home.social

Search

24 results for “imazing”

  1. We’ve written a guide to using iMazing for iOS forensics and e-discovery.

    It explains how to collect iPhone and iPad data from an encrypted backup or connected device, then export messages, WhatsApp, call history, and app data as signed PDFs, Excel files, or RSMF files for RelativityOne.

    No jailbreak or iCloud access is required. Encrypted backups receive a SHA-256 checksum, which is printed on signed PDF exports so each export can be traced back to its source backup.

    If you work in legal, compliance, or investigations, you may find it useful:

    imazing.com/guides/use-imazing

  2. New PET Imaging Detects Nearly All Lesions in Common Kidney Cancer

    A new PET imaging approach detected 97.9% of lesions in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), potentially giving…
    #NewsBeep #News #Health #AU #Australia
    newsbeep.com/au/934883/

  3. OpenAI buys smartphone camera maker Glass Imaging for $300 million, report says

    Glass Imaging was founded by a pair of former Apple engineers who previously led the team that developed Apple’s Portrait Mode.

    justpaste.in/news/openai-buys-

    #InBrief #MergersandAcquisitions #OpenAI #AI #Hardware

  4. Kristen Kennedy shares the success the new #OpenAccess journal, Imaging Neuroscience. It was launched after editors of Elsevier’s NeuroImage resigned over issues of unsustainable APCs. For the complete #OAWeek profile, go to: openaccessweek.org/theme-profi

  5. Went to the dentist today and had two hours worth of work done with brand new imaging, etc... and all said and done it was cheaper than what my co-pay was in the US.

  6. Russian Satellite's Close Approach to U.S. Radar Imaging Satellite Raises Space Safety Concerns

    📰 Original title: Russian Satellite's Close Shadowing of Radar Imaging Satellite Is a Big Deal

    🤖 IA: It's not clickbait ✅
    👥 Users: It's not clickbait ✅

    👇👇👇 en.killbait.com/russian-satell

    #space #satellite

  7. Earth-bound scientists validate space-based methane estimates

    In 2025 scientists put the methane-sensing capabilities of 12 spectral-imaging satellites to the test. Some were designed…
    #NewsBeep #News #Science #AnalyticalChemistry #AU #Australia #Environment #gases #greehnousegases #greenhouse #measurement #methane #satellites #space-based
    newsbeep.com/au/934197/

  8. It's 2026, does Canada NOT have any, or a plan to have any satellites?!?!?

    Source: Planet Labs FYI Planet Labs is a publicly traded American Earth imaging company based in San Francisco, California... cbc.ca/news/canada/satteilte-i

  9. 💻💉 A research team led by Professor Dr Roman-Ulrich Müller has developed the digital platform MEDA-PKD. Using the example of polycystic kidney disease, it links clinical follow-up data, laboratory results, imaging, information on medication and quality of life, as well as initial molecular data on new biomarkers and other data.

    ➡️ uni.koeln/9YM53

    📕 Publication: nature.com/articles/s41746-026

    #UniCologne #CECAD #health #kidney #disease #data #database
    Photo: Sebastian Kaulitzki | Adobe Stock

  10. Any time you can hack via memes is funny to me.

    nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/cve-2

    Pillow is a Python imaging library. Prior to 13.0.0, Pillow's JPEG decoder can write a full-width scanline into a buffer sized for a requested draft scale. ImagingJpegDecode does not verify libjpeg's actual output width and component count after scaling is requested, and an 8-bit lossless SOF3 JPEG decoded by a build linked to libjpeg-turbo 3.x can ignore the requested downscaling geometry. An attacker can supply such a JPEG to an application that uses draft() or thumbnail() to request downscaling. This can corrupt heap memory, crash the process, or potentially allow code execution. Older libjpeg-turbo 2.x and IJG builds reject the SOF3 input. This issue is fixed in version 13.0.0.

  11. Controllable transient coherent state reproduction in lasers

    Schawlow, A. L. & Townes, C. H. Infrared and optical masers. Phys. Rev. 112, 1940–1949 (1958). Article  ADS …
    #NewsBeep #News #Physics #AppliedandTechnicalPhysics #CA #Canada #general #Imagingandsensing #Lasers #LEDsandlightsources #Quantumphysics #Science
    newsbeep.com/ca/939874/

  12. Controllable transient coherent state reproduction in lasers

    Schawlow, A. L. & Townes, C. H. Infrared and optical masers. Phys. Rev. 112, 1940–1949 (1958). Article  ADS …
    #NewsBeep #News #Physics #AppliedandTechnicalPhysics #general #Imagingandsensing #Lasers #LEDsandlightsources #QuantumPhysics #Science #UK #UnitedKingdom
    newsbeep.com/uk/808340/

  13. Human vocal tracts vary extensively between individuals, but how does this translate into sound diversity between speakers and languages? This study uses vocal tract imaging to develop a biocultural model of phonetic #evolution.

    #phonetics
    plos.io/3VWIKBt

  14. Comet C/2023 A3 Tsuchinshan-ATLAS is currently transitioning into the outer solar system after reaching perihelion. Orbital analysis indicates this long-period comet originates from the Oort Cloud, characterized by a highly eccentric trajectory. As it recedes from the Sun, its anti-tail and dust envelope provide critical data for studying the volatile composition of primordial celestial bodies. Observational opportunities remain viable for astronomical imaging as it maintains significant luminosity during its outbound journey.

    #space #astronomy #astrophysics

    @[email protected] @[email protected] @[email protected] @[email protected] @[email protected] @[email protected] @[email protected] @[email protected] #space #science #nasa #astronomy
  15. DATE: October 21, 2026 at 06:00AM
    SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

    ** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
    -------------------------------------------------

    TITLE: Neuroscientists uncover brain clues to why some people with childhood trauma struggle to look forward to things

    URL: psypost.org/neuroscientists-un

    A new brain imaging study published in The Journal of Neuroscience indicates that the way a memory-related brain region communicates with the brain’s reward centers is linked to motivational difficulties in young adults with a history of childhood trauma. Among individuals who experienced higher levels of early life adversity, weaker activity and connectivity in the hippocampus were associated with a reduced ability to look forward to pleasurable experiences. These findings suggest that targeting memory and novelty-processing circuits could offer a new avenue for addressing motivational symptoms in trauma-exposed populations.

    Anhedonia is a psychological condition defined by a reduced ability to experience pleasure or a lack of motivation to pursue rewarding activities. It is a common symptom across several mental health conditions, including major depression and schizophrenia. Psychologists typically divide anhedonia into two categories: consummatory anhedonia, the inability to feel pleasure in the moment while engaging in an enjoyable activity, and anticipatory anhedonia, a diminished capacity to feel excited about or motivated to pursue future rewards.

    To understand the biological roots of anhedonia, neuroscientists often examine the mesolimbic dopamine system, a network of brain structures that release and respond to the chemical messenger dopamine to drive reward-seeking behavior. Two central hubs in this network are the ventral tegmental area, a cluster of dopamine-producing neurons in the midbrain near the top of the brainstem, and the nucleus accumbens, a deep forebrain structure within the ventral striatum that processes reward and motivation. For instance, a longitudinal study covered by PsyPost in 2015 found that adolescents who experienced emotional neglect in childhood showed a drop in ventral striatum activity when receiving rewards over a two-year period, which predicted an increase in depressive symptoms.

    While human brain imaging studies of anhedonia have largely concentrated on the striatum, animal research points to the hippocampus as an upstream regulator of this reward network. The hippocampus is a seahorse-shaped structure tucked deep within the temporal lobe on each side of the brain. Although best known for forming and retrieving memories, it also acts as a novelty detector. When an organism encounters something unfamiliar, the hippocampus sends signals through a multi-step neural circuit to the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, triggering dopamine release that encourages exploration and goal-directed action.

    Because the hippocampus contains a dense concentration of receptors that bind to stress hormones like cortisol, exposure to childhood abuse or neglect can alter how this structure develops and functions. In humans, a 2026 brain-mapping preprint from members of the same research group, which has not yet been peer reviewed, reconstructed the physical nerve tracts connecting the hippocampus, ventral tegmental area, and nucleus accumbens, providing structural evidence that these regions form an integrated loop supporting adaptive behavior. A study covered by PsyPost in 2022 found that people with moderate to severe childhood trauma reported more social anhedonia, a reduced interest in social connection, alongside differences in brain structure.

    The research team behind the new study, led by first author Kathleen J. O’Brien of Temple University and senior author Vishnu “Deepu” Murty of the University of Oregon’s Adaptive Memory Lab, wanted to test whether disruptions in hippocampal-reward communication interact with childhood trauma to explain why some people struggle with anhedonia.

    “This study was motivated by a large animal literature that suggests that regions implicated in novelty processing, like the hippocampus, are critical for anhedonia, but characterization of this circuit had not been translated into the human literature,” Murty told PsyPost.

    To investigate this question, the researchers recruited participants from the Philadelphia site of a broader project examining psychosis risk in young adults, ensuring the sample included a wide range of anhedonia severity. Out of 102 individuals who completed functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, the final sample included 92 participants with usable resting-state brain scans (37 males and 55 females) and 80 participants with usable task-based scans (34 males and 46 females). The participants ranged in age from 18 to 30 years old, with an average age of about 21.

    Participants completed a modified version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short-Form, a self-report survey assessing experiences of emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect before age 16. They also filled out the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale, which uses separate subscales to measure anticipatory pleasure and consummatory pleasure. Lower scores on these scales indicate higher levels of anhedonia.

    Inside the magnetic resonance imaging scanner, which measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, the researchers focused on the anterior hippocampus, the front third of the structure that connects most densely with reward circuits. First, participants underwent a 5.8-minute resting-state scan while looking at a cross on a screen. This allowed the scientists to measure baseline functional connectivity, meaning how closely activity in the anterior hippocampus synchronized with activity in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area while at rest.

    Next, participants completed a target-detection task designed to measure how the brain responds to novelty and pursues goals. An hour before entering the scanner, participants had been familiarized with 80 outdoor scene photographs, viewing each one six times. Immediately prior to scanning and again inside the scanner, participants were shown a single specific target landscape. During the brain scan, participants watched a sequence of images flash on the screen for two seconds each and had to press a button every time the target landscape appeared.

    Mixed in with the 40 target trials were the 80 familiar scenes and 80 completely new outdoor scenes the participants had never seen before. Using this setup, the researchers measured how strongly the anterior hippocampus activated in response to the novel images compared to the familiar ones. They also used a forward-prediction model to test whether heightened hippocampal activity during novel scenes predicted stronger activation in the ventral tegmental area when the target image appeared shortly afterward.

    In their statistical analyses, the researchers controlled for participant age, as age was correlated with baseline connectivity between the hippocampus and the ventral tegmental area, and they verified in follow-up tests that accounting for psychosis-risk status did not change the outcomes. Across all four brain measures, the authors found no statistically significant links or trauma interactions related to consummatory anhedonia. In other words, hippocampal circuit function did not explain differences in the ability to enjoy pleasurable activities in the moment.

    For anticipatory anhedonia, however, interactions emerged between childhood trauma and three of the four hippocampal circuit measures. Resting connectivity between the anterior hippocampus and the ventral tegmental area showed no such interaction. Among individuals with higher levels of childhood trauma (defined as one standard deviation above the sample average), weaker resting-state connectivity between the anterior hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens was associated with greater anticipatory anhedonia.

    Similarly, in this high-trauma group, a blunted response in the anterior hippocampus when viewing novel scenes, as well as a weaker link between hippocampal responses to novel scenes and later activity in the ventral tegmental area during subsequent target detection, were both linked to worse anticipatory anhedonia. Among participants with lower levels of childhood trauma (one standard deviation below the average), these brain measures showed no statistically significant relationship with anticipatory pleasure.

    To determine whether each of these neural measures contributed independently rather than reflecting the exact same underlying brain process, the scientists ran a machine-learning variable selection technique that removes redundant predictors and retains only the strongest ones. The resulting combined model accounted for 24 percent of the total variance in anticipatory anhedonia scores, or 20 percent after adjusting for the number of predictors in the model.

    Even when evaluated simultaneously alongside overall trauma severity, both the interaction between trauma and resting hippocampus-accumbens connectivity and the interaction between trauma and task-based hippocampus-to-ventral-tegmental-area signaling remained independent predictors of anticipatory anhedonia. The interaction involving the hippocampus’s response to novel scenes was retained by the selection procedure but fell short of statistical significance in the final model, while higher trauma levels were themselves associated with greater anticipatory anhedonia.

    The findings are in line with research covered by PsyPost in 2025, which found that chronic stress in mice weakened connections from the hippocampus to the nucleus accumbens and reduced reward-seeking, and that a single dose of ketamine restored both. That work examined stressed animals directly rather than brain scans and self-reported trauma in people. The authors suggest that when early life adversity coincides with weakened communication between the hippocampus and dopamine centers, the brain may struggle to use novel environmental cues to spark motivation and update expectations about future rewards.

    “The average person should take away that early life stress may make you vulnerable to anhedonia, a lack of pleasure, but that engagement of circuits centered on novelty and exploration can minimize that risk,” Murty explained. “Sometimes there is a misinterpretation that these mesolimbic systems are just there for reward processing, but rather they are sensitive to motivation and behaviors like novelty, information seeking, and perhaps even curiosity.”

    There are a few things to keep in mind when interpreting these results. Because the study is cross-sectional, meaning all data were collected at a single point in time, it cannot establish that childhood trauma or hippocampal alterations directly cause anhedonia. It is possible that preexisting differences in brain circuitry make certain individuals more sensitive to the emotional fallout of early stress, or that prolonged exposure to childhood stress gradually wears down hippocampal pathways over time. Longitudinal studies that track children and adolescents across development will be necessary to determine the exact sequence of events.

    The study does have some other limitations. The researchers also did not test whether engaging these circuits, for instance through novel experiences, would actually lower anhedonia in people with a history of trauma. The trauma measure relied on young adults recalling their childhoods, and due to the online nature of the initial screening survey and ethical constraints regarding mandatory reporting without direct participant contact, the researchers excluded questions about physical and sexual abuse, meaning the findings specifically reflect emotional abuse and emotional or physical neglect.

    In addition, the sample was drawn from a psychosis-risk study in which 22 participants met criteria for clinical high risk, so the results may differ in a general population of young adults, and replication in larger samples will be helpful given the modest statistical strength of the interaction findings.

    The resting-state brain scans lasted just under six minutes, whereas recent neuroimaging standards suggest that longer scan times can yield more stable estimates of baseline brain connectivity. Future research could also expand beyond the hippocampus and midbrain to examine how other brain regions involved in emotion and decision-making, such as the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, work together to influence motivation after early life stress.

    Looking ahead, the research team plans to examine how these brain mechanisms connect to personal recall and everyday emotional life. “Our long-term goal is to try to understand how these findings relate to subjective experience of anhedonia, and how those might relate to memories of the past,” Murty noted.

    The study, “Functional Integrity of Mesolimbic-Hippocampal Circuits Is Associated with Anhedonia in Individuals with Early Life Stress,” was authored by Kathleen J. O’Brien, Blake L. Elliott, Ian O’Shea, Jason Schiffman, Vijay A. Mittal, Lauren M. Ellman, and Vishnu P. Murty.

    URL: psypost.org/neuroscientists-un

    -------------------------------------------------

    Private, vetted email list for mental health professionals: clinicians-exchange.org

    Unofficial Psychology Today Xitter to toot feed at Psych Today Unofficial Bot @PTUnofficialBot

    -------------------------------------------------

    #psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #Neuroscience #Anhedonia #ChildhoodTrauma #Hippocampus #VTA #NucleusAccumbens #RewardCircuit #NoveltyProcessing #Motivation #MentalHealthResearch

  16. ⚡ Open Role! | Dentist (Dentistry)

    Remote contract, 80–285 USD/hr, licensed DDS, DMD or equivalent.
    ✅ Labeling clinical dental data for model training
    ✅ Scoring dental AI outputs on accuracy and realism
    ✅ CAD/CAM, imaging and treatment planning know-how
    ✅ B2 English and comfort with virtual project work

    👉 Apply here: nearskill.in/jobs/dentist-3b34

    #RemoteJobs #Dentistry #DentalSoftware #JobSearch

  17. The sorta good news is - we know these "proximity operations" are occurring in space. The bad news these operations seem to be increasing in frequency.

    October 18, a Russian military satellite known as Kosmos-2612 maneuvered purposely to within a few hundred meters of another satellite, ICEYE-X36, operated by a Finnish company, that provides intelligence to Ukraine and others.

    It is believed that the ICEYE-X36 satellite has synthetic aperture radar capabilities, an advanced imaging technology that provides detailed ground images. rferl.org/a/russia-space-satel

    To learn mare about Space Situational Awareness and satellite anti-collision technologies check out this post on TechAptitude: techaptitude.substack.com/p/sa #Space #Satellites #Kosmos2612 #ICEYEX36 #Finland #Russia #SpySatellite #Intelligence #ProximityOperations #SSA #CollisionAvoidance #SpaceCraft #Conjunction #Risk #SpaceFlight

  18. DATE: October 21, 2026 at 08:00AM
    SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

    ** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
    -------------------------------------------------

    TITLE: Early fluid intelligence linked to faster gray matter refinement

    URL: psypost.org/childhood-intellig

    Early intelligence levels in children can predict the pace of their physical and functional brain development as they progress through adolescence. A large study found that children with higher cognitive abilities experience faster gray matter shrinkage and a more gradual maturation of white matter pathways. The findings were published in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience.

    During adolescence, the human brain undergoes immense physical and functional remodeling. Gray matter, which contains the main cell bodies of neurons, initially grows during childhood and then shrinks in a process of refinement known as synaptic pruning. At the same time, white matter, which acts as the communication cables connecting different brain regions, typically strengthens as protective sheaths of myelin wrap around nerve fibers.

    As the brain physically changes, its functional networks also reorganize. The synchronization between different neural networks, measured while the brain is at rest, evolves to balance integration and specialization. Researchers wanted to understand how individual differences in early childhood intelligence relate to these long-term developmental trajectories.

    Previous research on cognitive ability and brain maturation has often relied on cross-sectional data, taking a snapshot of a single moment in time. Longitudinal studies tracking the same individuals over many years have been relatively limited in size and scope. To address this gap, researchers Phoebe Thomson, Philip Shaw, and Divyangana Rakesh from King’s College London conducted a detailed investigation into how early intelligence tracks with multiple brain changes over time.

    The investigators analyzed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. This is an ongoing, large study following thousands of children across the United States. For this analysis, the researchers reviewed data from 10,495 participants. The data spanned four time points, beginning when the children were around nine or ten years old and continuing into middle adolescence.

    At the start of the study, participants completed a battery of tests to assess different facets of their general cognitive ability. The researchers separated these scores into three distinct categories. The first category was fluid cognition, which involves problem-solving, memory, and processing speed.

    The second category was crystallized cognition, which measures accumulated knowledge, such as reading comprehension and vocabulary. The third metric was matrix reasoning, a specific type of visual and spatial abstract reasoning. Treating these abilities as separate constructs allowed the research team to see if different types of intelligence corresponded to different biological maturation patterns.

    To measure brain development, the team examined three types of magnetic resonance imaging scans. Structural imaging provided data on the volume, surface area, and thickness of gray matter. Diffusion imaging tracked changes in white matter microstructure. Finally, resting-state functional imaging recorded how different functional networks in the brain communicated with one another.

    Because family environment can influence both cognitive test scores and biological development, the researchers adjusted their mathematical models for household socioeconomic status. They also accounted for participant sex and the technical variations among different magnetic resonance imaging scanners used at different research sites.

    The researchers first looked at gray matter structure across the whole brain. They found that baseline fluid cognition predicted how cortical surface area and volume changed over time. Specifically, teenagers who started with higher fluid cognition scores experienced a faster rate of gray matter contraction.

    This faster decrease in gray matter volume and surface area was especially prominent in the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is heavily involved in higher-order thinking and decision-making. These structural changes align with theories that children with higher cognitive abilities might undergo an accelerated period of neural refinement following childhood growth.

    Cortical thickness, a different structural metric, did not show a statistically significant association with any of the cognitive measures. Crystallized cognition and matrix reasoning scores also did not relate to long-term changes in gray matter structure.

    Next, the researchers examined white matter development using a metric known as fractional anisotropy. This metric evaluates how uniformly water molecules travel along neural pathways. Higher fractional anisotropy generally indicates thicker myelin sheathing and more tightly packed nerve fibers, which typically increase over the course of adolescence as brain regions become better connected.

    The researchers found that early matrix reasoning scores predicted the rate of this white matter maturation. Children with higher matrix reasoning scores started with higher baseline white matter integrity, but they exhibited a slower, more protracted increase in fractional anisotropy over time. This pattern was visible in several major white matter tracts, including those connecting the frontal lobe to other areas.

    Fluid and crystallized cognition did not show a statistically significant association with white matter development.

    Finally, the team evaluated resting-state functional connectivity, measuring the communication strength between distinct brain networks. They focused on how often separate networks synchronized their activity. Early scores across all three cognitive measures predicted the trajectory of this between-network communication.

    Children with lower baseline cognitive scores exhibited a longitudinal increase in connectivity between different functional networks. This general increase was absent in participants with higher initial cognitive scores. Instead, youth with higher intelligence scores showed a faster decrease in connectivity between certain networks that normally decouple during adolescence, such as those governing auditory processing and cognitive control.

    When evaluating resting-state functional connectivity at a closer level, the team looked at exactly how specialized networks interact. They noticed that higher crystallized cognition and matrix reasoning scores were linked to a stronger separation between the default mode network, active during internal thought, and higher-order attention networks. Over the course of adolescence, these systems became more distinctly compartmentalized in youths with higher cognitive abilities.

    This decoupling process is thought to help distinct brain networks operate more independently. The findings suggest that higher childhood intelligence might relate to an accelerated specialization of these functional networks.

    The study provides an observational account of brain development and does not demonstrate that high cognitive ability directly causes these physical or functional changes. The findings could be influenced by shared underlying variables, such as genetics or environmental stimulation, which might independently shape both intelligence and brain maturation.

    Because data from the final measurement time point was incomplete at the time of the analysis, the researchers primarily utilized linear models to chart developmental changes. Brain maturation often follows non-linear patterns, speeding up or slowing down at different ages. Future longitudinal tracking covering a wider age range could help map these physical changes with even greater precision.

    The study, “Cognitive ability in childhood predicts adolescent structural and functional brain development: A longitudinal study,” was authored by Phoebe Thomson, Philip Shaw, and Divyangana Rakesh.

    URL: psypost.org/childhood-intellig

    -------------------------------------------------

    Private, vetted email list for mental health professionals: clinicians-exchange.org

    Unofficial Psychology Today Xitter to toot feed at Psych Today Unofficial Bot @PTUnofficialBot

    -------------------------------------------------

    #psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #EarlyFluidIntelligence #AdolescentBrainDevelopment #GrayMatterRefinement #WhiteMatterMaturation #MatrixReasoning #FluidCognition #CrystallizedCognition #RestingStateConnectivity #DefaultModeNetwork #DevelopmentalCognitiveNeuroscience

  19. DATE: October 20, 2026 at 08:00AM
    SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

    ** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
    -------------------------------------------------

    TITLE: How chronic drinking masks the brain’s hidden scars from childhood trauma

    URL: psypost.org/how-chronic-drinki

    Early childhood maltreatment leaves a distinct structural footprint on the human brain, but chronic alcohol use might obscure or reshape these neurodevelopmental marks over time. A new study published in Addiction Neuroscience reports that while childhood trauma is linked to altered gray matter and brain folding in healthy adults, those specific patterns are largely absent in people with alcohol use disorder. The findings suggest that the heavy physical toll of chronic alcohol consumption may overwrite early structural changes, requiring researchers to account for active addiction severity when searching for the neural signs of childhood adversity.

    To understand how experiences alter the physical brain, researchers look at different measurements of its tissue. Gray matter is the brain tissue packed with nerve cell bodies, responsible for processing information. Researchers measure gray matter volume to gauge the overall size of specific brain structures. They also examine the outermost surface layer of this tissue, known as the cerebral cortex, by measuring its physical thickness.

    Another important metric is gyrification, or the degree of folding across the brain’s surface. Gyrification begins before birth and helps pack a larger surface area of brain tissue into the limited space of the skull. Folds form primarily during fetal development and early childhood, making them a relatively stable marker of early life events. Cortical thickness, on the other hand, can change more readily throughout adulthood due to aging or environmental toxins like alcohol.

    Adverse experiences during childhood, such as emotional neglect or physical abuse, can disrupt early neurodevelopment. These experiences often lead to lasting structural changes in brain areas that manage emotion, stress, and self-control. These same brain regions are heavily implicated in addictive behaviors later in life.

    Lead author Franca Schmid, a researcher at the Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne in France, and corresponding author Sarah Gerhardt, a researcher at Heidelberg University in Germany, wanted to explore how trauma and alcohol interact physically in the brain. The research team set out to map how childhood maltreatment relates to brain structure in adults with and without an active addiction to alcohol.

    They focused their investigation on four specific brain regions known to be sensitive to both stress and addiction. The amygdala and hippocampus process emotions, handle stress responses, and manage memories. The orbitofrontal cortex helps the brain value rewards and make decisions. Finally, the inferior frontal gyrus acts as the brain’s braking system, managing impulse control and the regulation of emotions.

    The research team analyzed data from 84 individuals with varying severity of alcohol use disorder, many of whom were recruited from inpatient or outpatient treatment programs, and 83 adults with no history of substance use issues. Participants completed extensive surveys detailing their alcohol consumption habits. They also completed questionnaires asking if they had experienced emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, or emotional and physical neglect during childhood.

    Following the surveys, the researchers used magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional scans of each participant’s brain. Specialized computer software then mapped the volume, thickness, and folding patterns of the four targeted brain regions.

    Looking at overall brain volume, the researchers found that adults with alcohol use disorder had reduced gray matter across all the examined regions when compared to the healthy adults. This overall reduction aligns with extensive previous research detailing the neurotoxic effects of chronic, heavy alcohol exposure, which physically shrinks brain tissue over time.

    The researchers then looked for structural changes linked specifically to childhood trauma rather than alcohol. In the healthy group, individuals who reported higher levels of early life maltreatment exhibited reduced gray matter volume in the right side of the inferior frontal gyrus. At the same time, these healthy adults showed an increase in cortical folding on the left side of the exact same brain region.

    This increase in folding might represent a biological compensatory response. Because these individuals did not develop a substance use disorder, their brains might have adapted to early stress by altering their folding patterns to maintain cognitive functions. Structural changes in the inferior frontal gyrus might help resilient individuals process emotions and maintain self-control despite a history of trauma.

    These trauma-related patterns did not appear in the adults with alcohol use disorder. The addiction group showed no link between childhood trauma scores and gray matter volume or brain folding. The absence of these specific differences suggests that chronic alcohol exposure might mask the structural signatures of early childhood adversity. The severe tissue loss caused by years of heavy drinking might physically erase or overshadow the earlier, more subtle changes caused by childhood trauma.

    To test this idea, the researchers conducted an additional analysis restricted entirely to the alcohol use disorder group. When they statistically adjusted the data to account for the exact severity of each patient’s current alcohol consumption, a different pattern emerged.

    By factoring in the intensity of the addiction, the researchers peeled back a layer of alcohol-related damage. In this adjusted analysis, higher rates of childhood trauma were associated with a thinner cerebral cortex in the left inferior frontal gyrus of the patients. This suggests that the structural traces of childhood trauma are still present in these individuals, but they are hiding beneath the more prominent damage caused by active, heavy drinking.

    Because the study measured brain structure at a single point in time, the results cannot establish a direct chain of events from childhood trauma to brain changes to alcohol addiction. Researchers cannot prove causality from a cross-sectional design. They can only establish that a mathematical relationship exists between the reported trauma and the physical brain measurements.

    The study also relied on retrospective self-reports of childhood trauma. Human memory is fallible, and asking individuals to recall events from decades past can result in memory biases. Prospective studies, which follow children in real-time as they grow, often yield different rates of reported trauma than retrospective surveys.

    The analysis of cortical thickness in the alcohol use disorder group was an exploratory step conducted on a slightly smaller subset of the participants. Some patients did not have complete survey data for their recent alcohol severity, reducing the number of people included in that specific test.

    Future research requires tracking individuals over long periods of time, from childhood straight into adulthood. Researchers need to measure brain structure before alcohol use begins and monitor how the tissue changes as drinking escalates. Only by watching the brain change over time can researchers fully map the overlapping impacts of early adversity and later addiction.

    The study, “Childhood Maltreatment Related Effects on Brain Structure in Alcohol Use Disorder,” was authored by Franca Schmid, Fabien Gierski, Falk Kiefer, Cagdas Türkmen, Audrey Henry, Bernd Lenz, Farid Benzerouk, Arthur Kaladjian, Sabine Vollstädt-Klein, and Sarah Gerhardt.

    URL: psypost.org/how-chronic-drinki

    -------------------------------------------------

    Private, vetted email list for mental health professionals: clinicians-exchange.org

    Unofficial Psychology Today Xitter to toot feed at Psych Today Unofficial Bot @PTUnofficialBot

    -------------------------------------------------

    #psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #ChildhoodTrauma #AlcoholUseDisorder #BrainStructure #GrayMatter #CorticalThickness #Gyrification #InferiorFrontalGyrus #Amgydala #Neurodevelopment #TraumaAndAddiction

  20. Lipedema: la malattia delle “gambe grosse” tra sotto-diagnosi, nuovo Consensus internazionale e sfide italiane

    Dal Delphi Consensus della Lipedema World Alliance (Nature Communications, 2026) ai nodi irrisolti nel contesto assistenziale italiano

    Introduzione: una malattia invisibile al sistema

    Il 15 luglio 2026, Repubblica ha portato all’attenzione del grande pubblico italiano il lipedema, definendolo la “malattia delle gambe grosse”. È un segnale di quanto questa condizione stia progressivamente emergendo dal limbo della sotto-diagnosi in cui è rimasta confinata per decenni. Eppure, chi lavora in medicina interna conosce bene la frustrazione di quelle pazienti — quasi sempre donne — che arrivano all’ambulatorio dopo anni di diete fallite, visite endocrinologiche negative e diagnosi di “sovrappeso” o “cellulite grave”. Il lipedema non è nessuna di queste cose.

    A gennaio 2026, la Lipedema World Alliance (LWA) ha pubblicato su Nature Communications il primo Delphi Consensus internazionale sulla definizione e gestione del lipedema, coinvolgendo 71 esperti di 19 Paesi. È un documento storico: per la prima volta, clinici, ricercatori e rappresentanti dei pazienti di cinque continenti hanno trovato accordo su 59 affermazioni fondamentali, distribuite in otto domini. Questo post ne analizza i contenuti più rilevanti per la pratica clinica, con attenzione al contesto italiano.

    Cos’è il lipedema: definizione e quadro clinico

    Il lipedema è una malattia cronica del tessuto adiposo sottocutaneo caratterizzata da un accumulo anomalo, simmetrico e bilaterale di grasso a carico degli arti, prevalentemente inferiori, con possibile coinvolgimento degli arti superiori in una percentuale variabile di pazienti (30–80% secondo i dati in letteratura). La condizione interessa quasi esclusivamente il sesso femminile biologico; i casi maschili documentati sono rari e spesso associati ad alterazioni ormonali.

    Il quadro clinico tipico include:

    • Ingrandimento simmetrico bilaterale del tessuto adiposo sottocutaneo degli arti, con risparmio di mani e piedi (cosiddetto “segno del braccialetto” alle caviglie e ai polsi)
    • Dolore e sensibilità aumentata alla palpazione o alla pressione nelle zone colpite (allodinia meccanica)
    • Senso di pesantezza e gonfiore nelle aree interessate
    • Facilità alla formazione di ecchimosi nelle aree lipedematose (segnalata fino al 90,6% dei pazienti)
    • Segno di Kaposi-Stemmer negativo (in assenza di linfostasi concomitante), a differenza del linfedema
    • Assenza di edema improntabile nel tessuto lipedematoso non complicato

    La patologia esordisce o si aggrava tipicamente in corrispondenza di modificazioni ormonali significative: pubertà, gravidanza, menopausa. Questa correlazione temporale — confermata con un accordo del 98,4% nel Consensus — suggerisce un ruolo patogenetico dei fattori ormonali, sebbene i meccanismi precisi non siano ancora completamente chiariti.

    Fisiopatologia: cosa sappiamo (e cosa ancora non sappiamo)

    Il lipedema non è semplicemente “grasso in eccesso”. Il tessuto adiposo lipedematoso presenta caratteristiche morfologiche, molecolari e metaboliche distinte rispetto al tessuto adiposo associato all’obesità comune. I meccanismi patogenetici proposti includono:

    • Infiammazione cronica di basso grado del tessuto adiposo sottocutaneo, con presenza di infiltrati macrofagici e alterazioni della microcircolazione
    • Aumento del volume del liquido extracellulare nel tessuto lipedematoso rispetto a controlli non affetti con BMI comparabile, suggerito da studi di spettroscopia a bioimpedenziometria, RM in vivo e imaging linfatico a fluorescenza nel vicino infrarosso
    • Possibile disfunzione linfatica con capacità di trasporto insufficiente (high-volume transport insufficiency), sebbene non sia ancora stabilita una causalità primaria linfatica
    • Componente genetica: storia familiare positiva nel 30–90% dei casi; ipotizzato un pattern di ereditarietà autosomica dominante a restrizione sessuale, o un modello oligogenico
    • Associazione con disturbi del tessuto connettivo (ipermobilità articolare, ipermobility spectrum disorders), sebbene il meccanismo sottostante non sia definito

    Il Consensus riconosce esplicitamente che molte di queste ipotesi richiedono conferma con studi longitudinali e sperimentali rigorosi. Il livello di evidenza per la maggior parte delle affermazioni fisiopatologiche si attesta sotto il 50%, a testimonianza dell’ancora limitata base di ricerca in questo campo.

    Epidemiologia: prevalenza incerta, ritardo diagnostico certo

    La prevalenza del lipedema nella popolazione femminile adulta rimane sconosciuta. Le stime in letteratura variano considerevolmente, da meno dell’1% fino al 12%, riflettendo l’eterogeneità dei criteri diagnostici adottati, la scarsa consapevolezza tra i professionisti sanitari e la conseguente sotto-diagnosi sistematica. In Italia, alcune fonti angolologiche nazionali citano cifre fino al 10–11% delle donne adulte, ma tali dati sono da interpretare con cautela in assenza di studi epidemiologici prospettici robusti.

    Ciò che il Consensus afferma con forza — accordo al 100% — è che il ritardo diagnostico ha conseguenze concrete e misurabili: aggrava il burden sintomatologico, deteriora il benessere mentale, riduce la qualità di vita e aumenta i costi a carico dei pazienti e del sistema sanitario. In Italia, i tempi medi tra comparsa dei sintomi e diagnosi corretta superano frequentemente i 10 anni.

    La diagnosi: clinica, clinica, clinica

    Uno dei messaggi più netti del Consensus LWA 2026 — con un accordo del 98,4% — è che la diagnosi di lipedema rimane esclusivamente clinica, fondata su:

    • Anamnesi accurata (storia familiare, andamento nel tempo, correlazione con eventi ormonali)
    • Esame obiettivo (distribuzione del tessuto adiposo, test della cute, segno del braccialetto, segno di Kaposi-Stemmer)
    • Esclusione delle diagnosi differenziali principali: linfedema, obesità, mixedema, insufficienza venosa cronica

    Il documento sottolinea con pari chiarezza — accordo al 93,4% — che non esistono attualmente test di imaging, sierologici o genetici ufficialmente approvati per confermare la diagnosi clinica. Ecografia, RM, linfoscintigrafia e bioimpedenziometria possono contribuire alla valutazione, ma nessuno ha ancora dimostrato sufficiente sensibilità, specificità e riproducibilità per essere raccomandato come standard diagnostico.

    Un elemento critico per il clinico pratico è la ridefinizione del ruolo dello staging. Il Consensus chiarisce che la classificazione in stadi (I–IV, basata sull’aspetto della cute e del tessuto sottocutaneo) ha limitata rilevanza per la gestione clinica e non riflette la complessità della sintomatologia individuale. Fattori come l’intensità del dolore, la disabilità funzionale e la qualità di vita devono essere considerati accanto allo stadio anatomico.

    Comorbilità: il lipedema non è obesità, ma convive con essa

    Il Consensus afferma con forza (accordo al 92,1%) che il lipedema non è una comorbilità correlata all’obesità: si tratta di una patologia distinta, con caratteristiche istopatologiche e metaboliche proprie. Tuttavia, le due condizioni coesistono frequentemente — l’obesità è presente in una quota significativa di pazienti con lipedema — e quando questo accade entrambe richiedono un trattamento specifico e separato.

    Implicazioni cliniche rilevanti:

    • Il BMI ha valore limitato nella distinzione tra lipedema e obesità; il Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) è preferibile per valutare l’adiposità centrale e il rischio metabolico
    • La chirurgia bariatrica non determina la remissione del lipedema: i sintomi persistono nonostante la perdita di peso ponderale significativa
    • Una possibile associazione con ipotiroidismo è segnalata (prevalenza 19–36% nei pazienti con lipedema, vs 0,5–2,0% nella popolazione generale comparable per sesso, età e BMI), ma il nesso causale non è stabilito
    • Il linfostasi concomitante (lipolinfedema) può svilupparsi in qualunque stadio del lipedema, complicando ulteriormente il quadro clinico
    • L’impatto sulla salute mentale è pervasivo: depressione, ansia, isolamento sociale e insoddisfazione per l’immagine corporea sono conseguenze frequenti, non cause, della malattia

    Trattamento: nessuna cura definitiva, ma un approccio integrato possibile

    Il Consensus è esplicito: nessun intervento terapeutico è curativo. Tutti mirano ad alleviare i sintomi e rallentare la progressione. L’approccio deve essere multidisciplinare e personalizzato, coinvolgendo medici, fisioterapisti, dietisti e professionisti della salute mentale.

    Terapia conservativa: è il cardine del trattamento e deve includere:

    • Terapia compressiva (calze elastiche graduate, bendaggi): riduce il dolore e la sintomatologia soggettiva, specie se associata all’attività fisica
    • Attività fisica adattata: esercizi in acqua, camminata, yoga — preferiti per l’effetto decompressivo e la riduzione del dolore; sconsigliati gli sport ad alto impatto
    • Ottimizzazione nutrizionale: la dieta anti-infiammatoria (mediterranea o chetogenica) può ridurre la sintomatologia; il tessuto adiposo lipedematoso è sostanzialmente resistente alla restrizione calorica isolata
    • Auto-gestione attiva: educazione terapeutica, cura della cute, compliance alla compressione
    • Supporto psicologico: componente essenziale della presa in carico, con accordo del 98,3%

    Drenaggio linfatico manuale (DLM): il Consensus precisa che non esistono prove a supporto del DLM come trattamento isolato del lipedema. I benefici osservati derivano dall’inserimento del DLM all’interno della Terapia Decongestionante Complessa (CDT), di cui il DLM è solo una delle componenti. Non tutti i pazienti necessitano di tutti i componenti della CDT.

    Farmaci: con accordo del 93,2%, il Consensus stabilisce che non esistono attualmente evidenze di efficacia per alcun intervento farmacologico nel trattamento del lipedema. Integratori con proprietà antinfiammatorie o flebotrope sono stati esplorati, ma le prove disponibili rimangono insufficienti.

    Liposuzione linfatica-sparing: è l’unica tecnica in grado di rimuovere il tessuto adiposo patologico e potenzialmente rallentare la progressione della malattia. Il Consensus ne raccomanda la considerazione quando vi sia ragionevole aspettativa di beneficio sintomatologico, a condizione che sia eseguita da operatori con specifica esperienza nel lipedema e nell’ambito di un percorso terapeutico integrato. In caso di coesistenza con obesità e malattia metabolica, è generalmente consigliabile trattare prima l’obesità. Mancano tuttavia RCT e studi di follow-up a lungo termine che ne dimostrino la superiorità rispetto a trattamenti alternativi.

    Il lipedema in Italia: un nodo assistenziale irrisolto

    Sul piano istituzionale, il lipedema è classificato nel sistema ICD-10 (codice E88.2), ma il riconoscimento formale come malattia rara con inserimento nei LEA (Livelli Essenziali di Assistenza) è ancora in corso di definizione. Alcune Regioni — tra cui il Veneto — hanno avviato percorsi autonomi di riconoscimento, ma la situazione è eterogenea e non si è tradotta in un accesso uniforme a prestazioni gratuite o agevolate su tutto il territorio nazionale.

    Questo ritardo normativo ha conseguenze concrete: molte pazienti italiane sostengono interamente i costi dei presidi compressivi, del linfodrenaggio e della consulenza specialistica. La chirurgia è quasi sempre a carico privato. Il confronto con Paesi come la Germania — dove la liposuzione per lipedema è rimborsata dal servizio sanitario pubblico — evidenzia un gap assistenziale significativo.

    Da internista, mi confronto periodicamente con pazienti affette da lipedema che giungono in reparto per motivi diversi ma che portano con sé anni di visite non conclusive e diagnosi errate. La medicina interna ha un ruolo potenziale in questo scenario: nel sospettare la diagnosi, nell’avviare l’iter verso lo specialista appropriato (angiologo, chirurgo vascolare, chirurgo plastico con expertise in lipedema), e nell’escludere le patologie concomitanti più rilevanti — in primis ipotiroidismo, insufficienza venosa e linfedema secondario.

    Prospettive future: cosa chiede la ricerca

    Il Consensus LWA identifica con chiarezza le aree prioritarie per la ricerca futura:

    • Elucidazione dei meccanismi biologici sottostanti, con sviluppo di biomarcatori diagnostici oggettivi
    • Validazione di modalità diagnostiche strumentali (imaging, bioimpedenziometria, genetica) con studi di riproducibilità, sensibilità e specificità
    • Studi longitudinali sull’efficacia e sicurezza a lungo termine degli interventi terapeutici, sia conservativi che chirurgici
    • Sviluppo di un Case Report Form standardizzato per uniformare la raccolta dati clinici e facilitare studi di coorte internazionali
    • Collaborazione intersettoriale tra pazienti, ricercatori, clinici e associazioni per accelerare il trasferimento delle conoscenze nella pratica

    È significativo che il documento — pur rappresentando un traguardo storico — non risolva le principali controversie. La prevalenza esatta, i criteri diagnostici oggettivi, il ruolo della genetica, l’efficacia del DLM come monoterapia, la superiorità della chirurgia rispetto al trattamento conservativo: su tutti questi punti la risposta onesta è “non lo sappiamo ancora con sufficiente certezza”. È questo rigore epistemologico che rende il Consensus un documento scientifico credibile, anziché una semplice dichiarazione di consenso.

    Conclusioni

    Il lipedema è una malattia cronica del tessuto adiposo che colpisce quasi esclusivamente le donne, con un impatto fisico, psicologico e sociale molto spesso sottostimato dal sistema sanitario. Il Delphi Consensus della Lipedema World Alliance, pubblicato su Nature Communications nel gennaio 2026, rappresenta il primo tentativo globale di armonizzare definizione, diagnosi e gestione di questa condizione.

    I messaggi chiave per il clinico sono chiari: la diagnosi è e rimane clinica; nessun test strumentale è attualmente validato; non esiste una cura farmacologica; l’approccio deve essere multidisciplinare e individualizzato; il ritardo diagnostico è nocivo e costoso. In Italia, il riconoscimento istituzionale della malattia e l’accesso equo alle terapie rimangono obiettivi ancora da raggiungere.

    Come medici, abbiamo la responsabilità di conoscere questa patologia, di sospettarla quando il quadro clinico la suggerisce, e di non liquidare con un consiglio dietetico quello che potrebbe essere un lipedema non diagnosticato.

    Kruppa, P., Crescenzi, R., Faerber, G., Forner-Cordero, I., Cornely, M., Shayan, R., Karnezis, T., Simarro, J. L., de Souza, P. F., Herbst, K. L., Ghods, M., & Michelini, S. (2026). Lipedema World Alliance Delphi Consensus-Based Position Paper on the Definition and Management of Lipedema: Results from the 2023 Lipedema World Congress in Potsdam. Nature Communications, 17, 427. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-68232-z

    Faria, A. M., Valerio, C. M., Barcellos, C. R., Oliveira, R. A., Trujilho, F. R., Baiocchi, J. M. T., et al. (2026). Unraveling lipedema: comprehensive insights and the path to future discoveries. NPJ Metabolic Health and Disease, 4(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44324-025-00093-y

    Istituto Flebologico Italiano. (2026, marzo 5). Lipedema: guida completa per la diagnosi e il trattamento. https://www.istitutoflebologico.it/2026/03/05/lipedema-guida-completa-per-la-diagnosi-e-il-trattamento/

    Michelini, S., & Italian Lymphoedema Framework. (2022). Il lipedema: una malattia ancora poco conosciuta. Italian Lymphoedema Framework. https://www.italf.org/articolo-sul-lipedema-tratto-dalla-rivista-vanityfair/

    Reverdito, V. (2026, aprile 20). Diagnosi clinica del lipedema: perché RM, ecografia e bioimpedenziometria non bastano. https://www.valeriareverdito.it/2026/04/20/diagnosi-clinica-del-lipedema-perche-rm-ecografia-e-bioimpedenziometria-non-bastano/

    State of Lymphedema. (2026, giugno 5). Lipedema 2026: pubblicato il nuovo Consensus Paper internazionale della Lipedema World Alliance che cambia diagnosi e trattamento. https://www.stateoflymphedema.com/2026/06/lipedema-2026-linee-guidapubblicato-il-nuovo-consensus-paper-internazionale-della-lipedema-world-alliance-che-cambia-diagnosi-e-trattamento/

    #ConsensusInternazionale #diagnosiClinica #linfedema #linfologia #lipedema #liposuzione #malattieRare #medicinaInterna #terapiaCompressiva #tessutoAdiposo
  21. DATE: October 21, 2026 at 04:00PM
    SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

    ** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
    -------------------------------------------------

    TITLE: Children who later develop psychosis tend to have slightly smaller heads, study finds

    URL: psypost.org/children-who-later

    A longitudinal study tracking thousands of children from birth to mid-adolescence suggests that young people who develop psychotic disorders tend to have smaller heads throughout their early lives. Published in Psychological Medicine, the research indicates that these head size differences are largely tied to overall body height, pointing toward a broader pattern of altered physical growth rather than an isolated issue with brain expansion. The findings also point to distinct trajectories between males and females who experience milder psychotic symptoms.

    Psychosis is a psychiatric condition in which a person loses some contact with reality. It often involves hallucinations, which are sensory experiences of things that are not present, and delusions, which are firmly held false beliefs. Psychosis exists on a spectrum, with clinical psychotic disorders like schizophrenia at the severe end, which disrupt daily life and typically emerge in late adolescence or early adulthood. A much larger segment of the population reports isolated psychotic experiences, such as occasionally hearing a voice or feeling unusually suspicious, without meeting the threshold for a clinical illness.

    Even though psychotic disorders usually appear in young adulthood, the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia proposes that the underlying biological roots of these conditions begin during fetal development and early childhood. Adults diagnosed with schizophrenia tend to have slightly smaller total brain volumes than peers without the condition, even before they ever take psychiatric medications. Because performing brain scans on thousands of infants and children is costly and impractical, scientists often rely on head circumference, a simple tape-measure reading around the widest part of the skull that is routinely recorded by pediatricians, as an indirect indicator of early brain size.

    “The study was motivated by the need to identify inexpensive and accessible biomarkers of psychosis risk,” study co-author Kate Merritt, a lecturer in human neuroscience in the Division of Psychiatry at University College London, told PsyPost. “If we can identify people who are more likely to develop psychosis, this could eventually help us target preventative interventions toward those at greatest risk.”

    “Much of our work focuses on using MRI to identify biological markers that predict outcomes in psychosis, but MRI is expensive and not widely accessible,” Merritt explained. “We therefore wondered whether a much simpler measure, head circumference, might provide useful information. Head circumference is correlated with brain volume, so we looked at whether differences in head growth might be associated with psychosis risk.”

    Prior research examining infant head size and later mental health has produced mixed results. Some studies, including a 2005 study of Swedish twins, found that babies born with smaller head circumferences and lower birth weights were more likely to develop schizophrenia as adults. Other studies found larger head sizes, no link at all, or differences that only appeared in females or vanished by early childhood. Most of this earlier work only looked at measurements taken at birth or during the first few months of life, leaving it unknown how head growth unfolds through later childhood and adolescence.

    Scientists have also questioned whether a smaller head reflects a biological process restricted to the brain or a whole-body growth pattern. For example, a 2007 study of over 1.3 million Swedish men indicated that shorter adult height and lower body mass index were associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia. Similarly, a 2007 birth cohort study found that women who developed schizophrenia-spectrum disorders grew in height about one centimeter per year slower during early childhood than women without these conditions.

    To determine whether head growth trajectories differ across the psychosis spectrum and whether those differences are independent of overall body size, Merritt, lead author Sarah A. Ashley of University College London, and their colleagues examined data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. This population-based project tracked children born to pregnant women in the Southwest of England between April 1991 and December 1992.

    The researchers analyzed an overall sample of 3,866 participants, including 2,177 females and 1,689 males, who had complete background records and at least one head circumference measurement between birth and age 15. Head measurements were collected across up to 22 time points, with major assessments occurring during the first year of life, at age 7, and at age 15. On average, participants had about eight head circumference measurements recorded over their childhood.

    When the participants reached age 17 or 18, trained psychologists interviewed them using a semi-structured assessment to evaluate whether they had experienced hallucinations, delusions, or thought interference since age 12. Thought interference refers to the belief that one’s private thoughts are being broadcast out loud, inserted into one’s mind, or taken away by an outside force. Based on these interviews, 339 participants (8.8 percent of the sample, comprising 218 females and 121 males) were classified as having definite psychotic experiences.

    Within that group, 62 individuals (1.6 percent of the sample, comprising 49 females and 13 males) met the operational criteria for a psychotic disorder. This meant their experiences occurred at least once a month over the preceding six months and caused severe distress, impaired their social or work functioning, or prompted them to seek professional help. The remaining 3,527 participants served as the comparison control group.

    To confirm that external head measurements accurately reflected internal brain size in their sample, the researchers also analyzed structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans from a subset of 347 participants at age 20. From these scans, they calculated total intracranial volume, which is the total space inside the skull cavity occupied by the brain and surrounding fluids.

    In their statistical models, the authors controlled for several maternal and birth factors that can influence physical growth. These included the mother’s highest level of education, her pre-pregnancy body mass index, the length of the pregnancy, and the baby’s weight at birth. In a secondary step, the researchers added the child’s height across development to see if head size differences persisted when accounting for overall physical stature.

    The neuroimaging analysis confirmed that childhood head circumference was a reliable proxy for young adult brain size. Head size at birth showed a moderate positive correlation with total intracranial volume at age 20, while head measurements taken at ages 7 and 15 showed strong correlations with adult intracranial volume across both males and females.

    When looking at growth trajectories over time, the researchers found that young people who met criteria for a psychotic disorder at age 18 had consistently smaller head circumferences than the control group from birth right through to age 15. Across the developmental span, the psychotic disorder group had an average head circumference about 0.26 centimeters smaller than controls in the statistical model, a small fraction of overall head size. The gap did not widen or narrow as the children aged, indicating that the modeled gap was similar in size from birth through adolescence.

    The difference remained after accounting for maternal education and maternal body mass index, and shrank only slightly, to about 0.20 centimeters, when length of pregnancy and birth weight were added, though at that point it fell just short of statistical significance. Sensitivity checks looking strictly at birth, age 7, and age 15 also found smaller head sizes in the psychotic disorder group at each milestone, with the differences reaching statistical significance at ages 7 and 15.

    When the team examined the larger group of 339 young people who reported broader psychotic experiences, they discovered contrasting patterns between males and females. Females with psychotic experiences had consistently smaller head circumferences across childhood and adolescence compared to female controls, averaging about 0.27 centimeters smaller in the unadjusted trajectory model.

    In contrast, males with psychotic experiences had larger head circumferences than male controls across the overall trajectory model, averaging about 0.35 centimeters larger. In the age-by-age checks, however, males with psychotic experiences had smaller heads at birth and larger heads at ages 7 and 15. Both of the overall sex-specific patterns remained intact after adjusting for maternal and birth characteristics.

    The smaller head sizes seen in the psychotic disorder group and among females with psychotic experiences stand in contrast to findings in autism spectrum disorder, a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors. “For me, one of the most interesting aspects of this finding is what it tells us when considered alongside our work in autism spectrum disorder,” Merritt noted. “In a separate paper, we found the opposite pattern, with larger head circumference associated with autism. This suggests that patterns of brain growth may differ across different forms of neurodevelopmental risk, rather than there being a single pattern of atypical brain development.”

    The picture shifted when the researchers factored in the children’s height over time. After controlling for height across development, the head circumference differences between the psychotic disorder group and the control group shrank and were no longer statistically significant. The same thing happened among females with psychotic experiences: once height was taken into account, their smaller head size was no longer statistically significant. The raw height differences between groups at age 15.5 were small and not statistically tested: females in the psychotic disorder group averaged about 1.6 centimeters shorter than female controls, while the 13 males in that group averaged slightly taller than male controls.

    In males with psychotic experiences, however, controlling for height did not change the outcome, and their head circumferences remained larger than those of male controls. Together, these results suggest that for individuals with psychotic disorders and females with psychotic experiences, a smaller head circumference may reflect a broader, whole-body growth restriction rather than an issue confined to brain growth.

    The authors noted that hormones regulating early physical development might help explain why general growth restriction and sex differences appear across the psychosis spectrum. One candidate they pointed to is insulin-like growth factor-I, a hormone that manages both fetal and childhood physical growth and naturally circulates at different levels in males and females. Early environmental stressors, such as maternal infections during pregnancy or nutritional deficiencies, could also influence both overall physical stature and future mental health risk.

    “The key takeaway is that head circumference is a potentially useful, inexpensive measure for understanding developmental differences associated with psychosis risk,” Merritt said. “However, these findings reflect differences between groups and cannot currently be used to predict psychosis in an individual. We would not want people to interpret a smaller head circumference as meaning that someone will develop psychosis. There are many factors that contribute to psychosis risk, and head circumference would need to be considered alongside other measures.”

    As with all research, there are some caveats to consider when interpreting these findings. Because the study followed participants over nearly two decades, not every child had their head measured at every possible age, and the researchers had to rely on statistical modeling to chart continuous trajectories across gaps in time. In addition, the classification of psychotic disorder at age 18 was based on structured research interviews rather than formal clinical diagnoses from a medical doctor.

    The total number of participants who met the criteria for a psychotic disorder was relatively small at 62 people, and only 13 of them were male. Because of this small male sample size in the disorder group, the researchers may not have had enough statistical power to detect sex differences among those with full psychotic disorders, and findings involving males in that group should be viewed cautiously. Future studies using larger, independent birth cohorts will be needed to verify these sex-specific growth patterns and examine the biological mechanisms that link early physical growth to adult mental health.

    “In the longer term, we are interested in whether head circumference could be combined with other developmental, genetic and environmental risk measures to improve our ability to identify individuals who might benefit from early intervention,” Merritt added.

    The study, “Course of head growth from birth to adolescence across the psychosis spectrum,” was authored by Sarah A. Ashley, Kate Merritt, Francesca Solmi, Pedro Luque Laguna, Yanakan Logeswaran, Derek K. Jones, David Linden, Anthony S. David, and Abraham Reichenberg.

    URL: psypost.org/children-who-later

    -------------------------------------------------

    Private, vetted email list for mental health professionals: clinicians-exchange.org

    Unofficial Psychology Today Xitter to toot feed at Psych Today Unofficial Bot @PTUnofficialBot

    -------------------------------------------------

    #psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #Psychosis #MentalHealth #PsychosisResearch #ChildDevelopment #Neuroscience #BrainDevelopment #ChildHealth #Psychiatry #MedicalResearch #MentalHealthAwareness

Share on Mastodon

Enter the server where you have an account.