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The Legal Evolution of Indigenous Identity: Recognition of the Rongmei Tribe in Nagaland
Introduction
The socio-political landscape of Northeast India is frequently defined by the intersection of ancestral heritage and administrative classification. On May 9, 2024, a significant milestone was reached when the Nagaland government approved the issuance of Scheduled Tribe (ST) certificates to 1,313 members of the Rongmei tribe who are permanently settled within the state.1 This decision addresses a long-standing grievance regarding the “indigenous” status of the Rongmei people in Nagaland, a community that also holds deep ancestral roots in Manipur and Assam. Understanding this development requires an analysis of the Zeliangrong identity and the rigorous criteria for “indigenous” recognition in the region.
I. The Zeliangrong Heritage and the Rongmei Identity
The Rongmei people are an integral branch of the Zeliangrong collective, a socio-cultural and political union comprising the Zeme, Liangmai, and Rongmei sub-tribes.2 Historically, these groups have shared a common ancestry and geographic continuity across the contiguous hill tracts of Manipur, Nagaland, and Assam.
International standards, as defined by the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), characterize indigenous peoples by their historical continuity, language, and ancestral occupation of lands prior to modern state formation.3 In the context of Nagaland, the Zeliang and Rongmei identities have been closely intertwined; however, the formal recognition of the Rongmei as a separate ST entity within Nagaland has faced unique hurdles compared to their status in Manipur, where they are recognized as a core indigenous group.4
II. The Criteria for Indigenous Inhabitants in Nagaland
The government’s recent approval is not a blanket recognition but is strictly bound by the “1963 Cut-off Date.” Under the Nagaland Land and Revenue Regulations, an “Indigenous Inhabitant” is defined as a person who settled in the state prior to December 1, 1963 (the date of Nagaland’s statehood).5
This legal threshold is essential for several reasons:
- Protection of Rights: Recognition grants access to reservation in government jobs and education, as well as the right to own land in protected areas.6
- Genealogical Verification: The 1,313 approved individuals and their direct descendants were identified through a rigorous verification process conducted by the state-appointed Committee on Rongmei Indigenous Inhabitant of Nagaland.7
III. Regional Comparisons: Manipur and the Yek Salai System
The meaning of “Indigenous” for the Rongmei takes on a different legal dimension in neighboring Manipur. There, indigenous status is often validated through the “Yek Salai” system—a traditional clan classification system dating back to 33 CE.8 While Nagaland relies on a modern administrative cut-off (1963), Manipur’s traditionalists, such as the Federation of Haomee, argue for a definition based on “First Settler” status and ancestral village records.9
In Manipur, the Rongmei, along with the Zeme and Liangmai (historically grouped as Kacha Nagas), are listed as Scheduled Tribes with a population of over 62,000 as of the 2001 Census.10 The disparity in population and recognition between the states has often led to identity fluctuations for Rongmei families living near the borders.
IV. Neighbouring Tribes and the Scheduled Tribe List
The Nagaland government’s decision must be viewed within the broader framework of the Scheduled Tribe list, which includes diverse Naga and non-Naga groups:
- Naga Tribes: Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Konyak, Lotha, Phom, Pochury, Rengma, Sangtam, Sumi, Yimkhiung, Khiamniungan, and Zeliang (Zeme and Liangmai).11
- Neighboring Groups: The Kuki tribe, which shares borders with Zeliangrong areas, is also recognized, though historical standing orders from the British era sometimes distinguished between original settlers and later migrants.12
Conclusion
The approval of ST certificates for the Rongmei in Nagaland signifies a reconciliation between historical presence and legal documentation. By acknowledging those settled since 1963, the state recognizes the Rongmei as a legitimate component of its indigenous fabric while maintaining the integrity of its statehood-based eligibility criteria. This move reinforces the Zeliangrong bond and ensures that the Rongmei’s historical ties to the land are translated into contemporary socio-economic protections.
Footnotes
1 “Nagaland Govt Approves ST Certificates for Rongmei Tribe Members Settled in State,” The Sentinel Assam, May 10, 2024.
2 M. T. Laiba, Geography of Manipur, (Imphal: Angomcha Longjam Langmeiba Thangmeiband, 1996), 503.
3 Fifteenth Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), Report on Indigenous Issues, May 2016.
4 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), Art. 33, 2007.
5 Government of Nagaland, Notification on Indigenous Inhabitant Status, No. Home/Sectt-1/8/94.
6 Supreme Court of India, Kailas & Others v. State of Maharashtra, Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction, January 5, 2011.
7 “State Cabinet Approves ST Status for 1313 Rongmeis,” Nagaland Post, May 9, 2024.
8 Federation of Haomee (FOH), Resolution on Indigenous Communities and the Yek Salai System, 2019.
9 O. Kumar Singh, Archaeological Finds in Manipur Caves, (Imphal: Anthropological Survey, 1983).
10 Census of India 2001, Scheduled Tribes Population of Manipur.
11 Government of India, The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 (as amended).
12 T. A. Sharp, Standing Order of the President of the Manipur State Darbar, July 23, 1941.
Bibliography
Census of India 2001. Scheduled Tribes Population of Manipur. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Government of India. The Constitution of India. Articles 342 and 366(25).
Jamir, Senayangba Chubatoshi. “Indigenous Identity in Nagaland.” Keynote address at the Nagaland Indigenous People’s Forum, Dimapur, October 27, 2019.
Laiba, M. T. Geography of Manipur. Imphal: Angomcha Longjam Langmeiba Thangmeiband, 1996.
Manipur State Darbar. Standing Orders of the President (PMSD). Order No. 2 of 1941.
Singh, O. Kumar. Prehistoric Archaeology of Manipur. Imphal: State Museum Publications, 1983.
United Nations General Assembly. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Resolution 61/295. New York: UN, 2007.
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Report of the Fifteenth Session. New York: UN, 2016.
Online Source Links (Plain Format)
- Nagaland Post (Cabinet Decision): https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/state-cabinet-approves-st-status-for-1313-rongmeis/
- The Sentinel Assam (Rongmei ST Approval): https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/nagaland-news/nagaland-government-approves-st-certificates-for-rongmei-tribe-members-settled-in-state
- UNDRIP Declaration: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf
- Nagaland Government Official Portal: https://www.nagaland.gov.in/
- Supreme Court Judgment (Indigenous Rights): https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/37330.pdf
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The Legal Evolution of Indigenous Identity: Recognition of the Rongmei Tribe in Nagaland
Introduction
The socio-political landscape of Northeast India is frequently defined by the intersection of ancestral heritage and administrative classification. On May 9, 2024, a significant milestone was reached when the Nagaland government approved the issuance of Scheduled Tribe (ST) certificates to 1,313 members of the Rongmei tribe who are permanently settled within the state.1 This decision addresses a long-standing grievance regarding the “indigenous” status of the Rongmei people in Nagaland, a community that also holds deep ancestral roots in Manipur and Assam. Understanding this development requires an analysis of the Zeliangrong identity and the rigorous criteria for “indigenous” recognition in the region.
I. The Zeliangrong Heritage and the Rongmei Identity
The Rongmei people are an integral branch of the Zeliangrong collective, a socio-cultural and political union comprising the Zeme, Liangmai, and Rongmei sub-tribes.2 Historically, these groups have shared a common ancestry and geographic continuity across the contiguous hill tracts of Manipur, Nagaland, and Assam.
International standards, as defined by the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), characterize indigenous peoples by their historical continuity, language, and ancestral occupation of lands prior to modern state formation.3 In the context of Nagaland, the Zeliang and Rongmei identities have been closely intertwined; however, the formal recognition of the Rongmei as a separate ST entity within Nagaland has faced unique hurdles compared to their status in Manipur, where they are recognized as a core indigenous group.4
II. The Criteria for Indigenous Inhabitants in Nagaland
The government’s recent approval is not a blanket recognition but is strictly bound by the “1963 Cut-off Date.” Under the Nagaland Land and Revenue Regulations, an “Indigenous Inhabitant” is defined as a person who settled in the state prior to December 1, 1963 (the date of Nagaland’s statehood).5
This legal threshold is essential for several reasons:
- Protection of Rights: Recognition grants access to reservation in government jobs and education, as well as the right to own land in protected areas.6
- Genealogical Verification: The 1,313 approved individuals and their direct descendants were identified through a rigorous verification process conducted by the state-appointed Committee on Rongmei Indigenous Inhabitant of Nagaland.7
III. Regional Comparisons: Manipur and the Yek Salai System
The meaning of “Indigenous” for the Rongmei takes on a different legal dimension in neighboring Manipur. There, indigenous status is often validated through the “Yek Salai” system—a traditional clan classification system dating back to 33 CE.8 While Nagaland relies on a modern administrative cut-off (1963), Manipur’s traditionalists, such as the Federation of Haomee, argue for a definition based on “First Settler” status and ancestral village records.9
In Manipur, the Rongmei, along with the Zeme and Liangmai (historically grouped as Kacha Nagas), are listed as Scheduled Tribes with a population of over 62,000 as of the 2001 Census.10 The disparity in population and recognition between the states has often led to identity fluctuations for Rongmei families living near the borders.
IV. Neighbouring Tribes and the Scheduled Tribe List
The Nagaland government’s decision must be viewed within the broader framework of the Scheduled Tribe list, which includes diverse Naga and non-Naga groups:
- Naga Tribes: Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Konyak, Lotha, Phom, Pochury, Rengma, Sangtam, Sumi, Yimkhiung, Khiamniungan, and Zeliang (Zeme and Liangmai).11
- Neighboring Groups: The Kuki tribe, which shares borders with Zeliangrong areas, is also recognized, though historical standing orders from the British era sometimes distinguished between original settlers and later migrants.12
Conclusion
The approval of ST certificates for the Rongmei in Nagaland signifies a reconciliation between historical presence and legal documentation. By acknowledging those settled since 1963, the state recognizes the Rongmei as a legitimate component of its indigenous fabric while maintaining the integrity of its statehood-based eligibility criteria. This move reinforces the Zeliangrong bond and ensures that the Rongmei’s historical ties to the land are translated into contemporary socio-economic protections.
Footnotes
1 “Nagaland Govt Approves ST Certificates for Rongmei Tribe Members Settled in State,” The Sentinel Assam, May 10, 2024.
2 M. T. Laiba, Geography of Manipur, (Imphal: Angomcha Longjam Langmeiba Thangmeiband, 1996), 503.
3 Fifteenth Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), Report on Indigenous Issues, May 2016.
4 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), Art. 33, 2007.
5 Government of Nagaland, Notification on Indigenous Inhabitant Status, No. Home/Sectt-1/8/94.
6 Supreme Court of India, Kailas & Others v. State of Maharashtra, Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction, January 5, 2011.
7 “State Cabinet Approves ST Status for 1313 Rongmeis,” Nagaland Post, May 9, 2024.
8 Federation of Haomee (FOH), Resolution on Indigenous Communities and the Yek Salai System, 2019.
9 O. Kumar Singh, Archaeological Finds in Manipur Caves, (Imphal: Anthropological Survey, 1983).
10 Census of India 2001, Scheduled Tribes Population of Manipur.
11 Government of India, The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 (as amended).
12 T. A. Sharp, Standing Order of the President of the Manipur State Darbar, July 23, 1941.
Bibliography
Census of India 2001. Scheduled Tribes Population of Manipur. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Government of India. The Constitution of India. Articles 342 and 366(25).
Jamir, Senayangba Chubatoshi. “Indigenous Identity in Nagaland.” Keynote address at the Nagaland Indigenous People’s Forum, Dimapur, October 27, 2019.
Laiba, M. T. Geography of Manipur. Imphal: Angomcha Longjam Langmeiba Thangmeiband, 1996.
Manipur State Darbar. Standing Orders of the President (PMSD). Order No. 2 of 1941.
Singh, O. Kumar. Prehistoric Archaeology of Manipur. Imphal: State Museum Publications, 1983.
United Nations General Assembly. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Resolution 61/295. New York: UN, 2007.
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Report of the Fifteenth Session. New York: UN, 2016.
Online Source Links (Plain Format)
- Nagaland Post (Cabinet Decision): https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/state-cabinet-approves-st-status-for-1313-rongmeis/
- The Sentinel Assam (Rongmei ST Approval): https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/nagaland-news/nagaland-government-approves-st-certificates-for-rongmei-tribe-members-settled-in-state
- UNDRIP Declaration: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf
- Nagaland Government Official Portal: https://www.nagaland.gov.in/
- Supreme Court Judgment (Indigenous Rights): https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/37330.pdf
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The Legal Evolution of Indigenous Identity: Recognition of the Rongmei Tribe in Nagaland
Introduction
The socio-political landscape of Northeast India is frequently defined by the intersection of ancestral heritage and administrative classification. On May 9, 2024, a significant milestone was reached when the Nagaland government approved the issuance of Scheduled Tribe (ST) certificates to 1,313 members of the Rongmei tribe who are permanently settled within the state.1 This decision addresses a long-standing grievance regarding the “indigenous” status of the Rongmei people in Nagaland, a community that also holds deep ancestral roots in Manipur and Assam. Understanding this development requires an analysis of the Zeliangrong identity and the rigorous criteria for “indigenous” recognition in the region.
I. The Zeliangrong Heritage and the Rongmei Identity
The Rongmei people are an integral branch of the Zeliangrong collective, a socio-cultural and political union comprising the Zeme, Liangmai, and Rongmei sub-tribes.2 Historically, these groups have shared a common ancestry and geographic continuity across the contiguous hill tracts of Manipur, Nagaland, and Assam.
International standards, as defined by the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), characterize indigenous peoples by their historical continuity, language, and ancestral occupation of lands prior to modern state formation.3 In the context of Nagaland, the Zeliang and Rongmei identities have been closely intertwined; however, the formal recognition of the Rongmei as a separate ST entity within Nagaland has faced unique hurdles compared to their status in Manipur, where they are recognized as a core indigenous group.4
II. The Criteria for Indigenous Inhabitants in Nagaland
The government’s recent approval is not a blanket recognition but is strictly bound by the “1963 Cut-off Date.” Under the Nagaland Land and Revenue Regulations, an “Indigenous Inhabitant” is defined as a person who settled in the state prior to December 1, 1963 (the date of Nagaland’s statehood).5
This legal threshold is essential for several reasons:
- Protection of Rights: Recognition grants access to reservation in government jobs and education, as well as the right to own land in protected areas.6
- Genealogical Verification: The 1,313 approved individuals and their direct descendants were identified through a rigorous verification process conducted by the state-appointed Committee on Rongmei Indigenous Inhabitant of Nagaland.7
III. Regional Comparisons: Manipur and the Yek Salai System
The meaning of “Indigenous” for the Rongmei takes on a different legal dimension in neighboring Manipur. There, indigenous status is often validated through the “Yek Salai” system—a traditional clan classification system dating back to 33 CE.8 While Nagaland relies on a modern administrative cut-off (1963), Manipur’s traditionalists, such as the Federation of Haomee, argue for a definition based on “First Settler” status and ancestral village records.9
In Manipur, the Rongmei, along with the Zeme and Liangmai (historically grouped as Kacha Nagas), are listed as Scheduled Tribes with a population of over 62,000 as of the 2001 Census.10 The disparity in population and recognition between the states has often led to identity fluctuations for Rongmei families living near the borders.
IV. Neighbouring Tribes and the Scheduled Tribe List
The Nagaland government’s decision must be viewed within the broader framework of the Scheduled Tribe list, which includes diverse Naga and non-Naga groups:
- Naga Tribes: Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Konyak, Lotha, Phom, Pochury, Rengma, Sangtam, Sumi, Yimkhiung, Khiamniungan, and Zeliang (Zeme and Liangmai).11
- Neighboring Groups: The Kuki tribe, which shares borders with Zeliangrong areas, is also recognized, though historical standing orders from the British era sometimes distinguished between original settlers and later migrants.12
Conclusion
The approval of ST certificates for the Rongmei in Nagaland signifies a reconciliation between historical presence and legal documentation. By acknowledging those settled since 1963, the state recognizes the Rongmei as a legitimate component of its indigenous fabric while maintaining the integrity of its statehood-based eligibility criteria. This move reinforces the Zeliangrong bond and ensures that the Rongmei’s historical ties to the land are translated into contemporary socio-economic protections.
Footnotes
1 “Nagaland Govt Approves ST Certificates for Rongmei Tribe Members Settled in State,” The Sentinel Assam, May 10, 2024.
2 M. T. Laiba, Geography of Manipur, (Imphal: Angomcha Longjam Langmeiba Thangmeiband, 1996), 503.
3 Fifteenth Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), Report on Indigenous Issues, May 2016.
4 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), Art. 33, 2007.
5 Government of Nagaland, Notification on Indigenous Inhabitant Status, No. Home/Sectt-1/8/94.
6 Supreme Court of India, Kailas & Others v. State of Maharashtra, Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction, January 5, 2011.
7 “State Cabinet Approves ST Status for 1313 Rongmeis,” Nagaland Post, May 9, 2024.
8 Federation of Haomee (FOH), Resolution on Indigenous Communities and the Yek Salai System, 2019.
9 O. Kumar Singh, Archaeological Finds in Manipur Caves, (Imphal: Anthropological Survey, 1983).
10 Census of India 2001, Scheduled Tribes Population of Manipur.
11 Government of India, The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 (as amended).
12 T. A. Sharp, Standing Order of the President of the Manipur State Darbar, July 23, 1941.
Bibliography
Census of India 2001. Scheduled Tribes Population of Manipur. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Government of India. The Constitution of India. Articles 342 and 366(25).
Jamir, Senayangba Chubatoshi. “Indigenous Identity in Nagaland.” Keynote address at the Nagaland Indigenous People’s Forum, Dimapur, October 27, 2019.
Laiba, M. T. Geography of Manipur. Imphal: Angomcha Longjam Langmeiba Thangmeiband, 1996.
Manipur State Darbar. Standing Orders of the President (PMSD). Order No. 2 of 1941.
Singh, O. Kumar. Prehistoric Archaeology of Manipur. Imphal: State Museum Publications, 1983.
United Nations General Assembly. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Resolution 61/295. New York: UN, 2007.
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Report of the Fifteenth Session. New York: UN, 2016.
Online Source Links (Plain Format)
- Nagaland Post (Cabinet Decision): https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/state-cabinet-approves-st-status-for-1313-rongmeis/
- The Sentinel Assam (Rongmei ST Approval): https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/nagaland-news/nagaland-government-approves-st-certificates-for-rongmei-tribe-members-settled-in-state
- UNDRIP Declaration: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf
- Nagaland Government Official Portal: https://www.nagaland.gov.in/
- Supreme Court Judgment (Indigenous Rights): https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/37330.pdf
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The Legal Evolution of Indigenous Identity: Recognition of the Rongmei Tribe in Nagaland
Introduction
The socio-political landscape of Northeast India is frequently defined by the intersection of ancestral heritage and administrative classification. On May 9, 2024, a significant milestone was reached when the Nagaland government approved the issuance of Scheduled Tribe (ST) certificates to 1,313 members of the Rongmei tribe who are permanently settled within the state.1 This decision addresses a long-standing grievance regarding the “indigenous” status of the Rongmei people in Nagaland, a community that also holds deep ancestral roots in Manipur and Assam. Understanding this development requires an analysis of the Zeliangrong identity and the rigorous criteria for “indigenous” recognition in the region.
I. The Zeliangrong Heritage and the Rongmei Identity
The Rongmei people are an integral branch of the Zeliangrong collective, a socio-cultural and political union comprising the Zeme, Liangmai, and Rongmei sub-tribes.2 Historically, these groups have shared a common ancestry and geographic continuity across the contiguous hill tracts of Manipur, Nagaland, and Assam.
International standards, as defined by the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), characterize indigenous peoples by their historical continuity, language, and ancestral occupation of lands prior to modern state formation.3 In the context of Nagaland, the Zeliang and Rongmei identities have been closely intertwined; however, the formal recognition of the Rongmei as a separate ST entity within Nagaland has faced unique hurdles compared to their status in Manipur, where they are recognized as a core indigenous group.4
II. The Criteria for Indigenous Inhabitants in Nagaland
The government’s recent approval is not a blanket recognition but is strictly bound by the “1963 Cut-off Date.” Under the Nagaland Land and Revenue Regulations, an “Indigenous Inhabitant” is defined as a person who settled in the state prior to December 1, 1963 (the date of Nagaland’s statehood).5
This legal threshold is essential for several reasons:
- Protection of Rights: Recognition grants access to reservation in government jobs and education, as well as the right to own land in protected areas.6
- Genealogical Verification: The 1,313 approved individuals and their direct descendants were identified through a rigorous verification process conducted by the state-appointed Committee on Rongmei Indigenous Inhabitant of Nagaland.7
III. Regional Comparisons: Manipur and the Yek Salai System
The meaning of “Indigenous” for the Rongmei takes on a different legal dimension in neighboring Manipur. There, indigenous status is often validated through the “Yek Salai” system—a traditional clan classification system dating back to 33 CE.8 While Nagaland relies on a modern administrative cut-off (1963), Manipur’s traditionalists, such as the Federation of Haomee, argue for a definition based on “First Settler” status and ancestral village records.9
In Manipur, the Rongmei, along with the Zeme and Liangmai (historically grouped as Kacha Nagas), are listed as Scheduled Tribes with a population of over 62,000 as of the 2001 Census.10 The disparity in population and recognition between the states has often led to identity fluctuations for Rongmei families living near the borders.
IV. Neighbouring Tribes and the Scheduled Tribe List
The Nagaland government’s decision must be viewed within the broader framework of the Scheduled Tribe list, which includes diverse Naga and non-Naga groups:
- Naga Tribes: Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Konyak, Lotha, Phom, Pochury, Rengma, Sangtam, Sumi, Yimkhiung, Khiamniungan, and Zeliang (Zeme and Liangmai).11
- Neighboring Groups: The Kuki tribe, which shares borders with Zeliangrong areas, is also recognized, though historical standing orders from the British era sometimes distinguished between original settlers and later migrants.12
Conclusion
The approval of ST certificates for the Rongmei in Nagaland signifies a reconciliation between historical presence and legal documentation. By acknowledging those settled since 1963, the state recognizes the Rongmei as a legitimate component of its indigenous fabric while maintaining the integrity of its statehood-based eligibility criteria. This move reinforces the Zeliangrong bond and ensures that the Rongmei’s historical ties to the land are translated into contemporary socio-economic protections.
Footnotes
1 “Nagaland Govt Approves ST Certificates for Rongmei Tribe Members Settled in State,” The Sentinel Assam, May 10, 2024.
2 M. T. Laiba, Geography of Manipur, (Imphal: Angomcha Longjam Langmeiba Thangmeiband, 1996), 503.
3 Fifteenth Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), Report on Indigenous Issues, May 2016.
4 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), Art. 33, 2007.
5 Government of Nagaland, Notification on Indigenous Inhabitant Status, No. Home/Sectt-1/8/94.
6 Supreme Court of India, Kailas & Others v. State of Maharashtra, Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction, January 5, 2011.
7 “State Cabinet Approves ST Status for 1313 Rongmeis,” Nagaland Post, May 9, 2024.
8 Federation of Haomee (FOH), Resolution on Indigenous Communities and the Yek Salai System, 2019.
9 O. Kumar Singh, Archaeological Finds in Manipur Caves, (Imphal: Anthropological Survey, 1983).
10 Census of India 2001, Scheduled Tribes Population of Manipur.
11 Government of India, The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 (as amended).
12 T. A. Sharp, Standing Order of the President of the Manipur State Darbar, July 23, 1941.
Bibliography
Census of India 2001. Scheduled Tribes Population of Manipur. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Government of India. The Constitution of India. Articles 342 and 366(25).
Jamir, Senayangba Chubatoshi. “Indigenous Identity in Nagaland.” Keynote address at the Nagaland Indigenous People’s Forum, Dimapur, October 27, 2019.
Laiba, M. T. Geography of Manipur. Imphal: Angomcha Longjam Langmeiba Thangmeiband, 1996.
Manipur State Darbar. Standing Orders of the President (PMSD). Order No. 2 of 1941.
Singh, O. Kumar. Prehistoric Archaeology of Manipur. Imphal: State Museum Publications, 1983.
United Nations General Assembly. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Resolution 61/295. New York: UN, 2007.
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Report of the Fifteenth Session. New York: UN, 2016.
Online Source Links (Plain Format)
- Nagaland Post (Cabinet Decision): https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/state-cabinet-approves-st-status-for-1313-rongmeis/
- The Sentinel Assam (Rongmei ST Approval): https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/nagaland-news/nagaland-government-approves-st-certificates-for-rongmei-tribe-members-settled-in-state
- UNDRIP Declaration: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf
- Nagaland Government Official Portal: https://www.nagaland.gov.in/
- Supreme Court Judgment (Indigenous Rights): https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/37330.pdf
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Mittwoch in #morrowind ich wollte im Skaal Dorf, wie die quest es erfordert auf Windauge warte. Dachte ist in kurzer Zeit erledigt.
Aber nein natürlich nicht, dieser Gott ver🤬 hur🤬so🤬, kommt einfach nicht egal wie lange ich intime gewartet habe. Der questlock sagt außer warten nichts und erst 45 Minuten später und der Lösung von #uesp habe ich es dann doch noch geschafft. Außerdem habe ich ein eigenes Haus bekommen bin Skaal Blutsdings, habe kurz Lykantrophie gehabt und ein paar Werwölfchen -
Mittwoch in #morrowind ich wollte im Skaal Dorf, wie die quest es erfordert auf Windauge warte. Dachte ist in kurzer Zeit erledigt.
Aber nein natürlich nicht, dieser Gott ver🤬 hur🤬so🤬, kommt einfach nicht egal wie lange ich intime gewartet habe. Der questlock sagt außer warten nichts und erst 45 Minuten später und der Lösung von #uesp habe ich es dann doch noch geschafft. Außerdem habe ich ein eigenes Haus bekommen bin Skaal Blutsdings, habe kurz Lykantrophie gehabt und ein paar Werwölfchen -
Mittwoch in #morrowind ich wollte im Skaal Dorf, wie die quest es erfordert auf Windauge warte. Dachte ist in kurzer Zeit erledigt.
Aber nein natürlich nicht, dieser Gott ver🤬 hur🤬so🤬, kommt einfach nicht egal wie lange ich intime gewartet habe. Der questlock sagt außer warten nichts und erst 45 Minuten später und der Lösung von #uesp habe ich es dann doch noch geschafft. Außerdem habe ich ein eigenes Haus bekommen bin Skaal Blutsdings, habe kurz Lykantrophie gehabt und ein paar Werwölfchen -
#skyrimanniversary habe ein paar Ostkaiserliche Anhänger gesucht und gefunden. Kätzchen war an der Reihe. Alle auf #uesp Orte ein weiteres mal aufgesucht und bin irgendwie ratlos. Wann weiß ich ob ich wirklich alle abgegeben habe? Solange ich nicht weiter weiß bin ich zurück nach Himmelsrand und habe meine Arbeit bei der Diebesgilde nebenquest wieder aufgenommen. Der " gute " Ruf muss schließlich verteidigt werden.
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#skyrimanniversary habe ein paar Ostkaiserliche Anhänger gesucht und gefunden. Kätzchen war an der Reihe. Alle auf #uesp Orte ein weiteres mal aufgesucht und bin irgendwie ratlos. Wann weiß ich ob ich wirklich alle abgegeben habe? Solange ich nicht weiter weiß bin ich zurück nach Himmelsrand und habe meine Arbeit bei der Diebesgilde nebenquest wieder aufgenommen. Der " gute " Ruf muss schließlich verteidigt werden.
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#skyrimanniversary mit dem Kätzchen durch Soltsheim. Auf der suche nach Ostkaiserlichen Anhängern. Mit Hilfe von #uesp . Richtung Aschebrut dingsbums. ( neue mods mit neuen lokation die alle etwas mit Dingsbums heißen 😬.) Dabei gemerkt das ich den im maroden Dingsbums vergessen habe. Über Umwegen und einem Drachen samt Drachenfriedhof- wusste gar nicht das, da einer ist. - an einer Stelle eines wasserfalls gelangt wo eine Leiche, ein Anhänger, Gold, Skooma ist.
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#skyrimanniversary mit dem Kätzchen durch Soltsheim. Auf der suche nach Ostkaiserlichen Anhängern. Mit Hilfe von #uesp . Richtung Aschebrut dingsbums. ( neue mods mit neuen lokation die alle etwas mit Dingsbums heißen 😬.) Dabei gemerkt das ich den im maroden Dingsbums vergessen habe. Über Umwegen und einem Drachen samt Drachenfriedhof- wusste gar nicht das, da einer ist. - an einer Stelle eines wasserfalls gelangt wo eine Leiche, ein Anhänger, Gold, Skooma ist.
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𝗗𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗼𝗲𝗹𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗷 𝗱𝗮𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗴𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗱𝗷 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝘀: '𝗗𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗸𝗲𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀𝗸𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗲𝗸 𝗯𝗲𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱'
Door de realityserie rond de familie Roelvink werd het hele gezin in één klap bekend. Vooral zoon Dave Roelvink (32) kwam daarbij volop in de schijnwerpers te staan. Wat volgde was een roerige periode met donkere kanten, die inmiddels achter hen ligt....
https://www.rtl.nl/boulevard/artikel/5595518/dries-roelvink-blij-dat-dave-geen-dj-meer
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𝗗𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗼𝗲𝗹𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗷 𝗱𝗮𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗴𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗱𝗷 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝘀: '𝗗𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗸𝗲𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀𝗸𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗲𝗸 𝗯𝗲𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱'
Door de realityserie rond de familie Roelvink werd het hele gezin in één klap bekend. Vooral zoon Dave Roelvink (32) kwam daarbij volop in de schijnwerpers te staan. Wat volgde was een roerige periode met donkere kanten, die inmiddels achter hen ligt....
https://www.rtl.nl/boulevard/artikel/5595518/dries-roelvink-blij-dat-dave-geen-dj-meer
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𝗗𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗼𝗲𝗹𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗷 𝗱𝗮𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗴𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗱𝗷 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝘀: '𝗗𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗸𝗲𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀𝗸𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗲𝗸 𝗯𝗲𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱'
Door de realityserie rond de familie Roelvink werd het hele gezin in één klap bekend. Vooral zoon Dave Roelvink (32) kwam daarbij volop in de schijnwerpers te staan. Wat volgde was een roerige periode met donkere kanten, die inmiddels achter hen ligt....
https://www.rtl.nl/boulevard/artikel/5595518/dries-roelvink-blij-dat-dave-geen-dj-meer
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𝗗𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗼𝗲𝗹𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗷 𝗱𝗮𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗴𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗱𝗷 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝘀: '𝗗𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗸𝗲𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀𝗸𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗲𝗸 𝗯𝗲𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱'
Door de realityserie rond de familie Roelvink werd het hele gezin in één klap bekend. Vooral zoon Dave Roelvink (32) kwam daarbij volop in de schijnwerpers te staan. Wat volgde was een roerige periode met donkere kanten, die inmiddels achter hen ligt....
https://www.rtl.nl/boulevard/artikel/5595518/dries-roelvink-blij-dat-dave-geen-dj-meer
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𝗗𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗼𝗲𝗹𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗷 𝗱𝗮𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗴𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗱𝗷 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝘀: '𝗗𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗸𝗲𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀𝗸𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗲𝗸 𝗯𝗲𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱'
Door de realityserie rond de familie Roelvink werd het hele gezin in één klap bekend. Vooral zoon Dave Roelvink (32) kwam daarbij volop in de schijnwerpers te staan. Wat volgde was een roerige periode met donkere kanten, die inmiddels achter hen ligt....
https://www.rtl.nl/boulevard/artikel/5595518/dries-roelvink-blij-dat-dave-geen-dj-meer
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Heute waren wir im Wadi Darbat und wurden wieder zum Ziegenessen eingeladen. Diesesmal traditionell auf Stein gekocht.
#kradtour #vanlife #t4 #vw #travell #oman #wadi #wadidarbat #ziege #goat #microabenteuer #barbeque #grillen #lagerfeuer
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https://www.europesays.com/ch-fr/53844/ Christophe Darbellay: « Produire juste du raisin est un modèle économique qui ne sera plus jamais rentable » #Activitééconomique #Agriculture #Business #CantonDuValais #ChristopheDarbellay #ConférenceDePresse #ConseillerD'État #consommation #CoûtDeProduction #crise #Culture #Distribution #Économie #ÉconomieEtFinances #Economy #frontière #IndustriesAlimentaires #Interview #Macroéconomie #Modèleéconomique #paysage #problème #protection #Suisse #Valais
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𝗭𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗲𝗻 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝘂ë𝗹𝗮 𝗞𝗲𝗺𝗽 (61) 𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗻
Manuëla Kemp is overleden. Dat heeft haar echtgenoot Tjerk Lammers vrijdag aan het ANP laten weten. De zangeres en presentatrice lag sinds begin december in coma, nadat zij in Portugal ernstig gewond was geraakt bij een eenzijdig scooterongeval. Kemp had daarbij veel schade aan haar hersenen opgelopen. Afgelopen...
https://www.rtl.nl/boulevard/artikel/5489928/zangeres-en-presentatrice-manuela-kemp-61-overleden
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𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗲 𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘁é 𝗲𝗻 𝘃𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻 𝗡𝗮𝗼𝗺𝗶 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘄𝗮𝗰𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗱𝗲 𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗷𝗲
Presentator Jamie Trenité wordt opnieuw vader. De 32-jarige Trenité en zijn vriendin Naomi deelden het nieuws op Instagram met de woorden: "Baby on the way!!! Jullie hebben geen idee hoe blij we zijn!" Daarbij plaatste hij een foto van zijn gezin.
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𝗭𝗶𝗿𝗸𝘇𝗲𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝘃𝗼𝗹𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘀 𝗞𝗼𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗸𝗹𝗮𝗮𝗿 𝘃𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗶𝘀𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗮𝘁𝘀 𝗯𝗶𝗷 𝗢𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗷𝗲
Joshua Zirkzee lijkt zaterdag voor het eerst als basisspeler te beginnen bij het Nederlands elftal. "Daar is hij klaar voor, ja", zei bondscoach Ronald Koeman, zonder daarbij aan te geven of de speler van Manchester United in de Nations League-wedstrijd tegen Bosnië en Herzegovina ook...
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Stomme routeplanner #anwb. Je zoekt op afstand op je route(!) een laadstation. Daarbij staan de kilometers ( keurig vermeld denk je dan) Selecteer je eenmaal het station voor je route dan is ineens de afstand er naar toe flink meer! Super irritant.
Kun je weer gaan zoeken en gokken hoeveel km je er dan nog bij krijgt. 😬 #routeplanner #ev #electrischrijden -
Stomme routeplanner #anwb. Je zoekt op afstand op je route(!) een laadstation. Daarbij staan de kilometers ( keurig vermeld denk je dan) Selecteer je eenmaal het station voor je route dan is ineens de afstand er naar toe flink meer! Super irritant.
Kun je weer gaan zoeken en gokken hoeveel km je er dan nog bij krijgt. 😬 #routeplanner #ev #electrischrijden
