and #flooding.

    "Heavy clouds of dust form during mining operations. Blasting alone is an enormous piece of the problem. In 2018 an international team of scientists publishing in E3S Web of Conferences reported that about 10 billion cubic meters of rock are exploded annually. The resulting clouds transport about 2.0-2.5 million tons of dust.

    "The dust from drilling and blasting at some mines is highly radioactive. This is the case, for example, at uranium mines. The problem is not limited to well-known radioactive ores, however, as all ores are #radioactive to some degree.

    "Even when it’s not radioactive, dust containing heavy metals can be very dangerous. When it is breathed it can create a variety of respiratory problems including black lung disease.

    "The explosives used in blasting release fumes rich in #smog- and #AcidRain-producing gases like highly toxic nitrogen dioxide. As far back as 1973 Soviet scientists reported that the smog can form in the pits themselves.In 2019 Chinese scientists reported that a mine-produced hydrochloric acid mist was caustic enough to corrode concrete.

    " One of the most significant problems in open pit mining is also endemic to underground mining. The mineral pyrite is often found in coal mines. It contains sulfur. When pyrite is exposed and sulfur reacts with air and water, it forms an acid. Acidic water as well as any rock-bound heavy metals that the acid has dissolved leach out of the mines and into nearby rivers, lakes, and streams, killing aquatic life and making the water unusable.

    "A 2021 study in the peer-reviewed journal Ecological Applications showed the elimination of 40% of the marine animal species in 93 bodies of water downstream from an area of Appalachia that has multiple open-pit mines. Especially problematic in relation to coal mining, acid mine drainage can continue for hundreds of years, even long after the mine has closed."

    #OpenPit #Environment #Pollution #WaterIsLife #LithiumNevada #LithiumAmericas #Lithium #ThackerPass #WaterIsLife #PeeheeMuhuh #ProtectThackerPass

    Read more:
    treehugger.com/what-is-open-pi

  16. Climate risks by radioactive krypton-85 from nuclear fission. Atmospheric-electrical and air-chemical effects of ionizing radiation in the atmosphere

    Klimarisiken durch radioaktives Krypton-85 aus der Kernspaltung. Luftelektrische und luftchemische Wirkungen ionisierender Strahlung in der Atmosphaere

    Kollert, R., 1994

    Abstract: [en] The study shows that krypton-85 from nuclear fission enhances air ionization and, thus, interferes with the atmospheric-electrical system and the water balance of the earth atmosphere. This is reason for concern: There are unforeseeable effects for weather and climate if the krypton-85 content of the earth atmosphere continues to rise. There may be a krypton-specific #greenhouse effect and a collapse of the natural atmospheric-electrical field. In addition, human well-being may be expected to be impaired as a result of the diminished atmospheric-electrical field. There is also the risk of radiochemical actions and effects caused-by krypton-85-containing plumes in other air-borne pollutants like the latters' transformation to aggressive oxidants. This implies radiation smog and more acid rain in the countries exposed. This study summarizes findings gained in these issues by various sciences, analyses them and elaborates hypotheses on the actions and effects of krypton-85 on the air, the atmosphere and the climate

    #Krypton85 #NoNukes #NoWar #Nuclear #Ionization #ClimateChange #GreenhouseEffect #AcidRain #RadiationSmog

    inis.iaea.org/search/searchsin

  17. Past environmental threats didn’t just disappear - Enlarge / We have pretty clear evidence that declining ozone levels wer... - arstechnica.com/?p=1868623 #right-wingextremism #holeinozonelayer #climatechange #biodiversity #ozonelayer #acidrain #science #cfcs