“Barros_heritage” — Fediverse search results on home.social

Hashtag Lists @[email protected] · 2023-08-03 · 14:03 UTC

CW: Scientists in the Social Sciences - Long List to Scroll!

Scientists in the Social Sciences

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Anthropology
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Arzheimer, Kai @kaiarzheimer
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Heiss, Andrew @andrew
Jackson, Michael @black_intellect
Kamran, Annelies Z @akamran
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Stiles, Elizabeth A @Elizabeth3
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Acland, Erinn L @erinnacland
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Abrahams, Marc @MarcAbrahams
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Angler, Martin W @martinangler
Barber, Carolyn @cbarbermd
Bartlett, Richard J @astronomywriter
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Campbell, Kristina @bykriscampbell
Connor, Anne N @AnneENConnor
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Fischer, Daniel @cosmos4u
Fischer, Lars @Fischblog
Greenfieldboyce, Nell @nellgreenfieldboyce
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Harris, Margaret @DrMLHarris
Hossenfelder, Sabine @skdh
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King, Barbara J @bjkingape
Kirshenbaum, Sheril @Sheril
Krishna, Swapna @skrishna
Komin, Niko @kokemikal
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Kupferschmidt, Kai @kakape
Markolin, Philipp @protagonist_future
Matheson, Stephen F @sfmatheson
Moore, Jennifer @unchartedworlds
Musser, George @gmusser
Newitz, Annalee @annaleen
Ouellette, Jennifer @JenLucPiquant
Partridge, Matthew @MCeeP
Plait, Philip Cary @badastro
Rose, Ian @ianrosewrites
Silberman, Steve @stevesilberman
Smeets, Ionica @ionica
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Ballenger, Jesse F @jfballenger
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Social Science
Barros García, José Manuel @Barros_heritage
Benfell, David @Benfell
Rohlfing, Ingo @ingorohlfing

Sociology
Anderson, Christopher @Chanders
Anthis, Jacy Reese @jacyanthis
Borrell, Luisa N @lborrell
Brankovic, Jelena @jelena3121
Chen, Jane @janechen
Cohen, Philip N @philipncohen
Erz, Hendrik @hendrikerz
Gerson, Elihu M @emgerson
Gjika, Anna @GjikaPhD
Heilman, Monica @writingmonicker
Igra, Mark @markigra
Johannessen, Lars EF @LarsJohannessen
Kraus, Nicole M Butkovich @drnicolekraus
Krawczyk, Stanisław @stanislawkrawczyk
Lawson Jacobs, Naomi @naomilawsonjacobs
Locock, Louise @ProfLouiseL
Mackay, Ried E @mackayried
Maharja, Carya @CaryaMaharja
Mallon, Annetta @annettamallon
Marcum, Christopher Steven @csmarcum
Martell, Luke @lukemartell
Martinson, Brian C @bcmFietser
Oliver, Pamela Elaine @pamelaoliver
Perry, Anja @Datendealerin
Porter, Nathaniel D @ndporter
Rosen, Sue M @MedSociOnWheels
Stillerman, Joel @jstillerman
Stoyko, Peter @peter
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José Manuel Barros @[email protected] · 2023-08-05 · 01:15 UTC

THE “NEED FOR CHAOS” AND MOTIVATIONS TO SHARE HOSTILE POLITICAL RUMORS (Michael Bang Petersen, Mathias Osmundsen and Kevin Arceneaux, 2023)

"Why are some people motivated to circulate hostile political information? While prior studies have focused on partisan motivations, we demonstrate that some individuals circulate hostile rumors because they wish to unleash chaos to “burn down” the entire political order in the hope they gain status in the process. To understand this psychology, we theorize and measure a novel psychological state, the Need for Chaos, emerging in an interplay of social marginalization and status-oriented personalities."

#OpenAccess #Politics #Political #Chaos #Psychology #NeedForChaos #CambridgeUniversityPress #Research #AmericanPoliticalScienceReview #USA

@academicchatter
@politicalscience
@politicaltheory
@psychology
@democracynow
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/need-for-chaos-and-motivations-to-share-hostile-political-rumors/7E50529B41998816383F5790B6E0545A

#openaccess #politics #political #chaos #psychology #needforchaos

BEGATS AND BEQUEATHALS @begatsandbequeathalsasouthernusfamilydocumented.com@begatsandbequeathalsasouthernusfamilydocumented.com · 2026-04-19 · 21:21 UTC

Thomas Leonard (1752-1832), Son of Robert Leonard and Honor Pritchard: Maryland Beginnings

Tombstone of Thomas Leonard, Leonard cemetery, Marshall County, Tennessee, photo by Jimmy Trout: see Find a Grave memorial page for Thomas Leonard, created by Donna B., maintained by LookingForFamily

Or, Subtitled: “Formerly Sergeant in the war of 1753 Genl. Washinton’s first Ridgiment and in the Late American war with Britain in the Maryland Ridgiment as Sergeant till killd. in Genl. Gatises Defiat”

Date of Birth

The dates of birth and death of Thomas Leonard, son of Robert Leonard and Honor Pritchard, are recorded on his tombstone in the Leonard family cemetery north of Petersburg, Marshall County, Tennessee. The cemetery, which I visited in February 2008, is on the land Thomas Leonard bought in then Lincoln, now Marshall County, in September 1809 when he moved his family from Pendleton District, South Carolina, to Tennessee. The family lived on this land about 2½ miles north of Petersburg, the Marshall County seat, at what’s now called Leonard Bluff on Liberty Valley Road. The cemetery is located behind the site of an old family house known as the Leonard homestead that stood up to the middle of the 20th century but was no longer there by the 1990s.[1] I’ll discuss this house in more detail later.

The Leonard family cemetery in which Thomas Leonard and wife Hannah James Leonard are buried is said by family tradition to date to the generation of Thomas’ mother Honor Pritchard Leonard, who accompanied the family from South Carolina to Tennessee and is thought by descendants to have died after 1810. According to researcher Elizabeth Lucie Leonard Baxter, Honor is buried in the cemetery in an unmarked grave.[2] When I visited the cemetery in 2008, I noted a row of headstones too weathered to read, in a shape and style that suggested to me that these stones might date from the early 19th century. By 2008, the tombstones of Thomas and wife Hannah were also impossible for me to read. Thomas’ Find a Grave memorial page includes a photo of his stone that is fairly clear and allows the inscription to be made out.[3] See the top of this posting for a digital image.

It reads:

Thomas Leonard

Born

Oct. 15 1752

Died

April 8 1832

The tombstones of Thomas and wife Hannah are matching stones that appear to date from not long after Hannah’s death on 3 November 1842. I suspect, but do not know for certain, that they were erected by Thomas and Hannah’s son Griffith James Leonard (1787-1864), who inherited the family homeplace in his father’s will, and who lived there up to his death. Griffith and his wife are buried in the family cemetery along with several generations of their descendants and other family members.

As a previous posting notes, in his 1883 manuscript entitled “Biography of the Leonards,” Thomas Leonard’s grandson Thomas Dunlap Leonard (1810-1888), a son of Thomas and Hannah Leonard’s son Robert (1777-1844), states that Thomas Leonard’s father Robert Leonard (bef. 1730-1780) was “a soldier of the English Army” who came to Maryland — as a British soldier — around 1750.[4] As the linked posting also tells you (and see here), Thomas Dunlap Leonard’s manuscript states as well that he knew his grandparents Thomas and Hannah James personally, and that he grew up in Tennessee close to them before his family moved to nearby Madison County, Alabama, about 1818. His information on the early generations of the Leonard family rests on what his grandparents shared with him and other family members.

Thomas Dunlap Leonard, “Biography of the Leonards” (1883 manuscript)

Place of Birth

Thomas Dunlap Leonard’s manuscript does not state a place of birth for his grandfather Thomas Leonard, but does indicate that Thomas married wife Hannah James “of Maryland” about 1775, and the family then lived in Maryland before moving to South Carolina in 1786. As the previously linked posting also says, a number of records place Thomas Leonard’s father Robert at Fort Frederick some eighteen miles west of Hagerstown in the period leading up to the Revolution. Historian Henry Peden notes that Robert Leonard was stationed at Fort Frederick by August 1757, and that the account book of Colonel John Dagworthy, field commander at Fort Frederick in 1756, shows Robert Leonard paid for service by Dagworthy on 7 March 1763.[5] A document dated 8 February 1755 shows Robert Leonard indenturing his son William on that date to a local farmer and identifying himself as a soldier serving under Captain “Dagurthey.”[6]

These records suggest that when Robert Leonard’s son Thomas was born on 15 October 1752, he was very likely born in the part of Frederick County, Maryland, that would become Washington County in September 1776. Fort Frederick, where we can definitely place Thomas Leonard’s father Robert by 1757, was constructed in 1756 west of Hagerstown, as noted above, in what’s now Washington County. Its construction was financed by Joseph Chapline of Sharpsburg in Washington County, who had ties to Griffith James, who lived at Sharpsburg and whose daughter Hannah Thomas Leonard married about 1775.[7] The likelihood that Thomas Leonard was born in Hagerstown in Frederick (later Washington) County, Maryland, seems to me very strong.[8]

“Proceedings of the Committee of Observation for Elizabeth Town District [Washington County],” Maryland Historical Magazine 12 (1917), pp. 269-271

Revolutionary Service, Hagerstown, Maryland, Militia

Previously, I’ve also noted that Thomas Leonard appears in a list of members of the first military company organized for the Revolutionary war in Hagerstown on 6 January 1776.[9] Thomas J. Scharf, whose History of Western Maryland including Frederick and Washington Counties I’ve just footnoted, transcribes a declaration the militia members signed on this date in January, noting that the company was being formed to serve the Council of Safety of Maryland. As the linked posting notes, in addition to Thomas Leonard, those signing included Richard Moore, whose father Daniel Moore lived in Sharpsburg next to a Dean family intermarried with the family of Griffith James, as well as brothers Samuel and Thomas Dean.[10] Samuel Dean was Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law. He married Gwendolyn James, sister of Thomas’ wife Hannah James, in 1773. This militia unit was under the command of Joseph Chapline, the founder of Sharpsburg, who was connected to Thomas Leonard’s father-in-law Griffith James from the time Griffith James first appears in Sharpsburg records in September 1763.[11]

Sharpsburg is bit over thirteen miles south of Hagerstown, which was originally known as Elizabethtown. Scharf is citing minutes of the Elizabethtown District Committee of Observation for 5 June 1776, which say that on that date, a list was presented to the committee compiled on 6 January 1776 of a group of men who signed their names to a resolution to form a militia per a resolution of the Provincial Convention held at Annapolis on 26 July 1775.[12] Thomas Leonard’s sister Mary Ann married Colin Campbell at Hagerstown on 27 July 1780, and Hannah James’s sister Mary James married Harmon Cummings on 7 September 1779 at Hagerstown.[13] Both couples were married by Reverend George Mitchell of Hagerstown.[14]

We can, then, confidently place Thomas Leonard in a militia company organized for Hagerstown in Washington County, Maryland, in January 1776, in the year after it’s thought he married Hannah James of nearby Sharpsburg. In the same militia company was Samuel Dean, who married Hannah’s sister Gwendolyn in 1773. Signing next to Thomas Leonard in the declaration establishing this militia was Richard Moore, who had close ties to the family of Griffith James into which Thomas Leonard and Samuel Dean married. And leading the militia unit was Joseph Chapline, the founder of Sharpsburg with ties to Griffith James. In September 1779, another sister of Hannah and Gwendolyn James, their sister Mary, married Harmon Cummings in Hagerstown, and in July 1780, Thomas Leonard’s sister Mary Ann married Colin Campbell in Hagerstown. Both of these couples were married by Rev. George Mitchell, a Hagerstown pastor.

There are multiple pointers to Hagerstown or nearby Sharpsburg as the place in which Thomas Leonard lived from the time he married Hannah James about 1775, Hagerstown also being his probable place of birth…. Then in or just before 1786, as noted above, Thomas Leonard and wife Hannah moved their family to Pendleton District, South Carolina. This is a move that Thomas and Hannah made along with her sister Gwendolyn and husband Samuel Dean and her sister Mary and husband Harmon Cummings. The tradition of these families is that they moved to South Carolina from Washington County, Maryland.[15]

Dean Family’s Connections to Cumberland (and Bedford) County, Pennsylvania

But researcher Beverly Dean Peoples, a descendant of Samuel Dean and Gwenny James, finds a pattern of back-and-forth movement of some of her Dean ancestors from Washington County, Maryland to Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, and its daughter counties of Bedford and Huntingdon in the 1770s.[16] Beverly states, “[P]rior to the move to SC with his wife’s family, Samuel [Dean] had tried to establish a home in the now Huntingdon County, PA area with his brothers Thomas, William and John.” Land records place Samuel in Huntingdon’s parent county of Bedford in 1774, and histories of the area state that he began building a house in Bedford County in 1773. Beverly thinks that Samuel’s brother William first claimed land in Cumberland County in 1766 before Beford was split from Cumberland in 1771, with Huntingdon then being formed from Bedford in 1787.

Since Samuel Dean is in the January 1776 Hagerstown militia list with his brother-in-law Thomas Leonard, he evidently had not moved his family permanently from Maryland to Pennsylvania in these years. Beverly notes that the reported birthplaces of the children of Samuel Dean and Gwendolyn James suggest that the family may have been coming and going in the 1770s between Maryland and Pennsylvania, and that as the Dean brothers were considering new locations for their families in Pennsylvania, they may have left their wives in Washington County for much of the time when they were sojourning in Pennsylvania, where skirmishes between native peoples and settlers of European descent were creating dangers for incoming settlers. Beverly Peoples notes that Samuel returned to Washington County from Pennsylvania for good in 1784, selling his land in Pennsylvania, and at this point, he joined with his brothers-in-law in their plan to move to South Carolina.

I mention Beverly’s well-researched findings about the history of the Dean family during this period because if Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law Samuel Dean was moving with his brothers between Washington County, Maryland, and Cumberland (or Bedford) County, Pennsylvania, in the 1770s and early 1780s, it seems to me worth asking if Thomas Leonard might have been making similar moves. We know that he was definitely in the Hagerstown militia in 1776, and he begins appearing in Pendleton District, South Carolina, records in 1786. So the time frame in which I’m suggesting that Thomas might have spent some time in Cumberland or Bedford Counties, Pennsylvania, would be in that decade, 1776-1786.

12 September 1800 power of attorney of Honor Leonard, Thomas Leonard, Robert Leonard, and Colin Campbell to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in possession of descendant Leonard Wilson of Petersburg, Tennessee, up to 1972

In fact, I have not found any clear records showing this Thomas Leonard in Cumberland or Bedford County, Pennsylvania, in that decade. However, I want to point to a record I shared in a previous posting. In the posting I’ve just linked, I shared a digital image of a 12 September 1800 power of attorney given by signed by Thomas, his brother Robert, their mother Honor, and their brother-in-law Colin Campbell to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. I’ve reposted that image here. As the linked posting explains, this document passed down among descendants of Thomas Leonard and Hannah James and in 1972 was in the possession of descendant Leonard Wilson of Petersburg, Tennessee. I have not found this power of attorney recorded in court records of Pendleton District, South Carolina, or Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.

September 1800 Power of Attorney of Leonard Heirs to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania

As you’ll see as you look at the image of this power of attorney, what it says is not easy to make out. Part of the document is torn away, and some words defeat me as I try to read them. The following transcript is my best attempt at reading this document:

The Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, location of James Irwin leaps out at me, of course, as I read this document in conjunction with Beverly People’s research about her Dean family members of Washington County, Maryland, before Samuel Dean and wife Gwendolyn James moved in 1786 with Thomas Leonard and Hannah James to Pendleton District, South Carolina. Who was James Irwin, and how were the Leonard family members giving him this power of attorney in 1800 connected to him?

In particular, why were they asking him to recover pay due to Robert Leonard for Robert’s service in the French and Indian War and then in the Revolution? This document states that Robert served as a sergeant in George Washington’s first regiment in the “war of 1753.” I think that “war of 1753” is a reference to what is now conventionally called the French and Indian War: Robert’s heirs are not stating that he served under Washington in the year 1753 specifically but in the war that began with hostilities building in 1753 and open warfare commencing in 1754.

As noted previously, we have documentary evidence that Robert Leonard was serving as a British soldier under John Dagworthy in western Maryland by February 1755. In 1756, construction began on Fort Frederick near Hagerstown, with construction completed the following year.[17] As stated above, we know from documentary evidence that Robert Leonard was serving under Dagworthy at Fort Frederick in 1757.[18] Dagworthy’s troops were at Fort Cumberland on the Potomac west of Fort Frederick prior to their move to Fort Frederick. Virginia took possession of Fort Cumberland in the fall of 1755 and this placed Dagworthy on what historian Eric Sterner calls a “collision course” with Washington.[19] Washington was considered to be in charge of the fort, but Dagworthy saw him as a young upstart and refused to submit to his command.

As construction began on Fort Frederick in July 1756, Washington visited the fort, and in June 1758, he returned to the fort during his campaign to capture Fort Duquesne. All during these years, with documentary evidence that Dagworthy paid Robert Leonard for service in March 1763,[20] there was interaction, usually hostile on the side of Dagworthy, between Robert Leonard’s commander John Dagworthy and George Washington. And there were questions about who was in command of whom, so that confusion about whether Robert Leonard was serving under Dagworthy or Washington for part of this period of time is understandable.

The 1780 power of attorney goes on to state that Robert Leonard then served during the Revolution as a sergeant and was killed in the defeat of General Gates. Horatio Gates was defeated by the British at the battle of Camden in South Carolina in August 1780.

And to return to the question of who James Irwin was and why the heirs of Robert Leonard gave him power of attorney in 1800 to recover pay due to Robert for his service in these two wars: there were multiple James Irwins living in Cumberland County in the period 1780-1800. I’ve entertained the idea that a man of this name who was a captain in the 5th company of Cumberland County’s 2nd militia battalion in 1780 is the James Irwin to whom the Leonard heirs gave power of attorney in 1800.[21] I suggest this possibility because I suspect that the James Irwin of the power of attorney had some military background and ties, if the Leonard heirs were asking him to retrieve back pay for Robert Leonard’s military service.

But I honestly don’t know enough about the Irwin families in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in this period to be certain that this James is the man named in the Leonard power of attorney. I have also entertained the possibility that a Thomas Leonard who was serving as a lieutenant in a Cumberland County militia unit under Captain William Black is Thomas, son of Robert and Honor, but I suspect this was an entirely different Thomas Leonard.[22] A Thomas Leonard born in New Jersey in 1753 married Esther Cookson in Cumberland County in 1781, with his affidavit given as he claimed a Revolutionary pension stating that he moved to Cumberland County in 1780 after having given Revolutionary service in New Jersey.[23] I think it’s highly likely he was the man who was a lieutenant in a Cumberland County militia unit in 1780.

I do, however, think it’s well worth noting that the heirs of Robert Leonard gave power of attorney to a James Irwin of Cumberland County in 1800, asking him to recover pay due to Robert for Revolutionary service. I think this is well worth noting when we know from Beverly Dean’s exhaustive research on the family of Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law Samuel Dean that Samuel and his brothers were trekking back and forth between Washington County, Maryland, and Cumberland/Bedford Counties, Pennsylvania, in the 1770s and first part of the 1780s.

By 9 February 1786, Thomas Leonard with wife Hannah James had moved, along with Samuel Dean and wife Gwendolyn James, Harmon Cummings and wife Mary James, and Colin Campbell and wife Mary Ann Leonard, from Washington County, Maryland, to Pendleton District, South Carolina. In my next posting, I’ll pick up the story of Thomas Leonard’s life from the start of his years in South Carolina.

[1] In a telephone conversation with me on 16 December 1996, Jackie Leonard of Athens, Alabama, told me that Leonard homestead land was owned in 1996 by Tommy Wilson, owner of a horse farm, Ridge Vale Farms, whose address was Rt. 1, Petersburg, TN 37144.

[2] See Elizabeth Lucie Leonard Baxter, “Leonard Family,” Marshall County, Tennessee, Historical Quarterly 6,2 (summer 1975), and “Thomas Leonard Family Graveyard,” Marshall County, Tennessee, Historical Quarterly 10,1 (spring 1979), both reporting a transcription of the cemetery headstones made by Baxter on 28 January 1968.

[3] See Find a Grave memorial page for Thomas Leonard, Leonard cemetery, Marshall County, Tennessee, created by Donna B., maintained by LookingForFamily, with a tombstone photo by Jimmy Trout.

[4] Thomas Dunlap Leonard, “Biography of the Leonards” (1883 manuscript now circulated as typescript; present whereabouts are not known).

[5] Henry C. Peden Jr., Marylanders and Delawareans in the French and Indian War 1756-1763 (Lewes, Delaware: Colonial Roots, 2004).

[6] Frederick County, Maryland, Land Record Bk. E, pp. 659-660.

[7] See Frederick County, Maryland, Deed Bk. J, pp. 798-802, stating that Chapline had sold 215 acres to Daniel Moore and Griffith James. On Joseph Chapline and the founding of Sharpsburg, see Edward C. Papenfuse, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Lee and Barbara Barron, The History of Sharpsburg, Maryland, Founded by Joseph Chapline 1763 (1972), pp. 8f; Maria J. Liggett Dare, Chaplines from Maryland and Virginia (priv. publ., 1902); and Thomas J.C. Williams, A History of Washington County, Maryland, etc., vol. 1 (Hagerstown, 1906; repr. Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 23-4.

[8] The one child of Thomas Leonard and Hannah James who was still living when the 1880 federal census was taken was their youngest child Hannah (1795-1886), widow of William Depriest Moore. Hannah was living in 1880 in Marshall County, Tennessee, with her daughter Angelina and Angelina’s husband Joseph John Skidmore Gill. On the 1880 census, Hannah reported the birthplace of both of her parents as Maryland: see 1880 federal census, Marshall County, Tennessee, 4th civil district p. 347 C (ED 135, dwelling 88/family 101; 7 June).

[9] See J. Thomas Scharf, History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties, etc., vol. 2 (Philadelphia: L.H. Everts, 1882), pp. 1189-1190.

[10] The Dean home tract, Hunting the Hare, and Griffith James’ home tract, Pough, were across from each other on present-day Burnside Bridge Road close to its intersection with present-day Mills Road just outside Sharpsburg to the southeast. I visited this area in August 2007 and took photos of both pieces of land.

[11] See Frederick County, Maryland, Deed Bk. J, pp. 798-802, stating that Chapline had sold 215 acres to Daniel Moore and Griffith James. On Joseph Chapline and the founding of Sharpsburg, see Edward C. Papenfuse, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Lee and Barbara Barron, The History of Sharpsburg, Maryland, Founded by Joseph Chapline 1763 (1972), pp. 8f; Maria J. Liggett Dare, Chaplines from Maryland and Virginia (priv. publ., 1902); and Thomas J.C. Williams, A History of Washington County, Maryland, etc., vol. 1 (Hagerstown, 1906; repr. Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 23-4.

[12] See Henry C. Peden Jr., Revolutionary Patriots of Washington County, Maryland 1776-1783 (Westminster, Maryland: Family Line, 1998), p. 210, citing “Proceedings of the Committee of Observation for Elizabeth Town District [Washington County],” Maryland Historical Magazine 12 (1917), p. 270; and Williams, A History of Washington County, p. 1189.

[13] See Maryland Historical Society, Maryland Marriages 1777-1804 (1949), p. 226; and Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Maryland Records, vol. 2 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1928; repr. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1967), p. 522.

[14] In a 3 March 2006 email to me, researcher Barbara Horne told me that she lived in Washington County and believed that Mitchell was a Reformed minister.

[15] See Beverly Dean Peoples and Ralph Terry Dean, Country Cousins: Descendants of Samuel Dean (Franklin, North Carolina: Genealogy Publishing Service, 2001).

[16] See “Richard Deane (1701-1788) and His Children” at Rootsweb.

[17] See Debra R. Boender, “Fort Frederick (Maryland,” in Colonial Wars of North America, 1512-1763: An Encyclopedia, ed. Alan Gallay (Oxford: Routledge, 1996), pp. 236-7;“Frederick, Fort,” in Encyclopedia of the French and Indian War in North America, 1754-1763, ed. Donald I. Stoelzel (Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books, 2008), p. 160; Maryland Park Service, “Fort Frederick State Park History,” at website of Maryland Department of Natural Resources; and “Fort Frederick,” in Forts of the United States: An Historical Dictionary, 16th Through 19th Centuries, ed. Bud Hannings (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2006), p. 193.

[18] See supra, n. 5.

[19] Eric Sterner, “General John Dagworthy: George Washington’s Forgotten American Rival,” Journal of the American Revolution (online; 11 October 2017). See also George W. Marshall, Memoir of Brigadier-General John Dagworthy of the Revolutionary War (Wilmington: Historical Society of Delaware, 1895), pp. 13-15; “General John Dagworthy,” in Biographical and Genealogical History of the State of Delaware, vol. 1 (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: J.M. Runk, 1899), pp. 105-6; “Dagworthy Controversy,” at The Ladies of Mount Vernon’s George Washington’s Mount Vernon website; and “John Dagworthy” at Wikipedia.

[20] See supra, n. 5.

[21] Pennsylvania State Archives, “Cumberland County Revolutionary War Militia,” online at the website of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. On 18 October 1835 in Butler County, Ohio, a James Irwin deposed as he applied for a Revolutionary pension, stating that he was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, on 16 October 1758. This is not the James Irwin who signed the 1800 Leonard power of attorney. The signature of this James Irwin on his pension affidavit does not match the signature of James Irwin of the power of attorney: see NARA, Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, compiled ca. 1800 – ca. 1912, documenting the period ca. 1775 – ca. 1900, RG 15, file of James Irwin, Pennsylvania, S9743, available digitally at Fold3. In February 1833, James Irwin deposed in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, which was formed from Cumberland County, as he applied for a Revolutionary pension. The signature of this James on his affidavit does not match that of the James of the 1800 power of attorney: see ibid., file of James Irwin, Pennsylvania, W3689, available digitally at Fold3.

[22] Pennsylvania Archives, fifth series, vol. 6, ed. Thomas Lynch Montgomery (Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing Company, 1906), p. 340.

[23] NARA, Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, compiled ca. 1800 – ca. 1912, documenting the period ca. 1775 – ca. 1900, RG 15, file of Thomas and Esther Leonard, available digitally at Fold3. See also S. Falsey, “Sgt. Thomas Leonard,” at Brad Leonard’s Leonard Genealogy – Solomons Leonard of Duxbury and Bridgewater.

#AmericanRevolution #americanHistory #BattleOfCamdenSouthCarolina #BedfordCoPennsylvania #ButlerCoOhio #ColinCampbell #CumberlandCoPennsylvania #DanielMoore #ElizabethtownFrederickCoMaryland #ElizabethtownWashingtonCoMaryland #EstherCookson #FortCumberlandAlleganyCoMaryland #FortFrederickWashingtonCoMaryland #FrenchAndIndianWar #genealogy #GeorgeMitchell #GeorgeWashington #GriffithJames #GriffithJamesLeonard #GwendolynJames #HagerstownWashingtonCoMaryland #HannahJames #HarmonCummings #history #HonorPritchard #HoratioGates #HuntingdonCoPennsylvania #JamesIrwin #JohnDagworthy #JosephChapline #LincolnCoTennessee #MarshallCoTennessee #MaryAnnLeonard #MaryJames #PendletonDistSouthCarolina #PetersburgMarshallCoTennessee #RichardMoore #RobertLeonard #SamuelDean #SharpsburgWashingtonCoMaryland #ThomasLeonard #WashingtonCoMaryland #WilliamBlack

#americanrevolution #americanhistory #battleofcamdensouthcarolina #bedfordcopennsylvania #butlercoohio #colincampbell

BioBioChile @[email protected] · 2026-09-09 · 00:31 UTC

📰 Barros responde a crítica de Núñez por "opinar de todo": "No tiene por qué saber lo que se hace"
🔗 https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2026/09/08/barros-responde-a-critica-de-nunez-por-opinar-de-todo-no-tiene-por-que-saber-lo-que-se-hace.shtml

#barros #critica #nunez #opinion

#opinion #nunez #critica #barros

Quiosque @[email protected] · 2026-09-07 · 22:07 UTC

Sofia Correia de Barros sucede a Ana Rita Bessa na presidência executiva da Leya

https://www.publico.pt/2026/09/07/culturaipsilon/noticia/sofia-correia-barros-sucede-ana-rita-bessa-presidencia-executiva-leya-2187296

#noticias #news #portugal

BioBioChile @[email protected] · 2026-08-25 · 00:01 UTC

📰 Alvarado se desmarca de Barros por Convenio 169: "No es traspasable a la mirada integral del Gobierno"
🔗 https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2026/08/24/alvarado-se-desmarca-de-barros-por-convenio-169-no-es-traspasable-a-la-mirada-integral-del-gobierno.shtml

#convenio169 #barros #alvarado #desarrolloindigena

#desarrolloindigena #alvarado #barros #convenio169

BioBioChile @[email protected] · 2026-08-22 · 14:30 UTC

📰 Documento publicado por el embajador de EEUU y firmado por ministro Barros desata serie de reacciones
🔗 https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2026/08/22/documento-publicado-por-el-embajador-de-eeuu-y-firmado-por-ministro-barros-desata-serie-de-reacciones.shtml

#barros #eeuu #embaixada #reacciones

#reacciones #embaixada #eeuu #barros

Megan Lynch (she/her) @[email protected] · 2026-09-09 · 14:00 UTC

East Providence man grows hundreds of pawpaw trees in backyard

...known as the "King of the Pawpaws" has a garden unlike any other in the state.

East Providence resident Joe Barros has hundreds of pawpaw trees in his backyard.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxCLHZuL6AY #FruitToot #RhodeIsland #Gardening

#fruittoot #rhodeisland #gardening

José A. Alonso @[email protected] · 2026-08-24 · 11:43 UTC

Miquel's theorem in Isabelle/HOL. ~ Arthur Freitas Ramos, David Barros Hulak, Ruy Jose Guerra Barretto de Queiroz. https://isa-afp.org/entries/Miquel.html #IsabelleHOL #ITP #Math

#math #itp #isabellehol

José A. Alonso @[email protected] · 2026-08-08 · 09:19 UTC

A formal counterexample to the cost-preserving single-source unsplittable flow conjecture (in Isabelle/HOL). ~ Arthur Freitas Ramos, David Barros Hulak, Ruy Jose Guerra Barretto de Queiroz. https://isa-afp.org/entries/Dinitz_Garg_Goemans_Counterexample.html #IsabelleHOL #ITP

#itp #isabellehol

José A. Alonso @[email protected] · 2026-08-06 · 09:27 UTC

The Wallace-Simson line theorem in Isabelle/HOL. ~ Arthur Freitas Ramos, David Barros Hulak, Ruy Jose Guerra Barretto de Queiroz. https://isa-afp.org/entries/Simson.html #IsabelleHOL #ITP #Math

#math #itp #isabellehol

José A. Alonso @[email protected] · 2026-07-22 · 08:40 UTC

Formal verification of an explicit counterexample to the jacobian conjecture. ~ Arthur Freitas Ramos, David Barros Hulak, Ruy Jose Guerra Barretto de Queiroz. https://isa-afp.org/entries/Jacobian_Counterexample.html #IsabelleHOL #ITP #Math

#math #itp #isabellehol

SciPost Physics @[email protected] · 2024-11-26 · 14:23 UTC

New #openaccess publication #SciPost #Physics

Kernel polynomial method for linear spin wave theory

Harry Lane, Hao Zhang, David Dahlbom, Sam Quinn, Rolando D. Somma, Martin Mourigal, Cristian D. Batista, Kipton Barros
SciPost Phys. 17, 145 (2024)
https://scipost.org/SciPostPhys.17.5.145

#StAndrewsUniversity #LANL #ORNL #GT #QuantumAI #UTK
#RoyalCommission1851

#openaccess #scipost #physics #standrewsuniversity #lanl #ornl

Palm Oil Detectives @[email protected] · 2025-05-31 · 15:40 UTC

Brazilian three-banded armadillo Tolypeutes tricinctus

Brazilian three-banded armadillo Tolypeutes tricinctus

Vulnerable

Extant (resident): Brazil: Minas Gerais, Bahia, Alagoas, Sergipe, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Goiás, Tocantins, Piauí, Paraíba, Ceará, Maranhão.

The Brazilian three-banded #armadillo Tolypeutes tricinctus, known as “tatu-bola” in Portuguese, is a rare and unique species native to #Brazil. With the ability to roll into a near-impenetrable ball, this endearing behaviour has made them an icon of conservation efforts. They are found in the dry forests and savannahs of Brazil, particularly in the #Cerrado and Caatinga biomes. These fascinating armoured creatures are Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List due to agricultural expansion for #palmoil, #soy and #meat. Fragmentation of their ecosystem is ongoing for infrastructure projects and #goldmining. With their population in sharp decline, efforts to protect their habitats are essential for their survival. Help them every time you shop and adopt a #vegan diet, and #BoycottPalmOil #BoycottGold #Boycott4Wildlife on social media!

https://youtu.be/pVG-7CyjLmo

Resilient Brazilian three-banded #armadillos are fascinating real-life #pokemon of #SouthAmerica. They’re vulnerable from #palmoil meat and soy #deforestation in #Brazil. Resist their #extinction! Be #vegan #Boycottpalmoil #Boycott4Wildlife @palmoildetect https://wp.me/pcFhgU-8R9

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Brazilian three-banded #armadillos are the adorable armoured tanks of #Brazil’s #Cerrado who can curl into an armoured ball. They are #vulnerable from #deforestation. Help them survive by being #vegan and #Boycottpalmoil #Boycott4Wildlife @palmoildetect https://wp.me/pcFhgU-8R9

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Appearance & Behaviour

The word “armadillo” means “little armoured one” in Spanish.
They are known as ‘kwaráu’ in the now extinct Huamoé language and ˈkʌ̨́ñíkį̀ in the Kambiwá language of Brazil.
Brazilian three-banded armadillos have a good nose and can smell termites and ants through up to 20 cm of soil.
Their loose armour creates a layer of air, helping them to regulate their temperature in harsh climates.
They are one of only two armadillo species that can roll into a tight ball.

Brazilian three-banded armadillos are easily recognised by their distinctive armour, which is composed of bony plates known as scutes. These scutes, covered in keratinised skin, form a protective shell around the animal’s body, allowing them to roll into a tight ball when threatened. This unique defence mechanism makes them virtually immune to most natural predators in the wild – except for humans. Their compact body length of 22 to 27 cm and a weight of about 1 to 1.6 kg makes it easy for them to navigate in the forest.

Their distinctive sharp claws and elongated snouts are perfectly adapted for foraging for ants and termites. Although primarily solitary, they sometimes travel in small family groups. They keep their noses to the ground sniffing out insects and move in a deliberate cautious way. Unlike other burrowing armadillos they prefer to hide in bushes for shelter and camouflage.

Threats

Deforestation for palm oil, soy and meat agriculture

Forest and grassland destruction for soy, palm oil, sugar cane and meat plantations is a serious threat. This has drastically reduced the Brazilian three-banded armadillo’s range in the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes.

Human encroachment for infrastructure projects

The Brazilian three-banded armadillo is impervious to many natural threats in their environment. However, infrastructure projects, roads, housing have become a significant threat to their survival.

Illegal hunting

Brazilian three-banded armadillos are hunted for their skins and meat.

Conservation

Conservation efforts for the Brazilian three-banded armadillo are indirect and focused on habitat protection rather than direct intervention. Protected areas within the Cerrado and Caatinga offer some refuge for the species. Yet large portions of their habitat remains at risk for deforestation.

Habitat

Resilient and tough, this armadillo has adapted over millions of years to thrive in harsh landscapes of poor rainfall and poor soil. Brazilian three-banded armadillos are found primarily in the northeastern regions of Brazil, inhabiting the open savannahs of the Cerrado and the dry woodlands of the Caatinga.

Diet

Brazilian three-banded armadillos are primarily insectivores, relying heavily on ants and termites as their main food source. Sharp claws allow them to dig into insect nests, and they use their long, sticky tongues to collect the prey. Occasionally they supplement their diet with molluscs, worms, fruit, and carrion.

Mating and breeding

The breeding season occurs between October and January. After a gestation period of approximately 120 days, females give birth to a single pup. Newborns are born blind, and their armour remains soft and pliable in the first weeks of life. A young armadillo’s shell hardens by week four. By this time they will be capable of protective rolling into a ball and walking. They are weaned by 10 weeks of age and reach reproductive maturity between 9 and 12 months.

Support Brazilian Three-Banded Armadillos by going vegan and boycotting palm oil in the supermarket, it’s the #Boycott4Wildlife

Support the conservation of this species

This animal has no protections in place. Read about other forgotten species here. Create art to support this forgotten animal or raise awareness about them by sharing this post and using the #Boycottpalmoil #Boycott4Wildlife hashtags on social media. Also you can boycott palm oil in the supermarket.

Further Information

Miranda, F., Moraes-Barros, N., Superina, M., & Abba, A. M. (2014). Tolypeutes tricinctus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T21975A47443455. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T21975A47443455.en

Wikipedia Contributors. (n.d.). Brazilian three-banded armadillo. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 16, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_three-banded_armadillo

Animalia. (n.d.). Brazilian Three-Banded Armadillo. Retrieved from https://animalia.bio/brazilian-three-banded-armadillo

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A 2019 World Health Organisation (WHO) report into the palm oil industry and RSPO finds extensive greenwashing of palm oil deforestation and the murder of endangered animals (i.e. biodiversity loss)

#animals #armadillo #armadillos #bantrophyhunting #boycott4wildlife #boycottgold

Diego Barros @[email protected] · 2026-09-09 · 23:41 UTC

RIP Vision Pro. #appleevent #Apple

#appleevent #apple

Diego Barros @[email protected] · 2026-09-09 · 23:41 UTC

RIP Vision Pro. #appleevent #Apple

#appleevent #apple

Diego Barros @[email protected] · 2026-09-09 · 23:41 UTC

RIP Vision Pro. #appleevent #Apple

#appleevent #apple

Diego Barros @[email protected] · 2026-09-09 · 23:41 UTC

RIP Vision Pro. #appleevent #Apple

#apple #appleevent

Diego Barros @[email protected] · 2026-09-09 · 23:41 UTC

RIP Vision Pro. #appleevent #Apple

#appleevent #apple

VEGA @[email protected] · 2026-09-08 · 10:02 UTC

Barrot nous fait honte une fois de plus...
En réaffirmant une vision occidentale du monde, niant l'existence du sud global.
Et c'est juste opportuniste de la part du pays colonial que nous fûmes, de décider d'adopter une nouvelle carte du monde. Ça ne coûte rien.
A quand un arrêt du commerce avec l'état sioniste? Bah, il est trop occupé à changer les cartes ce minable petit macronard.

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=EKele9-YLu8

> French Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot has rejected the commonly used geopolitical labels “Global South” and “collective West,” calling them political conc...

#barrotLaHonte
#barrotClown
#globalSouth
#west
#occident

#barrotlahonte #barrotclown #globalsouth #west #occident

VEGA @[email protected] · 2026-09-08 · 10:02 UTC

Barrot nous fait honte une fois de plus...
En réaffirmant une vision occidentale du monde, niant l'existence du sud global.
Et c'est juste opportuniste de la part du pays colonial que nous fûmes, de décider d'adopter une nouvelle carte du monde. Ça ne coûte rien.
A quand un arrêt du commerce avec l'état sioniste? Bah, il est trop occupé à changer les cartes ce minable petit macronard.

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=EKele9-YLu8

> French Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot has rejected the commonly used geopolitical labels “Global South” and “collective West,” calling them political conc...

#barrotLaHonte
#barrotClown
#globalSouth
#west
#occident

#barrotlahonte #barrotclown #globalsouth #west #occident

VEGA @[email protected] · 2026-09-08 · 10:02 UTC

Barrot nous fait honte une fois de plus...
En réaffirmant une vision occidentale du monde, niant l'existence du sud global.
Et c'est juste opportuniste de la part du pays colonial que nous fûmes, de décider d'adopter une nouvelle carte du monde. Ça ne coûte rien.
A quand un arrêt du commerce avec l'état sioniste? Bah, il est trop occupé à changer les cartes ce minable petit macronard.

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=EKele9-YLu8

> French Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot has rejected the commonly used geopolitical labels “Global South” and “collective West,” calling them political conc...

#barrotLaHonte
#barrotClown
#globalSouth
#west
#occident

#barrotlahonte #barrotclown #globalsouth #west #occident

VEGA @[email protected] · 2026-09-08 · 10:02 UTC

Barrot nous fait honte une fois de plus...
En réaffirmant une vision occidentale du monde, niant l'existence du sud global.
Et c'est juste opportuniste de la part du pays colonial que nous fûmes, de décider d'adopter une nouvelle carte du monde. Ça ne coûte rien.
A quand un arrêt du commerce avec l'état sioniste? Bah, il est trop occupé à changer les cartes ce minable petit macronard.

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=EKele9-YLu8

> French Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot has rejected the commonly used geopolitical labels “Global South” and “collective West,” calling them political conc...

#barrotLaHonte
#barrotClown
#globalSouth
#west
#occident

#occident #west #globalsouth #barrotclown #barrotlahonte

VEGA @[email protected] · 2026-09-08 · 10:02 UTC

Barrot nous fait honte une fois de plus...
En réaffirmant une vision occidentale du monde, niant l'existence du sud global.
Et c'est juste opportuniste de la part du pays colonial que nous fûmes, de décider d'adopter une nouvelle carte du monde. Ça ne coûte rien.
A quand un arrêt du commerce avec l'état sioniste? Bah, il est trop occupé à changer les cartes ce minable petit macronard.

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=EKele9-YLu8

> French Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot has rejected the commonly used geopolitical labels “Global South” and “collective West,” calling them political conc...

#barrotLaHonte
#barrotClown
#globalSouth
#west
#occident

#barrotlahonte #barrotclown #globalsouth #west #occident

Lazarou Monkey Terror 🚀💙🌈 @[email protected] · 2026-09-04 · 14:08 UTC

Barron Trump barely out of his early 20s and already he's got that connection to a notorious international sex trafficker of minors, the boy is going to go far in USA culture!

#BarronTrump #AndrewTate #TateBrothers #Patriarchy #EpsteinClass

#barrontrump #andrewtate #tatebrothers #patriarchy #epsteinclass

☑️ Cath @[email protected] · 2026-02-23 · 06:50 UTC

Niet onbezoldigd VN-rapporteur @FranceskAlbs zou ontslagen moeten worden, maar de Franse Minister #Barrot en zijn collega's #Macinka (Tsjechië) en #Wadephul (Duitsland).

Gênant hoe zij zich voor het karretje laten spannen van de pro-Israëlische, desinformatie verspreidende organisatie UN Watch

https://www.volkskrant.nl/buitenland/pro-israelische-lobbygroep-eist-vertrek-speciale-vn-rapporteur-verspreidt-daartoe-desinformatie~bae9326d/

#Albanese #Gaza #Israel #VN #UNWatch #AlJazeera