#gregorian-calendar — Public Fediverse posts

“But what kind of freedom does one have if one can use it only as someone else prescribes?”*…

As Ravi Somaiya suggests, Ted Kaczynski— the Unabomber– and his manifesto, Industrial Society and Its Future, were uncomfortably prescient about modern politics…

I was going through some old papers last week, when I came across two handwritten letters I received from Ted Kaczynski, better known as the Unabomber, in 2017 and 2018.

My address was filled out in Kaczynski’s own stark, strangely spaced block capitals, precise and somehow odd. The return address was Florence Supermax prison in Colorado, a highly controlled and secured facility which houses a 9/11 conspirator, the cartel boss Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman, and the leaders of the Latin Kings and the Aryan Brotherhood, among other notorious, or notoriously dangerous, criminals.

Kaczynski was a gifted mathematician — he went to Harvard at 16 — and a loner, who abandoned his career to live in isolation and pursue a bombing campaign against the rise of technology, and the fall of the natural world, from 1978 until 1995. He was caught in 1996, and was serving several life sentences when he died in custody in 2023.

I wrote to him because I was fascinated by his combination of breathtaking prescience — his 35,000-word manifesto, published in 1995, is absolutely correct and reads like a description of modern life — and a cruelty and contempt for his fellow man that led him to squander that gift and kill three people and wound dozens of others in the service of fomenting a moronic fantasy revolution.

It’s a combination that defines modern politics — a solid basic intuition, matched with an idiot desire to hurt anyone who disagrees. And it gets at something in modern culture, which often asks whether we can enjoy the work of someone whose other actions we find morally lacking. I guess I thought if I understood Kaczynski better, I’d understand all that better too.

It was the wrong question, and thus an endeavor doomed to failure. But when I opened one of the letters I found that it had led me to ask him what he thought about Donald Trump. His answer was brilliant and also made me uncomfortable in a way that I still can’t quite describe.

He started by apologizing for the delay in replying. (Even if you find killing people acceptable, you still get a twinge if you keep someone waiting for a message.)

“There’s a lot to be said in regard to DT and the social and political phenomenon that he represents, but I don’t have the time to say it all here,” he wrote. “So I’ll just call your attention to the paragraph that appears on pages 52-53 of my book.”

This, in my limited experience, was very Kaczynski. He loved to be awkward, and elliptical. He also pointed out that the paragraph was written long before the notion of Trump as a political figure became a realistic one.

I got a copy of his book, and have to admit to a frisson as I opened it. I confirmed that he’d written the section in 2010. Then I found the pages he’d cited. It was one short paragraph. To understand it, you have to understand the underlying theory he has, which is detailed on pages 28 and 29:

“Biological organisms, evolving through natural selection, eventually invade every niche in which biological survival is possible at all, and, whatever measures may be taken to suppress them, some organisms will find ways of surviving nonetheless. Within any complex, large-scale society, a similar process will produce self-propagating systems that will invade every corner and circumvent all attempts to suppress them. These systems will compete for power without regard to the objectives of any government (or other entity) that may try to steer the society. Our argument—admittedly impossible at present to prove conclusively—is that these self-propagating systems will constitute uncontrollable forces that will render futile in the long run all efforts to steer the society rationally.”

The precise paragraph he cited goes on:

“Two competing, entirely legal self-prop systems that have arisen in the U.S. during the last few decades are the politically correct left and the dogmatic right (not to be confused with the liberals and conservatives of earlier times in America). This book is not the place to speculate about the outcome of the struggle between these two forces; suffice it to say that in the long run their bitter conflict may do more to prevent the establishment of a lastingly peaceful world order than all the bombs of Al Qaeda and all the murders of the Mexican drug gangs.”

He’s … right. Or, rather, I agree with him. I covered the rise of the Tea Party on the right, and Occupy on the left, at around the time he wrote it. And they have since risen from niche movements to define the entirety of our politics.

Each needs the other to secure its support and push it to greater extremes of ideology and violence. And the love-hate conflict between them is so destructive and widespread that it leaves little room for anything else.

And now I’m making the political argument of a conspiracist murderer. I spent a few days troubled over this, and then remembered that theory rarely survives contact with reality, no matter how brilliant the theorist.

Kaczynski was making the same mistake as the political groups he describes — he failed to understand that people fundamentally want to be happy, and get along with other people, and that they will find unexpected and unpredictable ways to get to that spot. He also failed to understand that nothing is permanent, and that nature works in cycles.

Intellectual humility was not his strong suit. In that, he was a man of our era, more than of his own…

“The Unabomber on Donald Trump,” from Bungalow Magazine.

Further to Somiya’s conclusion– and in fairness to Kaczynski– elsewhere in Industrial Society and Its Future, Kaczynski channels Jane Jacobs and Christopher Alexander:

A new kind of society cannot be designed on paper. That is, you cannot plan out a new form of society in advance, then set it up and expect it to function as it was designed to do. People do not consciously and rationally choose the form of their society. Societies develop through processes of social evolution that are not under rational human control…

Full text of Kaczynski’s manifesto is here.

(Images above: left source; right source)

* Theodore J. Kaczynski, Industrial Society and Its Future

###

As we fumble into the future, we might that it was on this date in 1582 that Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Poland introduced the Gregorian calendar. While this was “October 5” in the rest of the world, those four countries, adopting Pope Gregory XIII’s innovation, skipped ten days– so that there, the date shifted from October 4 the day before to October 15. With the shift, the calendar was aligned with the equinoxes, and the lunar cycles used to establish the celebration of Easter. Britain and its colonies resisted this Popish change, and used the Julian calendar for another century and a half, until September 2, 1752.

🎩🗓️ So, here's a blog post that decided to take on the Herculean task of explaining why 2015 wasn't a leap year... in 2015. 😂 Bravo! If you love dusting off history books to discover that the Gregorian calendar exists, this one's for you! 📚✨
https://blog.yossarian.net/2015/06/09/Dates-That-Dont-Exist #leapyearhistory #GregorianCalendar #2015blogpost #calendarhumor #historybuffs #blogpost #HackerNews #ngated

Phantom Time Hypothesis Theory

This is a theory proposed in 1991 by German historian & publisher Heribert Illig. The hypothesis claims a huge chunk of the Early Middle Ages never happened. According to Illig, we’re not living in the year 2026, but rather around 1729.

It hypothesizes a conspiracy by the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III & Pope Sylvester II to fabricate the Anno Domini dating system retroactively, to place them at the special year 1000, & to rewrite history to legitimize Otto’s claim to the Holy Roman Empire.

Illig believed that this was achieved through the alteration, misrepresentation & forgery of documentary & physical evidence. According to this scenario, the entire Carolingian period, including the figure of Charlemagne, is a hoax with a “phantom time” of 297 years (614-911 AD) added to the Early Middle Ages.

Illig’s claims include:

• Holy Roman Emperor Otto III desperately wanted to reign during the monumental year of 1,000 AD, believing it would solidify his divine right & align with Christian eschatological milestones.
• Pope Sylvester II had the theological authority & administrative reach to help alter the calendar.
• Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII & the Eastern Roman Empire allegedly assisted in fabricating backstories, genealogies, & documents to legitimize the new timeline & secure political alliances.
• There’s a scarcity of archaeological evidence that can be reliably dated to 614-911 AD.
• Radiometry (measuring electromagnetic radiation) & dendrochronology (tree ring dating) are inaccurate dating methods.
• Medieval historians rely too much on (older) written sources.
• The Romanesque architecture in the 10th century Western Europe suggests that the Roman era wasn’t as long as conventionally thought.
• At the time of the intro of the Gregorian Calendar in 1582 AD, there should’ve been a discrepancy of 13 days between the Julian Calendar & the real (or tropical) calendar. When the astronomers & mathematicians needed to be adjusted by only 10 days.

By inventing nearly 3 centuries of history, these rulers could fabricate a glorious, heroic past to legitimize Otto III’s own imperial ambitions. Creating the myth of Charlemagne as the ultimate Christian King. From this, Illig concludes that the AD era had counted roughly 3 centuries that never existed.

Illig based his hypothesis on a few distinct anomalies in the archaeological & textual record:

• The Gregorian Calendar Mathematical Glitch
  • Illig’s primary argument stems from the calendar reform of 1582. When Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian Calendar to replace the Julian Calendar, the calendar had drifted out of sync with the solar year. The Julian year was slightly too long, drifting by about 1 full day every 128 years. By 1582, the calendar should have drifted by approximately 13 days. However, Pope Gregory’s astronomers only shifted the calendar by 10 days. Illig argued that this 3-day discrepancy mathematically proves that roughly 300 years never actually passed to cause that extra drift.
• The Scarcity of Archaeological Evidence
  • The Early Middle Ages have long been colloquially known as a period of archaeological scarcity, because the period simply didn’t happen. He claimed that the Romanesque architecture of the High Middle Ages seemed to pop up too suddenly. Suggesting it directly followed late Roman architecture without a 300-year gap.
• Forged Documents
  • It’s a well-known fact among medieval historians that the Middle Ages were rife with forged documents, like the famous Donation of Constantine. Illig weaponized this fact, arguing that if so many medieval charters, land grants, & Chronicles were proven fakes. Then the entirety of the era’s documentation could be a coordinated forgery.

Here’s the opposition’s evidence:

• Astronomy Doesn’t Lie
  • Pliny the Elder recorded a solar eclipse in 59 AD.
  • Byzantine emperor/astronomer Heraclius recorded a solar eclipse in 610 AD, right before the “phantom” era.
  • Independent observations from Tang Dynasty China, Islamic astronomers, & Mayan astronomers record celestial events that perfectly match the traditional European timeline. If 300 years were missing, every single eclipse recorded before the 10th century would be misaligned by 3 centuries when calculated backward using modern orbital mechanics. They’re not.
• Dendrochronology (Tree-Ring Dating)
  • Dendrochronology allows scientists to date wooden artifacts & structures with absolute precision by matching the patterns of annual tree growth rings. Organizations like the Hohenheim University in Germany have constructed a continuous, unbroken tree-ring chronology for Central Europe that stretches back over 10,000 years. There’s no “gap” or missing 300 years in the oak trees of Europe. The rings form a continuous timeline straight through the Early Middle Ages.
• Global Interconnectedness
  • For Illig’s theory to work, the conspiracy would have to extend far beyond the Holy Roman Empire & the Papacy. You would have to believe that the Islamic Umayyad & Abbasid Caliphates, the Tang Dynasty in China, the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in Britain, & the Maya civilization in Mesoamerica all colluded to invent 3 centuries of fake leaders, wars, literature, & internal history at the exact time, matching Otto’s fabrications perfectly.

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together, mama’s

together, mama’s 
three birthdays become a shell 
game – we celebrate 

all three each year, delighted 
to discover joy multiplied
.
20260710:2139
y

🗓️
Current Calendar is like the American metric system.
Complicated for no reason 🤡

This is the International Fixed Calendar.
(No hate to americans, only to the accused)

#Internationalfixedcalendar #gregoriancalendar #metricsystem #standardisation #simplifychaos #killthesystem #changethesystem

Archangel Gabriel

In Judaism, Christianity, & other Abrahamic religions, Gabriel (or even Cebrail (Djebrail) in some cultures) is an archangel with the power to announce God’s will to mankind as the messenger of God. He’s like the Abrahamic Apollo. He’s mentioned in the Hebrew Bible/Christian Old Testament, the New Testament, & the Quran.

In the Book of Daniel, Gabriel appears to the prophet Daniel to interpret his vision. Gabriel also shows up in the Jewish apocryphal 1st Book of Enoch & other Hebrew writings.

Along with the archangel Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of the Israelites, defending them against the angels of the other peoples. Many sects of Christianity revere Gabriel as a saint.

In the New Testament’s Gospel of Luke, Gabriel appears to Zachariah, predicting the birth of John the Baptist. Gabriel later appears to Mary, mother of Jesus, to announce that she would conceive & bear a son via a virgin birth.

Islam regards Gabriel as an archangel sent by Allah/God to different prophets, including Muhammad (PBUH). The first 5 verses of the Al-Alaq (96th chapter of the Quran) are believed by Muslims to have been the 1st verses of revelations given by Gabriel to Muhammad (PBUH).

The only book in the Hebrew Bible that explicitly mentions Gabriel is the Book of Daniel, & Gabriel appears to the prophet Daniel to explain his visions (Daniel 8:15-26, 9:21-27). In Daniel’s final vision, an unnamed angel appears to him & speaks of receiving help from the archangel Michael in battle against the Prince of Persia (not the video game) & also Michael’s role in times to come. This unnamed angel is thought to be Gabriel.

Though not named specifically, the “man clothed with linen” mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel chapters 9 & 10 is interpreted as Gabriel in Yoma 77a of the Babylonian Talmud.

There are many references to Gabriel in the Book of Enoch. According to this book, Michael, Uriel, Raphael, & Gabriel complain to God about the many wrongs perpetuated by Azazel & Samyaza. Especially the fact that they revealed “eternal secrets” & sins to mankind & defiled themselves with human women who later gave birth to giant offspring. Or, 1 of our fav subjects to circle back to, the Nephilim. (We will be doing the Nephilim in a future post. It’s currently being researched right now. Along with the Watchers, the Nephilim’s dads.)

As a result, God decides to destroy the Earth (which has been corrupted by those pesky fallen angels; these fallen angels were led by Azazel & Samyaza) & all of its inhabitants except for Noah. God sends Gabriel & the other archangels to go after the fallen angels & cast them into the darkness until the day of their judgment.

In Chapter 20, Gabriel is listed as 1 of 7 holy angels who watch. In Chapter 40, Gabriel is listed as 1 of 4 presences who stand on the 4 sides of God. These 4 archangels will be the ones to cast the fallen angels into the abyss of condemnation on Judgment Day.

According to Rabbinic Judaism, Gabriel (along with Michael, Uriel, & Raphael) is 1 of the 4 angels that stand at the 4 sides of God’s throne & serve as guardian angels of the 4 parts of the Earth. Michael stands on/at the right hand of God. While Gabriel (who ranks beneath Michael) stands at the left. Michael & Gabriel often work together. But Michael is mainly occupied in Heaven, while Gabriel (as the messenger of God) typically executes God’s will on earth.

Gabriel is also associated with the metal gold (the color of fire). Alongside Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of Israel, defending the Israelites against the angels of the other nations.

Gabriel is 1 of God’s archangels in Kabbalah literature. He’s pictured working in concert with Michael as part of God’s court. He’s identified with the sefira (or the Counting of the Omar. It’s a period of 49 days known as sefira(h).) of Yesod (this is a node in the kabbalistic Tree of Life.). Gabriel isn’t to be prayed to because only God can answer & sends Gabriel as his agent/messenger/courier.

According to Jewish mythology, in the Garden of Eden there’s a tree of life or the “tree of souls” that blossoms & produces new souls, which fall into the Guf, the Treasury of souls. This is located in the 7th Heaven. Gabriel reaches into the Treasury & takes out the 1st soul that comes into his hand.

Gabriel’s 1st appearance in the New Testament is found in the 1st part of Chapter 1 of Luke. This is where the annunciation of the birth of John the Baptist is. John’s dad, Zachariah, was childless because John’s mom, Elizabeth, was barren. An angel shows up to Zechariah to announce the birth of his son. When Zechariah questions the angel, the angel names himself as Gabriel (Luke 1:5-25).

Gabriel’s next appearance is in the 2nd part of Luke, chapter 1. This time, to announce the birth of Jesus to Mary (Luke 1:26-38). In the 1st part of the passage, the angel identifies itself as Gabriel; in the 2nd part of the passage, the angel doesn’t. It’s the author of Luke who calls this angel Gabriel.

Gabriel is more frequently referenced in early Christian pseudepigraphic texts (these are texts whose authorship isn’t by who it’s claimed to be or a real author attributed to some bigger name of the past) than in Amy of the canonical Biblical texts.

Gabriel is mentioned in some of the infancy Gospels, like the Nativity Gospel of Mary, Protevangelium of James, & First Gospel of the Infancy of Jesus Christ. Gabriel is also mentioned in some of the early Christian apocalyptic texts, like the Greek Apocalypse of Ezra & Second Book of Enoch.

In Gnosticism, angels are portrayed as belonging to a pantheon of spiritual beings involved in the creation of the world. According to 1 ancient Gnostic manuscript, the Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit. (Which we have posted!) Gabriel is a divine being & inhabitant of the pleroma (This refers to the total of divine powers.) that existed before the demiurge (This is an figure who is responsible for fashioning & maintaining the physical universe). There’s also a reference to Gabriel in Chapter 17 of the Gospel of Judas.

In the theology of the Mormon Church, Gabriel is believed to have lived a mortal life as the prophet Noah. The 2 are regarded as the same individual. Noah was his mortal name & Gabriel being his heavenly name.

Gabriel’s fast day was exclusively celebrated on March 18 between 1588 & 1921. The feast of St. Gabriel was included by Pope Benedict XV in the General Roman Calender in 1921 for celebration on March 24.

In 1969, the day was officially transferred to September 29 for celebration in combination with the feasts of Michael & Raphael. Today, the September 29 date (known as Michaelmas) has been adopted by the Catholic Church, Church of England, Lutheran faith, Anglican Communion, & Western Orthodox churches.

The Eastern Orthodox Church & those Eastern Catholic Churches that follow the Byzantine Rite (a.k.a. the Rite of Constantinople is a liturgical rite developed in the Eastern Christian church of Constantinople.) celebrated the Feast of the Archangels (or Synaxis of the Archangel Michael & the Other Bodiless Powers) on November 8.

For the churches that follow the Julian Calendar, November 9 currently falls on November 21 of the modern Gregorian Calendar (a 13-day difference).

The Eastern Orthodox commemorate Gabriel not only at the Feast of the Archangels, but also on 2 other days: March 26 the “Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel” & celebrates his role in the Annunciation. July 13, a.k.a. the “Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel.”

The Coptic Orthodox Church celebrates Gabriel’s feast of 13 Paoni, 22 Koiak, & 26 Paoni. The medieval Coptic work Investiture of the Archangel Gabriel, attributes the feast day of 22 Koiak to the day Gabriel was given the rank of archangel in Heaven.

The Ethiopian Church celebrates Gabriel’s feast of December 18 (in the Ethiopian calendar). A sizable number of its believers making a pilgrimage to a church dedicated to “St. Gabriel” in Kulubi & Wonkshet on that day.

Gabriel is in many places in the Quran. He’s revered as 1 of the primary archangels & as the Angel of Revelation in Islam. He’s primarily mentioned in the verses 2:97, 2:98, 66:4 of the Quran. However, the Quranic text doesn’t refer to him as an angel. In the Quran, the archangel Gabriel appears named in 2:97 & 66:4, as well as in 2:98, where he’s mentioned along with the archangel Michael.

Tafsir (this is like the Jewish Midrash) narrates that Muhammad saw the archangel Gabriel in his full angelic splendor only 2x. The 1st time was when he received his 1st revelation. Islamic tradition holds that Gabriel was sent to numerous pre-Islamic Biblical prophets with revelation & divine injunctions, including Adam, whom Muslims believe was consoled by Gabriel sometime after Fall, too. He’s known by many names in Islam, such as “keeper of holiness.” In Hadith traditions, Jibril is said to have 600 wings.

In Islam, the tree of souls is referred to as the Sidrat al-Muntaha. This is identified as a Ziziphus spina-christi. This is also known as Christ’s thorn jujube.

Muslims believe that Gabriel was tasked with transmitting the scriptures from God to the prophets & messengers as Asbab al-Nuzul or revelation. Asbab al-Nuzul is occasions or circumstances of revelation names the historical context in which Quranic verses were revealed from the perspective of traditional Islam. When Muhammad was questioned which angel is revealing the holy scriptures, he told the Jews they’re revealed by Gabriel.

Muslims also Revere Gabriel for several events that predate what they regard as the 1st revelation narrated in the Quran. Muslims believe that Gabriel was the angel who informed Zechariah of the Nativity of John the Baptist. As well as Mary about the future nativity of Jesus.

Gabriel was 1 of 3 angels who had earlier informed Abraham of the birth of Isaac. Gabriel also makes a famous appearance in the Hadith of Gabriel, in which he questions Muhammad on the core tenets of Islam.

Gabriel is also believed to have delivered punishment from God to the Sodomites by leveling the entire city of Sodom with the tip of his wing. According to a Hadith, Gabriel has the ability to regulate feelings or perception in humans. Particularly happiness or sadness.

Gabriel is believed to have helped Muhammad overcome adversaries significantly against an ifrit during the Night Journey. An ifrit is a powerful type of demon in Islamic culture. Gabriel is also believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries during the Battle of Badr.

The Yazidis worship 7 Archangels, including Gabriel (Jabra’il), Michael (Mikha’il), Raphael (Rapha’il), Dedra’il, Azra’il, Shamka’il, & Azazil. They’re emanations from God with which God entrusted the world. Yazidis associate Gabriel with Tawusi Melek (the “Peacock Angel”).

Mandaeans venerate Ptahil as the “4th Life.” Ptahil is an uthra (a divine messenger of the light), identified with Gabriel, who creates the poorly made material world with the help of Ruha, a sinful & fallen female ruler who inhabits the World of Darkness.

The creation of the material world occurs by God’s command. But is delegated to Ptahil (a subservient emanation or uthra) with the assistance of Gabriel & others.

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If you have trouble remembering those rhymes about how many days a month has, I have the perfect and very memorable poem for you!

function daysInMonth(month: number, year: number): number {
    return month === 2 ? (year % 4 === 0 && year % 100 !== 0 || year % 400 === 0 ? 29 : 28) : [4, 6, 9, 11].includes(month) ? 30 : 31;
}

Feel free to share it with friends and colleagues to help them remember!

#codinghumor #memory #gregoriancalendar

Archangel Uriel

Uriel means “God is my flame.” His name could be spelled Auriel or Oriel. He’s one of the archangels who’s mentioned in Rabbinic tradition & in certain Christian traditions.

He’s well known in the Russian Orthodox tradition & in folk Catholicism (in both he’s considered to be 1 of the 7 major archangels). In Anglicanism, he’s also well known in European esoteric medieval literature.

Uriel is also known as a master of knowledge & archangel of wisdom. He’s associated with the truth.

In apocryphal, kabbalistic, & occult works, Uriel has been equated (or confused) with Urial, Nuriel, Uryan, Jeremiel, Vretil, Sariel, Puruel, Phanuel, Azrael, & Raphael.

In the Secret Book of John (an early Gnostic work), Uriel is placed in control of the demons who help Yaldabaoth create Adam.

Of the 7 Archangels in the angelology of Judaism, only 2 of them (Gabriel & Michael) are mentioned by name in the canonized Jewish scripture. Where a 4th archangel is added to the named 3 (to represent the 4 cardinal points), Uriel is generally the 4th. Uriel is listed as the 4th angel by Christian Gnostics, under the name of Phanuel.

Uriel appears in the 2nd Book of Esdras, which is found in the Biblical apocrypha (called Esdras IV in the Vulgate). In this, the prophet Ezra asks God a series of questions, & God sends Uriel to instruct him. According to the Revelation of Esdras, the angels who will rule at the end of the world are Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, Raphael, Gabuthelon, Beburos, Zebuleion, Aker, & Arphugitonos. The final 5 listed appear only in the book & nowhere else in apocryphal or apocalyptics works.

In Christian apocryphal Gospels, Uriel plays a role (differing between the sources) in the rescue of Jesus’ cousin, John the Baptist, from the Massacre of the Innocents ordered by King Herod. He carries John & his mom, St. Elizabeth, to join the Holy Family after their flight into Egypt. Their reunion is pictured in da Vinci’s Virgin of the Rocks (a.k.a. Madonna of the Rocks).

Uriel is often identified as a cherub & the angel of repentance. He stood at the Garden of Eden with a fiery sword, or as the angel who’s over the world & over Tartarus. In the Apocalypse of Peter, he appears as the angel of repentance, who is graphically represented as being as pitiless as any demon.

In the Life of Adam & Eve, Uriel is regarded as the spirit (1 of the cherubs) of the 3rd chapter of Genesis. He’s also identified as 1 of the angels who helped bury Adam & Abel in Eden. He checked the doors of Egypt for lamb’s blood during the plague. He held the key to the pit during the end times, & led Abraham to the west.

In modern angelology, Uriel is identified variously as a seraph, cherub, regent of the sun, flame of God, angel of the divine presence, presider over Tartarus/Hell, archangel of salvation, & in later scriptures, identified with Phanuel (“God has turned”). He’s often pictured carrying a book or a papyrus scroll representing wisdom. Uriel is a patron of the arts.

In the Eastern Orthodox churches, Uriel is commemorated together with the other archangels & angels with a feast day of the “Synaxis of the Archangel Michael & the Other Bodiless Powers” on November 8 of the liturgical calendar. For those churches which follow the Julian calendar, November 8 & falls on November 21 on the modern Gregorian calendar.

He’s regarded as the patron saint of the arts & sciences. In addition, every Monday throughout the year is dedicated to the angels.

The Anglicans & Coptic Christians of Ethiopia & Eritrea venerate archangel Uriel. According to the latter, July 11 is his feast day. In the Ethiopian Homily on the Archangel Uriel, he’s pictured as 1 of the great archangels & as the angelus interpres who has interpreted prophecies to Enoch & Ezra, & the helper of both of them.

According to the Homily, at the time of the crucifixion of Jesus, Uriel dipped his wing in the blood & water flowing from Christ’s flank & Filled a cup with it. Carrying the cup, he & the archangel Michael rushed into the world & sprinkled it all over Ethiopia.

In every place where a drop of blood fell, a church was built. Thus, Uriel is often pictured carrying a chalice filled with the blood of Christ in Ethiopian Orthodox iconography. Uriel is honored in the Lutheran Churches as well, with churches including statuary of the archangels Gabriel, Uriel, Michael, & Raphael.

At the Council of Rome of 745, Pope Zachary (intending to clarify the church’s teaching on angels & curbs a tendency toward angel worship) condemned obsession with angelic intervention & angelology. But reaffirmed the approval of the practice of the reverence of angels.

This Synod struck many angels’ names from the list of those eligible for veneration in the church of Rome, including Uriel. Only the reverence of the archangels is mentioned in the recognized Catholic canon of scriptures, namely, Michael, Gabriel, & Raphael, remained acceptable.

In the 16th century, Archangel Uriel appeared before the Sicilian friar Antonio Lo Duca & told him to build a church in the Termini area. Lo Duca told Pope Pius IV about the apparition, and the pope then asked Michelangelo to design the church, which became the Basilica of St. Mary of the Angels & of the Martyrs located at the Esedra Plaza.

In the 1st half of the 11th century, Bulgarian followers of the duelist heresy called Bogomilism, who lived in the dukedom of Ahtum in present-day Banat, invoked Uriel in rituals. This was witnessed by Gerard of Csanad, the Catholic bishop of the area after 1028. Uriel was also named in a small exorcism in the 15th century.

The Book of Enoch (which presents itself as written by Enoch) mentions Uriel in many of its component books. In chapter IX, part of “The Book of the Watchers” (2nd century BC), only 4 angels are named. Those angels are Michael, Uriel, Raphael, & Gabriel. Though some versions have a 5th angel: Suryal or Suriel.

However, chapter XX later lists 7 angels’ names & functions. Those angels are “Uriel, 1 of the holy angels, who’s over the world & over Tartarus,” Raphael, Raguel, Michael, Saraqael, Gabriel, & Remiel.

The Book of the Watchers tells us that Uriel, Raphael, & Gabriel were present before God to testify on behalf of humankind. They ask for divine intervention during the reign of the fallen Grigori (fallen watchers). These fallen ones took human wives & had half-“angel,” half-human offspring called the Nephilim.

Uriel was responsible for warning our boy Noah about the upcoming deluge. After judgment has been brought up on the Nephilim & the Fallen Ones, including the 2 main leaders, Samyaza & Azazel. Uriel then acts as a guide for Enoch for the rest of the Book of Watchers.

In the traditions & hagiography of the Episcopal & other Anglican churches, Uriel is mentioned as an archangel. He’s recognized as the patron saint of the sacrament of confirmation. In some Episcopal churches, Uriel is also regarded as the keeper of beauty & light, & regent of the sun & constellations.

In iconography, he’s shown holding in his right hand a Greek Ionic column, which symbolizes perfection in aesthetics & man-made beauty, and in his left hand is a staff topped with the sun. He is celebrated in the Anglican liturgical calendars of the Feast of the Archangels. The Church of St. Uriel the Archangel at Sea Girt, New Jersey, is a testimony to Anglicans’ devotion to Uriel.

In Hermetic Kabbalah, Uriel’s name is commonly spelled Auriel. He’s regarded as the archangel of the North, & of the element of Earth. According to the teaching of the modern Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Uriel is the archangel of North & East, & is associated with the vegetation of the Earth. In iconography, he’s depicted holding stems of ripened wheat & wearing robes of citrine (a medium deep shade of golden yellow), russet (dark brown with a reddish-orange tinge), olive (like green olives), & black.

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Archangel Michael

Also called Michael the Taxiarch. A taxiarch is used in the Greek language to mean “brigadier,” or a commander of a company. In Greek Orthodoxy, it refers to the Archangels Michael or Gabriel as leaders of the heavenly hosts.

Michael is an archangel & warrior of God in Christianity, Islam, & Judaism. The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in the 2nd or 3rd centuries BC Jewish works, often but not always apocalyptic. In these works, he’s the chief of the angels & archangels. He’s the guardian prince of Israel & is responsible for the care of the people of Israel.

Christianity conserved nearly all of Jewish traditions concerning him. He’s mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7-12, where he does battle with Satan, & in the Epistle of Jude, where the archangel & the devil have an argument over the body of Moses.

The Book of Enoch lists Michael as 1 of 7 archangels. The remaining names are: Uriel, Raguel, Raphael, Sariel, Gabriel, & Remiel. He’s mentioned again in the last chapters of the Book of Daniel, a Jewish apocalypse composed in the 2nd century BC, in which a man clothed in linen tells Daniel that he & “Michael, your prince” are engaged in a battle with the “prince of Persia,” after which, at the end-time, “Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise.”

Enoch was instrumental in establishing the pre-eminent place of Michael among the angels & archangels. In later Jewish works, he’s said to be their chief, mediating the Torah, & standing at the right hand of the throne of God.

In the traditions of the Qumran community, he defends, or leads, the people of God in the end-time battle. In other writings, he’s responsible for the care of Israel & acts as commander of the heavenly armies. He’s Israel’s advocate, contesting Satan’s claim to the body of Moses.

He intercedes between God & humanity & serves as High Priest in the heavenly sanctuary. (So would this make him Aaron’s equal? We’re sincerely asking. Let us know your take in the comments.) He accompanies the souls of the righteous dead to Paradise.

The 7 archangels (or 4, as traditions differ, but always include Michael) were associated with the branches of the menorah, the sacred 7-branched lamp stand in the Temple, as the 7 spirits before the throne of God. This is reflected in the Book of Revelation 4:5. Michael is mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7-12, where he does battle with Satan & casts him out of heaven so that he no longer has that exclusive access to God as accuser (his former role in the Old Testament).

Satan’s fall at the coming of Jesus marks the separation of the New Testament from Judaism. In Luke 22:31, Jesus tells Peter that Satan has asked God for permission to “sift” the disciples, the goal being to accuse them. But the accusation by Jesus, who thus takes on the role played by angels, & especially by Michael, in Judaism.

Michael is mentioned by anem for the 2nd time in the Epistle of Jude, which is an impassioned plea for the believers to engage in battle against the incursion of the error. In verses 9-10, the author denounces the heretics by contrasting them with the archangel Michael, who, in disputing with Satan over the body of Moses.

According to rabbinic tradition, Michael acted as the advocate of Israel. Sometimes he had to fight with the princes of other nations (Daniel 10:13), & particularly with the angel Samael, Israel’s accuser. Their hostility dates from the time Samael was thrown from heaven & tried to drag Michael down with him, requiring God’s intervention.

The rabbis declare that Michael came into his role as defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said Michael rescued Abraham from the furnace into which he’d been thrown by Nimrod. Some say he was the “one that had escaped” (Genesis 14:13), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive & who protected Sarah from defilement by Abimelech.

Michael prevented Isaac’s being sacrificed by his dad by substituting a ram in his place. He saved Jacob, while still in his mom’s womb, from death at the hands of Samuel. Michael later prevented Laban from hurting Jacob. The midrash Exodus Rabbah holds that Michael exercised his function as an advocate of Israel at the time of the Exodus & destroyed Sennacherib’s army.

Epiphanius of Salamis (circa 310-circa 320-403), in his Coptic-Arabic Hexaemeron, referred to Michael as a replacement of Satan. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still 1 of the noble angels.

A painting of Michael slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated Licinius near there in 324. This contributed to the standard iconography that developed of Michael as a warrior saint slaying a dragon. The Michaelion was a magnificent church & in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in Eastern Christianity.

In the 4th century, St. Basil the Great’s homily, De Angelis, St. Michael over all the angels. He was called “Archangel” because he heralds other angels, the title archangelos applied to him in Jude 1:9. The angelology of Pseudo-Dionysius, which was widely read as of the 6th century, gave Michael a rank in the hierarchy of angels.

Later, in the 13th century, others such as Bonventure believed him to be Prince of the Seraphim, the 1st of the 9 angelic orders. According to Thomas Aquinas, Michael is the Prince of the last & lowest choir, the Angels.

Catholics often refer to Michael as “Holy Michael, the Archangel” or “St. Michael.” He’s generally referred to in Christian liturgies as “St. Michael,” as in the Litany of the Saints. In a shortened archangel, is mentioned by name, omitting Saints Gabriel & Raphael.

In Roman Catholic teachings, St. Michael has 4 main roles or offices. His 1st role is the leader of the Army of God & the leader of celestial forces in triumphing over the powers of Hell. He’s viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the “spiritual warrior,” his conflict with evil taken as “the battle within.”

The 2nd & 3rd roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his 2nd role, he’s the angel of death, carrying the souls of Christians to Heaven. In his 3rd role, he weighs souls on his perfectly balanced scales. The scales are a common object he holds in art.

In his 4th role, St. Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also Guardian of the Church. St. Michael was revered by the military orders of knights during the Middle Ages. The names of villages around the Bay of Biscay reflect this history.

The Eastern Orthodox give Michael the title Archistrategos, or “Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts.” The Eastern Orthodox pray to their guardian angels & above all, to Michael & Gabriel. The Eastern Orthodox have always had a strong devotion to angels. In modern times, they’re referred to by the term “Bodiless Powers.” Several feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.

In Russia, many monasteries, cathedrals, courts, & merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael. Most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the archangel Michael. In Ukraine, the archangel Michael is the patron saint of Kyiv. He became popular from the time of Prince Vsevolod of Kyivan Rus’.

While in the Serbian Orthodox Church, St. Sava has a special role as the establisher of its autocephaly & largest Belgrade church devoted to him, the capital Belgrade’s Orthodox cathedral, the see church of the patriarch, is devoted to Michael.

The place of Michael in the Coptic Church of Alexandra is as a saintly intercessor. He’s the 1 who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to Heaven, who defeats the devil. He’s celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.

In Alexandria, a church was dedicated to him in the early 4th century on the 12th of the month of Paoni. The 12th month of Hathor is the celebration of Michael’s appointment in Heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.

Seventh-Day Adventists believe that “Michael” is but 1 of many titles applied to the pre-existent Christ, or Son of God. According to Adventist theology, Michael was/is considered the “Eternal Word,” & the 1 by whom all things were created. The Word was then born, incarnated as Jesus.

They believe that the name “Michael” signifies “One Who Is Like God” & that, as the “Archangel” or “chief or head of the angels,” he led the angels; thus, the statement in Revelation 12:7-9 refers to Jesus as Michael.

Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that Michael is another name for Jesus in Heaven, in His pre-human & post-resurrection existence. They say the definite article in Jude 9 identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described in 1 Thessalonians 4:16: “with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, & with the sound of the trumpet.”

They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael in Daniel 12:1, Revelation 12:7, Revelation 16, & Revelation 19:14 are identical to Jesus’ roles, being the 1 chosen to lead God’s people & as the only 1 who “stands up,” identifying the 2 as the same spirit being.

Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he’s considered the 1st & greatest of all God’s heavenly “sons,” God’s chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God’s sovereignty, sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan & protecting God’s covenant people on earth. Jehovah’s Witnesses also identify Michael with the “Angel of the Lord” who led & protected the Israelites in the wilderness.

Members of the Mormon Church believe that Michael is Adam (of Adam & Eve fame), the Ancient of Days (Daniel 7), a prince, & the patriarch of the human family. They also hold that Michael assisted Jehovah (the pre-mortal form of Jesus) in the creation of the world under the direction of God the Father (Elohim). Under the direction of the Father, Michael also cast Satan out of Heaven.

In Islam, Mika’il (Michael) is 1 of 4 archangels along with Jibril (Gabriel, whom he’s often paired with), Israfil (trumpeter angel) & ‘Azra’il (angel of death). In other Islamic literature, Michael is associated with mercy. He asks God for forgiveness for humans & is 1 of the 1st angels who obeyed God’s orders to bow before Adam.

From the tears of Michael, angels of mercy are created as his helpers. Like Gabriel, with whom he’s often mentioned together, Michael is also a messenger. While Gabriel delivers messages from Heaven to humans, Michael delivers messages to the angelic world.

As the angel to execute God’s providence, he’s also associated with natural phenomena & causes rain upon the lands. Unlike Christian traditions, Michael is rarely shown as a warrior-angel, with a few references to the Battle of Badr by Suyuti as an exception.

The Miraj literature on occasion mentions both Gabriel & Michael as 2 angels who showed Muhammad Paradise & Hell. He’s mentioned in Shia supplication (Dua), reportedly handed down by the 6th Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq, in the prayers for blessings for the Bearers of the Throne.

The figures of Michael & Gabriel/Jibril serve as dual pillars of angelology. While they show up in the same texts, their “personalities” & mythological roles are distinct. Michael is the celestial soldier & protector. While Gabriel is the bridge between the divine mind & the human ear.

The name Michael (Mikha’el) translates from Hebrew as a rhetorical question: “Who is like God?” This name is actually a battle cry used during the primordial war in Heaven.

In the Book of Daniel, Michael is described as the “Great Prince” who stands guard over the people of Israel. Jewish Midrash expands on this. It suggests that Michael is the high priest of the Heavenly Temple. When other nations’ guardian angels argue against Israel, Michael acts as the defense in the celestial courtroom. Because after all, God is the judge of all.

Michael’s most iconic role comes from the Book of Revelation. Here, he leads an army of God against the Dragon (a.k.a. Satan). He’s almost always dressed in Roman/Medieval armor, standing over a defeated demon/dragon, holding a spear/sword.

In Catholic traditions, Michael has a secondary role as the Psychopomp. A Psychopomp is a conductor or a guide of souls. The 1 who “weighs” souls at the moment of death. This is why he’s sometimes shown with scales.

In Islamic tradition, Mikail (Michael) is 1 of 4 archangels. While Jibril feeds the soul (through revelation), Mikail is the Angel of Sustenance. He’s responsible for the forces of nature, specifically rain & lightning. Legends say he’s so moved by the majesty of God that he hasn’t smiled since the creation of Hell.

In the United States, Michael is the patron saint of paratroopers, police officers, & the military.

In the General Roman Calendar, the Anglican Calendar of Saints, & the Lutheran Calendar of Saints, Michael’s feast day is Michaelmas Day (September 29). The day is also the feast day of St. Gabriel & Raphael, in the General Roman Calendar & the Feast of St. Michael & All Angels in the Church of England.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, St. Michael’s principal feast day is November 8. November 21, if they’re using the Gregorian calendar. Honoring him along with the rest of the “Bodiless Powers of Heaven” (angels) as their Supreme Commander, & the Miracle at Chonae is celebrated on September 6.

In the Coptic Orthodox Church, the main feast day is on 12 Hathor (between November 9 & December 9) & 12 Paoni (between June 8 & July 7). He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.

On April 7, the Oriental Orthodox Church commemorates the deliverance of the prophet Jeremiah from prison by Michael.

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Scheduling issues

https://piefed.social/c/historymemes/p/1822386/scheduling-issues

The #GregorianCalendar was introduced in a papal bull #OnThisDay in 1582.

Despite numerous attempts by radicals to reform the calendar, commerce usually decides how we measure time.

🔓 This archive article is free for 7 days

https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/how-change-calendar

Jackson celebrates Serbian Orthodox Christmas with traditional festivities https://www.byteseu.com/1697887/ #app #celebration #ChurchService #day #EliBradaric #FatherMarkoBojovic #GregorianCalendar #Jackson #JacksonCelebration #LarryAngier #people #Serbia #SerbianOrthodoxChristmas #SerbianStSavaChurchOrthodox #SymbolicTradition #TraditionalEvent #TraditionalFestivity #year

A #leapYear starting on #Wednesday is any year with 366 days (i.e. it includes #29February) that begins on Wednesday 1 #January and ends on #Thursday 31 #December. Its #dominicalLetters hence are ED. The most recent year of such kind was 2020, and the next one will be 2048 in the #GregorianCalendar, or likewise, 2004 and 2032 in the obsolete #JulianCalendar, see below for more. Any leap year that starts on Wednesday has two #FridayThe13ths: those two in this leap year #occurInMarch.

Why, #GregorianCalendar?

Why are you such a mess?

I mean, look at your skew last quarter that's misaligned by TWO FULL MONTHS! September should be seven. You know that's true.

Not to speak of the weird idea of dividing the solar circle into twelve (kind of) even pieces instead of something easy to divide like eight or sixteen.

Why? To impress the moon? The moon doesn't care! It doesn't even care about a day's length, let alone your weirdly uneven months. The moon is a free spirit, you can't tie it down.

Make up your own mind and become the best calendar you can be!

Georgian calendar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Gregorian calendar.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_calendar

#Wikipedia #GeorgianCalendar #GregorianCalendar

In #Thailand, two main calendar systems are used alongside each other: the #ThaiSolarCalendar, based on the #GregorianCalendar and used for official and most day-to-day purposes, and the #ThaiLunarCalendar (a version of the #BuddhistCalendar, technically a #lunisolarCalendar), used for traditional events and Buddhist religious practices.

This 👇🏽 is good 👌🏽:

“A Leap Year Check In Three Instructions”, Falk Hüffner (https://hueffner.de/falk/blog/a-leap-year-check-in-three-instructions.html).

Via HN: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43999748

On Lobsters: https://lobste.rs/s/ybjgex/leap_year_check_three_instructions

#Optimization #Assembly #Compilers #GCC #Math #LeapYear #GregorianCalendar #BitTwiddling #Speed

Unveiling the Secrets of Calendars From BC AD to Global Traditions Happy New Year 2025

#monthnameorigins #globalcalendars #timekeepinghistory #culturaltraditions #calendarevolution, #calendarfacts #happynewyear #india #hindu #china #hebru #juliusceaser #rome #newyear2025 #gregoriancalendar #timekeepinghistory #culturaltraditions #happynewyear #happynewyear2025 #pope
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_B55qUPj58U

Unveiling the Secrets of Calendars From BC AD to Global Traditions Happy New Year 2025

#monthnameorigins #globalcalendars #timekeepinghistory #culturaltraditions #calendarevolution, #calendarfacts #happynewyear #india #hindu #china #hebru #juliusceaser #rome #newyear2025 #gregoriancalendar #timekeepinghistory #culturaltraditions #happynewyear #happynewyear2025 #pope
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_B55qUPj58U

I think the Gregorian calendar is overrated. Its uneven days make no sense, and it mostly exists to enable flimsy New Year’s resolutions doomed to fail. 🗓️

#GregorianCalendar #HotTake

It’s #CalendarAdjustmentDay, marking the day in 1752 when Britain and its colonies jumped forward 11 days overnight, to sync up with the Gregorian calendar. And you can celebrate by learning about the history and etymology of that calendar, in our video! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSEfWDwvxWE

#Etymology #Video #WordNerd #Linguistics #Language #Words #HistoricalLinguistics #LingComm #Calendar #GregorianCalendar

Happy New Year to all of you observing the Gregorian calendar. I hope heads are not too sore this morning/afternoon. For the first time since I was a child, I did not make it to midnight and slept through the fireworks. With a wee bouncing babby in the house, sleep is always going to take priority!

As I have written before, I do not make New Year resolutions. Once more I continue my annual tradition.

However…

If I was to make a resolution or two this year, they would probably look something like this:

• Eat less
• Eat better
• Move more
• Play more
• Read more
• Write more
• Sleep more
• Sleep better

Whether you have made a resolution today, or like me you have resisted, I hope 2024 is an incredible year for you and yours.

https://twaddle.blog/2024/01/01/happy-new-gregorian-year/

#GregorianCalendar #HappyNewYear #NewYear #NewYearResolutions

Is there some #genealogy software that does dates correctly?

E.g. user enters dates as recorded by authorities, but lets assume that a person moved from #Norway / #Denmark to Sweden in 1730. The records in #Norway / #Denmark would be in #GregorianCalendar, and the Swedish dates would be in #JulianCalendar. Assume that there are dates from the first decade of 1700s, when the #SwedishTransitionalCalendar was in operation and subsequently paused and abandoned, resulting in that February 30, 1712 is a valid date in #Sweden(!), and the other days being one day off from the Julian calendar.

Basically, all software seems to flag the date of 1712-02-30 as invalid, because it is impossible to specify the correct calendar.

And lets not get started about age calculations before new-year was moved to first of January (in many places this was well before the #Gregorian calendar introduction).

#Religion overpowers #logic, again 😞:

“The World Very Nearly Adopted A Calendar With 13 Months Of 28 Days”, The Washington Post (https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2023/11/04/battle-sabbath-13-month-calendar/).

Via HN: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38147981

#TheLeagueOfNations #Judaism #InternationalFixedCalendar #GregorianCalendar #Calendar

It’s #CalendarAdjustmentDay, marking the day in 1752 when Britain and its colonies jumped forward 11 days overnight, to sync up with the Gregorian calendar. And you can celebrate by learning about the history and etymology of that calendar, in our video! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSEfWDwvxWE

#Etymology #Video #WordNerd #Linguistics #Language #Words #HistoricalLinguistics #LingComm #Calendar #GregorianCalendar

Marking its ‘Christening’ as #Kyiv during the rule of Volodymyr the Great in 988, #Ukraine will celebrate its #StatehoodDay on July 28th for the last time this year. 👉 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Ukraine)

It will be celebrated on July 15th afterward, as the country has now switched to the #GregorianCalendar.

@davep
🥥 Slow -- and VERY well-deserved -- applause for your #GregorianCalendar, David! 🥥

@offenesMA @robertcasties ich habe da eine XSLT Implementation für die Umrechnung on gregorianischen, altem und neuem julianischen, hijri, osmanischem Finanzkalender und koptischem Kalender für TEI Editionen geschrieben. Die Konverter sind allerdings unabhängig von TEI: https://github.com/tillgrallert/xslt-calendar-conversion

#Calendar #XML #TEI #JulianCalendar #GregorianCalendar #Hijri #CopticCalendar #OttomanFiscalCalendar

TFW when you’re born on October 6, 1582 😲

#calendar #gregoriancalendar

I need a better calendar!

Instead of:

yo, jesus was born 2023 years ago you shall be always reminded about that when you think about a fucking time!

And like something that is not using the solar system as a reference so that it can be used across different star systems or ideally galaxies while carrying a meaningful information

helpppp

#galaxy #calendar #star #starsystem #gregorian #gregorianCalendar

#Shevat (also #Shvat) /ʃəˈvat (Hebrew & English)/ = 5th month of the Jewish #CivilYear, and 11th month of the #liturgicalYear. The word is borrowed from an Akkadian word meaning "strike," probably in reference to seasonal heavy rain in that region at that time of year (January-February in the #GregorianCalendar)

Tu B' Shvat = "15 in Shvat" [15th of Shvat], the New Year of the Trees. Also called Rosh Hashanah La'ilanot (= "head-of the-year for-trees", i.e. New Year For Trees) ...

8/

Yom Saint #Valentine Ha'Kadosh = day [of] Saint Valentine the-holy [(St.) Valentine's Day]

#Av /av/ = the 11th #month of the #civilYear and 5th month of the #liturgicalYear in the #HebrewCalendar. Corresponds to July/August in the #GregorianCalendar. Borrowed from the Akkadian word “abum” meaning “fire month.”

#tu = 15 (more in next toot)

b' (also be) /bə/ (Hebrew) = prepositional noun prefix roughly equivalent to "in", "at", and "with"

B'Av (bə'ʔav) = in [month of] Av [i.e. "of Av"]

2/

I've spent the last several months trying to decipher an 1860 English translation of the #SuryaSiddhanta, which was originally written in #Sanskrit and published in its final form in KY 3606 (505 AD). After tracing multiple errors and bugs, I've finally gotten a pretty accurate algorithm which agrees with the methods of late Classical Indian #astronomy as well as observations...

And it looks like modern Indian Solar New Year is actually synched to the #GregorianCalendar.

#Programming

#MizrachiChristians = Eastern Orthodox Christians, who follow the #JulianCalendar (a calendar developed under Julius Caesar); the #GregorianCalendar modified it very slightly to correct for solar drift (the Julian has 1 too many leap days every 400 years or so), but as an innovation of the Roman Catholic Church the Orthodox denominations did not adopt it.

6/

In the 17th century, #IsaacNewton recognised that the #julianCalendar was deficient but the #GregorianCalendar was too #Catholic for him. He worked on a new calendar whose mean year was just a few seconds shorter than the #TropicalYear (the mean Gregorian year is about 29 seconds longer). Newton viewed this as a feature rather than a bug, because under his system, the dates of the solstices and equinoxes would gradually drift back to those when #Jesus was alive.

#Sweden decided to adopt the #GregorianCalendar in 1700, but tried to skip issues with skipping days by omitting 11 #LeapYears between 1700 and 1740 until Swedish dates matched those of #Catholic countries. This completely failed, and Sweden just skipped a bnch of days in 1753. In the intervening chaos, February had 30 days in Sweden in 1704 and 1708.