English Language Terms
Pronunciation
Syllable One beat or unit of sound within a word signified by its being a unit of spelling different from the other(s).
Word stress – the air-pressured- or volumetric- emphasis (or power) that we exert when pronouncing a syllable intended to receive strongest emphasis for the proper pronunciation of the word, sometimes determining its form, as i the base in gerund, or the suffix in the verb-form and the prefix in the noun-form of a word that carries both meanings.
- In the recording industry, to record a hit record takes much skill, expertise, talent, and engineering.
Sentence stress (文 (ぶん) の強勢 [きょうせい]) – the air-pressured- or volumetric- emphasis (or power) that we exert when pronouncing words for verbal emphasis in a sentence (Carl calls this ‘word stress’ or ‘added word feeling’ for the benefit of simpler explanation to beginners)
Intonation (イントネーション) – the rise and fall, or pitch, of the voice during speech
Prosody – the whole system of stress, rhythm, pitch, timing and intonation in spoken language
Connected speech – conjoined words produced as fluent phrases are spoken naturally
Reduction – when sounds or words become weaker or shorter in natural speech.
Thought groups – meaningful word groups spoken and apprehended in the mind together
Chunking – apprehending and communicating groups of words as units by enunciation and pronunciation
Contrastive stress – using diaphragmatic and oral stress (speaking louder and with accent) to contrast, correct, or emphasize words and phrases in clarifying and distinguishing word groups ideas and information.
Rhythm – the apparent pattern of stressed and unstressed elements in speech
Grammar – the evolving system of a standardized (though varied by region) style of constructing phrases and sentences for communication in a language
Subject–verb agreement – the matching of the evolved and decided number of people modifying a corresponding desired verb form
- She works. He works too. Their dog–even he works.
- They all work on the family farm. I work there. My wife as well; we all work there.
Auxiliary verb – a helping verb used to construct questions, negatives, tenses, and other ongoing conditions
Modal verb – a helping verb assisting in expressing the mode of a verb showing ability, possibility, probability, obligation, suggestion, certainty or uncertainty
- can / should / must / might
Tense – the time of action or the duration of the state of being reflected in verb forms and showing the contrast in relation to other times
Aspect (アスペクト) – the way grammar presents an action in relation to time: ongoing, completed, repeated, etc.
Gerund – the ing form of a verb which is functioning in a noun-like role as the complement of a verb such as like, hate, enjoy, relish… or following the modals have and be to reflect imperative conditions or likes and dislikes
- Let’s go stargazing in the forest.
- Swimming is fun.
- I have to be sleeping by then.
- I hate eating meat.
- I’d like to be relaxing by 8.
Infinitive – the form of the verb considered the base form with the addition of ‘to’ in front of it, following other verbs, showing a reason for some event or action, intention, desire, impending action, limits…
Relative clause – a clause that modifies a noun by employing a relative pronoun.
- the man who lives next door
Participle clause – a shortened clause using a participle.
- Having finished work early, Vader went home to his chambers early and phoned his girlfriend from there–rather than from that metal ball thing he usually sits in in his office.*
Conditional – a grammatical structure showing a possible, impossible or impending situational change and the imaginary, probable or impending result.
- If it rains, I’ll stay home.
- If I were Buzz Aldrin, I’d have punched that guy too–as much as I’d not have wanted to.*
Zero article – the absence of an identifying article usually needed to isolate and show a singular quantity, a countless mass noun or or abstract concept.
- I like coffee.
- To our peril, young people are rarely taught philosophy or the rigors of its arguments.
- Baseball is a slow sport. Where else can you see men scratch themselves and adjust their clothing as often as you see them perform a play?*
Vocabulary & Conversation
Phrasal verb (句動詞 [くどうし]) – a verb phrase consisting of a verb and a particle producing a particular meaning.
Particle (小詞 (しょうし) – the short word (a preposition) joined with the verb in a phrasal verb.
Separable phrasal verb (分離可能 [ぶんりかのう] な句動詞 [くどうし]) – a phrasal verb whose object can sometimes appear between the verb and particle. Usually this is the case when replacing the object with a pronoun. This is especially the case with people and other beings–basically the rule.
- Turn off the TV.
- Turn the TV off.
- Give up the fight. → Give it up. Not ‘give the fight up.’
- Pick her up at the station. → Not ‘Pick up her.’ Unless it is a case of confirmation:
- A: Pick who up?; Pick up him? / B: No! Pick up Her! (Because A put ‘him’ at the end of his sentence, for clarity, B repeated this structure.)
Idiom (慣用表現 [かんようひょうげん]) – (often a phrasal verb) an expression whose meaning is not necessarily predictable from its individual words and is often different from their meanings when they are isolated
- work out
- grind out
- fish out
- Let’s fly.
- break a leg
- cooking with gas
- Shots rang out
Collocation (コロケーション) – a set and universally understood combination of words that naturally occur together and are used and apprehended as such a functional part of phrases and sentences as to convey a set meaning and be repeated in the same way all the time, preferable to another arrangement that could convey the same meaning
- make a decision
- heavy rain
- interested in
Register (レジスター) the style of language appropriate to a particular context, such as an industry, the vocabulary of which can be called jargon or industry speak (but register is not limited to industry; there can be register among people of a geographic area, an age group, homemakers, sport, etc.)
Paraphrase (言い換え [い かえ]) – expressing the same meaning in different–and usually a shorter group of— words.
Conversational chunk (会話 (かいわ) のチャンク) – A commonly used group of words treated as a single conversational unit.
Conversational repair (会話 (かいわ) の修正 [しゅうせい]) – Correcting, clarifying or reformulating something while speaking.
- © Copyright 2026 Silly Ass Productions & Carl Atteniese II / All rights reserved. This phrase (and others like it) is to be used in published stand up or literary comedy by the author. It is included here for the amusement of the teachers. Kindly leave it here.
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