#hera — Public Fediverse posts

2026-05-14 13:00:00 UTC (Delta: 2026-05-07)

WHERE IS HERA?
- Barycentric speed: 18.31 km/s (+0.28 km/s)
- Rendezvous with Didymos: November 2026

🪨 Relative to Didymos
- Distance (km): 5,245,580.27 km (-381,397.19 km)
- Distance (AU): 0.04 (-0.00)
- Light travel time: 0 min 17.50 s (-1.27 s)

🌎 Relative to Earth
- Distance (km): 168,121,767.08 km (-10,722,191.25 km)
- Distance (AU): 1.12 (-0.07)
- Light travel time: 9 min 20.81 s (-35.77 s)

#Hera #Didymos

2026-05-07 13:00:00 UTC (Delta: 2026-04-30)

WHERE IS HERA?
- Barycentric speed: 18.03 km/s (+0.26 km/s)
- Rendezvous with Didymos: November 2026

🪨 Relative to Didymos
- Distance (km): 5,626,977.47 km (-397,633.77 km)
- Distance (AU): 0.04 (-0.00)
- Light travel time: 0 min 18.77 s (-1.33 s)

🌎 Relative to Earth
- Distance (km): 178,843,958.33 km (-11,998,943.42 km)
- Distance (AU): 1.20 (-0.08)
- Light travel time: 9 min 56.58 s (-40.03 s)

#Hera #Didymos

💥BATTLE DER GIGANTEN💥

Zwei Figuren aus der griechischen Mythologie treten gegeneinander an und ihr entscheidet wer gewinnt!
Wer ist stärker? Und wieso? Wer hat die fieseren Tricks?

Heute:
⚡️Vati vs Mutti🦚

...3...2...1...FIGHT!💥

#daschaosundseinekinder #battledergiganten #olympia #olympischespiele #blitz #zeus #Götter #Gott #Göttin #kampf #wergewinnt #griechischemythologie #chaos #hera #vati #antike #mythen #mutti

Hera - Same Old Road
"Same Old Road" is the eighth track on the album Monument. You can listen to the full version on Spotify and other streaming platforms. https://open.spotify.com/track/1Nsft1585NFyQTxqAGPKpC
#music
#DeepHouse
#Hera

2026-04-30 13:00:00 UTC (Delta: 2026-04-23)

WHERE IS HERA?
- Barycentric speed: 17.77 km/s (+0.25 km/s)
- Rendezvous with Didymos: November 2026

🪨 Relative to Didymos
- Distance (km): 6,024,611.24 km (-414,002.57 km)
- Distance (AU): 0.04 (-0.00)
- Light travel time: 0 min 20.10 s (-1.38 s)

🌎 Relative to Earth
- Distance (km): 190,842,901.75 km (-13,077,637.05 km)
- Distance (AU): 1.28 (-0.09)
- Light travel time: 10 min 36.60 s (-43.62 s)

#Hera #Didymos

"Tanananan" is the seventh track on the album Monument. You can listen to the full version on Spotify and other streaming platforms.

https://open.spotify.com/artist/0heFZue8RgFIdd23WfLTNG

#music
#dnb
#hera

2026-04-23 13:00:00 UTC (Delta: 2026-04-16)

WHERE IS HERA?
- Barycentric speed: 17.52 km/s (+0.24 km/s)
- Rendezvous with Didymos: November 2026

🪨 Relative to Didymos
- Distance (km): 6,438,613.81 km (-430,490.68 km)
- Distance (AU): 0.04 (-0.00)
- Light travel time: 0 min 21.48 s (-1.44 s)

🌎 Relative to Earth
- Distance (km): 203,920,538.80 km (-13,975,696.57 km)
- Distance (AU): 1.36 (-0.09)
- Light travel time: 11 min 20.23 s (-46.62 s)

#Hera #Didymos

"Greek and Roman gods are the same-"

https://piefed.social/c/historymemes/p/2001840/greek-and-roman-gods-are-the-same

"Greek and Roman gods are the same-"

https://piefed.social/c/historymemes/p/2001840/greek-and-roman-gods-are-the-same

"Greek and Roman gods are the same-"

https://piefed.social/c/historymemes/p/2001840/greek-and-roman-gods-are-the-same

"Greek and Roman gods are the same-"

https://piefed.social/c/historymemes/p/2001840/greek-and-roman-gods-are-the-same

"Greek and Roman gods are the same-"

https://piefed.social/c/historymemes/p/2001840/greek-and-roman-gods-are-the-same

"Greek and Roman gods are the same-"

"Greek and Roman gods are the same-"

https://piefed.social/c/roughromanmemes/p/2001837/greek-and-roman-gods-are-the-same

"Greek and Roman gods are the same-"

"Greek and Roman gods are the same-"

"Greek and Roman gods are the same-"

https://piefed.social/c/roughromanmemes/p/2001837/greek-and-roman-gods-are-the-same

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/rlOkfyk5x8Y

"Place for you" is the sixth track on the album Monument. You can listen to the full version on Spotify and other streaming platforms.

https://open.spotify.com/track/3v4i93dQ5LmyQktXCM5Qgb

Complete breakdown of a song on Substack:

https://awola.substack.com/p/place-for-you-by-hera

#music
#songwriting
#Hera

2026-04-16 13:00:00 UTC (Delta: 2026-04-09)

WHERE IS HERA?
- Barycentric speed: 17.28 km/s (+0.22 km/s)
- Rendezvous with Didymos: November 2026

🪨 Relative to Didymos
- Distance (km): 6,869,104.49 km (-447,090.29 km)
- Distance (AU): 0.05 (-0.00)
- Light travel time: 0 min 22.91 s (-1.49 s)

🌎 Relative to Earth
- Distance (km): 217,896,235.37 km (-14,686,798.30 km)
- Distance (AU): 1.46 (-0.10)
- Light travel time: 12 min 6.85 s (-48.99 s)

#Hera #Didymos

Electricity system operators are significant barrier for citizen energy in Croatia

Electricity system operators – primarily distribution system operator HEP-ODS – aren’t ready to support households and companies in…
#Croatia #HR #Europe #Europa #EU #citizenenergy #croatia #CroatianEnergyRegulatoryAgencyHERA #DSO #energycommunities #energysharing #HEPODS #hera #hrvatska #prosumers #Renewables #self-consumption #TSO #vijesti
https://www.europesays.com/2903337/

Electricity system operators are significant barrier for citizen energy in Croatia https://www.byteseu.com/1924677/ #CitizenEnergy #Croatia #CroatianEnergyRegulatoryAgencyHERA #DSO #EnergyCommunities #EnergySharing #HEPODS #HERA #prosumers #Renewables #SelfConsumption #tso

Fairytale Of Peace
https://open.spotify.com/track/0hd9XeEuoRcpmyJnNZIrP5
#music
#hera

💥BATTLE DER GIGANTEN💥

Zwei Figuren aus der griechischen Mythologie treten gegeneinander an und ihr entscheidet wer gewinnt!
Wer ist stärker? Und wieso? Wer hat die fieseren Tricks?

Heute:
🦚Göttin vs Göttin💀

...3...2...1...FIGHT!💥

#daschaosundseinekinder #battledergiganten #olympia #olympischespiele #feuer #pfau #Hera #Persephone #kampf #wergewinnt #griechischemythologie #chaos #göttin

The disney faces is a nice touch 😂

#Zeus #mythology #Hera #meme #Disney #myth #GreekMythology #GreekMyth

📷 lhttps://imgflip.com/i/2d74zj

The disney faces is a nice touch 😂

#Zeus #mythology #Hera #meme #Disney #myth #GreekMythology #GreekMyth

📷 lhttps://imgflip.com/i/2d74zj

The disney faces is a nice touch 😂

#Zeus #mythology #Hera #meme #Disney #myth #GreekMythology #GreekMyth

📷 lhttps://imgflip.com/i/2d74zj

2026-03-26 13:00:00 UTC (Delta: 2026-03-19)

WHERE IS HERA?
- Barycentric speed: 16.65 km/s (+0.19 km/s)
- Rendezvous with Didymos: November 2026

🪨 Relative to Didymos
- Distance (km): 8,260,606.43 km (-497,541.14 km)
- Distance (AU): 0.06 (-0.00)
- Light travel time: 0 min 27.56 s (-1.66 s)

🌎 Relative to Earth
- Distance (km): 263,401,478.30 km (-15,854,000.89 km)
- Distance (AU): 1.76 (-0.11)
- Light travel time: 14 min 38.64 s (-52.88 s)

#Hera #Didymos

Bittersweet: Song breakdown
The Concept
Bittersweet is the bitter and sweet song I wrote. It is mostly about that feeling that latches to you. It's bad, but in time it seems okay. Like a part of you. Especially if you are from a third-world country and those lives keep changing far away from home.

#hera #music #songwriting

L’Europe s’empare de la défense planétaire

https://tarte.nuage-libre.fr/c/interessant/p/266556/leurope-sempare-de-la-defense-planetaire

¡Feliz #ViernesDeMitologíaGriega !

Hoy os vengo a hablar de una de las diosas más incomprendidas: #Hera. Reina de los cielos y del Olimpo, diosa del matrimonio y de los nacimientos. Popularmente, es conocida por sus celos, sus disputas con Zeus y su carácter vengativo.

Hera es una diosa que, en lecturas modernas, genera mucha indignación: ¿Por qué es tan celosa? ¿Por qué castiga a las amantes de su marido en lugar a éste? ¿Por qué nunca deja a #Zeus?

Precisamente, por lo que representa. Y esta representación entra también en choque con la naturaleza de Zeus.

Era es protectora del matrimonio, con todo su concepto civil. Para la nobleza griega, el matrimonio no sólo va de la propia unión, sino de proteger al mismo linaje. El rol de Hera, precisamente, es validar su posición como esposa legítima y esto refleja el comportamiento de la nobleza griega.

Por supuesto que las infidelidades han existido desde que el mundo es mundo, pero el mismo rol del matrimonio es dar legitimidad a esa unión, la descendencia y la herencia.

La actitud de Hera no es muy diferente a la nobleza de la Antigüedad (y de la Historia de la humanidad, ya puestos) y los griegos reflejaban en sus mitos cómo veían el mundo y su sociedad.

Nobles puteando amantes de sus parejas, nobles deshaciéndose de bastardos... Esa es la misma parte oscura del matrimonio que representa Hera. Recordemos que los griegos honraban a los dioses en sus aspectos luminosos y oscuros, tan oscuro y luminoso como es el mismo cosmos.

Hera, además, contrasta con Zeus, quien representa la fuerza creadora y además es un dios asociado a la fertilidad. Hera es el lado civil que busca equilibrar la naturaleza salvaje y procreadora. Asimismo, hay muchas teorías que mantienen que Zeus era tan pichabrava porque a los nobles les gustaba fliparse y justificar su propio origen divino, con lo que tenían que inventarse que Zeus se tiró a una antepasada suya.

#mitologíagriega #culturagriegantigua

¡Feliz #ViernesDeMitologíaGriega !

Hoy os vengo a hablar de una de las diosas más incomprendidas: #Hera. Reina de los cielos y del Olimpo, diosa del matrimonio y de los nacimientos. Popularmente, es conocida por sus celos, sus disputas con Zeus y su carácter vengativo.

Hera es una diosa que, en lecturas modernas, genera mucha indignación: ¿Por qué es tan celosa? ¿Por qué castiga a las amantes de su marido en lugar a éste? ¿Por qué nunca deja a #Zeus?

Precisamente, por lo que representa. Y esta representación entra también en choque con la naturaleza de Zeus.

Era es protectora del matrimonio, con todo su concepto civil. Para la nobleza griega, el matrimonio no sólo va de la propia unión, sino de proteger al mismo linaje. El rol de Hera, precisamente, es validar su posición como esposa legítima y esto refleja el comportamiento de la nobleza griega.

Por supuesto que las infidelidades han existido desde que el mundo es mundo, pero el mismo rol del matrimonio es dar legitimidad a esa unión, la descendencia y la herencia.

La actitud de Hera no es muy diferente a la nobleza de la Antigüedad (y de la Historia de la humanidad, ya puestos) y los griegos reflejaban en sus mitos cómo veían el mundo y su sociedad.

Nobles puteando amantes de sus parejas, nobles deshaciéndose de bastardos... Esa es la misma parte oscura del matrimonio que representa Hera. Recordemos que los griegos honraban a los dioses en sus aspectos luminosos y oscuros, tan oscuro y luminoso como es el mismo cosmos.

Hera, además, contrasta con Zeus, quien representa la fuerza creadora y además es un dios asociado a la fertilidad. Hera es el lado civil que busca equilibrar la naturaleza salvaje y procreadora. Asimismo, hay muchas teorías que mantienen que Zeus era tan pichabrava porque a los nobles les gustaba fliparse y justificar su propio origen divino, con lo que tenían que inventarse que Zeus se tiró a una antepasada suya.

#mitologíagriega #culturagriegantigua

🛰️☄️ La sonde #Hera de l'ESA, en route pour l'astéroïde double Dimorphos, a effectué dernièrement une manœuvre critique dans l'espace profond.
Pour en savoir plus : https://reves-d-espace.com/mission-europeenne-hera-seconde-correction-de-trajectoire-pour-rejoindre-asteroide-dimorphos/

🛰️☄️ La sonde #Hera de l'ESA a effectué dernièrement une correction de trajectoire critique pour préparer l'arrivée à sa destination : l'astéroïde double Dimorphos.
Pour en savoir plus : https://reves-d-espace.com/mission-europeenne-hera-seconde-correction-de-trajectoire-pour-rejoindre-asteroide-dimorphos/

China signals new target for 2027 asteroid deflection test

https://fed.brid.gy/r/https://spacenews.com/china-signals-new-target-for-2027-asteroid-deflection-test/

#ESA:
"
Hera auf Kurs zum Rendezvous mit ihrem Asteroiden
"
"Hera hat kürzlich das letzte von zwei Manövernum auf ihrer Reise von der Erde zu Didymos abgeschlossen. Das Manöver verbrauchte 123 kg des Hydrazin-Treibstoffs an Bord und veränderte die Geschwindigkeit der Sonde um 367 Meter pro Sekunde .."

https://www.esa.int/Space_in_Member_States/Germany/Hera_auf_Kurs_zum_Rendezvous_mit_ihrem_Asteroiden

17.3.2026

#Asteroid #Didymos #Estrack #Hera #Hydrazin #Raumfahrt #Raumsonde #Software #Softwareupdate #SpaceFlight

#OHB:
"
Planetary Defense in Rekordzeit: OHB gewinnt EUR-81‑Mio.-Auftrag für Asteroiden‑Mission

Mit RAMSES wird der „Hera“-Erfolg fortgesetzt -- Bremer Expertise für Europas schnellste Asteroidenmission gefragt
"
"RAMSES muss 2028 starten, um den Asteroiden Apophis rund zwei Monate vor seinem Vorbeiflug an der Erde erreichen zu können."

https://www.ohb.de/news/ohb-gewinnt-81-mio-auftrag-fuer-asteroiden-mission

5.3.2026

#Apophis #ESA #HERA #RAMSES #Raumfahrt #Raumsonde #SpaceFlight

2026-03-05 13:00:00 UTC (Delta: 2026-02-26)

WHERE IS HERA?
- Barycentric speed: 16.13 km/s (+0.15 km/s)
- Rendezvous with Didymos: November 2026

🪨 Relative to Didymos
- Distance (km): 9,808,048.18 km (-550,797.35 km)
- Distance (AU): 0.07 (-0.00)
- Light travel time: 0 min 32.72 s (-1.84 s)

🌎 Relative to Earth
- Distance (km): 311,182,495.28 km (-15,831,466.25 km)
- Distance (AU): 2.08 (-0.11)
- Light travel time: 17 min 18.02 s (-52.81 s)

#Hera #Didymos

2026-02-26 13:00:00 UTC (Delta: 2026-02-19)

WHERE IS HERA?
- Barycentric speed: 15.98 km/s (+0.14 km/s)
- Rendezvous with Didymos: November 2026

🪨 Relative to Didymos
- Distance (km): 10,358,845.68 km (-573,656.19 km)
- Distance (AU): 0.07 (-0.00)
- Light travel time: 0 min 34.55 s (-1.91 s)

🌎 Relative to Earth
- Distance (km): 327,013,961.52 km (-15,618,282.16 km)
- Distance (AU): 2.19 (-0.10)
- Light travel time: 18 min 10.83 s (-52.10 s)

#Hera #Didymos

𝗧𝘄𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲 𝗻𝗮 𝘇𝗲𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗽 𝗛𝗲𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝘀𝘁𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗴 𝗮𝗮𝗻 𝗸𝗼𝗽, 𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗔 - 𝗔𝗭 𝗴𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗮𝗸𝘁

FC Twente heeft de koppositie in de Vrouwen Eredivisie stevig in handen. De club uit Enschede won zondag met 5-1 van sc Heerenveen. FC Twente heeft 36 punten na veertien wedstrijden. PSV, dat met 3-0 won van PEC Zwolle, staat tweede op een achterstand van 4 punten.

https://www.rtl.nl/nieuws/sport/artikel/5567754/twente-na-zege-op-heerenveen-stevig-aan-kop-hera-az-gestaakt

#Twente #Heerenveen #HERA

I am a Trinitarian, if not exactly a good Catholic, so I like to find threes of things. Once you're alert to the ubiquity of three-fold equilibria among fundamental concepts, it's hard not to start seeing triangles in everything…Jewish art and architecture is really good at evoking triplets of things, isn't it? Marvellous. I think of crystals and pyramids and sequences of numbers and all sorts of fun things, when I glance towards the Tree of Life. Kabbalah is closed to me but…c'mon, look at it! of COURSE it's powerful! It's like higher mathematics (cf. the intricate radial and cylindrical symmetries of Muslim art and architecture and its spectacular knowledge of tesselations.)

There is a holy trinity of goat acids. I do not lie! One can speak sensibly, in chemistry, of the goat acids. There are three medium-chain fatty acids, three 'normal' (i.e. straight-chain) alkanoic acids, that are the goat acids.

Caproic acid, hexanoic acid, CH3(CH2)4COOH
Caprylic acid, octanoic acid, CH3(CH2)6COOH
Capric acid, decanoic acid, CH3(CH2)8COOH

All of them have a name which refers to the goat as seen below. The Latin word for goat is capra (and caprea and capriolus and some others, Latin is a bit loosier-goosier with alternate spellings and word-forms than English) and thus supplies the root for all these chemical names. And all these acids and certain compounds of these acids are especially commonplace in goats. Cute widdle bouncy gotes which my esteemed colleague Kaylin Evergreen detests. She is (to me anyway) a priestess of Queen Hera, the formidable matriarch of the Hellenic deities whom I honor as best I can, in whose guidance I have trusted in many lean times and bitter moments. Hera bears among other epithets the name of Ἥρη Αἰγοφάγος, Goat-Eating Hera! Hence I am always getting a bit of stink-eye from Queen Hera about my own…dalliances with gotes. In the past, as it were. oh dear

Anyway! I have had a long-time fascination with this little chemical triplet, which I once remember seeing pop up in a diagram showing how those three acids could be resolved on a liquid chromatographic column. They're "model compounds" indeed: showing that you can resolve the three acids cleanly with your analytical equipment is a good demonstration of the effectiveness of chemical analysis.

They're found among many living things, not just goats; they're among the common lipids of organic life on Earth. Valerian root is another material that tends to be rich in the goat acids and thus valerian has a characteristic stench about it. I happen to regard it as a more or less pleasant smell in moderation (I guess I would) but I will allow as how it's a bit overpowering of other smells. They're just a bit more volatile than other organic acids likely to be found, so…you smell them more.

~Chara of Pnictogen

2026-02-05 13:00:00 UTC (Delta: 2026-01-29)

WHERE IS HERA?
- Barycentric speed: 15.58 km/s (+0.11 km/s)
- Rendezvous with Didymos: November 2026

🪨 Relative to Didymos
- Distance (km): 12,204,813.06 km (-693,883.15 km)
- Distance (AU): 0.08 (-0.00)
- Light travel time: 0 min 40.71 s (-2.31 s)

🌎 Relative to Earth
- Distance (km): 372,850,968.02 km (-14,407,632.78 km)
- Distance (AU): 2.49 (-0.10)
- Light travel time: 20 min 43.73 s (-48.06 s)

#Hera #Didymos

Made You Feel (14 Photos)

https://streetartutopia.com/2026/01/20/made-you-feel/

Made You Feel (14 Photos)

https://streetartutopia.com/2026/01/20/made-you-feel/

Made You Feel (14 Photos)

https://streetartutopia.com/2026/01/20/made-you-feel/

Made You Feel (14 Photos)

https://streetartutopia.com/2026/01/20/made-you-feel/

Made You Feel (14 Photos)

https://streetartutopia.com/2026/01/20/made-you-feel/

Neues Let's Play:

Immortals Fenix Rising (Action Adventure, griechische Mythologie)

--> http://cool-web.de/lets-play/index-pc.htm

#letsplay #rpg #arpg #gaming #pcgames #Adventure #Griechenlang #Mythologie #Griechisch #Zeus #Aphrodite #Hera

Der Herr der Ringe: Die Schlacht der Rohirrim

Endlich kehren wir nach Mittelerde zurück – doch diesmal ist alles anders. "Der Herr der Ringe: Die Schlacht der Rohirrim" wagt das Experiment: Tolkiens Welt trifft auf japanische Anime-Ästhetik.

Unser ausführlicher Artikel beleuchtet, ob dieser Stilbruch funktioniert. Wir analysieren die blutige Geschichte von Helm Hammerhand, der 183 Jahre vor Frodo sein Königreich gegen die Dunländer und den "Langen Winter" verteidigen muss. Im Fokus steht dabei Héra, eine Protagonistin, die in den Anhängen nur eine Fußnote war, hier aber zur Schildmaid wider Willen aufsteigt.

Wir werfen einen kritischen Blick auf die Animation von Sola Entertainment: Ist der Mix aus 2D und 3D gelungen oder ruckelt es in der Hornburg? Außerdem: Wie Stephen Gallaghers Soundtrack das Erbe von Howard Shore ehrt und warum Brian Cox die perfekte Stimme für den grimmigen König ist.

Lest unsere umfassende Analyse!

https://funime.de/2026/01/01/der-herr-der-ringe-die-schlacht-der-rohirrim/

#Anime #funime #Anime #DieSchlachtDerRohirrim #Fantasy #HelmHammerhand #Héra #HerrDerRinge #KenjiKamiyama #Rohan #Tolkien #WetaWorkshop

Der Herr der Ringe: Die Schlacht der Rohirrim

Endlich kehren wir nach Mittelerde zurück – doch diesmal ist alles anders. "Der Herr der Ringe: Die Schlacht der Rohirrim" wagt das Experiment: Tolkiens Welt trifft auf japanische Anime-Ästhetik.

Unser ausführlicher Artikel beleuchtet, ob dieser Stilbruch funktioniert. Wir analysieren die blutige Geschichte von Helm Hammerhand, der 183 Jahre vor Frodo sein Königreich gegen die Dunländer und den "Langen Winter" verteidigen muss. Im Fokus steht dabei Héra, eine Protagonistin, die in den Anhängen nur eine Fußnote war, hier aber zur Schildmaid wider Willen aufsteigt.

Wir werfen einen kritischen Blick auf die Animation von Sola Entertainment: Ist der Mix aus 2D und 3D gelungen oder ruckelt es in der Hornburg? Außerdem: Wie Stephen Gallaghers Soundtrack das Erbe von Howard Shore ehrt und warum Brian Cox die perfekte Stimme für den grimmigen König ist.

Lest unsere umfassende Analyse!

https://funime.de/2026/01/01/der-herr-der-ringe-die-schlacht-der-rohirrim/

#Anime #funime #Anime #DieSchlachtDerRohirrim #Fantasy #HelmHammerhand #Héra #HerrDerRinge #KenjiKamiyama #Rohan #Tolkien #WetaWorkshop

“This is the most complicated thing that you could possibly imagine,” said Mike Williams, a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

“In fact, you can’t even imagine how complicated it is.”

The proton is a quantum mechanical object that exists as a haze of probabilities until an experiment forces it to take a concrete form.

And its forms differ drastically depending on how researchers set up their experiment.

Connecting the particle’s many faces has been the work of generations.

“We’re kind of just starting to understand this system in a complete way,” said Richard Milner, a nuclear physicist at MIT.

Proof that the proton contains multitudes came from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in 1967.

In earlier experiments, researchers had pelted it with electrons and watched them ricochet off like billiard balls.

But SLAC could hurl electrons more forcefully,
and researchers saw that they bounced back differently.

The electrons were hitting the proton hard enough to shatter it
— a process called deep inelastic scattering
— and were rebounding from point-like shards of the proton called quarks.

“That was the first evidence that quarks actually exist,” said Xiaochao Zheng, a physicist at the University of Virginia.

After SLAC’s discovery, which won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990,
scrutiny of the proton intensified.

Physicists have carried out hundreds of scattering experiments to date.

They infer various aspects of the object’s interior by adjusting how forcefully they bombard it and by choosing which scattered particles they collect in the aftermath.

Even SLAC’s proton-splitting collisions were gentle by today’s standards.

In those scattering events, electrons often shot out in ways suggesting that they had crashed into quarks carrying a third of the proton’s total momentum.

The finding matched a theory from Murray Gell-Mann
and George Zweig,
who in 1964 posited that a proton consists of three quarks.

Gell-Mann and Zweig’s
“quark model” remains an elegant way to imagine the proton.

It has two “up” quarks with electric charges of +2/3 each and one “down” quark with a charge of −1/3,
for a total proton charge of +1.

But the quark model is an oversimplification that has serious shortcomings.

It fails, for instance, when it comes to a proton’s #spin,
a quantum property analogous to angular momentum.

The proton has half a unit of spin,
as do each of its up and down quarks.

Physicists initially supposed that
— in a calculation echoing the simple charge arithmetic
— the half-units of the two up quarks minus that of the down quark must equal half a unit for the proton as a whole.

But in 1988, the European Muon Collaboration reported that the quark spins add up to far less than one-half.

Similarly, the #masses of two up quarks and one down quark only comprise about 1% of the proton’s total mass.

These deficits drove home a point physicists were already coming to appreciate:

The proton is much more than three quarks.

The Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator ( #HERA ),
which operated in Hamburg, Germany, from 1992 to 2007,
slammed electrons into protons roughly a thousand times more forcefully than SLAC had.

In HERA experiments, physicists could select electrons that had bounced off of extremely
low-momentum quarks,
including ones carrying as little as 0.005% of the proton’s total momentum.

And detect them they did:
HERA’s electrons rebounded from a maelstrom of
low-momentum quarks and their antimatter counterparts, antiquarks

The results confirmed a sophisticated and outlandish theory that had by then replaced Gell-Mann and Zweig’s quark model.

Developed in the 1970s, it was a quantum theory of the “strong force” that acts between quarks.

The theory describes quarks as being roped together by
force-carrying particles called #gluons.

Each quark and each gluon has one of three types of “color” charge, labeled red, green and blue;

these color-charged particles naturally tug on each other and form a group
— such as a proton
— whose colors add up to a neutral white.

The colorful theory became known as #quantum #chromodynamics, or #QCD.

According to QCD, gluons can pick up momentary spikes of energy.

With this energy, a gluon splits into a quark and an antiquark
— each carrying just a tiny bit of momentum
— before the pair annihilates and disappears.

It’s this “sea” of transient gluons, quarks and antiquarks that HERA,
with its greater sensitivity to
lower-momentum particles,
detected firsthand.

HERA also picked up hints of what the proton would look like in more powerful colliders.

As physicists adjusted HERA to look for lower-momentum quarks,
these quarks
— which come from gluons
— showed up in greater and greater numbers.

The results suggested that in even higher-energy collisions, the proton would appear as a cloud made up almost entirely of gluons
https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/