#armenia — Public Fediverse posts

https://www.europesays.com/dk/164002/ Farewell to King Harald V of Norway in Oslo #analysis #Armenia #information #Media #news #Norway #Oslo #press #RA #Radar #RadarArmenia #Reliable #source #unbiased

The Arrogance of Space - Yerevan, Armenia
GPS: 40.1734757, 44.5141394

Arrogance of Space ratio:
Cars: 42%
Buildings: 28%
Pedestrians: 10%
Green: 16%
Publictransport: 4%

#ArroganceOfSpace #cities #city #images #maps #map #urban #photos #urbanism #architecture #planning #publicspace #publictransport #cycling #yerevan #armenia

Generate your own: https://cyklokoalicia.sk/arrogance/

The Arrogance of Space - Yerevan, Armenia
GPS: 40.1734757, 44.5141394

Arrogance of Space ratio:
Cars: 42%
Buildings: 28%
Pedestrians: 10%
Green: 16%
Publictransport: 4%

#ArroganceOfSpace #cities #city #images #maps #map #urban #photos #urbanism #architecture #planning #publicspace #publictransport #cycling #yerevan #armenia

Generate your own: https://cyklokoalicia.sk/arrogance/

The Arrogance of Space - Yerevan, Armenia
GPS: 40.1734757, 44.5141394

Arrogance of Space ratio:
Cars: 42%
Buildings: 28%
Pedestrians: 10%
Green: 16%
Publictransport: 4%

#ArroganceOfSpace #cities #city #images #maps #map #urban #photos #urbanism #architecture #planning #publicspace #publictransport #cycling #yerevan #armenia

Generate your own: https://cyklokoalicia.sk/arrogance/

Gasoline gets more expensive again in Armenia https://www.byteseu.com/2353255/ #AnalysisOfAzerbaijan #Armenia #Azerbaijan #Baku #ImportantNewsOfAzerbaijan #InternationalExperts #Interviews #InterviewsWithAzerbaijaniAnalysts #NewsFromBaku #NewsOfAzerbaijan #RepublicOfArmenia

The report referenced the friendly relations between Armenia and Brazil https://www.byteseu.com/2352953/ #analysis #Armenia #information #Media #News #press #RA #Radar #RadarArmenia #Reliable #RepublicOfArmenia #source #unbiased

Xi and Putin reaffirm commitment to close ties with Pyongyang

Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin have reaffirmed their countries’ commitment to maintaining and deepening…
#EuropeSays #Korea #KR #Pyongyang #analysis #Armenia #information #Media #news #Press #R&A #Radar #RadarArmenia #Reliable #source #unbiased
https://www.europesays.com/korea/149231/

Azerbaijan and Armenia agree to carry out border demarcation from north to south: Bayramov https://www.byteseu.com/2351744/ #AmericanArmenian #Armenia #Armenian #ArmenianCommunity #ArmenianDiaspora #ArmenianGenocide #ArmenianNews #ArmenianAmerican #armenians #artsakh #Azerbaijan #Baku #Caucasus #diaspora #Europe #Georgia #Karabakh #NagornoKarabakh #News #opposition #power #president #RecentNewsFromArmenia #RepublicOfArmenia #TBILISI #Transcaucasian #Transcaucasus #Turkey #Yerevan

https://www.europesays.com/es/756890/ Una línea de crédito: sobre las razones de un silencio #Armenia #Azerbaiyán #BreakingNews #BreakingNews #DonaldTrump #FeaturedNews #FeaturedNews #Headlines #Internacional #International #InternationalNews #InternationalNews #LatestNews #LatestNews #News #Noticias #NoticiasDestacadas #NoticiasDestacadas #Titulares #ÚltimasNoticias #ÚltimasNoticias #UniónEuropea #World #WorldNews #WorldNews

Ladaniva ► Margarita

https://musicwayatx.com/2026/09/09/ladaniva-%e2%96%ba-margarita/

Ladaniva ► Margarita

https://musicwayatx.com/2026/09/09/ladaniva-%e2%96%ba-margarita/

🚨 Cuestionan a Azerbaiyán por encarcelar a activistas e investigadores de la minoría talysh bajo acusaciones de separatismo. 📉 #AmnistíaInternacional #armenia #azerbaiyán #bakú #ConsejoDeEuropa #FakhraddinAbbasov #IqbalAbilov #irán #JahidKamalIsayev #NovruzaliMammadov #ParlamentoEuropeo #RepúblicaAutónomaTalyshMughan #talysh #TribunalDeBakúParaDelitosGraves #TribunalEuropeoDeDerechosHumanos https://soyarmenio.com/persecucion-activismo-talysh-seguridad-azerbaiyan/

🔍 Falso: La plataforma FIP.am desmiente que la ruta TRIPP sea un proyecto militar de EE. UU. dirigido contra Irán. Los documentos oficiales son públicos. 🇦🇲 #AcuerdoCívico #AlexeyShevtsov #armenia #CáucasoSur #ConsejoDeSeguridadDeLaFederaciónDeRusia #ereván #EstadosUnidos #FipAm #irán #LevonKocharyan #LevonZurabyan #MinisterioDeAsuntosExterioresDeArmenia #RahimSafavi #SargisKhandanyan #telegram #tripp #washington https://soyarmenio.com/ruta-tripp-amenaza-militar-contra-iran/

Armenia accuses Russian media of distorting EU visa liberalisation statements https://www.byteseu.com/2350107/ #AnalysisOfAzerbaijan #Armenia #Azerbaijan #Baku #ImportantNewsOfAzerbaijan #InternationalExperts #Interviews #InterviewsWithAzerbaijaniAnalysts #NewsFromBaku #NewsOfAzerbaijan #RepublicOfArmenia

https://www.europesays.com/dk/162270/ Ararat Mirzoyan discussed the agenda for expanding Armenia’s strategic partnerships in Riga #analysis #Armenia #information #Latvia #Media #news #press #RA #Radar #RadarArmenia #Reliable #Riga #source #unbiased

Azerbaiyán, Turquía y Armenia avanzan hacia la paz y la cooperación regional. 🌐 De la confrontación a la diplomacia: Ankara, Bakú y Ereván analizan nuevos mecanismos de integración en el Cáucaso. #agarak #ankara #ArabNews #armenia #azerbaiyán #bakú #CáucasoMeridional #ereván #HakanFidan #irán #moscú #PactoDeLaMeca #SinemCengiz #turquía https://soyarmenio.com/reinicio-caucasico-nuevo-sistema-relaciones-baku-ankara-erevan/

https://www.bytesde.com/2018616/ Berg Ararat und die Stadt Ashtarak #Armenia #Armenien

https://www.bytesde.com/2018270/ Altes Gebäude aus der Sowjetzeit #Armenia #Armenien

https://www.europesays.com/it/670123/ Tour of Armenia, il ciclismo scopre una nuova frontiera: 16 squadre al via #ambasciatore #armenia #calendario #CalendarioInternazionale #CalendarioUci #CalendarioUciEurope #chilometri #Ciclismo #corsa #CorsaInserita #Cycling #IT #Italia #Italy #of #sanchez #Sport #Sports #tour #TourOf #UCI

https://www.bytesde.com/2017905/ Suren besucht erneut das FPV-Trainingszentrum. #Armenia #Armenien

La Unión Europea aprobó una ley que obliga a las automotrices a diseñar vehículos pensando en su reciclaje. 🏭 Entre 10 y 12 millones de autos se vuelven chatarra cada año en Europa, y ahora las marcas deberán pagar por su desmantelamiento. #armenia #asue #automóviles #EconomíaCircular #LusineAvetisyan #plásticos #radiolur #reciclaje #SosKhachikyan #UniónEuropea https://soyarmenio.com/automotrices-disenar-coches-segunda-vida/

Vladimir Putin llamó a Ilham Aliyev para reanudar los contactos entre Rusia y Azerbaiyán. 😱 Analistas advierten que Armenia debe confiar en su propia defensa y diversificar alianzas con India, Francia y Occidente. #armenia #artsaj #azerbaiyán #bakú #ereván #EstadosUnidos #francia #HovhanMandakuni #IlhamAliyev #india #irán #otsc #rusia #turquía #VladimirPutin https://soyarmenio.com/moscu-baku-reactivan-el-dialogo-bilateral/

Rusia recomendó a sus ciudadanos usar el paso de Agarak para huir del conflicto con Estados Unidos e Israel. 😱 Potencias como China e India también usan este corredor estratégico. #agarak #AraratMirzoyan #armenia #bushehr #canadá #china #EmiratosÁrabesUnidos #ereván #EstadosUnidos #gyumri #india #irán #israel #NikolPashinyan #nordooz #omán #RosAtom #rusia #VladimirPutin https://soyarmenio.com/armenia-corredor-evacuacion-iran-rusia-agarak/

El Patriarca Sahak Mashalyan pidió por la reconciliación entre Armenia y Turquía. 😱 Fieles de todo el mundo se reunieron en la iglesia de Akhtamar junto al lago Van. #akhtamar #armenia #constantinopla #EstadosUnidos #irán #MesropParsamyan #sabah #SahakMashalyan #turquía #van https://soyarmenio.com/patriarca-armenio-constantinopla-ora-armenia-turquia/

Detalles sobre la visita de Serdar Berdimuhamedov a Ereván. 😱 Armenia planea comprar hasta 1.000 millones de metros cúbicos de gas a Turkmenistán mediante intercambios con Irán. #armenia #asgabat #ereván #georgia #HovhanMandakuni #irán #LevonTerPetrosyan #moscú #rusia #SaparmuratNiyazov #SerdarBerdimuhamedov #teherán #turkmengaz #turkmenistán https://soyarmenio.com/armenia-negocia-gas-turkmenistan-diversificacion-energetica/

🚨 Comercio global: Armenia y la India amplían sus exportaciones y potencian rutas logísticas a través del puerto de Chabahar. #AnastasiaZhalina #armenia #ereván #georgia #india #irán #NarendraModi #NikolPashinyan #NuevaDelhi #teherán #uee https://soyarmenio.com/armenia-india-rutas-logisticas/

El tribunal de Armenia prorroga la prisión preventiva contra Gagik Tsarukyan en una causa por fraude de 22 millones de dólares. #armenia #FiscalíaGeneral #GagikTsarukyan #HovhanMandakuni #irán https://soyarmenio.com/armenia-amplia-prision-preventiva-gagik-tsarukyan/

El embajador Narek Mkrtchyan anunció que la construcción del proyecto TRIPP comenzará en 2027. 😱 Estados Unidos aportará 201 millones de dólares para este corredor comercial en Syunik. #armenia #azerbaiyán #ereván #EstadosUnidos #georgia #irán #NarekMkrtchyan #occidente #rusia #semafor #syunik #teherán #turquía #washington https://soyarmenio.com/armenia-anuncia-inicio-obras-proyecto-tripp-2027/

El presidente Vahagn Khachaturyan anunció en Praga acuerdos de defensa con la República Checa. 😱 El país modernizará su ejército y mejorará el metro de Ereván. #armenia #azerbaiyán #DavidKhudatyan #ereván #georgia #irán #IvanBednarik #PetrPavel #praga #RepúblicaCheca #turquía #VahagnKhachaturyan #WizzAir https://soyarmenio.com/armenia-republica-checa-acuerdan-alianza-defensa-economia-praga/

Yerevan, Armenia’s vibrant heart, captivates with its rosy-hued buildings and a pulse that blends ancient roots with modern charm. Exploring Yerevan with Pirsik’s tour guides in Yerevan is like having a local friend who unlocks the city’s secrets, making your trip so much richer than going it alone.
https://www.pirsik.com/yerevan/tour-guides
#Armenia #Yerevan #guides #localguide #tourguide #travel #tours

📚 Se inauguró el noveno Festival Internacional del Libro de Ereván en la Galería Nacional. 😱 La ministra Zhanna Andreasyan y el alcalde Tigran Avinyan celebraron la llegada de editores de Francia, Georgia e Irán. #AniGhazaryan #armenia #ereván #eslovenia #francia #GaleríaNacionalDeArmenia #georgia #hungría #irán #MinisterioDeEducación #TigranAvinyan #ucrania #ZhannaAndreasyan https://soyarmenio.com/noveno-festival-internacional-libro-erevan/

El administrador de ENA, Romanos Petrosyan, descubrió que varias plantas inyectaban hasta cuatro veces más energía de la permitida. 🤯 Las pérdidas preliminares rozan los 2.000 millones de drams. #armenia #ena #EnergiaSolar #irán #PlantasSolares #RomanosPetrosyan #rusia https://soyarmenio.com/ena-detecta-fraudes-plantas-solares-armenia/

Donald Trump publicó en Truth Social el plan de su enviado Steve Witkoff sobre la paz entre Armenia y Azerbaiyán. 🤯 La propuesta "Ruta Trump" busca crear proyectos de transporte ferroviario respetando la soberanía de Ereván. #armenia #azerbaiyán #bakú #caspio #CáucasoMeridional #DonaldTrump #ereván #EstadosUnidos #OrienteMedio #SteveWitkoff #TruthSocial #washington https://soyarmenio.com/trump-reimpulsa-acuerdo-paz-armenia-azerbaiyan/

La Cámara de Comercio de Van ofreció sus oficinas para coordinar los lazos económicos bilaterales. 🤯 El presidente Necdet Takva anunció en Ereván que la apertura de fronteras permitirá viajes directos de solo cuatro horas #armenia #ereván #georgia #irán #NecdetTakva #turquía #UniónEuropea #van https://soyarmenio.com/van-oficina-representacion-comercial-armenia-turquia/

🚨🇮🇷🇦🇲 La profunda crisis económica en Irán y el desplome del rial amenazan al sistema bancario de Armenia. 🤯 Estados Unidos anunció sanciones semanales a bancos que operen con Teherán, arriesgando los pagos del comercio bilateral y el proyecto Norte-Sur. #armenia #azerbaiyán #BancoCentralDeArmenia #EstadosUnidos #HovhanMandakuni #irán #NorteSur #ScottBesant #UniónEuropea https://soyarmenio.com/crisis-financiera-iran-riesgo-bancario-armenia-sanciones/

¡Declaraciones clave de Putin en Bishkek! 🚨🇷🇺🇦🇲 El presidente ruso afirmó que retirarán la base militar de Gyumri "al menos mañana" si Armenia lo solicita. #armenia #bishkek #ereván #EstadosUnidos #francia #gyumri #irán #rusia #turquía #uee #UniónEuropea #VladimirPutin #YeghiazarAyntaptsi https://soyarmenio.com/putin-base-militar-rusa-gyumri-armenia/

Pashinyan anuncia en la cumbre OCS Plus de Bishkek el inicio del proyecto TRIPP para conectar Armenia con Azerbaiyán y Turquía. 🇦🇲🌐 #alemania #armenia #azerbaiyán #bishkek #bulgaria #china #CorredorDeZangezur #croacia #EstadosUnidos #francia #georgia #GolfoPérsico #india #irán #kazajistán #lituania #luxemburgo #MarCaspio #MarMediterráneo #MarNegro #NikolPashinyan #OcsPlus #PaísesBajos #ProyectoTripp #ReinoUnido #turquía #UniónEuropea https://soyarmenio.com/armenia-pashinyan-abrir-comunicaciones-azerbaiyan-turquia/

The Black Garden review – haunting study of growing up in war-torn Nagorno-Karabakh
By Phuong Le

Alexis Pazoumian’s documentary follows Samvel and Avo, two preteen boys whose lives will be unavoidably scarred by brutal conflict

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2026/aug/31/the-black-garden-review-haunting-study-of-growing-up-in-war-torn-nagorno-karabakh

#Film #Documentaryfilms #Armenia #Azerbaijan #NagornoKarabakh #Culture #Europe #Worldnews #TheGuardian #PhuongLe

🚂 El megaproyecto "Ruta de Trump" en Syunik busca transformar a Armenia en un actor político internacional. 🌍 El plan cuenta con capital de Estados Unidos y desata alarmas en Rusia porque rompe su histórico monopolio de las vías. #AbbasAraghchi #ankara #armenia #azerbaiyán #bakú #ereván #EstadosUnidos #ferrocarril #geopolítica #georgia #HakanFidan #irán #moscú #najicheván #rusia #RutaDeTrump #syunik #teherán #turquía https://soyarmenio.com/ruta-trump-armenia-ferrocarril-syunik/

Wednesday, August 26, 2026

https://activitypub.writeworks.uk/2026/08/wednesday-august-26-2026/

Armenia Begins EU Membership Process, Calls Referendum

Pashinyan tells parliament Armenia will formally apply for EU membership and hold a national referendum, marking a historic shift away from Russia.

https://pulseofnations.lol/armenia-begins-eu/

#Armenia #EU #Geopolitics #Membership #Pashinyan #Russia

Tuesday, August 25, 2026

https://activitypub.writeworks.uk/2026/08/tuesday-august-25-2026/

🗺️ El proyecto TRIPP avanza bajo control armenio, pero Rusia amenaza con subir la energía e Irán teme perder peso estratégico en 2026. #armenia #azerbaiyán #DonaldTrump #IlhamAliyev #irán #meghri #ordubad #ProyectoTripp #VladimirPutin #washington https://soyarmenio.com/putin-seguira-camino-trump-iran/

⚡Five #Colombian 🇨🇴 airports have resumed commercial flight operations following an earthquake, while two facilities remain closed. The airports in #Armenia 🇦🇲, Buenaventura, Cali, Quibdo, and Manizales are currently accepting flights. [TASS]

Stay informed for the latest updates

⚖️ El Atlantic Council advierte que Washington debe proteger la paz entre Armenia y Azerbaiyán ante amenazas de actores regionales. 🇺🇸🇦🇲 #AndriiSybiha #armenia #AtlanticCouncil #azerbaiyán #BrendaShafer #china #DonaldTrump #EstadosUnidos #HikmetHajiyev #IlhamAliyev #irán #JeyhunBayramov #kiev #RealClearWorld #rusia #ucrania #washington https://soyarmenio.com/atlantic-council-proteger-paz-armenia-azerbaiyan/

🤝 Líderes de Asia Central y Azerbaiyán se reúnen en Cholpon-Ata para impulsar un visado único y un cable de fibra óptica submarino. 🇰🇬🇦🇿 #AlexanderKnyazev #armenia #azerbaiyán #bakú #BelovezhskayaPushcha #bielorrusia #CholponAta #EstadosUnidos #europa #IlhamAliyev #InstitutoEstatalDeRelacionesInternacionalesDeMoscú #irán #IssykKul #kazajistán #kirguistán #MarCaspio #NezavisimayaGazeta #rusia #SadyrJaparov #turquía #ucrania #UniónEuropea https://soyarmenio.com/cholpon-ata-asia-central-azerbaiyan-hotel-visado-caspio/

Ashkenazi Jews

Author’s Note: This post has mentions of Nazis, the Holocaust, & Nazi Germany. We completely understand if you wish to skip over this post. We’ll catch you in the next one!

Also known as Ashkenazic Jews, Ashkenazis, or Ashkenazim.

This is a form of distinct ethnic subdivision of the Jewish Diaspora. Emerging from the Jewish communities that consolidated during the 10th century in the Rhineland (Western Germany) & northern France. They migrated there from centers such as the Italian peninsula & the Southern Levant. This includes present-day Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, & Jordan.

After numerous massacres of Jews during the Crusades (11th-13th centuries), they began a gradual eastward migration due to mounting restrictions within the Holy Roman Empire & the favorable policies of Casimir the Great & others.

This diaspora ramped up after the persecution during the Black Death of the 14th century. The bulk of the Ashkenazi Jews had migrated to the Kingdom of Poland (which includes modern-day Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, & parts of Russia). This area became the main center of Ashkenazi Jewry until the Holocaust.

Ashkenazim adapted their traditions, rites, & customs to Europe. They traditionally followed the German rite synagogue ritual & until the Holocaust primarily spoke Yiddish, an offshoot of Middle High German written in a variety of the Hebrew script, with significant Hebrew, Aramaic, & Slavic influences.

The Yiddish language progressively declined in prestige, in favor of national languages & Hebrew, being stigmatized by assimilationists & later also Zionists. Though it was spoken by over 11 million people worldwide before the Holocaust. The Yiddishist movement, which sought to preserve & revive the language, faded through the 20th century. Including Duolingo adding Yiddish as a language.

As a proportion of the world Jewish population, Ashkenazim were estimated to be 3% in the 11th century, rising to 92% in 1930, near the population’s peak. The Ashkenazi population was significantly diminished by the Holocaust carried out by Nazi Germany during WWII, which killed around 6 million Jews. Before WWII, the estimated worldwide Jewish population was 15.3-16.7 million, with 92% being Ashkenazi. As of 2023, the population of Ashkenazim was estimated to be around 10-13 million out of 15.8 million total Jews.

The name Ashkenazi comes from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz. He’s the 1st son of Gomer, grandson of Japhet, great-grandson of Noah, & a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations. The name for Gomer has often been linked to the Cimmerians.

The Biblical Ashkenazis are usually derived from Assyrian Askuza, a people who expelled the Cimmerians from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates. The name Askuza is identified with the Scythians.

In Jeremiah 51:27, Ashkenaz figures as 1 of 3 kingdoms in the far north, the others being Minni (or Mannaea), an ancient kingdom that flourished in northwestern Iran, & Arrat (corresponding to Urartu), called on by God to resist Babylon.

Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia (usually identified with Scandinavia), viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, in the 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th century, in the History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertci, Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia.

As it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Chimea, & areas to the east. They’re also identified with the Slavim or Slavs. In keeping with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was called Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (I Kings 17:9), & Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan.

Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France & Germany following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of both medieval Germany & France.

In later times, the word Ashkenaz is used to designate southern & western Germany, the ritual of which sections differs somewhat from that of eastern Germany & Poland. Thus, the prayer book of Isaiah Horowitz (a prominent rabbi & mystic), & many others, give the piyyutim (a Jewish liturgical poem), according to the Minhag of Ashkenaz & Poland. A Minhag is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism.

In a religious sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is any Jew whose family tradition & synagogue ritual follow Ashkenazi practices (German rite). Until the Ashkenazi community 1st began to develop in the Early Middle Ages, the centers of Jewish religious authority were in the Islamic world, at Baghdad & Islamic Spain. German Ashkenaz was so geographically distant that it developed a minhag of its own.

The counterpart of Ashkenazi is Sephardic. Since most non-Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews follow Sephardic rabbinical authorities, whether or not they’re ethnically Sephardic. By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi (a.k.a. Oriental Jews; Jews who lived in the Muslim world) who married into an Orthodox or Haredi (a.k.a. ultra-Orthodox) Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her kids to be Ashkenazi Jews.

On the other hand, an Ashkenazi woman who married a Sephardi or Mizrahi is expected to take on Sephardic practices & the kids will “inherit” a Sephardic identity. Though in practice, many families do compromise. A “convert” usually follows the practice of the rabbinical court (beth din) that converted them.

Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means “Jewishness” in the Yiddish language. Before the Haskalah (a.k.a. the Jewish Enlightenment) & the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of the Torah & the Talmud for men, & communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men & women.

From the Rhineland to Riga (the largest city in Latvia) to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, & spoke Yiddish in their secular (worldly) lives. But with modernization, Yiddishkeit now includes not just Orthodoxy & Hasidism, but a broader range of movements, ideologies, practices, & traditions in which Ashkenazi have participated & somehow kept a sense of Jewishness. Although pockets of Jews still speak Yiddish, Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech, styles of humor, & in patterns of association.

As Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe, mostly in the form of aliyah to Israel. Or immigration to North America, South Africa, Europe (particularly France), & Latin America, the geographic isolation has given way to mixing with other cultures, & with non-Ashkenazi Jews who, similarly, are no longer isolated in distinct geographic locales.

Hebrew has replaced Yiddish as the primary Jewish language for many Ashkenazi Jews. Although many Hasidic & Hareidi groups still use Yiddish in daily life. Aliyah is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to, historically, the geographic Land of Israel or the Palestine region, where the State of Israel was established.

France’s blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that’s going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were 2 distinct Jewish populations.

One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition (which no one expects! Sorry, we’re Monty Python fans here.) & concentrated in the southwest. While the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, & mainly speaking a German dialect similar to Yiddish.

The 3rd community of Provencal Jews living in Comtat Venaissin was technically outside France, & was later absorbed into the Sephardim. Comtat Venaissin (called Comtat, for short) was a part of the Papal States from 1274 to 1791.

But after emancipation, a sense of a unified French Jewry emerged, especially when France was wracked by the Dreyfus Affair in the 1890s. (We’ll be doing a post about the Dreyfus Affair.) In the 1920s & 30s, Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism, the Russian Revolution, & the economic turmoil of the Great Depression.

By the 1930s, Paris had a vibrant Yiddish culture, & many Jews were involved in diverse political movements. After the Vichy years & the Holocaust, the French Jewish population was augmented once again, 1st by Ashkenazi refugees from Central Europe, & later by Sephardi immigrants & refugees from North Africa, many of them francophone. Francophone refers to people/organizations who use French (language) regularly.

Ashkenazi Jews didn’t transmit their traditions or achievements by text. Instead, these traditions were passed down orally from one generation to the next. The desire to maintain pre-Holocaust traditions relating to Ashkenazi culture has often been met with criticism by Jews in Eastern Europe.

In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is a descendant of the Jews who settled in the Central European region of “Ashkenaz.” For roughly 1,000 years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe.

Despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow of countries from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Since the mid-20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities & non-Jews.

Religious persecution of the Jews in Western & Central Europe led to a significant migration of the Ashkenazi Jews into Eastern Europe. This resulted in a major cultural divide between Western/Central & Eastern Ashkenazi communities. In particular, this was reflected in the division of Yiddish into Western & Eastern Yiddish dialects. As well as in other cultural distinctions: traditions, food, dress, etc.

Initially, the Jews of Eastern Europe enjoyed relative freedom in terms of movement, being invited by the kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Over time, the situation was reversed. By the 19th century, the Jews in the West had gradually been integrated into the general society.

While the Eastern Ashkenazi maintained their strict Jewish traditions & were mostly confined to ghettos, especially in the Pale of Settlement of the Russian Empire, which incorporated a considerable amount of land where the Eastern Ashkenazi lived: Poland & Lithuania.

Well-known differences in practices include:

• Observance of Passover (Pesach)
  • Ashkenazi Jews traditionally refrain from eating legumes, grain, millet, & rice. Quinoa has become accepted as a food grain in North American communities. Sephardi Jews typically don’t prohibit these foods.
• Notwithstanding stricter requirements for the ACTUAL slaughter, Sephardi Jews permit the rear portions of an animal after proper Halakhic removal of the sciatic nerve. While many Ashkenazi Jews don’t.
• Ashkenazi Jews often name newborns after deceased family members, not after living relatives. Sephardi Jews often name their kids after their grandparents, even if those grandparents are still living. An exception to this is among Dutch Jews, where Ashkenazi for centuries used naming conventions otherwise attributed exclusively to Sephardim, such as Chuts. Chuts is the name given to Jews who immigrated to London from the Netherlands in the 1850s-1860s.
• Ashkenazi tefillins are wound toward the body, not away from it. Ashkenazim put on the tefillin while standing up. Other Jews generally do so while sitting down. A tefillin(s) is/are sets of small black leather boxes with leather straps having scrolls of parchment written with verses of the Torah inside.
• The prayer shawl (tallit/tallis) is worn by all Ashkenazi men AFTER marriage. Except for Western European Ashkenazi men who wear it from the bar mitzvah. In Sephardi or Mizrahi Judaism, the prayer shawl is commonly worn from early childhood.

The term Ashkenazi also refers to the Nusach Ashkenaz, the liturgical tradition used by Ashkenazi Jews in their siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition’s choice of prayers, the text of prayers & melodies used in the singing of prayers. 2 other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazi Jews are Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari, used by those in Chabad.

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