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  1. 🇩🇰 📖 🔭 **The Lord of Uraniborg: A Biography of Tycho Brahe**

    "_The Lord of Uraniborg is a comprehensive biography of Tycho Brahe, father of modern astronomy, famed alchemist and littérateur of the sixteenth-century Danish Renaissance._"

    🔗 cambridge.org/core/books/lord-.

    #History #Denmark #Science #Astronomy #HistSci #Nonfiction #Biography #TychoBrahe #Books #Bookstodon

    #Image attribution: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Page URL:commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fil.

  2. 🇩🇰 📖 🔭 **The Lord of Uraniborg: A Biography of Tycho Brahe**

    "_The Lord of Uraniborg is a comprehensive biography of Tycho Brahe, father of modern astronomy, famed alchemist and littérateur of the sixteenth-century Danish Renaissance._"

    🔗 cambridge.org/core/books/lord-.

    #History #Denmark #Science #Astronomy #HistSci #Nonfiction #Biography #TychoBrahe #Books #Bookstodon

    #Image attribution: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Page URL:commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fil.

  3. 🇩🇰 📖 🔭 **The Lord of Uraniborg: A Biography of Tycho Brahe**

    "_The Lord of Uraniborg is a comprehensive biography of Tycho Brahe, father of modern astronomy, famed alchemist and littérateur of the sixteenth-century Danish Renaissance._"

    🔗 cambridge.org/core/books/lord-.

    #History #Denmark #Science #Astronomy #HistSci #Nonfiction #Biography #TychoBrahe #Books #Bookstodon

    #Image attribution: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Page URL:commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fil.

  4. 🇩🇰 📖 🔭 **The Lord of Uraniborg: A Biography of Tycho Brahe**

    "_The Lord of Uraniborg is a comprehensive biography of Tycho Brahe, father of modern astronomy, famed alchemist and littérateur of the sixteenth-century Danish Renaissance._"

    🔗 cambridge.org/core/books/lord-.

    #History #Denmark #Science #Astronomy #HistSci #Nonfiction #Biography #TychoBrahe #Books #Bookstodon

    #Image attribution: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Page URL:commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fil.

  5. “Alchemy. The link between the immemorial magic arts and modern science. Humankind’s first systematic effort to unlock the secrets of matter by reproducible experiment.”*…

    As (AI/tech pro and writer) Dale Markowitz explains, for scientists of yore anything—from mermaids to alchemy—was on the table…

    In 1936, the economist John Maynard Keynes purchased a trove of Isaac Newton’s unpublished notes. These included more than 100,000 words on the great physicist’s secret alchemical experiments. Keynes, shocked and awed, dubbed them “wholly magical and wholly devoid of scientific value.” This unexpected discovery, paired with things like Newton’s obsession with searching for encrypted messages in the Bible’s Book of David, showed that Newton “was not the first of the age of reason,” Keynes concluded. “He was the last of the magicians.”

    When it came to fascination with the occult, Newton was hardly alone. Many contemporary scientists may cast aspersions on spells, mythical tales, and powers of divination. Not so for many of the early modern thinkers who laid the foundations of modern science. To them, the world teemed with the uncanny: witches, unicorns, mermaids, stars that foretold the future, base metals that could be coaxed into gold or distilled into elixirs of eternal life. 

    These fantastical beliefs were shared by the illiterate and educated elite alike—including many of the forebears of contemporary science, including chemist Robert Boyle, who gave us modern chemistry and Boyle’s law, and biologist Carl Linnaeus, who developed the taxonomic system by which scientists classify species today. Rather than stifling discovery, their now-arcane beliefs may have helped drive them and other scientists to endure hot smoky days in the bowels of alchemical laboratories or long frigid nights on the balconies of astronomical towers.

    To understand the role of magic in spurring scientific progress, it helps to understand the state of learning in Europe in those times. Throughout the Middle Ages, many scholars were fixated on the idea that knowledge could only be gleaned from ancient texts. Universities taught from incomplete, often poorly translated copies of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen. To stray from the giants was a crime: In 14th-century Oxford, scholars could be charged 5 shillings for contradicting Aristotle. Curiosity was considered a sin on par with lust. A powerful motivator was needed to shuck off ancient thinking.

    One of the first influential thinkers to break with the old ways was the 16th-century Swiss-German physician Paracelsus. The father of toxicology, known for his pioneering use of chemicals in medicine, Paracelsus was among the first of his time to champion the importance of experimentation and observation—a philosophy which would set the foundations for the scientific method. Paracelsus showed the scholars what he thought of their old books by publicly burning his copies of Galen and Avicenna. 

    But what led him to this experiment-first approach? Perhaps it was because, to Paracelsus, experimentation was a kind of magic. His writing fuses scientific observation with the occult. To him, medicine, astrology, and alchemy were inextricably linked—different ways of unveiling sacred truths hidden in nature by God. Paracelsus considered himself a kind of magus, as he believed Moses and Solomon had been, as Newton would view himself 150 years later. Paracelsus believed, though, that divine knowledge could be gained not just by studying scripture, but also by studying nature. The alchemical workbench, the night sky—these were even surer routes to God than any dusty old textbook…

    [Markowitz recounts the stories of Tycho Brahe [almanac entry here], his patron Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, Robert Boyle, William Harvey, and Linnaeus [here], who, in 1749, urged the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to launch a hunt for mermaids…]

    … To our contemporary ears, most all of this may sound fairly ridiculous. But as Edward Donlick puts it in The Clockwork Universe, “The world was so full of marvels, in other words, that the truly scientific approach was to reserve judgment about what was possible and what wasn’t, and to observe and experiment instead.” To the 17th-century scientist, anything was on the table, so long as it could be experimentally studied.

    Today, we know how the story ends: Belief in astrology, alchemy, and witchcraft declined in places where empiricism and skepticism became cornerstones of science. But perhaps early scientists’ fascination with the occult should remind us of other tenants of discovery: open-mindedness and curiosity. Witches, mermaids, and the philosopher’s stone may not have survived modern scrutiny, but it was curiosity about them that drove real progress and allowed early thinkers to stray from established norms. In this sense, curiosity is a kind of magic…

    How the Occult Gave Birth to Science,” from @dalequark.bsky.social in @nautil.us.

    See also: “The importance of experimental proof, on the other hand, does not mean that without new experimental data we cannot make advances” and “Everyone knows Newton as the great scientist. Few remember that he spent half his life muddling with alchemy, looking for the philosopher’s stone. That was the pebble by the seashore he really wanted to find.”

    John Ciardi

    ###

    As we think about transmutation, we might spare a thought for a rough contemporary (and fellow-traveler) of Newton’s, Rasmus Bartholin; he died on this date in 1698. A physician, mathematician, and physicist, he is best known for his discovery of the optical phenomenon of double refraction. In 1669, Bartholin observed that images seen through Icelandic feldspar (calcite) were doubled and that, when the crystal was rotated, one image remained stationary while the other rotated with the crystal. Such behaviour of light could not be explained using Newton’s optical theories of the time. Subsequently, this was explained as the effect of the polarisation of the light.

    Bartholin also wrote a several mathematical works and made astronomical observations (including the comets of 1665). And he is famed for his medical work, in particular his introduction of quinine in the fight against malaria.

    (Bartholin’s family was packed with pioneering scientists, 12 of whom became professors at the University of Copenhagen; perhaps most notable, his elder brother Thomas, who discovered the lymphatic system in humans and advanced the theory of “refrigeration anesthesia”(being the first to describe it scientifically).

    Rasmus Bartholin (source)

    #alchemy #astology #culture #Discovery #doubleRefraction #history #IsaacNewton #Linnaeus #lymphaticSystem #malaria #occult #optics #Paracelsus #philosophy #quinine #RasmusBartholin #Science #Technology #ThomasBartholin #TychoBrahe #witchcraft

  6. “Alchemy. The link between the immemorial magic arts and modern science. Humankind’s first systematic effort to unlock the secrets of matter by reproducible experiment.”*…

    As (AI/tech pro and writer) Dale Markowitz explains, for scientists of yore anything—from mermaids to alchemy—was on the table…

    In 1936, the economist John Maynard Keynes purchased a trove of Isaac Newton’s unpublished notes. These included more than 100,000 words on the great physicist’s secret alchemical experiments. Keynes, shocked and awed, dubbed them “wholly magical and wholly devoid of scientific value.” This unexpected discovery, paired with things like Newton’s obsession with searching for encrypted messages in the Bible’s Book of David, showed that Newton “was not the first of the age of reason,” Keynes concluded. “He was the last of the magicians.”

    When it came to fascination with the occult, Newton was hardly alone. Many contemporary scientists may cast aspersions on spells, mythical tales, and powers of divination. Not so for many of the early modern thinkers who laid the foundations of modern science. To them, the world teemed with the uncanny: witches, unicorns, mermaids, stars that foretold the future, base metals that could be coaxed into gold or distilled into elixirs of eternal life. 

    These fantastical beliefs were shared by the illiterate and educated elite alike—including many of the forebears of contemporary science, including chemist Robert Boyle, who gave us modern chemistry and Boyle’s law, and biologist Carl Linnaeus, who developed the taxonomic system by which scientists classify species today. Rather than stifling discovery, their now-arcane beliefs may have helped drive them and other scientists to endure hot smoky days in the bowels of alchemical laboratories or long frigid nights on the balconies of astronomical towers.

    To understand the role of magic in spurring scientific progress, it helps to understand the state of learning in Europe in those times. Throughout the Middle Ages, many scholars were fixated on the idea that knowledge could only be gleaned from ancient texts. Universities taught from incomplete, often poorly translated copies of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen. To stray from the giants was a crime: In 14th-century Oxford, scholars could be charged 5 shillings for contradicting Aristotle. Curiosity was considered a sin on par with lust. A powerful motivator was needed to shuck off ancient thinking.

    One of the first influential thinkers to break with the old ways was the 16th-century Swiss-German physician Paracelsus. The father of toxicology, known for his pioneering use of chemicals in medicine, Paracelsus was among the first of his time to champion the importance of experimentation and observation—a philosophy which would set the foundations for the scientific method. Paracelsus showed the scholars what he thought of their old books by publicly burning his copies of Galen and Avicenna. 

    But what led him to this experiment-first approach? Perhaps it was because, to Paracelsus, experimentation was a kind of magic. His writing fuses scientific observation with the occult. To him, medicine, astrology, and alchemy were inextricably linked—different ways of unveiling sacred truths hidden in nature by God. Paracelsus considered himself a kind of magus, as he believed Moses and Solomon had been, as Newton would view himself 150 years later. Paracelsus believed, though, that divine knowledge could be gained not just by studying scripture, but also by studying nature. The alchemical workbench, the night sky—these were even surer routes to God than any dusty old textbook…

    [Markowitz recounts the stories of Tycho Brahe [almanac entry here], his patron Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, Robert Boyle, William Harvey, and Linnaeus [here], who, in 1749, urged the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to launch a hunt for mermaids…]

    … To our contemporary ears, most all of this may sound fairly ridiculous. But as Edward Donlick puts it in The Clockwork Universe, “The world was so full of marvels, in other words, that the truly scientific approach was to reserve judgment about what was possible and what wasn’t, and to observe and experiment instead.” To the 17th-century scientist, anything was on the table, so long as it could be experimentally studied.

    Today, we know how the story ends: Belief in astrology, alchemy, and witchcraft declined in places where empiricism and skepticism became cornerstones of science. But perhaps early scientists’ fascination with the occult should remind us of other tenants of discovery: open-mindedness and curiosity. Witches, mermaids, and the philosopher’s stone may not have survived modern scrutiny, but it was curiosity about them that drove real progress and allowed early thinkers to stray from established norms. In this sense, curiosity is a kind of magic…

    How the Occult Gave Birth to Science,” from @dalequark.bsky.social in @nautil.us.

    See also: “The importance of experimental proof, on the other hand, does not mean that without new experimental data we cannot make advances” and “Everyone knows Newton as the great scientist. Few remember that he spent half his life muddling with alchemy, looking for the philosopher’s stone. That was the pebble by the seashore he really wanted to find.”

    John Ciardi

    ###

    As we think about transmutation, we might spare a thought for a rough contemporary (and fellow-traveler) of Newton’s, Rasmus Bartholin; he died on this date in 1698. A physician, mathematician, and physicist, he is best known for his discovery of the optical phenomenon of double refraction. In 1669, Bartholin observed that images seen through Icelandic feldspar (calcite) were doubled and that, when the crystal was rotated, one image remained stationary while the other rotated with the crystal. Such behaviour of light could not be explained using Newton’s optical theories of the time. Subsequently, this was explained as the effect of the polarisation of the light.

    Bartholin also wrote a several mathematical works and made astronomical observations (including the comets of 1665). And he is famed for his medical work, in particular his introduction of quinine in the fight against malaria.

    (Bartholin’s family was packed with pioneering scientists, 12 of whom became professors at the University of Copenhagen; perhaps most notable, his elder brother Thomas, who discovered the lymphatic system in humans and advanced the theory of “refrigeration anesthesia”(being the first to describe it scientifically).

    Rasmus Bartholin (source)

    #alchemy #astology #culture #Discovery #doubleRefraction #history #IsaacNewton #Linnaeus #lymphaticSystem #malaria #occult #optics #Paracelsus #philosophy #quinine #RasmusBartholin #Science #Technology #ThomasBartholin #TychoBrahe #witchcraft

  7. “Alchemy. The link between the immemorial magic arts and modern science. Humankind’s first systematic effort to unlock the secrets of matter by reproducible experiment.”*…

    As (AI/tech pro and writer) Dale Markowitz explains, for scientists of yore anything—from mermaids to alchemy—was on the table…

    In 1936, the economist John Maynard Keynes purchased a trove of Isaac Newton’s unpublished notes. These included more than 100,000 words on the great physicist’s secret alchemical experiments. Keynes, shocked and awed, dubbed them “wholly magical and wholly devoid of scientific value.” This unexpected discovery, paired with things like Newton’s obsession with searching for encrypted messages in the Bible’s Book of David, showed that Newton “was not the first of the age of reason,” Keynes concluded. “He was the last of the magicians.”

    When it came to fascination with the occult, Newton was hardly alone. Many contemporary scientists may cast aspersions on spells, mythical tales, and powers of divination. Not so for many of the early modern thinkers who laid the foundations of modern science. To them, the world teemed with the uncanny: witches, unicorns, mermaids, stars that foretold the future, base metals that could be coaxed into gold or distilled into elixirs of eternal life. 

    These fantastical beliefs were shared by the illiterate and educated elite alike—including many of the forebears of contemporary science, including chemist Robert Boyle, who gave us modern chemistry and Boyle’s law, and biologist Carl Linnaeus, who developed the taxonomic system by which scientists classify species today. Rather than stifling discovery, their now-arcane beliefs may have helped drive them and other scientists to endure hot smoky days in the bowels of alchemical laboratories or long frigid nights on the balconies of astronomical towers.

    To understand the role of magic in spurring scientific progress, it helps to understand the state of learning in Europe in those times. Throughout the Middle Ages, many scholars were fixated on the idea that knowledge could only be gleaned from ancient texts. Universities taught from incomplete, often poorly translated copies of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen. To stray from the giants was a crime: In 14th-century Oxford, scholars could be charged 5 shillings for contradicting Aristotle. Curiosity was considered a sin on par with lust. A powerful motivator was needed to shuck off ancient thinking.

    One of the first influential thinkers to break with the old ways was the 16th-century Swiss-German physician Paracelsus. The father of toxicology, known for his pioneering use of chemicals in medicine, Paracelsus was among the first of his time to champion the importance of experimentation and observation—a philosophy which would set the foundations for the scientific method. Paracelsus showed the scholars what he thought of their old books by publicly burning his copies of Galen and Avicenna. 

    But what led him to this experiment-first approach? Perhaps it was because, to Paracelsus, experimentation was a kind of magic. His writing fuses scientific observation with the occult. To him, medicine, astrology, and alchemy were inextricably linked—different ways of unveiling sacred truths hidden in nature by God. Paracelsus considered himself a kind of magus, as he believed Moses and Solomon had been, as Newton would view himself 150 years later. Paracelsus believed, though, that divine knowledge could be gained not just by studying scripture, but also by studying nature. The alchemical workbench, the night sky—these were even surer routes to God than any dusty old textbook…

    [Markowitz recounts the stories of Tycho Brahe [almanac entry here], his patron Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, Robert Boyle, William Harvey, and Linnaeus [here], who, in 1749, urged the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to launch a hunt for mermaids…]

    … To our contemporary ears, most all of this may sound fairly ridiculous. But as Edward Donlick puts it in The Clockwork Universe, “The world was so full of marvels, in other words, that the truly scientific approach was to reserve judgment about what was possible and what wasn’t, and to observe and experiment instead.” To the 17th-century scientist, anything was on the table, so long as it could be experimentally studied.

    Today, we know how the story ends: Belief in astrology, alchemy, and witchcraft declined in places where empiricism and skepticism became cornerstones of science. But perhaps early scientists’ fascination with the occult should remind us of other tenants of discovery: open-mindedness and curiosity. Witches, mermaids, and the philosopher’s stone may not have survived modern scrutiny, but it was curiosity about them that drove real progress and allowed early thinkers to stray from established norms. In this sense, curiosity is a kind of magic…

    How the Occult Gave Birth to Science,” from @dalequark.bsky.social in @nautil.us.

    See also: “The importance of experimental proof, on the other hand, does not mean that without new experimental data we cannot make advances” and “Everyone knows Newton as the great scientist. Few remember that he spent half his life muddling with alchemy, looking for the philosopher’s stone. That was the pebble by the seashore he really wanted to find.”

    John Ciardi

    ###

    As we think about transmutation, we might spare a thought for a rough contemporary (and fellow-traveler) of Newton’s, Rasmus Bartholin; he died on this date in 1698. A physician, mathematician, and physicist, he is best known for his discovery of the optical phenomenon of double refraction. In 1669, Bartholin observed that images seen through Icelandic feldspar (calcite) were doubled and that, when the crystal was rotated, one image remained stationary while the other rotated with the crystal. Such behaviour of light could not be explained using Newton’s optical theories of the time. Subsequently, this was explained as the effect of the polarisation of the light.

    Bartholin also wrote a several mathematical works and made astronomical observations (including the comets of 1665). And he is famed for his medical work, in particular his introduction of quinine in the fight against malaria.

    (Bartholin’s family was packed with pioneering scientists, 12 of whom became professors at the University of Copenhagen; perhaps most notable, his elder brother Thomas, who discovered the lymphatic system in humans and advanced the theory of “refrigeration anesthesia”(being the first to describe it scientifically).

    Rasmus Bartholin (source)

    #alchemy #astology #culture #Discovery #doubleRefraction #history #IsaacNewton #Linnaeus #lymphaticSystem #malaria #occult #optics #Paracelsus #philosophy #quinine #RasmusBartholin #Science #Technology #ThomasBartholin #TychoBrahe #witchcraft

  8. “Alchemy. The link between the immemorial magic arts and modern science. Humankind’s first systematic effort to unlock the secrets of matter by reproducible experiment.”*…

    As (AI/tech pro and writer) Dale Markowitz explains, for scientists of yore anything—from mermaids to alchemy—was on the table…

    In 1936, the economist John Maynard Keynes purchased a trove of Isaac Newton’s unpublished notes. These included more than 100,000 words on the great physicist’s secret alchemical experiments. Keynes, shocked and awed, dubbed them “wholly magical and wholly devoid of scientific value.” This unexpected discovery, paired with things like Newton’s obsession with searching for encrypted messages in the Bible’s Book of David, showed that Newton “was not the first of the age of reason,” Keynes concluded. “He was the last of the magicians.”

    When it came to fascination with the occult, Newton was hardly alone. Many contemporary scientists may cast aspersions on spells, mythical tales, and powers of divination. Not so for many of the early modern thinkers who laid the foundations of modern science. To them, the world teemed with the uncanny: witches, unicorns, mermaids, stars that foretold the future, base metals that could be coaxed into gold or distilled into elixirs of eternal life. 

    These fantastical beliefs were shared by the illiterate and educated elite alike—including many of the forebears of contemporary science, including chemist Robert Boyle, who gave us modern chemistry and Boyle’s law, and biologist Carl Linnaeus, who developed the taxonomic system by which scientists classify species today. Rather than stifling discovery, their now-arcane beliefs may have helped drive them and other scientists to endure hot smoky days in the bowels of alchemical laboratories or long frigid nights on the balconies of astronomical towers.

    To understand the role of magic in spurring scientific progress, it helps to understand the state of learning in Europe in those times. Throughout the Middle Ages, many scholars were fixated on the idea that knowledge could only be gleaned from ancient texts. Universities taught from incomplete, often poorly translated copies of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen. To stray from the giants was a crime: In 14th-century Oxford, scholars could be charged 5 shillings for contradicting Aristotle. Curiosity was considered a sin on par with lust. A powerful motivator was needed to shuck off ancient thinking.

    One of the first influential thinkers to break with the old ways was the 16th-century Swiss-German physician Paracelsus. The father of toxicology, known for his pioneering use of chemicals in medicine, Paracelsus was among the first of his time to champion the importance of experimentation and observation—a philosophy which would set the foundations for the scientific method. Paracelsus showed the scholars what he thought of their old books by publicly burning his copies of Galen and Avicenna. 

    But what led him to this experiment-first approach? Perhaps it was because, to Paracelsus, experimentation was a kind of magic. His writing fuses scientific observation with the occult. To him, medicine, astrology, and alchemy were inextricably linked—different ways of unveiling sacred truths hidden in nature by God. Paracelsus considered himself a kind of magus, as he believed Moses and Solomon had been, as Newton would view himself 150 years later. Paracelsus believed, though, that divine knowledge could be gained not just by studying scripture, but also by studying nature. The alchemical workbench, the night sky—these were even surer routes to God than any dusty old textbook…

    [Markowitz recounts the stories of Tycho Brahe [almanac entry here], his patron Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, Robert Boyle, William Harvey, and Linnaeus [here], who, in 1749, urged the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to launch a hunt for mermaids…]

    … To our contemporary ears, most all of this may sound fairly ridiculous. But as Edward Donlick puts it in The Clockwork Universe, “The world was so full of marvels, in other words, that the truly scientific approach was to reserve judgment about what was possible and what wasn’t, and to observe and experiment instead.” To the 17th-century scientist, anything was on the table, so long as it could be experimentally studied.

    Today, we know how the story ends: Belief in astrology, alchemy, and witchcraft declined in places where empiricism and skepticism became cornerstones of science. But perhaps early scientists’ fascination with the occult should remind us of other tenants of discovery: open-mindedness and curiosity. Witches, mermaids, and the philosopher’s stone may not have survived modern scrutiny, but it was curiosity about them that drove real progress and allowed early thinkers to stray from established norms. In this sense, curiosity is a kind of magic…

    How the Occult Gave Birth to Science,” from @dalequark.bsky.social in @nautil.us.

    See also: “The importance of experimental proof, on the other hand, does not mean that without new experimental data we cannot make advances” and “Everyone knows Newton as the great scientist. Few remember that he spent half his life muddling with alchemy, looking for the philosopher’s stone. That was the pebble by the seashore he really wanted to find.”

    John Ciardi

    ###

    As we think about transmutation, we might spare a thought for a rough contemporary (and fellow-traveler) of Newton’s, Rasmus Bartholin; he died on this date in 1698. A physician, mathematician, and physicist, he is best known for his discovery of the optical phenomenon of double refraction. In 1669, Bartholin observed that images seen through Icelandic feldspar (calcite) were doubled and that, when the crystal was rotated, one image remained stationary while the other rotated with the crystal. Such behaviour of light could not be explained using Newton’s optical theories of the time. Subsequently, this was explained as the effect of the polarisation of the light.

    Bartholin also wrote a several mathematical works and made astronomical observations (including the comets of 1665). And he is famed for his medical work, in particular his introduction of quinine in the fight against malaria.

    (Bartholin’s family was packed with pioneering scientists, 12 of whom became professors at the University of Copenhagen; perhaps most notable, his elder brother Thomas, who discovered the lymphatic system in humans and advanced the theory of “refrigeration anesthesia”(being the first to describe it scientifically).

    Rasmus Bartholin (source)

    #alchemy #astology #culture #Discovery #doubleRefraction #history #IsaacNewton #Linnaeus #lymphaticSystem #malaria #occult #optics #Paracelsus #philosophy #quinine #RasmusBartholin #Science #Technology #ThomasBartholin #TychoBrahe #witchcraft

  9. “Alchemy. The link between the immemorial magic arts and modern science. Humankind’s first systematic effort to unlock the secrets of matter by reproducible experiment.”*…

    As (AI/tech pro and writer) Dale Markowitz explains, for scientists of yore anything—from mermaids to alchemy—was on the table…

    In 1936, the economist John Maynard Keynes purchased a trove of Isaac Newton’s unpublished notes. These included more than 100,000 words on the great physicist’s secret alchemical experiments. Keynes, shocked and awed, dubbed them “wholly magical and wholly devoid of scientific value.” This unexpected discovery, paired with things like Newton’s obsession with searching for encrypted messages in the Bible’s Book of David, showed that Newton “was not the first of the age of reason,” Keynes concluded. “He was the last of the magicians.”

    When it came to fascination with the occult, Newton was hardly alone. Many contemporary scientists may cast aspersions on spells, mythical tales, and powers of divination. Not so for many of the early modern thinkers who laid the foundations of modern science. To them, the world teemed with the uncanny: witches, unicorns, mermaids, stars that foretold the future, base metals that could be coaxed into gold or distilled into elixirs of eternal life. 

    These fantastical beliefs were shared by the illiterate and educated elite alike—including many of the forebears of contemporary science, including chemist Robert Boyle, who gave us modern chemistry and Boyle’s law, and biologist Carl Linnaeus, who developed the taxonomic system by which scientists classify species today. Rather than stifling discovery, their now-arcane beliefs may have helped drive them and other scientists to endure hot smoky days in the bowels of alchemical laboratories or long frigid nights on the balconies of astronomical towers.

    To understand the role of magic in spurring scientific progress, it helps to understand the state of learning in Europe in those times. Throughout the Middle Ages, many scholars were fixated on the idea that knowledge could only be gleaned from ancient texts. Universities taught from incomplete, often poorly translated copies of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen. To stray from the giants was a crime: In 14th-century Oxford, scholars could be charged 5 shillings for contradicting Aristotle. Curiosity was considered a sin on par with lust. A powerful motivator was needed to shuck off ancient thinking.

    One of the first influential thinkers to break with the old ways was the 16th-century Swiss-German physician Paracelsus. The father of toxicology, known for his pioneering use of chemicals in medicine, Paracelsus was among the first of his time to champion the importance of experimentation and observation—a philosophy which would set the foundations for the scientific method. Paracelsus showed the scholars what he thought of their old books by publicly burning his copies of Galen and Avicenna. 

    But what led him to this experiment-first approach? Perhaps it was because, to Paracelsus, experimentation was a kind of magic. His writing fuses scientific observation with the occult. To him, medicine, astrology, and alchemy were inextricably linked—different ways of unveiling sacred truths hidden in nature by God. Paracelsus considered himself a kind of magus, as he believed Moses and Solomon had been, as Newton would view himself 150 years later. Paracelsus believed, though, that divine knowledge could be gained not just by studying scripture, but also by studying nature. The alchemical workbench, the night sky—these were even surer routes to God than any dusty old textbook…

    [Markowitz recounts the stories of Tycho Brahe [almanac entry here], his patron Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, Robert Boyle, William Harvey, and Linnaeus [here], who, in 1749, urged the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to launch a hunt for mermaids…]

    … To our contemporary ears, most all of this may sound fairly ridiculous. But as Edward Donlick puts it in The Clockwork Universe, “The world was so full of marvels, in other words, that the truly scientific approach was to reserve judgment about what was possible and what wasn’t, and to observe and experiment instead.” To the 17th-century scientist, anything was on the table, so long as it could be experimentally studied.

    Today, we know how the story ends: Belief in astrology, alchemy, and witchcraft declined in places where empiricism and skepticism became cornerstones of science. But perhaps early scientists’ fascination with the occult should remind us of other tenants of discovery: open-mindedness and curiosity. Witches, mermaids, and the philosopher’s stone may not have survived modern scrutiny, but it was curiosity about them that drove real progress and allowed early thinkers to stray from established norms. In this sense, curiosity is a kind of magic…

    How the Occult Gave Birth to Science,” from @dalequark.bsky.social in @nautil.us.

    See also: “The importance of experimental proof, on the other hand, does not mean that without new experimental data we cannot make advances” and “Everyone knows Newton as the great scientist. Few remember that he spent half his life muddling with alchemy, looking for the philosopher’s stone. That was the pebble by the seashore he really wanted to find.”

    John Ciardi

    ###

    As we think about transmutation, we might spare a thought for a rough contemporary (and fellow-traveler) of Newton’s, Rasmus Bartholin; he died on this date in 1698. A physician, mathematician, and physicist, he is best known for his discovery of the optical phenomenon of double refraction. In 1669, Bartholin observed that images seen through Icelandic feldspar (calcite) were doubled and that, when the crystal was rotated, one image remained stationary while the other rotated with the crystal. Such behaviour of light could not be explained using Newton’s optical theories of the time. Subsequently, this was explained as the effect of the polarisation of the light.

    Bartholin also wrote a several mathematical works and made astronomical observations (including the comets of 1665). And he is famed for his medical work, in particular his introduction of quinine in the fight against malaria.

    (Bartholin’s family was packed with pioneering scientists, 12 of whom became professors at the University of Copenhagen; perhaps most notable, his elder brother Thomas, who discovered the lymphatic system in humans and advanced the theory of “refrigeration anesthesia”(being the first to describe it scientifically).

    Rasmus Bartholin (source)

    #alchemy #astology #culture #Discovery #doubleRefraction #history #IsaacNewton #Linnaeus #lymphaticSystem #malaria #occult #optics #Paracelsus #philosophy #quinine #RasmusBartholin #Science #Technology #ThomasBartholin #TychoBrahe #witchcraft

  10. "Tycho Brahe’s nose came off in 1566. An argument at a gathering at a professor’s home—led to a late-night duel of honor. As custom then held, the duelists took up swords. A rapier swipe removed the better part of Brahe’s nose, leaving the nasal cavity open to view. For the rest of his life, Brahe used a metal nosepiece, likely brass, painted to match his complexion and glued in place. Though not very well. “Occasionally,” writes one biographer, “it would drop off.”

    #quotes
    #TychoBrahe

  11. "Tycho Brahe’s nose came off in 1566. An argument at a gathering at a professor’s home—led to a late-night duel of honor. As custom then held, the duelists took up swords. A rapier swipe removed the better part of Brahe’s nose, leaving the nasal cavity open to view. For the rest of his life, Brahe used a metal nosepiece, likely brass, painted to match his complexion and glued in place. Though not very well. “Occasionally,” writes one biographer, “it would drop off.”

    #quotes
    #TychoBrahe

  12. "Tycho Brahe’s nose came off in 1566. An argument at a gathering at a professor’s home—led to a late-night duel of honor. As custom then held, the duelists took up swords. A rapier swipe removed the better part of Brahe’s nose, leaving the nasal cavity open to view. For the rest of his life, Brahe used a metal nosepiece, likely brass, painted to match his complexion and glued in place. Though not very well. “Occasionally,” writes one biographer, “it would drop off.”

    #quotes
    #TychoBrahe

  13. "Tycho Brahe’s nose came off in 1566. An argument at a gathering at a professor’s home—led to a late-night duel of honor. As custom then held, the duelists took up swords. A rapier swipe removed the better part of Brahe’s nose, leaving the nasal cavity open to view. For the rest of his life, Brahe used a metal nosepiece, likely brass, painted to match his complexion and glued in place. Though not very well. “Occasionally,” writes one biographer, “it would drop off.”

    #quotes
    #TychoBrahe

  14. "Tycho Brahe’s nose came off in 1566. An argument at a gathering at a professor’s home—led to a late-night duel of honor. As custom then held, the duelists took up swords. A rapier swipe removed the better part of Brahe’s nose, leaving the nasal cavity open to view. For the rest of his life, Brahe used a metal nosepiece, likely brass, painted to match his complexion and glued in place. Though not very well. “Occasionally,” writes one biographer, “it would drop off.”

    #quotes
    #TychoBrahe

  15. Gammel Estrup isn’t just a Renaissance manor—it encodes astronomy, alchemy, and sacred geometry. From golden spirals to Tycho Brahe’s stars, this Danish castle is an architectural cipher waiting to be read.
    #GammelEstrup #AlchemyCastle #SecretGeometry #SacredMath #TychoBrahe #RenaissanceScience #ArchitectureMystery #GoldenRatio#ArchaeologyFinds #Storytelling #DidYouKnow #AncientHistory #HistoryFacts #DocumentaryShort #WeirdHistory

  16. Gammel Estrup isn’t just a Renaissance manor—it encodes astronomy, alchemy, and sacred geometry. From golden spirals to Tycho Brahe’s stars, this Danish castle is an architectural cipher waiting to be read.
    #GammelEstrup #AlchemyCastle #SecretGeometry #SacredMath #TychoBrahe #RenaissanceScience #ArchitectureMystery #GoldenRatio#ArchaeologyFinds #Storytelling #DidYouKnow #AncientHistory #HistoryFacts #DocumentaryShort #WeirdHistory

  17. Gammel Estrup isn’t just a Renaissance manor—it encodes astronomy, alchemy, and sacred geometry. From golden spirals to Tycho Brahe’s stars, this Danish castle is an architectural cipher waiting to be read.
    #GammelEstrup #AlchemyCastle #SecretGeometry #SacredMath #TychoBrahe #RenaissanceScience #ArchitectureMystery #GoldenRatio#ArchaeologyFinds #Storytelling #DidYouKnow #AncientHistory #HistoryFacts #DocumentaryShort #WeirdHistory

  18. Gammel Estrup isn’t just a Renaissance manor—it encodes astronomy, alchemy, and sacred geometry. From golden spirals to Tycho Brahe’s stars, this Danish castle is an architectural cipher waiting to be read.
    #GammelEstrup #AlchemyCastle #SecretGeometry #SacredMath #TychoBrahe #RenaissanceScience #ArchitectureMystery #GoldenRatio#ArchaeologyFinds #Storytelling #DidYouKnow #AncientHistory #HistoryFacts #DocumentaryShort #WeirdHistory

  19. CW: implied jelly/slime transformation, idea presumed to have originated in an nsfw context

    what if he turned into a blue grape flavored jelly slime creature that's still shaped like himself hehehe,,,,, 💙🩵🩵💙🩵💙


    #tycho-brahe #penny-arcade #penny-arcade-tycho #jelly #(mentioned) #hehe
  20. CW: implied jelly/slime transformation, idea presumed to have originated in an nsfw context

    what if he turned into a blue grape flavored jelly slime creature that's still shaped like himself hehehe,,,,, 💙🩵🩵💙🩵💙


    #tycho-brahe #penny-arcade #penny-arcade-tycho #jelly #(mentioned) #hehe
  21. CW: implied jelly/slime transformation, idea presumed to have originated in an nsfw context

    what if he turned into a blue grape flavored jelly slime creature that's still shaped like himself hehehe,,,,, 💙🩵🩵💙🩵💙


    #tycho-brahe #penny-arcade #penny-arcade-tycho #jelly #(mentioned) #hehe
  22. CW: implied jelly/slime transformation, idea presumed to have originated in an nsfw context

    what if he turned into a blue grape flavored jelly slime creature that's still shaped like himself hehehe,,,,, 💙🩵🩵💙🩵💙


    #tycho-brahe #penny-arcade #penny-arcade-tycho #jelly #(mentioned) #hehe
  23. CW: implied jelly/slime transformation, idea presumed to have originated in an nsfw context

    what if he turned into a blue grape flavored jelly slime creature that's still shaped like himself hehehe,,,,, 💙🩵🩵💙🩵💙


    #tycho-brahe #penny-arcade #penny-arcade-tycho #jelly #(mentioned) #hehe
  24. Il modello ticonico

    https://edu.inaf.it/rubriche/astrografiche/il-modello-ticonico/

    Terza tappa nel nostro “viaggio” attraverso i modelli del Sistema Solare: in questa puntata il modello ideato dall’astronomo danese Tycho Brahe.

    #SistemaSolare #TychoBrahe

  25. Il modello ticonico

    https://edu.inaf.it/rubriche/astrografiche/il-modello-ticonico/

    Terza tappa nel nostro “viaggio” attraverso i modelli del Sistema Solare: in questa puntata il modello ideato dall’astronomo danese Tycho Brahe.

    #SistemaSolare #TychoBrahe

  26. Il modello ticonico

    https://edu.inaf.it/rubriche/astrografiche/il-modello-ticonico/

    Terza tappa nel nostro “viaggio” attraverso i modelli del Sistema Solare: in questa puntata il modello ideato dall’astronomo danese Tycho Brahe.

    #SistemaSolare #TychoBrahe

  27. Il modello ticonico

    https://edu.inaf.it/rubriche/astrografiche/il-modello-ticonico/

    Terza tappa nel nostro “viaggio” attraverso i modelli del Sistema Solare: in questa puntata il modello ideato dall’astronomo danese Tycho Brahe.

    #SistemaSolare #TychoBrahe

  28. Il modello ticonico

    https://edu.inaf.it/rubriche/astrografiche/il-modello-ticonico/

    Terza tappa nel nostro “viaggio” attraverso i modelli del Sistema Solare: in questa puntata il modello ideato dall’astronomo danese Tycho Brahe.

    #SistemaSolare #TychoBrahe

  29. 24 októbra 1601 (Pred 423 rokmi): zomrel Tycho Brahe, dánsky astronóm (* 1546).

    Tycho Brahe (-latinizované meno; pôvodné meno: Tyge Ottesen Brahe; nesprávne: Tycho de Brahe; * 14. december 1546, Knutstorp burg, Dánsko (dnešné Švédsko) – † 24. október 1601, Praha) bol významný dánsky astronóm. Je považovaný za najlepšieho a najpresnejšieho pozorovateľa hviezdnej oblohy, ktorý bol prekonaný až šesťdesiat rokov po vynájdení ďalekohľadu.

    #history #tychobrahe #astronomy

  30. 24 októbra 1601 (Pred 423 rokmi): zomrel Tycho Brahe, dánsky astronóm (* 1546).

    Tycho Brahe (-latinizované meno; pôvodné meno: Tyge Ottesen Brahe; nesprávne: Tycho de Brahe; * 14. december 1546, Knutstorp burg, Dánsko (dnešné Švédsko) – † 24. október 1601, Praha) bol významný dánsky astronóm. Je považovaný za najlepšieho a najpresnejšieho pozorovateľa hviezdnej oblohy, ktorý bol prekonaný až šesťdesiat rokov po vynájdení ďalekohľadu.

    #history #tychobrahe #astronomy

  31. 24 októbra 1601 (Pred 423 rokmi): zomrel Tycho Brahe, dánsky astronóm (* 1546).

    Tycho Brahe (-latinizované meno; pôvodné meno: Tyge Ottesen Brahe; nesprávne: Tycho de Brahe; * 14. december 1546, Knutstorp burg, Dánsko (dnešné Švédsko) – † 24. október 1601, Praha) bol významný dánsky astronóm. Je považovaný za najlepšieho a najpresnejšieho pozorovateľa hviezdnej oblohy, ktorý bol prekonaný až šesťdesiat rokov po vynájdení ďalekohľadu.

    #history #tychobrahe #astronomy

  32. 24 októbra 1601 (Pred 423 rokmi): zomrel Tycho Brahe, dánsky astronóm (* 1546).

    Tycho Brahe (-latinizované meno; pôvodné meno: Tyge Ottesen Brahe; nesprávne: Tycho de Brahe; * 14. december 1546, Knutstorp burg, Dánsko (dnešné Švédsko) – † 24. október 1601, Praha) bol významný dánsky astronóm. Je považovaný za najlepšieho a najpresnejšieho pozorovateľa hviezdnej oblohy, ktorý bol prekonaný až šesťdesiat rokov po vynájdení ďalekohľadu.

    #history #tychobrahe #astronomy

  33. 24 októbra 1601 (Pred 423 rokmi): zomrel Tycho Brahe, dánsky astronóm (* 1546).

    Tycho Brahe (-latinizované meno; pôvodné meno: Tyge Ottesen Brahe; nesprávne: Tycho de Brahe; * 14. december 1546, Knutstorp burg, Dánsko (dnešné Švédsko) – † 24. október 1601, Praha) bol významný dánsky astronóm. Je považovaný za najlepšieho a najpresnejšieho pozorovateľa hviezdnej oblohy, ktorý bol prekonaný až šesťdesiat rokov po vynájdení ďalekohľadu.

    #history #tychobrahe #astronomy

  34. 🔍✨ Exciting discovery! Chemical analyses have uncovered hidden elements from the alchemy lab of Renaissance astronomer Tycho Brahe! This breakthrough sheds light on the fascinating intersection of science and history. 🧪🔭 #TychoBrahe #Alchemy #ScienceHistory #Renaissance #Discovery Read more: 🔗 phys.org/news/2024-07-chemical

  35. 🔍✨ Exciting discovery! Chemical analyses have uncovered hidden elements from the alchemy lab of Renaissance astronomer Tycho Brahe! This breakthrough sheds light on the fascinating intersection of science and history. 🧪🔭 #TychoBrahe #Alchemy #ScienceHistory #Renaissance #Discovery Read more: 🔗 phys.org/news/2024-07-chemical

  36. 🔍✨ Exciting discovery! Chemical analyses have uncovered hidden elements from the alchemy lab of Renaissance astronomer Tycho Brahe! This breakthrough sheds light on the fascinating intersection of science and history. 🧪🔭 #TychoBrahe #Alchemy #ScienceHistory #Renaissance #Discovery Read more: 🔗 phys.org/news/2024-07-chemical

  37. 🔍✨ Exciting discovery! Chemical analyses have uncovered hidden elements from the alchemy lab of Renaissance astronomer Tycho Brahe! This breakthrough sheds light on the fascinating intersection of science and history. 🧪🔭 Read more: 🔗 phys.org/news/2024-07-chemical

  38. 🔍✨ Exciting discovery! Chemical analyses have uncovered hidden elements from the alchemy lab of Renaissance astronomer Tycho Brahe! This breakthrough sheds light on the fascinating intersection of science and history. 🧪🔭 #TychoBrahe #Alchemy #ScienceHistory #Renaissance #Discovery Read more: 🔗 phys.org/news/2024-07-chemical

  39. 🔬🧪 Spannende Entdeckung! Forscher lüften Geheimnis um Tycho Brahes Alchemielabor. Auf Scherben fanden sie Spuren einer damals unbekannten Substanz. Die Grenze zwischen Wissenschaft und Magie verschwimmt! 🌟🔮

    🔗 spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch

  40. My soft spot for islands led me to an article about Tycho Brahe's laboratory:

    "The presence of W is most peculiar and unexpected. Tungsten in its pure form was not known to alchemists in Brahe's time. It was discovered as a new element and isolated as a new metal only by the end of the eighteenth century."

    heritagesciencejournal.springe

    #histodons #history #TychoBrahe #chemistry #archeology

  41. My soft spot for islands led me to an article about Tycho Brahe's laboratory:

    "The presence of W is most peculiar and unexpected. Tungsten in its pure form was not known to alchemists in Brahe's time. It was discovered as a new element and isolated as a new metal only by the end of the eighteenth century."

    heritagesciencejournal.springe

    #histodons #history #TychoBrahe #chemistry #archeology

  42. My soft spot for islands led me to an article about Tycho Brahe's laboratory:

    "The presence of W is most peculiar and unexpected. Tungsten in its pure form was not known to alchemists in Brahe's time. It was discovered as a new element and isolated as a new metal only by the end of the eighteenth century."

    heritagesciencejournal.springe

    #histodons #history #TychoBrahe #chemistry #archeology

  43. My soft spot for islands led me to an article about Tycho Brahe's laboratory:

    "The presence of W is most peculiar and unexpected. Tungsten in its pure form was not known to alchemists in Brahe's time. It was discovered as a new element and isolated as a new metal only by the end of the eighteenth century."

    heritagesciencejournal.springe

    #histodons #history #TychoBrahe #chemistry #archeology

  44. My soft spot for islands led me to an article about Tycho Brahe's laboratory:

    "The presence of W is most peculiar and unexpected. Tungsten in its pure form was not known to alchemists in Brahe's time. It was discovered as a new element and isolated as a new metal only by the end of the eighteenth century."

    heritagesciencejournal.springe

    #histodons #history #TychoBrahe #chemistry #archeology

  45. Was trieb der Renaissance-Astronom Tycho Brahe in seinem geheimen Alchemie-Labor? Erste Hinweise darauf liefern nun erstmals fünf Scherben aus Brahes Labor. #TychoBrahe #Alchemie #Alchemist #Elemente #Chemie #Geschichte
    scinexx.de/news/archaeologie/a

  46. Was trieb der Renaissance-Astronom Tycho Brahe in seinem geheimen Alchemie-Labor? Erste Hinweise darauf liefern nun erstmals fünf Scherben aus Brahes Labor. #TychoBrahe #Alchemie #Alchemist #Elemente #Chemie #Geschichte
    scinexx.de/news/archaeologie/a

  47. Was trieb der Renaissance-Astronom Tycho Brahe in seinem geheimen Alchemie-Labor? Erste Hinweise darauf liefern nun erstmals fünf Scherben aus Brahes Labor. #TychoBrahe #Alchemie #Alchemist #Elemente #Chemie #Geschichte
    scinexx.de/news/archaeologie/a

  48. Was trieb der Renaissance-Astronom Tycho Brahe in seinem geheimen Alchemie-Labor? Erste Hinweise darauf liefern nun erstmals fünf Scherben aus Brahes Labor. #TychoBrahe #Alchemie #Alchemist #Elemente #Chemie #Geschichte
    scinexx.de/news/archaeologie/a

  49. Was trieb der Renaissance-Astronom Tycho Brahe in seinem geheimen Alchemie-Labor? Erste Hinweise darauf liefern nun erstmals fünf Scherben aus Brahes Labor. #TychoBrahe #Alchemie #Alchemist #Elemente #Chemie #Geschichte
    scinexx.de/news/archaeologie/a

  50. #TychoBrahe - astronom z metalowym nosem i łosiem u boku! Poznaj historię tego ekscentrycznego geniusza, który odmienił oblicze astronomii. #ciekawostka #AI
    linek.cc/niesamowite-zycie-tyc