4 results for “mernst”
Welche Realität meinst du?
Tja, die Frage müssen wir in Zukunft wohl jedem stellen, der eine Behauptung in den Raum wirft: „Welche Realität meinst du?“ So ist es beispielsweise Jasper Spaans passiert, wie er im Fediverse berichtet.
#blogpost #blog #AI #Halluzination #GenAI #ChatGPT #Ritzel #Fediverse
Ymer Falls in M15 Ithaca Semifinals – UK Athletics
Ithaca, N.Y. – Kentucky Men’s Tennis junior Rafael Ymer advanced from the qualifying draw to the men’s singles…
#Tennis #News #headlines #menstennis #non-homepageheadlines
https://www.europesays.com/tennis/92462/
DATE: October 25, 2026 at 12:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG
** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
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TITLE: How the menstrual cycle might alter ADHD symptoms in women taking stimulant medication
URL: https://www.psypost.org/how-the-menstrual-cycle-alters-adhd-symptoms-in-women-taking-stimulants/
The menstrual cycle appears to modulate the severity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits in women taking common stimulant medications. A new small study suggests that these traits peak in severity during menstruation and ease soon after, pointing toward a need for hormone-aware treatment plans. The research was published in the Journal of Attention Disorders.
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by distraction, impulsivity, and hyperactive behavior. Medical professionals historically viewed the condition as something that primarily affected young boys. That diagnostic gap is rapidly closing, and women now make up nearly half of the adult ADHD population in the United States. Women often present with different behavioral patterns than men, leaning toward severe inattention and internalizing behaviors rather than disruptive hyperactivity.
Despite facing daily impairments in their careers and social lives, women remain largely underrepresented in ADHD research. One distinct biological variable separating women from men is the constant fluctuation of ovarian hormones. During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, estrogen levels rise and peak near ovulation. The subsequent luteal phase features elevated estrogen and progesterone, which then drop rapidly shortly before menstruation begins.
Researchers suspect these hormones play a direct role in brain chemistry. Low estrogen levels are thought to decrease dopamine signaling in the brain. Because dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter involved in focus and attention, these natural hormonal drops could theoretically worsen ADHD symptoms.
Researchers Rebecca Zaritsky, Stephanie C. Reed, and Suzette M. Evans wanted to understand how these hormonal variations interact with ADHD treatments. Prior laboratory work demonstrated that amphetamines, the most commonly prescribed class of ADHD medications, can be less effective during the luteal phase of the cycle. Case reports from clinical settings also hinted that some women experience worsening moods and fading concentration right before their periods.
The research team designed a study to track these daily changes prospectively. The investigators recruited participants through online advertisements to monitor their daily experiences. They screened for individuals between the ages of 18 and 40 who experienced regular menstrual cycles lasting between 21 and 35 days.
To join the study, participants had to report an ADHD diagnosis and currently use amphetamine salts (commonly known by brand names like Adderall) for treatment on at least five days of the week. The team excluded anyone taking hormonal birth control, as well as individuals using other psychiatric medications. After exclusions and dropouts, the researchers ended up with a small study of 30 participants who completed the required long-term tracking.
Each individual filled out an initial survey detailing their medical history, baseline mood, and general impulsive behaviors. Following this baseline assessment, participants completed a daily online survey for 35 consecutive days. This extended timeline ensured the researchers could capture data from one full menstrual cycle for every participant.
The daily questionnaires asked participants to rate their current ADHD symptoms on a standardized four-point scale. They evaluated 18 distinct symptoms, splitting them equally between inattentive traits and hyperactive-impulsive traits. Participants also rated their daily mood variations on a six-point scale measuring 17 distinct emotional states, and reported their exact medication dosage for the day. Finally, they noted whether they were actively menstruating or spotting.
The researchers averaged the daily survey responses and grouped them into three specific biological windows. These windows included the first five days of menstruation, the mid-follicular phase shortly after bleeding ends, and the late luteal phase just before the next period begins. Participants reported their most severe ADHD symptoms during the active menstruation phase. In contrast, they experienced comparatively milder symptoms during the mid-follicular phase.
When researchers separated the specific types of ADHD traits, hyperactive and impulsive behaviors showed variation across the cycle phases, but after adjusting for multiple comparisons this amounted only to a trend rather than a statistically significant difference. Inattentive symptoms also fluctuated, but the differences were not statistically significant. Participants did not report any differences in how much their symptoms generally impaired their daily lives across the different phases.
Mood tracking revealed a correlation between negative emotions and ADHD symptoms. Participants reported elevated negative moods during both the late luteal and menstruation phases compared to the mid-follicular phase. The individuals who experienced the largest drops in mood during menstruation also reported the greatest increases in ADHD symptoms. This correlation held true for both inattentive and hyperactive traits.
Daily amphetamine doses remained remarkably steady across the entire cycle. Participants did not instinctively take more medication to compensate for feeling more distracted or hyperactive during their periods. The research team had hypothesized that some participants using flexible dosing regimens might attempt to counteract their worsening symptoms with higher doses. This lack of adjustment might reflect strict prescribing practices, as many doctors do not encourage patients to alter their daily stimulant intake based on their menstrual cycles.
This research relied entirely on self-reported surveys. The investigators did not measure hormone levels in a laboratory to perfectly confirm each biological phase, opting instead to estimate phases based on reported bleeding days. The small sample size also limited the statistical power of the analysis, meaning the results require verification in larger populations. Because participants taking other psychiatric medications were excluded, the results might not represent individuals managing ADHD alongside conditions such as mood disorders or premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
The study design carried a few distinct demographic and methodological limitations. The researchers did not explicitly gather information on gender identity, meaning the relationship between gender identity, hormone cycles, and ADHD remains untested in this specific context. The standardized survey tool used to track daily symptoms was also based on older diagnostic criteria. This older framework lacks recent diagnostic updates designed to capture how ADHD presents in adults.
The research team also looked at baseline mental health using standardized questionnaires for depression and anxiety. They found a trend suggesting that individuals with higher baseline depression and anxiety scores might experience slightly smaller shifts in ADHD symptoms across their cycles. However, having a higher overall symptom count on average consistently predicted a lower ADHD-related quality of life.
Future studies will need to incorporate direct hormone sampling to precisely map biological changes to behavioral shifts. Researchers might also explore how oral contraceptives or specific antidepressants impact this hormonal cycle in neurodivergent populations. Some clinics have already begun testing symptom-based dosing regimens, where patients take slightly more medication during the specific weeks when their natural hormones work against them. Tracking these targeted interventions could eventually help doctors provide highly individualized care for women navigating adult ADHD.
The study, “Changes in ADHD Symptoms and Mood Across the Menstrual Cycle in Females Treated With Stimulants: A Pilot Study,” was authored by Rebecca Zaritsky, Stephanie C. Reed, and Suzette M. Evans.
URL: https://www.psypost.org/how-the-menstrual-cycle-alters-adhd-symptoms-in-women-taking-stimulants/
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#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #ADHD #WomensHealth #MenstrualCycle #ADHDWomen #MentalHealth #Neurodiversity #HormonalHealth #ADHDAwareness #StimulantMedication #HealthResearch
A Look Back at X-Men 2099 #24 (1995)
Disclaimer: This is my original work with details sourced from reading the comic book and doing personal research. Anyone who wants to use this article, in part or in whole, needs to secure first my permission and agree to cite me as the source and author. Let it be known that any unauthorized use of this article will constrain the author to pursue the remedies under R.A. No. 8293, the Revised Penal Code, and/or all applicable legal actions under the laws of the Philippines.
Welcome back, superhero enthusiasts, 1990s culture enthusiasts, X-Men fans and comic book collectors! Today we revisit the Marvel Comics shared universe through one of the many tales of the X-Men 2099 monthly series.
One of the things I enjoyed the most about the X-Men 2099 series was its expansion of the 2099 universe lore as well as the portrayal of uncertainty that mutants deal with in the more desolate parts of America (far away from Spider-Man 2099 and Punisher 2099). Along the way, the futuristic X-Men themselves were really torn down by a series of unfortunate events that includes the departure of their founder and leader Xi’an (eventually Controller X of the Theater of Pain). With the team members separated by circumstances, they were given their own tales and character development periods.
With those details laid down, here is a look back at X-Men 2099 #24, published by Marvel Comics in 1995 with a story written by John Francis Moore and drawn by Ron Lim.
The cover.Early story
The story begins in southern California where the Slaughterhouse gets shaken by the force of a gamma bomb that detonated far away. Inside the facility, Quiver and Sham struggle as they sneak carefully. They intend to escape even though the odds are against them.
Nearby, the demonic Theater of Pain leader Brimstone Love strikes Junkpile (now with SHIELD serving the new President Doom 2099) hard and seriously damages him. With Junkpile down, the evil leader believes that Doom’s best is a failure and the Theater of Pain has nothing to fear from him. Brimstone Love issues an order to have Junkpile disposed.
Several feet below the ground, Skullfire and Luna find themselves contained after getting captured. For Luna, Xi’an is a lost cause and she prefers to find Shakti and escape. Skullfire, however, insists on pursuing Xi’an even though their situation looks very hopeless. As the two try to escape, they end up facing the muses of the Theater of Pain’s bloodsport arenas…Euphoria, Felicity and Bliss. Luna was previously one of them…
Quality
Shakti represents the remaining X-Men while her former superior Xi’an has fully sided with the evil Theater of Pain as Controller X.Being the comic book that immediately precedes issue #25, there is a lot of creative stuff here that X-Men 2099 fans will enjoy. The Moore-Lim duo took their time in setting up the eventual restoration of the futuristic X-Men as a team while carefully telling the dangerous events they will face with the Theater of Pain standing in their way.
Fans can find small moments that can be enjoyable or even intriguing to discover such as Luna facing off with her Theater of Pain “sisters” of long ago, the reuniting of Bloodhawk with Meanstreak and Krystalin followed by the justification behind their decision to get involved, and more. What I find very compelling to read is Shakti’s interaction with Controller X (Xi’an behind the mask obsessively serving the Theater of Pain) and the rising danger the Theater’s operation is brewing. There is richness in the dialogue between Shakti and Xi’an, and the symbolic division between them – Shakti representing the X-Men and their former leader Xi’an now serving the evil ones – is really powerful to see.
The storytelling as a whole has a lot of depth behind it, and the build-up of the events is undeniably powerful. As the story progressed, the tension also grew stronger and you can feel the danger that awaits the futuristic X-Men.
Conclusion
Bloodhawk is back with Meanstreak and Krystalin.X-Men 2099 #24 (1995) succeeds a lot on setting-up the big conflict of issue #25 and it also sets in motion the eventual reuniting of the X-Men. Along the way, there are small details here and there that will compel you to revisit previous X-Men 2099 issues. Brimstone Love’s evil was emphasized more here and Controller X/Xi’an’s determination to serve him and make a lot of people suffer under the Theater’s operation added a lot of tension to the plot. Consider this a very important read before reading X-Men 2099 #25.
Overall, X-Men 2099 #24 (1995) is recommended.
+++++
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