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De fosas comunes a lugares de memoria. La práctica monumental como escritura de la historia (Daniel Palacios González, CEPC, 2022)
From mass graves to places of memory. Monumental practice as history writing (Daniel Palacios González, CEPC; 2022)
#OpenAccess #MemoriaDemocrática #FosasComunes #Historia #Franquismo #Francoism #MassGraves #Heritage #Archaeology #Arqueología
@histodons
@Denying_History
@academicchatter
@humanrightshttps://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2022-10/de_fosas_accesible_ALTA.pdf
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Top 10 Countries with Most Programmers in 2025
Countries with most programmers
The world of software development is evolving at breakneck speed, and understanding the countries with most programmers is crucial for anyone navigating the global tech landscape. In 2025, the global developer population has surged to around 28.7 million professionals, fueled by digital transformation, AI advancements, and the relentless demand for innovative solutions. This article delves into the top countries with most programmers, highlighting empirical data from recent surveys and reports. We’ll explore not just the numbers but the stories behind them—economic policies, education systems, and cultural shifts that position these nations as powerhouses in programming talent.
As we examine the countries with most programmers, it’s clear that Asia dominates the rankings, with China and India leading the charge. These figures aren’t pulled from thin air; they’re drawn from comprehensive analyses by industry leaders like Evans Data Corporation and aggregated insights from platforms tracking developer ecosystems. The concentration of talent in certain countries with most programmers underscores a pivotal truth: tech innovation isn’t evenly distributed, but it’s increasingly accessible through remote work and global collaboration.
Early in our exploration of the countries with most programmers, consider the sheer scale. China, with its 7 million programmers, represents a staggering portion of the world’s total—over 24% alone. This isn’t just about quantity; it’s about how these developers are powering everything from e-commerce giants like Alibaba to cutting-edge AI research at Baidu. Similarly, India’s 5.8 million programmers form the backbone of outsourcing hubs in Bangalore and Hyderabad, where companies like Infosys and TCS churn out code for Fortune 500 clients worldwide. The United States follows closely with 4.4 million, a testament to Silicon Valley’s enduring allure, even as remote work blurs national boundaries.
But why do these countries with most programmers rise above others? It’s a mix of factors. Robust STEM education pipelines, government incentives for tech startups, and massive investments in broadband infrastructure create fertile ground. For instance, in the countries with most programmers like Japan, where 1.2 million developers thrive, a cultural emphasis on precision and lifelong learning ensures high-quality output in areas like robotics and automotive software.
The Top 10 Countries with Most Programmers: Data Breakdown
To visualize the dominance of these countries with most programmers, let’s look at a bar chart representing the top 10 based on 2025 estimates. This graph illustrates the absolute numbers, revealing Asia’s overwhelming lead while spotlighting European and Latin American contributors.
This chart of the countries with most programmers paints a vivid picture: the top three alone account for nearly 17 million developers, more than half the global total. China’s lead is particularly striking, driven by initiatives like the “Made in China 2025” plan, which prioritizes tech self-sufficiency. Reports indicate that over 60% of Chinese programmers specialize in mobile and web development, reflecting the nation’s smartphone penetration rate exceeding 1 billion users.
Moving down the list, India’s position among the countries with most programmers is no accident. With a median age of 28, the country benefits from a youthful workforce entering the field en masse. Institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) produce elite talent, while platforms like Upwork see Indian freelancers contributing 15% of global gigs. Yet, challenges persist—brain drain to the US claims about 20% of IIT graduates annually, subtly shifting the balance in the countries with most programmers.
The United States, despite not topping the numerical list, punches above its weight in innovation. Among the countries with most programmers here, diversity is key: immigrants from India and China make up 40% of Silicon Valley’s workforce. Companies like Google and Microsoft employ over 500,000 developers domestically, with salaries averaging $120,000—far outpacing global norms. This economic pull keeps the US competitive, even as domestic enrollment in computer science degrees dipped slightly post-2020 pandemic.
Japan’s 1.2 million programmers highlight efficiency over volume. In this country with most programmers in East Asia after China, the focus is on embedded systems and AI ethics. Government subsidies for R&D have boosted numbers by 8% year-over-year, per recent OECD data. Meanwhile, Germany’s 1 million strong cohort underscores Europe’s engineering heritage. Berlin’s startup scene rivals London, attracting talent with work-life balance policies that include 30+ vacation days annually.
Brazil and Mexico represent Latin America’s surge in the countries with most programmers. Brazil’s 759,000 developers are concentrated in São Paulo, where fintech unicorns like Nubank hire aggressively. Mexico’s 563,000, bolstered by nearshoring from the US, sees Guadalajara emerge as a “Silicon Valley of the South.” These nations benefit from bilingual talent pools, making them ideal for cross-border projects.
France (533,000) and the UK (465,000, just outside the top 10) showcase Europe’s blend of tradition and tech. France’s Station F incubator has spawned 1,000+ startups, while the UK’s post-Brexit visa reforms have stabilized its developer inflow. Rounding out the top 10, Thailand and Vietnam exemplify Southeast Asia’s ascent among countries with most programmers. Thailand’s 550,000 developers ride the wave of tourism tech and e-commerce, with Bangkok hosting events like Techsauce Global Summit. Vietnam, with 530,000, has seen explosive growth—doubling since 2020—thanks to low-cost, high-skill labor drawing firms like Intel and Samsung.
Factors Fueling Growth in Countries with Most Programmers
What ties these countries with most programmers together? Education is paramount. In China, over 8 million STEM graduates enter the market yearly, dwarfing the US’s 600,000. India’s National Policy on Software Products mandates coding in schools from grade 6, creating a grassroots pipeline. Among countries with most programmers, such investments yield dividends: a 2024 World Bank study linked every $1 spent on tech education to $13 in economic returns.
Government policies also play a starring role. The US’s H-1B visa program, despite controversies, funnels 85,000 skilled workers annually, many into programming roles. Japan’s “Digital Agency” initiative aims to train 1 million more digital natives by 2030. In emerging countries with most programmers like Vietnam, tax breaks for IT exports have spiked FDI by 25% in 2024.
Cultural attitudes matter too. In the countries with most programmers across Asia, long work hours—averaging 50+ per week in India—contrast with Europe’s 35-hour norms. Yet, burnout is a rising concern; Stack Overflow’s 2025 survey found 42% of developers in top countries with most programmers reporting stress, prompting wellness programs at firms like Atlassian.
Remote work has democratized access. Post-pandemic, 70% of programmers in countries with most programmers like the US now hybridize, per GitHub’s Octoverse report. This blurs lines, allowing a Brazilian coder to contribute to a German startup seamlessly. However, it exacerbates inequalities: women represent just 18% of developers globally, with lower shares in male-dominated countries with most programmers like India (14%).
Challenges and Future Outlook for Countries with Most Programmers
Despite the boom, hurdles loom for countries with most programmers. Cybersecurity threats hit hard—China reported 1.5 million data breaches in 2024, straining its developer resources. Skill gaps persist; while numbers swell, demand for AI specialists outpaces supply by 40% in the US. Ethical AI development is another frontier, with EU regulations like the AI Act forcing countries with most programmers in Europe to adapt swiftly.
Looking ahead, projections suggest the global tally of programmers will hit 32 million by 2027, with Asia claiming 60%. Countries with most programmers today must innovate: upskilling via platforms like Coursera (used by 70 million learners) and fostering diversity. Emerging hubs like Nigeria (89,000 developers) could crack the top 20 by decade’s end, per Evans Data forecasts.
In conclusion, the countries with most programmers aren’t static; they’re dynamic engines of progress. From China’s scale to Vietnam’s agility, these nations shape our digital future. As we witness this shift, one thing is certain: collaboration across borders will define the next era of coding excellence.
References
- https://joingenius.com/statistics/number-of-software-developers/ (Primary data source for developer numbers)
- https://www.jetbrains.com/lp/devecosystem-data-playground/ (JetBrains Developer Ecosystem insights)
- https://evansdata.com/reports/viewRelease.php?reportID=9 (Evans Data Worldwide Developer Population Report 2025)
- https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/ (Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025)
- https://www.outsourceaccelerator.com/articles/software-developer-statistics/ (Software developer statistics 2025)
- https://www.itransition.com/software-development/statistics (Software Development Statistics for 2025)
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#globalTechWorkforce #globaltalent #programmers #programming #softwareDevelopers #techtrends
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BEGATS AND BEQUEATHALS @begatsandbequeathalsasouthernusfamilydocumented.com@begatsandbequeathalsasouthernusfamilydocumented.com ·Thomas Leonard (1752-1832), Son of Robert Leonard and Honor Pritchard: Maryland Beginnings
Tombstone of Thomas Leonard, Leonard cemetery, Marshall County, Tennessee, photo by Jimmy Trout: see Find a Grave memorial page for Thomas Leonard, created by Donna B., maintained by LookingForFamilyOr, Subtitled: “Formerly Sergeant in the war of 1753 Genl. Washinton’s first Ridgiment and in the Late American war with Britain in the Maryland Ridgiment as Sergeant till killd. in Genl. Gatises Defiat”
Date of Birth
The dates of birth and death of Thomas Leonard, son of Robert Leonard and Honor Pritchard, are recorded on his tombstone in the Leonard family cemetery north of Petersburg, Marshall County, Tennessee. The cemetery, which I visited in February 2008, is on the land Thomas Leonard bought in then Lincoln, now Marshall County, in September 1809 when he moved his family from Pendleton District, South Carolina, to Tennessee. The family lived on this land about 2½ miles north of Petersburg, the Marshall County seat, at what’s now called Leonard Bluff on Liberty Valley Road. The cemetery is located behind the site of an old family house known as the Leonard homestead that stood up to the middle of the 20th century but was no longer there by the 1990s.[1] I’ll discuss this house in more detail later.
The Leonard family cemetery in which Thomas Leonard and wife Hannah James Leonard are buried is said by family tradition to date to the generation of Thomas’ mother Honor Pritchard Leonard, who accompanied the family from South Carolina to Tennessee and is thought by descendants to have died after 1810. According to researcher Elizabeth Lucie Leonard Baxter, Honor is buried in the cemetery in an unmarked grave.[2] When I visited the cemetery in 2008, I noted a row of headstones too weathered to read, in a shape and style that suggested to me that these stones might date from the early 19th century. By 2008, the tombstones of Thomas and wife Hannah were also impossible for me to read. Thomas’ Find a Grave memorial page includes a photo of his stone that is fairly clear and allows the inscription to be made out.[3] See the top of this posting for a digital image.
It reads:
Thomas Leonard
Born
Oct. 15 1752
Died
April 8 1832
The tombstones of Thomas and wife Hannah are matching stones that appear to date from not long after Hannah’s death on 3 November 1842. I suspect, but do not know for certain, that they were erected by Thomas and Hannah’s son Griffith James Leonard (1787-1864), who inherited the family homeplace in his father’s will, and who lived there up to his death. Griffith and his wife are buried in the family cemetery along with several generations of their descendants and other family members.
As a previous posting notes, in his 1883 manuscript entitled “Biography of the Leonards,” Thomas Leonard’s grandson Thomas Dunlap Leonard (1810-1888), a son of Thomas and Hannah Leonard’s son Robert (1777-1844), states that Thomas Leonard’s father Robert Leonard (bef. 1730-1780) was “a soldier of the English Army” who came to Maryland — as a British soldier — around 1750.[4] As the linked posting also tells you (and see here), Thomas Dunlap Leonard’s manuscript states as well that he knew his grandparents Thomas and Hannah James personally, and that he grew up in Tennessee close to them before his family moved to nearby Madison County, Alabama, about 1818. His information on the early generations of the Leonard family rests on what his grandparents shared with him and other family members.
Thomas Dunlap Leonard, “Biography of the Leonards” (1883 manuscript)Place of Birth
Thomas Dunlap Leonard’s manuscript does not state a place of birth for his grandfather Thomas Leonard, but does indicate that Thomas married wife Hannah James “of Maryland” about 1775, and the family then lived in Maryland before moving to South Carolina in 1786. As the previously linked posting also says, a number of records place Thomas Leonard’s father Robert at Fort Frederick some eighteen miles west of Hagerstown in the period leading up to the Revolution. Historian Henry Peden notes that Robert Leonard was stationed at Fort Frederick by August 1757, and that the account book of Colonel John Dagworthy, field commander at Fort Frederick in 1756, shows Robert Leonard paid for service by Dagworthy on 7 March 1763.[5] A document dated 8 February 1755 shows Robert Leonard indenturing his son William on that date to a local farmer and identifying himself as a soldier serving under Captain “Dagurthey.”[6]
These records suggest that when Robert Leonard’s son Thomas was born on 15 October 1752, he was very likely born in the part of Frederick County, Maryland, that would become Washington County in September 1776. Fort Frederick, where we can definitely place Thomas Leonard’s father Robert by 1757, was constructed in 1756 west of Hagerstown, as noted above, in what’s now Washington County. Its construction was financed by Joseph Chapline of Sharpsburg in Washington County, who had ties to Griffith James, who lived at Sharpsburg and whose daughter Hannah Thomas Leonard married about 1775.[7] The likelihood that Thomas Leonard was born in Hagerstown in Frederick (later Washington) County, Maryland, seems to me very strong.[8]
“Proceedings of the Committee of Observation for Elizabeth Town District [Washington County],” Maryland Historical Magazine 12 (1917), pp. 269-271
Revolutionary Service, Hagerstown, Maryland, Militia
Previously, I’ve also noted that Thomas Leonard appears in a list of members of the first military company organized for the Revolutionary war in Hagerstown on 6 January 1776.[9] Thomas J. Scharf, whose History of Western Maryland including Frederick and Washington Counties I’ve just footnoted, transcribes a declaration the militia members signed on this date in January, noting that the company was being formed to serve the Council of Safety of Maryland. As the linked posting notes, in addition to Thomas Leonard, those signing included Richard Moore, whose father Daniel Moore lived in Sharpsburg next to a Dean family intermarried with the family of Griffith James, as well as brothers Samuel and Thomas Dean.[10] Samuel Dean was Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law. He married Gwendolyn James, sister of Thomas’ wife Hannah James, in 1773. This militia unit was under the command of Joseph Chapline, the founder of Sharpsburg, who was connected to Thomas Leonard’s father-in-law Griffith James from the time Griffith James first appears in Sharpsburg records in September 1763.[11]
Sharpsburg is bit over thirteen miles south of Hagerstown, which was originally known as Elizabethtown. Scharf is citing minutes of the Elizabethtown District Committee of Observation for 5 June 1776, which say that on that date, a list was presented to the committee compiled on 6 January 1776 of a group of men who signed their names to a resolution to form a militia per a resolution of the Provincial Convention held at Annapolis on 26 July 1775.[12] Thomas Leonard’s sister Mary Ann married Colin Campbell at Hagerstown on 27 July 1780, and Hannah James’s sister Mary James married Harmon Cummings on 7 September 1779 at Hagerstown.[13] Both couples were married by Reverend George Mitchell of Hagerstown.[14]
We can, then, confidently place Thomas Leonard in a militia company organized for Hagerstown in Washington County, Maryland, in January 1776, in the year after it’s thought he married Hannah James of nearby Sharpsburg. In the same militia company was Samuel Dean, who married Hannah’s sister Gwendolyn in 1773. Signing next to Thomas Leonard in the declaration establishing this militia was Richard Moore, who had close ties to the family of Griffith James into which Thomas Leonard and Samuel Dean married. And leading the militia unit was Joseph Chapline, the founder of Sharpsburg with ties to Griffith James. In September 1779, another sister of Hannah and Gwendolyn James, their sister Mary, married Harmon Cummings in Hagerstown, and in July 1780, Thomas Leonard’s sister Mary Ann married Colin Campbell in Hagerstown. Both of these couples were married by Rev. George Mitchell, a Hagerstown pastor.
There are multiple pointers to Hagerstown or nearby Sharpsburg as the place in which Thomas Leonard lived from the time he married Hannah James about 1775, Hagerstown also being his probable place of birth…. Then in or just before 1786, as noted above, Thomas Leonard and wife Hannah moved their family to Pendleton District, South Carolina. This is a move that Thomas and Hannah made along with her sister Gwendolyn and husband Samuel Dean and her sister Mary and husband Harmon Cummings. The tradition of these families is that they moved to South Carolina from Washington County, Maryland.[15]
Dean Family’s Connections to Cumberland (and Bedford) County, Pennsylvania
But researcher Beverly Dean Peoples, a descendant of Samuel Dean and Gwenny James, finds a pattern of back-and-forth movement of some of her Dean ancestors from Washington County, Maryland to Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, and its daughter counties of Bedford and Huntingdon in the 1770s.[16] Beverly states, “[P]rior to the move to SC with his wife’s family, Samuel [Dean] had tried to establish a home in the now Huntingdon County, PA area with his brothers Thomas, William and John.” Land records place Samuel in Huntingdon’s parent county of Bedford in 1774, and histories of the area state that he began building a house in Bedford County in 1773. Beverly thinks that Samuel’s brother William first claimed land in Cumberland County in 1766 before Beford was split from Cumberland in 1771, with Huntingdon then being formed from Bedford in 1787.
Since Samuel Dean is in the January 1776 Hagerstown militia list with his brother-in-law Thomas Leonard, he evidently had not moved his family permanently from Maryland to Pennsylvania in these years. Beverly notes that the reported birthplaces of the children of Samuel Dean and Gwendolyn James suggest that the family may have been coming and going in the 1770s between Maryland and Pennsylvania, and that as the Dean brothers were considering new locations for their families in Pennsylvania, they may have left their wives in Washington County for much of the time when they were sojourning in Pennsylvania, where skirmishes between native peoples and settlers of European descent were creating dangers for incoming settlers. Beverly Peoples notes that Samuel returned to Washington County from Pennsylvania for good in 1784, selling his land in Pennsylvania, and at this point, he joined with his brothers-in-law in their plan to move to South Carolina.
I mention Beverly’s well-researched findings about the history of the Dean family during this period because if Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law Samuel Dean was moving with his brothers between Washington County, Maryland, and Cumberland (or Bedford) County, Pennsylvania, in the 1770s and early 1780s, it seems to me worth asking if Thomas Leonard might have been making similar moves. We know that he was definitely in the Hagerstown militia in 1776, and he begins appearing in Pendleton District, South Carolina, records in 1786. So the time frame in which I’m suggesting that Thomas might have spent some time in Cumberland or Bedford Counties, Pennsylvania, would be in that decade, 1776-1786.
12 September 1800 power of attorney of Honor Leonard, Thomas Leonard, Robert Leonard, and Colin Campbell to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in possession of descendant Leonard Wilson of Petersburg, Tennessee, up to 1972In fact, I have not found any clear records showing this Thomas Leonard in Cumberland or Bedford County, Pennsylvania, in that decade. However, I want to point to a record I shared in a previous posting. In the posting I’ve just linked, I shared a digital image of a 12 September 1800 power of attorney given by signed by Thomas, his brother Robert, their mother Honor, and their brother-in-law Colin Campbell to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. I’ve reposted that image here. As the linked posting explains, this document passed down among descendants of Thomas Leonard and Hannah James and in 1972 was in the possession of descendant Leonard Wilson of Petersburg, Tennessee. I have not found this power of attorney recorded in court records of Pendleton District, South Carolina, or Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.
September 1800 Power of Attorney of Leonard Heirs to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
As you’ll see as you look at the image of this power of attorney, what it says is not easy to make out. Part of the document is torn away, and some words defeat me as I try to read them. The following transcript is my best attempt at reading this document:
The Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, location of James Irwin leaps out at me, of course, as I read this document in conjunction with Beverly People’s research about her Dean family members of Washington County, Maryland, before Samuel Dean and wife Gwendolyn James moved in 1786 with Thomas Leonard and Hannah James to Pendleton District, South Carolina. Who was James Irwin, and how were the Leonard family members giving him this power of attorney in 1800 connected to him?
In particular, why were they asking him to recover pay due to Robert Leonard for Robert’s service in the French and Indian War and then in the Revolution? This document states that Robert served as a sergeant in George Washington’s first regiment in the “war of 1753.” I think that “war of 1753” is a reference to what is now conventionally called the French and Indian War: Robert’s heirs are not stating that he served under Washington in the year 1753 specifically but in the war that began with hostilities building in 1753 and open warfare commencing in 1754.
As noted previously, we have documentary evidence that Robert Leonard was serving as a British soldier under John Dagworthy in western Maryland by February 1755. In 1756, construction began on Fort Frederick near Hagerstown, with construction completed the following year.[17] As stated above, we know from documentary evidence that Robert Leonard was serving under Dagworthy at Fort Frederick in 1757.[18] Dagworthy’s troops were at Fort Cumberland on the Potomac west of Fort Frederick prior to their move to Fort Frederick. Virginia took possession of Fort Cumberland in the fall of 1755 and this placed Dagworthy on what historian Eric Sterner calls a “collision course” with Washington.[19] Washington was considered to be in charge of the fort, but Dagworthy saw him as a young upstart and refused to submit to his command.
As construction began on Fort Frederick in July 1756, Washington visited the fort, and in June 1758, he returned to the fort during his campaign to capture Fort Duquesne. All during these years, with documentary evidence that Dagworthy paid Robert Leonard for service in March 1763,[20] there was interaction, usually hostile on the side of Dagworthy, between Robert Leonard’s commander John Dagworthy and George Washington. And there were questions about who was in command of whom, so that confusion about whether Robert Leonard was serving under Dagworthy or Washington for part of this period of time is understandable.
The 1780 power of attorney goes on to state that Robert Leonard then served during the Revolution as a sergeant and was killed in the defeat of General Gates. Horatio Gates was defeated by the British at the battle of Camden in South Carolina in August 1780.
And to return to the question of who James Irwin was and why the heirs of Robert Leonard gave him power of attorney in 1800 to recover pay due to Robert for his service in these two wars: there were multiple James Irwins living in Cumberland County in the period 1780-1800. I’ve entertained the idea that a man of this name who was a captain in the 5th company of Cumberland County’s 2nd militia battalion in 1780 is the James Irwin to whom the Leonard heirs gave power of attorney in 1800.[21] I suggest this possibility because I suspect that the James Irwin of the power of attorney had some military background and ties, if the Leonard heirs were asking him to retrieve back pay for Robert Leonard’s military service.
But I honestly don’t know enough about the Irwin families in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in this period to be certain that this James is the man named in the Leonard power of attorney. I have also entertained the possibility that a Thomas Leonard who was serving as a lieutenant in a Cumberland County militia unit under Captain William Black is Thomas, son of Robert and Honor, but I suspect this was an entirely different Thomas Leonard.[22] A Thomas Leonard born in New Jersey in 1753 married Esther Cookson in Cumberland County in 1781, with his affidavit given as he claimed a Revolutionary pension stating that he moved to Cumberland County in 1780 after having given Revolutionary service in New Jersey.[23] I think it’s highly likely he was the man who was a lieutenant in a Cumberland County militia unit in 1780.
I do, however, think it’s well worth noting that the heirs of Robert Leonard gave power of attorney to a James Irwin of Cumberland County in 1800, asking him to recover pay due to Robert for Revolutionary service. I think this is well worth noting when we know from Beverly Dean’s exhaustive research on the family of Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law Samuel Dean that Samuel and his brothers were trekking back and forth between Washington County, Maryland, and Cumberland/Bedford Counties, Pennsylvania, in the 1770s and first part of the 1780s.
By 9 February 1786, Thomas Leonard with wife Hannah James had moved, along with Samuel Dean and wife Gwendolyn James, Harmon Cummings and wife Mary James, and Colin Campbell and wife Mary Ann Leonard, from Washington County, Maryland, to Pendleton District, South Carolina. In my next posting, I’ll pick up the story of Thomas Leonard’s life from the start of his years in South Carolina.
[1] In a telephone conversation with me on 16 December 1996, Jackie Leonard of Athens, Alabama, told me that Leonard homestead land was owned in 1996 by Tommy Wilson, owner of a horse farm, Ridge Vale Farms, whose address was Rt. 1, Petersburg, TN 37144.
[2] See Elizabeth Lucie Leonard Baxter, “Leonard Family,” Marshall County, Tennessee, Historical Quarterly 6,2 (summer 1975), and “Thomas Leonard Family Graveyard,” Marshall County, Tennessee, Historical Quarterly 10,1 (spring 1979), both reporting a transcription of the cemetery headstones made by Baxter on 28 January 1968.
[3] See Find a Grave memorial page for Thomas Leonard, Leonard cemetery, Marshall County, Tennessee, created by Donna B., maintained by LookingForFamily, with a tombstone photo by Jimmy Trout.
[4] Thomas Dunlap Leonard, “Biography of the Leonards” (1883 manuscript now circulated as typescript; present whereabouts are not known).
[5] Henry C. Peden Jr., Marylanders and Delawareans in the French and Indian War 1756-1763 (Lewes, Delaware: Colonial Roots, 2004).
[6] Frederick County, Maryland, Land Record Bk. E, pp. 659-660.
[7] See Frederick County, Maryland, Deed Bk. J, pp. 798-802, stating that Chapline had sold 215 acres to Daniel Moore and Griffith James. On Joseph Chapline and the founding of Sharpsburg, see Edward C. Papenfuse, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Lee and Barbara Barron, The History of Sharpsburg, Maryland, Founded by Joseph Chapline 1763 (1972), pp. 8f; Maria J. Liggett Dare, Chaplines from Maryland and Virginia (priv. publ., 1902); and Thomas J.C. Williams, A History of Washington County, Maryland, etc., vol. 1 (Hagerstown, 1906; repr. Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 23-4.
[8] The one child of Thomas Leonard and Hannah James who was still living when the 1880 federal census was taken was their youngest child Hannah (1795-1886), widow of William Depriest Moore. Hannah was living in 1880 in Marshall County, Tennessee, with her daughter Angelina and Angelina’s husband Joseph John Skidmore Gill. On the 1880 census, Hannah reported the birthplace of both of her parents as Maryland: see 1880 federal census, Marshall County, Tennessee, 4th civil district p. 347 C (ED 135, dwelling 88/family 101; 7 June).
[9] See J. Thomas Scharf, History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties, etc., vol. 2 (Philadelphia: L.H. Everts, 1882), pp. 1189-1190.
[10] The Dean home tract, Hunting the Hare, and Griffith James’ home tract, Pough, were across from each other on present-day Burnside Bridge Road close to its intersection with present-day Mills Road just outside Sharpsburg to the southeast. I visited this area in August 2007 and took photos of both pieces of land.
[11] See Frederick County, Maryland, Deed Bk. J, pp. 798-802, stating that Chapline had sold 215 acres to Daniel Moore and Griffith James. On Joseph Chapline and the founding of Sharpsburg, see Edward C. Papenfuse, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Lee and Barbara Barron, The History of Sharpsburg, Maryland, Founded by Joseph Chapline 1763 (1972), pp. 8f; Maria J. Liggett Dare, Chaplines from Maryland and Virginia (priv. publ., 1902); and Thomas J.C. Williams, A History of Washington County, Maryland, etc., vol. 1 (Hagerstown, 1906; repr. Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 23-4.
[12] See Henry C. Peden Jr., Revolutionary Patriots of Washington County, Maryland 1776-1783 (Westminster, Maryland: Family Line, 1998), p. 210, citing “Proceedings of the Committee of Observation for Elizabeth Town District [Washington County],” Maryland Historical Magazine 12 (1917), p. 270; and Williams, A History of Washington County, p. 1189.
[13] See Maryland Historical Society, Maryland Marriages 1777-1804 (1949), p. 226; and Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Maryland Records, vol. 2 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1928; repr. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1967), p. 522.
[14] In a 3 March 2006 email to me, researcher Barbara Horne told me that she lived in Washington County and believed that Mitchell was a Reformed minister.
[15] See Beverly Dean Peoples and Ralph Terry Dean, Country Cousins: Descendants of Samuel Dean (Franklin, North Carolina: Genealogy Publishing Service, 2001).
[16] See “Richard Deane (1701-1788) and His Children” at Rootsweb.
[17] See Debra R. Boender, “Fort Frederick (Maryland,” in Colonial Wars of North America, 1512-1763: An Encyclopedia, ed. Alan Gallay (Oxford: Routledge, 1996), pp. 236-7;“Frederick, Fort,” in Encyclopedia of the French and Indian War in North America, 1754-1763, ed. Donald I. Stoelzel (Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books, 2008), p. 160; Maryland Park Service, “Fort Frederick State Park History,” at website of Maryland Department of Natural Resources; and “Fort Frederick,” in Forts of the United States: An Historical Dictionary, 16th Through 19th Centuries, ed. Bud Hannings (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2006), p. 193.
[18] See supra, n. 5.
[19] Eric Sterner, “General John Dagworthy: George Washington’s Forgotten American Rival,” Journal of the American Revolution (online; 11 October 2017). See also George W. Marshall, Memoir of Brigadier-General John Dagworthy of the Revolutionary War (Wilmington: Historical Society of Delaware, 1895), pp. 13-15; “General John Dagworthy,” in Biographical and Genealogical History of the State of Delaware, vol. 1 (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: J.M. Runk, 1899), pp. 105-6; “Dagworthy Controversy,” at The Ladies of Mount Vernon’s George Washington’s Mount Vernon website; and “John Dagworthy” at Wikipedia.
[20] See supra, n. 5.
[21] Pennsylvania State Archives, “Cumberland County Revolutionary War Militia,” online at the website of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. On 18 October 1835 in Butler County, Ohio, a James Irwin deposed as he applied for a Revolutionary pension, stating that he was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, on 16 October 1758. This is not the James Irwin who signed the 1800 Leonard power of attorney. The signature of this James Irwin on his pension affidavit does not match the signature of James Irwin of the power of attorney: see NARA, Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, compiled ca. 1800 – ca. 1912, documenting the period ca. 1775 – ca. 1900, RG 15, file of James Irwin, Pennsylvania, S9743, available digitally at Fold3. In February 1833, James Irwin deposed in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, which was formed from Cumberland County, as he applied for a Revolutionary pension. The signature of this James on his affidavit does not match that of the James of the 1800 power of attorney: see ibid., file of James Irwin, Pennsylvania, W3689, available digitally at Fold3.
[22] Pennsylvania Archives, fifth series, vol. 6, ed. Thomas Lynch Montgomery (Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing Company, 1906), p. 340.
[23] NARA, Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, compiled ca. 1800 – ca. 1912, documenting the period ca. 1775 – ca. 1900, RG 15, file of Thomas and Esther Leonard, available digitally at Fold3. See also S. Falsey, “Sgt. Thomas Leonard,” at Brad Leonard’s Leonard Genealogy – Solomons Leonard of Duxbury and Bridgewater.
#AmericanRevolution #americanHistory #BattleOfCamdenSouthCarolina #BedfordCoPennsylvania #ButlerCoOhio #ColinCampbell #CumberlandCoPennsylvania #DanielMoore #ElizabethtownFrederickCoMaryland #ElizabethtownWashingtonCoMaryland #EstherCookson #FortCumberlandAlleganyCoMaryland #FortFrederickWashingtonCoMaryland #FrenchAndIndianWar #genealogy #GeorgeMitchell #GeorgeWashington #GriffithJames #GriffithJamesLeonard #GwendolynJames #HagerstownWashingtonCoMaryland #HannahJames #HarmonCummings #history #HonorPritchard #HoratioGates #HuntingdonCoPennsylvania #JamesIrwin #JohnDagworthy #JosephChapline #LincolnCoTennessee #MarshallCoTennessee #MaryAnnLeonard #MaryJames #PendletonDistSouthCarolina #PetersburgMarshallCoTennessee #RichardMoore #RobertLeonard #SamuelDean #SharpsburgWashingtonCoMaryland #ThomasLeonard #WashingtonCoMaryland #WilliamBlack -
BEGATS AND BEQUEATHALS @begatsandbequeathalsasouthernusfamilydocumented.com@begatsandbequeathalsasouthernusfamilydocumented.com ·Thomas Leonard (1752-1832), Son of Robert Leonard and Honor Pritchard: Maryland Beginnings
Tombstone of Thomas Leonard, Leonard cemetery, Marshall County, Tennessee, photo by Jimmy Trout: see Find a Grave memorial page for Thomas Leonard, created by Donna B., maintained by LookingForFamilyOr, Subtitled: “Formerly Sergeant in the war of 1753 Genl. Washinton’s first Ridgiment and in the Late American war with Britain in the Maryland Ridgiment as Sergeant till killd. in Genl. Gatises Defiat”
Date of Birth
The dates of birth and death of Thomas Leonard, son of Robert Leonard and Honor Pritchard, are recorded on his tombstone in the Leonard family cemetery north of Petersburg, Marshall County, Tennessee. The cemetery, which I visited in February 2008, is on the land Thomas Leonard bought in then Lincoln, now Marshall County, in September 1809 when he moved his family from Pendleton District, South Carolina, to Tennessee. The family lived on this land about 2½ miles north of Petersburg, the Marshall County seat, at what’s now called Leonard Bluff on Liberty Valley Road. The cemetery is located behind the site of an old family house known as the Leonard homestead that stood up to the middle of the 20th century but was no longer there by the 1990s.[1] I’ll discuss this house in more detail later.
The Leonard family cemetery in which Thomas Leonard and wife Hannah James Leonard are buried is said by family tradition to date to the generation of Thomas’ mother Honor Pritchard Leonard, who accompanied the family from South Carolina to Tennessee and is thought by descendants to have died after 1810. According to researcher Elizabeth Lucie Leonard Baxter, Honor is buried in the cemetery in an unmarked grave.[2] When I visited the cemetery in 2008, I noted a row of headstones too weathered to read, in a shape and style that suggested to me that these stones might date from the early 19th century. By 2008, the tombstones of Thomas and wife Hannah were also impossible for me to read. Thomas’ Find a Grave memorial page includes a photo of his stone that is fairly clear and allows the inscription to be made out.[3] See the top of this posting for a digital image.
It reads:
Thomas Leonard
Born
Oct. 15 1752
Died
April 8 1832
The tombstones of Thomas and wife Hannah are matching stones that appear to date from not long after Hannah’s death on 3 November 1842. I suspect, but do not know for certain, that they were erected by Thomas and Hannah’s son Griffith James Leonard (1787-1864), who inherited the family homeplace in his father’s will, and who lived there up to his death. Griffith and his wife are buried in the family cemetery along with several generations of their descendants and other family members.
As a previous posting notes, in his 1883 manuscript entitled “Biography of the Leonards,” Thomas Leonard’s grandson Thomas Dunlap Leonard (1810-1888), a son of Thomas and Hannah Leonard’s son Robert (1777-1844), states that Thomas Leonard’s father Robert Leonard (bef. 1730-1780) was “a soldier of the English Army” who came to Maryland — as a British soldier — around 1750.[4] As the linked posting also tells you (and see here), Thomas Dunlap Leonard’s manuscript states as well that he knew his grandparents Thomas and Hannah James personally, and that he grew up in Tennessee close to them before his family moved to nearby Madison County, Alabama, about 1818. His information on the early generations of the Leonard family rests on what his grandparents shared with him and other family members.
Thomas Dunlap Leonard, “Biography of the Leonards” (1883 manuscript)Place of Birth
Thomas Dunlap Leonard’s manuscript does not state a place of birth for his grandfather Thomas Leonard, but does indicate that Thomas married wife Hannah James “of Maryland” about 1775, and the family then lived in Maryland before moving to South Carolina in 1786. As the previously linked posting also says, a number of records place Thomas Leonard’s father Robert at Fort Frederick some eighteen miles west of Hagerstown in the period leading up to the Revolution. Historian Henry Peden notes that Robert Leonard was stationed at Fort Frederick by August 1757, and that the account book of Colonel John Dagworthy, field commander at Fort Frederick in 1756, shows Robert Leonard paid for service by Dagworthy on 7 March 1763.[5] A document dated 8 February 1755 shows Robert Leonard indenturing his son William on that date to a local farmer and identifying himself as a soldier serving under Captain “Dagurthey.”[6]
These records suggest that when Robert Leonard’s son Thomas was born on 15 October 1752, he was very likely born in the part of Frederick County, Maryland, that would become Washington County in September 1776. Fort Frederick, where we can definitely place Thomas Leonard’s father Robert by 1757, was constructed in 1756 west of Hagerstown, as noted above, in what’s now Washington County. Its construction was financed by Joseph Chapline of Sharpsburg in Washington County, who had ties to Griffith James, who lived at Sharpsburg and whose daughter Hannah Thomas Leonard married about 1775.[7] The likelihood that Thomas Leonard was born in Hagerstown in Frederick (later Washington) County, Maryland, seems to me very strong.[8]
“Proceedings of the Committee of Observation for Elizabeth Town District [Washington County],” Maryland Historical Magazine 12 (1917), pp. 269-271
Revolutionary Service, Hagerstown, Maryland, Militia
Previously, I’ve also noted that Thomas Leonard appears in a list of members of the first military company organized for the Revolutionary war in Hagerstown on 6 January 1776.[9] Thomas J. Scharf, whose History of Western Maryland including Frederick and Washington Counties I’ve just footnoted, transcribes a declaration the militia members signed on this date in January, noting that the company was being formed to serve the Council of Safety of Maryland. As the linked posting notes, in addition to Thomas Leonard, those signing included Richard Moore, whose father Daniel Moore lived in Sharpsburg next to a Dean family intermarried with the family of Griffith James, as well as brothers Samuel and Thomas Dean.[10] Samuel Dean was Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law. He married Gwendolyn James, sister of Thomas’ wife Hannah James, in 1773. This militia unit was under the command of Joseph Chapline, the founder of Sharpsburg, who was connected to Thomas Leonard’s father-in-law Griffith James from the time Griffith James first appears in Sharpsburg records in September 1763.[11]
Sharpsburg is bit over thirteen miles south of Hagerstown, which was originally known as Elizabethtown. Scharf is citing minutes of the Elizabethtown District Committee of Observation for 5 June 1776, which say that on that date, a list was presented to the committee compiled on 6 January 1776 of a group of men who signed their names to a resolution to form a militia per a resolution of the Provincial Convention held at Annapolis on 26 July 1775.[12] Thomas Leonard’s sister Mary Ann married Colin Campbell at Hagerstown on 27 July 1780, and Hannah James’s sister Mary James married Harmon Cummings on 7 September 1779 at Hagerstown.[13] Both couples were married by Reverend George Mitchell of Hagerstown.[14]
We can, then, confidently place Thomas Leonard in a militia company organized for Hagerstown in Washington County, Maryland, in January 1776, in the year after it’s thought he married Hannah James of nearby Sharpsburg. In the same militia company was Samuel Dean, who married Hannah’s sister Gwendolyn in 1773. Signing next to Thomas Leonard in the declaration establishing this militia was Richard Moore, who had close ties to the family of Griffith James into which Thomas Leonard and Samuel Dean married. And leading the militia unit was Joseph Chapline, the founder of Sharpsburg with ties to Griffith James. In September 1779, another sister of Hannah and Gwendolyn James, their sister Mary, married Harmon Cummings in Hagerstown, and in July 1780, Thomas Leonard’s sister Mary Ann married Colin Campbell in Hagerstown. Both of these couples were married by Rev. George Mitchell, a Hagerstown pastor.
There are multiple pointers to Hagerstown or nearby Sharpsburg as the place in which Thomas Leonard lived from the time he married Hannah James about 1775, Hagerstown also being his probable place of birth…. Then in or just before 1786, as noted above, Thomas Leonard and wife Hannah moved their family to Pendleton District, South Carolina. This is a move that Thomas and Hannah made along with her sister Gwendolyn and husband Samuel Dean and her sister Mary and husband Harmon Cummings. The tradition of these families is that they moved to South Carolina from Washington County, Maryland.[15]
Dean Family’s Connections to Cumberland (and Bedford) County, Pennsylvania
But researcher Beverly Dean Peoples, a descendant of Samuel Dean and Gwenny James, finds a pattern of back-and-forth movement of some of her Dean ancestors from Washington County, Maryland to Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, and its daughter counties of Bedford and Huntingdon in the 1770s.[16] Beverly states, “[P]rior to the move to SC with his wife’s family, Samuel [Dean] had tried to establish a home in the now Huntingdon County, PA area with his brothers Thomas, William and John.” Land records place Samuel in Huntingdon’s parent county of Bedford in 1774, and histories of the area state that he began building a house in Bedford County in 1773. Beverly thinks that Samuel’s brother William first claimed land in Cumberland County in 1766 before Beford was split from Cumberland in 1771, with Huntingdon then being formed from Bedford in 1787.
Since Samuel Dean is in the January 1776 Hagerstown militia list with his brother-in-law Thomas Leonard, he evidently had not moved his family permanently from Maryland to Pennsylvania in these years. Beverly notes that the reported birthplaces of the children of Samuel Dean and Gwendolyn James suggest that the family may have been coming and going in the 1770s between Maryland and Pennsylvania, and that as the Dean brothers were considering new locations for their families in Pennsylvania, they may have left their wives in Washington County for much of the time when they were sojourning in Pennsylvania, where skirmishes between native peoples and settlers of European descent were creating dangers for incoming settlers. Beverly Peoples notes that Samuel returned to Washington County from Pennsylvania for good in 1784, selling his land in Pennsylvania, and at this point, he joined with his brothers-in-law in their plan to move to South Carolina.
I mention Beverly’s well-researched findings about the history of the Dean family during this period because if Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law Samuel Dean was moving with his brothers between Washington County, Maryland, and Cumberland (or Bedford) County, Pennsylvania, in the 1770s and early 1780s, it seems to me worth asking if Thomas Leonard might have been making similar moves. We know that he was definitely in the Hagerstown militia in 1776, and he begins appearing in Pendleton District, South Carolina, records in 1786. So the time frame in which I’m suggesting that Thomas might have spent some time in Cumberland or Bedford Counties, Pennsylvania, would be in that decade, 1776-1786.
12 September 1800 power of attorney of Honor Leonard, Thomas Leonard, Robert Leonard, and Colin Campbell to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in possession of descendant Leonard Wilson of Petersburg, Tennessee, up to 1972In fact, I have not found any clear records showing this Thomas Leonard in Cumberland or Bedford County, Pennsylvania, in that decade. However, I want to point to a record I shared in a previous posting. In the posting I’ve just linked, I shared a digital image of a 12 September 1800 power of attorney given by signed by Thomas, his brother Robert, their mother Honor, and their brother-in-law Colin Campbell to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. I’ve reposted that image here. As the linked posting explains, this document passed down among descendants of Thomas Leonard and Hannah James and in 1972 was in the possession of descendant Leonard Wilson of Petersburg, Tennessee. I have not found this power of attorney recorded in court records of Pendleton District, South Carolina, or Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.
September 1800 Power of Attorney of Leonard Heirs to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
As you’ll see as you look at the image of this power of attorney, what it says is not easy to make out. Part of the document is torn away, and some words defeat me as I try to read them. The following transcript is my best attempt at reading this document:
The Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, location of James Irwin leaps out at me, of course, as I read this document in conjunction with Beverly People’s research about her Dean family members of Washington County, Maryland, before Samuel Dean and wife Gwendolyn James moved in 1786 with Thomas Leonard and Hannah James to Pendleton District, South Carolina. Who was James Irwin, and how were the Leonard family members giving him this power of attorney in 1800 connected to him?
In particular, why were they asking him to recover pay due to Robert Leonard for Robert’s service in the French and Indian War and then in the Revolution? This document states that Robert served as a sergeant in George Washington’s first regiment in the “war of 1753.” I think that “war of 1753” is a reference to what is now conventionally called the French and Indian War: Robert’s heirs are not stating that he served under Washington in the year 1753 specifically but in the war that began with hostilities building in 1753 and open warfare commencing in 1754.
As noted previously, we have documentary evidence that Robert Leonard was serving as a British soldier under John Dagworthy in western Maryland by February 1755. In 1756, construction began on Fort Frederick near Hagerstown, with construction completed the following year.[17] As stated above, we know from documentary evidence that Robert Leonard was serving under Dagworthy at Fort Frederick in 1757.[18] Dagworthy’s troops were at Fort Cumberland on the Potomac west of Fort Frederick prior to their move to Fort Frederick. Virginia took possession of Fort Cumberland in the fall of 1755 and this placed Dagworthy on what historian Eric Sterner calls a “collision course” with Washington.[19] Washington was considered to be in charge of the fort, but Dagworthy saw him as a young upstart and refused to submit to his command.
As construction began on Fort Frederick in July 1756, Washington visited the fort, and in June 1758, he returned to the fort during his campaign to capture Fort Duquesne. All during these years, with documentary evidence that Dagworthy paid Robert Leonard for service in March 1763,[20] there was interaction, usually hostile on the side of Dagworthy, between Robert Leonard’s commander John Dagworthy and George Washington. And there were questions about who was in command of whom, so that confusion about whether Robert Leonard was serving under Dagworthy or Washington for part of this period of time is understandable.
The 1780 power of attorney goes on to state that Robert Leonard then served during the Revolution as a sergeant and was killed in the defeat of General Gates. Horatio Gates was defeated by the British at the battle of Camden in South Carolina in August 1780.
And to return to the question of who James Irwin was and why the heirs of Robert Leonard gave him power of attorney in 1800 to recover pay due to Robert for his service in these two wars: there were multiple James Irwins living in Cumberland County in the period 1780-1800. I’ve entertained the idea that a man of this name who was a captain in the 5th company of Cumberland County’s 2nd militia battalion in 1780 is the James Irwin to whom the Leonard heirs gave power of attorney in 1800.[21] I suggest this possibility because I suspect that the James Irwin of the power of attorney had some military background and ties, if the Leonard heirs were asking him to retrieve back pay for Robert Leonard’s military service.
But I honestly don’t know enough about the Irwin families in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in this period to be certain that this James is the man named in the Leonard power of attorney. I have also entertained the possibility that a Thomas Leonard who was serving as a lieutenant in a Cumberland County militia unit under Captain William Black is Thomas, son of Robert and Honor, but I suspect this was an entirely different Thomas Leonard.[22] A Thomas Leonard born in New Jersey in 1753 married Esther Cookson in Cumberland County in 1781, with his affidavit given as he claimed a Revolutionary pension stating that he moved to Cumberland County in 1780 after having given Revolutionary service in New Jersey.[23] I think it’s highly likely he was the man who was a lieutenant in a Cumberland County militia unit in 1780.
I do, however, think it’s well worth noting that the heirs of Robert Leonard gave power of attorney to a James Irwin of Cumberland County in 1800, asking him to recover pay due to Robert for Revolutionary service. I think this is well worth noting when we know from Beverly Dean’s exhaustive research on the family of Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law Samuel Dean that Samuel and his brothers were trekking back and forth between Washington County, Maryland, and Cumberland/Bedford Counties, Pennsylvania, in the 1770s and first part of the 1780s.
By 9 February 1786, Thomas Leonard with wife Hannah James had moved, along with Samuel Dean and wife Gwendolyn James, Harmon Cummings and wife Mary James, and Colin Campbell and wife Mary Ann Leonard, from Washington County, Maryland, to Pendleton District, South Carolina. In my next posting, I’ll pick up the story of Thomas Leonard’s life from the start of his years in South Carolina.
[1] In a telephone conversation with me on 16 December 1996, Jackie Leonard of Athens, Alabama, told me that Leonard homestead land was owned in 1996 by Tommy Wilson, owner of a horse farm, Ridge Vale Farms, whose address was Rt. 1, Petersburg, TN 37144.
[2] See Elizabeth Lucie Leonard Baxter, “Leonard Family,” Marshall County, Tennessee, Historical Quarterly 6,2 (summer 1975), and “Thomas Leonard Family Graveyard,” Marshall County, Tennessee, Historical Quarterly 10,1 (spring 1979), both reporting a transcription of the cemetery headstones made by Baxter on 28 January 1968.
[3] See Find a Grave memorial page for Thomas Leonard, Leonard cemetery, Marshall County, Tennessee, created by Donna B., maintained by LookingForFamily, with a tombstone photo by Jimmy Trout.
[4] Thomas Dunlap Leonard, “Biography of the Leonards” (1883 manuscript now circulated as typescript; present whereabouts are not known).
[5] Henry C. Peden Jr., Marylanders and Delawareans in the French and Indian War 1756-1763 (Lewes, Delaware: Colonial Roots, 2004).
[6] Frederick County, Maryland, Land Record Bk. E, pp. 659-660.
[7] See Frederick County, Maryland, Deed Bk. J, pp. 798-802, stating that Chapline had sold 215 acres to Daniel Moore and Griffith James. On Joseph Chapline and the founding of Sharpsburg, see Edward C. Papenfuse, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Lee and Barbara Barron, The History of Sharpsburg, Maryland, Founded by Joseph Chapline 1763 (1972), pp. 8f; Maria J. Liggett Dare, Chaplines from Maryland and Virginia (priv. publ., 1902); and Thomas J.C. Williams, A History of Washington County, Maryland, etc., vol. 1 (Hagerstown, 1906; repr. Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 23-4.
[8] The one child of Thomas Leonard and Hannah James who was still living when the 1880 federal census was taken was their youngest child Hannah (1795-1886), widow of William Depriest Moore. Hannah was living in 1880 in Marshall County, Tennessee, with her daughter Angelina and Angelina’s husband Joseph John Skidmore Gill. On the 1880 census, Hannah reported the birthplace of both of her parents as Maryland: see 1880 federal census, Marshall County, Tennessee, 4th civil district p. 347 C (ED 135, dwelling 88/family 101; 7 June).
[9] See J. Thomas Scharf, History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties, etc., vol. 2 (Philadelphia: L.H. Everts, 1882), pp. 1189-1190.
[10] The Dean home tract, Hunting the Hare, and Griffith James’ home tract, Pough, were across from each other on present-day Burnside Bridge Road close to its intersection with present-day Mills Road just outside Sharpsburg to the southeast. I visited this area in August 2007 and took photos of both pieces of land.
[11] See Frederick County, Maryland, Deed Bk. J, pp. 798-802, stating that Chapline had sold 215 acres to Daniel Moore and Griffith James. On Joseph Chapline and the founding of Sharpsburg, see Edward C. Papenfuse, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Lee and Barbara Barron, The History of Sharpsburg, Maryland, Founded by Joseph Chapline 1763 (1972), pp. 8f; Maria J. Liggett Dare, Chaplines from Maryland and Virginia (priv. publ., 1902); and Thomas J.C. Williams, A History of Washington County, Maryland, etc., vol. 1 (Hagerstown, 1906; repr. Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 23-4.
[12] See Henry C. Peden Jr., Revolutionary Patriots of Washington County, Maryland 1776-1783 (Westminster, Maryland: Family Line, 1998), p. 210, citing “Proceedings of the Committee of Observation for Elizabeth Town District [Washington County],” Maryland Historical Magazine 12 (1917), p. 270; and Williams, A History of Washington County, p. 1189.
[13] See Maryland Historical Society, Maryland Marriages 1777-1804 (1949), p. 226; and Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Maryland Records, vol. 2 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1928; repr. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1967), p. 522.
[14] In a 3 March 2006 email to me, researcher Barbara Horne told me that she lived in Washington County and believed that Mitchell was a Reformed minister.
[15] See Beverly Dean Peoples and Ralph Terry Dean, Country Cousins: Descendants of Samuel Dean (Franklin, North Carolina: Genealogy Publishing Service, 2001).
[16] See “Richard Deane (1701-1788) and His Children” at Rootsweb.
[17] See Debra R. Boender, “Fort Frederick (Maryland,” in Colonial Wars of North America, 1512-1763: An Encyclopedia, ed. Alan Gallay (Oxford: Routledge, 1996), pp. 236-7;“Frederick, Fort,” in Encyclopedia of the French and Indian War in North America, 1754-1763, ed. Donald I. Stoelzel (Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books, 2008), p. 160; Maryland Park Service, “Fort Frederick State Park History,” at website of Maryland Department of Natural Resources; and “Fort Frederick,” in Forts of the United States: An Historical Dictionary, 16th Through 19th Centuries, ed. Bud Hannings (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2006), p. 193.
[18] See supra, n. 5.
[19] Eric Sterner, “General John Dagworthy: George Washington’s Forgotten American Rival,” Journal of the American Revolution (online; 11 October 2017). See also George W. Marshall, Memoir of Brigadier-General John Dagworthy of the Revolutionary War (Wilmington: Historical Society of Delaware, 1895), pp. 13-15; “General John Dagworthy,” in Biographical and Genealogical History of the State of Delaware, vol. 1 (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: J.M. Runk, 1899), pp. 105-6; “Dagworthy Controversy,” at The Ladies of Mount Vernon’s George Washington’s Mount Vernon website; and “John Dagworthy” at Wikipedia.
[20] See supra, n. 5.
[21] Pennsylvania State Archives, “Cumberland County Revolutionary War Militia,” online at the website of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. On 18 October 1835 in Butler County, Ohio, a James Irwin deposed as he applied for a Revolutionary pension, stating that he was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, on 16 October 1758. This is not the James Irwin who signed the 1800 Leonard power of attorney. The signature of this James Irwin on his pension affidavit does not match the signature of James Irwin of the power of attorney: see NARA, Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, compiled ca. 1800 – ca. 1912, documenting the period ca. 1775 – ca. 1900, RG 15, file of James Irwin, Pennsylvania, S9743, available digitally at Fold3. In February 1833, James Irwin deposed in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, which was formed from Cumberland County, as he applied for a Revolutionary pension. The signature of this James on his affidavit does not match that of the James of the 1800 power of attorney: see ibid., file of James Irwin, Pennsylvania, W3689, available digitally at Fold3.
[22] Pennsylvania Archives, fifth series, vol. 6, ed. Thomas Lynch Montgomery (Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing Company, 1906), p. 340.
[23] NARA, Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, compiled ca. 1800 – ca. 1912, documenting the period ca. 1775 – ca. 1900, RG 15, file of Thomas and Esther Leonard, available digitally at Fold3. See also S. Falsey, “Sgt. Thomas Leonard,” at Brad Leonard’s Leonard Genealogy – Solomons Leonard of Duxbury and Bridgewater.
#AmericanRevolution #americanHistory #BattleOfCamdenSouthCarolina #BedfordCoPennsylvania #ButlerCoOhio #ColinCampbell #CumberlandCoPennsylvania #DanielMoore #ElizabethtownFrederickCoMaryland #ElizabethtownWashingtonCoMaryland #EstherCookson #FortCumberlandAlleganyCoMaryland #FortFrederickWashingtonCoMaryland #FrenchAndIndianWar #genealogy #GeorgeMitchell #GeorgeWashington #GriffithJames #GriffithJamesLeonard #GwendolynJames #HagerstownWashingtonCoMaryland #HannahJames #HarmonCummings #history #HonorPritchard #HoratioGates #HuntingdonCoPennsylvania #JamesIrwin #JohnDagworthy #JosephChapline #LincolnCoTennessee #MarshallCoTennessee #MaryAnnLeonard #MaryJames #PendletonDistSouthCarolina #PetersburgMarshallCoTennessee #RichardMoore #RobertLeonard #SamuelDean #SharpsburgWashingtonCoMaryland #ThomasLeonard #WashingtonCoMaryland #WilliamBlack -
BEGATS AND BEQUEATHALS @begatsandbequeathalsasouthernusfamilydocumented.com@begatsandbequeathalsasouthernusfamilydocumented.com ·Thomas Leonard (1752-1832), Son of Robert Leonard and Honor Pritchard: Maryland Beginnings
Tombstone of Thomas Leonard, Leonard cemetery, Marshall County, Tennessee, photo by Jimmy Trout: see Find a Grave memorial page for Thomas Leonard, created by Donna B., maintained by LookingForFamilyOr, Subtitled: “Formerly Sergeant in the war of 1753 Genl. Washinton’s first Ridgiment and in the Late American war with Britain in the Maryland Ridgiment as Sergeant till killd. in Genl. Gatises Defiat”
Date of Birth
The dates of birth and death of Thomas Leonard, son of Robert Leonard and Honor Pritchard, are recorded on his tombstone in the Leonard family cemetery north of Petersburg, Marshall County, Tennessee. The cemetery, which I visited in February 2008, is on the land Thomas Leonard bought in then Lincoln, now Marshall County, in September 1809 when he moved his family from Pendleton District, South Carolina, to Tennessee. The family lived on this land about 2½ miles north of Petersburg, the Marshall County seat, at what’s now called Leonard Bluff on Liberty Valley Road. The cemetery is located behind the site of an old family house known as the Leonard homestead that stood up to the middle of the 20th century but was no longer there by the 1990s.[1] I’ll discuss this house in more detail later.
The Leonard family cemetery in which Thomas Leonard and wife Hannah James Leonard are buried is said by family tradition to date to the generation of Thomas’ mother Honor Pritchard Leonard, who accompanied the family from South Carolina to Tennessee and is thought by descendants to have died after 1810. According to researcher Elizabeth Lucie Leonard Baxter, Honor is buried in the cemetery in an unmarked grave.[2] When I visited the cemetery in 2008, I noted a row of headstones too weathered to read, in a shape and style that suggested to me that these stones might date from the early 19th century. By 2008, the tombstones of Thomas and wife Hannah were also impossible for me to read. Thomas’ Find a Grave memorial page includes a photo of his stone that is fairly clear and allows the inscription to be made out.[3] See the top of this posting for a digital image.
It reads:
Thomas Leonard
Born
Oct. 15 1752
Died
April 8 1832
The tombstones of Thomas and wife Hannah are matching stones that appear to date from not long after Hannah’s death on 3 November 1842. I suspect, but do not know for certain, that they were erected by Thomas and Hannah’s son Griffith James Leonard (1787-1864), who inherited the family homeplace in his father’s will, and who lived there up to his death. Griffith and his wife are buried in the family cemetery along with several generations of their descendants and other family members.
As a previous posting notes, in his 1883 manuscript entitled “Biography of the Leonards,” Thomas Leonard’s grandson Thomas Dunlap Leonard (1810-1888), a son of Thomas and Hannah Leonard’s son Robert (1777-1844), states that Thomas Leonard’s father Robert Leonard (bef. 1730-1780) was “a soldier of the English Army” who came to Maryland — as a British soldier — around 1750.[4] As the linked posting also tells you (and see here), Thomas Dunlap Leonard’s manuscript states as well that he knew his grandparents Thomas and Hannah James personally, and that he grew up in Tennessee close to them before his family moved to nearby Madison County, Alabama, about 1818. His information on the early generations of the Leonard family rests on what his grandparents shared with him and other family members.
Thomas Dunlap Leonard, “Biography of the Leonards” (1883 manuscript)Place of Birth
Thomas Dunlap Leonard’s manuscript does not state a place of birth for his grandfather Thomas Leonard, but does indicate that Thomas married wife Hannah James “of Maryland” about 1775, and the family then lived in Maryland before moving to South Carolina in 1786. As the previously linked posting also says, a number of records place Thomas Leonard’s father Robert at Fort Frederick some eighteen miles west of Hagerstown in the period leading up to the Revolution. Historian Henry Peden notes that Robert Leonard was stationed at Fort Frederick by August 1757, and that the account book of Colonel John Dagworthy, field commander at Fort Frederick in 1756, shows Robert Leonard paid for service by Dagworthy on 7 March 1763.[5] A document dated 8 February 1755 shows Robert Leonard indenturing his son William on that date to a local farmer and identifying himself as a soldier serving under Captain “Dagurthey.”[6]
These records suggest that when Robert Leonard’s son Thomas was born on 15 October 1752, he was very likely born in the part of Frederick County, Maryland, that would become Washington County in September 1776. Fort Frederick, where we can definitely place Thomas Leonard’s father Robert by 1757, was constructed in 1756 west of Hagerstown, as noted above, in what’s now Washington County. Its construction was financed by Joseph Chapline of Sharpsburg in Washington County, who had ties to Griffith James, who lived at Sharpsburg and whose daughter Hannah Thomas Leonard married about 1775.[7] The likelihood that Thomas Leonard was born in Hagerstown in Frederick (later Washington) County, Maryland, seems to me very strong.[8]
“Proceedings of the Committee of Observation for Elizabeth Town District [Washington County],” Maryland Historical Magazine 12 (1917), pp. 269-271
Revolutionary Service, Hagerstown, Maryland, Militia
Previously, I’ve also noted that Thomas Leonard appears in a list of members of the first military company organized for the Revolutionary war in Hagerstown on 6 January 1776.[9] Thomas J. Scharf, whose History of Western Maryland including Frederick and Washington Counties I’ve just footnoted, transcribes a declaration the militia members signed on this date in January, noting that the company was being formed to serve the Council of Safety of Maryland. As the linked posting notes, in addition to Thomas Leonard, those signing included Richard Moore, whose father Daniel Moore lived in Sharpsburg next to a Dean family intermarried with the family of Griffith James, as well as brothers Samuel and Thomas Dean.[10] Samuel Dean was Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law. He married Gwendolyn James, sister of Thomas’ wife Hannah James, in 1773. This militia unit was under the command of Joseph Chapline, the founder of Sharpsburg, who was connected to Thomas Leonard’s father-in-law Griffith James from the time Griffith James first appears in Sharpsburg records in September 1763.[11]
Sharpsburg is bit over thirteen miles south of Hagerstown, which was originally known as Elizabethtown. Scharf is citing minutes of the Elizabethtown District Committee of Observation for 5 June 1776, which say that on that date, a list was presented to the committee compiled on 6 January 1776 of a group of men who signed their names to a resolution to form a militia per a resolution of the Provincial Convention held at Annapolis on 26 July 1775.[12] Thomas Leonard’s sister Mary Ann married Colin Campbell at Hagerstown on 27 July 1780, and Hannah James’s sister Mary James married Harmon Cummings on 7 September 1779 at Hagerstown.[13] Both couples were married by Reverend George Mitchell of Hagerstown.[14]
We can, then, confidently place Thomas Leonard in a militia company organized for Hagerstown in Washington County, Maryland, in January 1776, in the year after it’s thought he married Hannah James of nearby Sharpsburg. In the same militia company was Samuel Dean, who married Hannah’s sister Gwendolyn in 1773. Signing next to Thomas Leonard in the declaration establishing this militia was Richard Moore, who had close ties to the family of Griffith James into which Thomas Leonard and Samuel Dean married. And leading the militia unit was Joseph Chapline, the founder of Sharpsburg with ties to Griffith James. In September 1779, another sister of Hannah and Gwendolyn James, their sister Mary, married Harmon Cummings in Hagerstown, and in July 1780, Thomas Leonard’s sister Mary Ann married Colin Campbell in Hagerstown. Both of these couples were married by Rev. George Mitchell, a Hagerstown pastor.
There are multiple pointers to Hagerstown or nearby Sharpsburg as the place in which Thomas Leonard lived from the time he married Hannah James about 1775, Hagerstown also being his probable place of birth…. Then in or just before 1786, as noted above, Thomas Leonard and wife Hannah moved their family to Pendleton District, South Carolina. This is a move that Thomas and Hannah made along with her sister Gwendolyn and husband Samuel Dean and her sister Mary and husband Harmon Cummings. The tradition of these families is that they moved to South Carolina from Washington County, Maryland.[15]
Dean Family’s Connections to Cumberland (and Bedford) County, Pennsylvania
But researcher Beverly Dean Peoples, a descendant of Samuel Dean and Gwenny James, finds a pattern of back-and-forth movement of some of her Dean ancestors from Washington County, Maryland to Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, and its daughter counties of Bedford and Huntingdon in the 1770s.[16] Beverly states, “[P]rior to the move to SC with his wife’s family, Samuel [Dean] had tried to establish a home in the now Huntingdon County, PA area with his brothers Thomas, William and John.” Land records place Samuel in Huntingdon’s parent county of Bedford in 1774, and histories of the area state that he began building a house in Bedford County in 1773. Beverly thinks that Samuel’s brother William first claimed land in Cumberland County in 1766 before Beford was split from Cumberland in 1771, with Huntingdon then being formed from Bedford in 1787.
Since Samuel Dean is in the January 1776 Hagerstown militia list with his brother-in-law Thomas Leonard, he evidently had not moved his family permanently from Maryland to Pennsylvania in these years. Beverly notes that the reported birthplaces of the children of Samuel Dean and Gwendolyn James suggest that the family may have been coming and going in the 1770s between Maryland and Pennsylvania, and that as the Dean brothers were considering new locations for their families in Pennsylvania, they may have left their wives in Washington County for much of the time when they were sojourning in Pennsylvania, where skirmishes between native peoples and settlers of European descent were creating dangers for incoming settlers. Beverly Peoples notes that Samuel returned to Washington County from Pennsylvania for good in 1784, selling his land in Pennsylvania, and at this point, he joined with his brothers-in-law in their plan to move to South Carolina.
I mention Beverly’s well-researched findings about the history of the Dean family during this period because if Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law Samuel Dean was moving with his brothers between Washington County, Maryland, and Cumberland (or Bedford) County, Pennsylvania, in the 1770s and early 1780s, it seems to me worth asking if Thomas Leonard might have been making similar moves. We know that he was definitely in the Hagerstown militia in 1776, and he begins appearing in Pendleton District, South Carolina, records in 1786. So the time frame in which I’m suggesting that Thomas might have spent some time in Cumberland or Bedford Counties, Pennsylvania, would be in that decade, 1776-1786.
12 September 1800 power of attorney of Honor Leonard, Thomas Leonard, Robert Leonard, and Colin Campbell to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in possession of descendant Leonard Wilson of Petersburg, Tennessee, up to 1972In fact, I have not found any clear records showing this Thomas Leonard in Cumberland or Bedford County, Pennsylvania, in that decade. However, I want to point to a record I shared in a previous posting. In the posting I’ve just linked, I shared a digital image of a 12 September 1800 power of attorney given by signed by Thomas, his brother Robert, their mother Honor, and their brother-in-law Colin Campbell to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. I’ve reposted that image here. As the linked posting explains, this document passed down among descendants of Thomas Leonard and Hannah James and in 1972 was in the possession of descendant Leonard Wilson of Petersburg, Tennessee. I have not found this power of attorney recorded in court records of Pendleton District, South Carolina, or Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.
September 1800 Power of Attorney of Leonard Heirs to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
As you’ll see as you look at the image of this power of attorney, what it says is not easy to make out. Part of the document is torn away, and some words defeat me as I try to read them. The following transcript is my best attempt at reading this document:
The Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, location of James Irwin leaps out at me, of course, as I read this document in conjunction with Beverly People’s research about her Dean family members of Washington County, Maryland, before Samuel Dean and wife Gwendolyn James moved in 1786 with Thomas Leonard and Hannah James to Pendleton District, South Carolina. Who was James Irwin, and how were the Leonard family members giving him this power of attorney in 1800 connected to him?
In particular, why were they asking him to recover pay due to Robert Leonard for Robert’s service in the French and Indian War and then in the Revolution? This document states that Robert served as a sergeant in George Washington’s first regiment in the “war of 1753.” I think that “war of 1753” is a reference to what is now conventionally called the French and Indian War: Robert’s heirs are not stating that he served under Washington in the year 1753 specifically but in the war that began with hostilities building in 1753 and open warfare commencing in 1754.
As noted previously, we have documentary evidence that Robert Leonard was serving as a British soldier under John Dagworthy in western Maryland by February 1755. In 1756, construction began on Fort Frederick near Hagerstown, with construction completed the following year.[17] As stated above, we know from documentary evidence that Robert Leonard was serving under Dagworthy at Fort Frederick in 1757.[18] Dagworthy’s troops were at Fort Cumberland on the Potomac west of Fort Frederick prior to their move to Fort Frederick. Virginia took possession of Fort Cumberland in the fall of 1755 and this placed Dagworthy on what historian Eric Sterner calls a “collision course” with Washington.[19] Washington was considered to be in charge of the fort, but Dagworthy saw him as a young upstart and refused to submit to his command.
As construction began on Fort Frederick in July 1756, Washington visited the fort, and in June 1758, he returned to the fort during his campaign to capture Fort Duquesne. All during these years, with documentary evidence that Dagworthy paid Robert Leonard for service in March 1763,[20] there was interaction, usually hostile on the side of Dagworthy, between Robert Leonard’s commander John Dagworthy and George Washington. And there were questions about who was in command of whom, so that confusion about whether Robert Leonard was serving under Dagworthy or Washington for part of this period of time is understandable.
The 1780 power of attorney goes on to state that Robert Leonard then served during the Revolution as a sergeant and was killed in the defeat of General Gates. Horatio Gates was defeated by the British at the battle of Camden in South Carolina in August 1780.
And to return to the question of who James Irwin was and why the heirs of Robert Leonard gave him power of attorney in 1800 to recover pay due to Robert for his service in these two wars: there were multiple James Irwins living in Cumberland County in the period 1780-1800. I’ve entertained the idea that a man of this name who was a captain in the 5th company of Cumberland County’s 2nd militia battalion in 1780 is the James Irwin to whom the Leonard heirs gave power of attorney in 1800.[21] I suggest this possibility because I suspect that the James Irwin of the power of attorney had some military background and ties, if the Leonard heirs were asking him to retrieve back pay for Robert Leonard’s military service.
But I honestly don’t know enough about the Irwin families in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in this period to be certain that this James is the man named in the Leonard power of attorney. I have also entertained the possibility that a Thomas Leonard who was serving as a lieutenant in a Cumberland County militia unit under Captain William Black is Thomas, son of Robert and Honor, but I suspect this was an entirely different Thomas Leonard.[22] A Thomas Leonard born in New Jersey in 1753 married Esther Cookson in Cumberland County in 1781, with his affidavit given as he claimed a Revolutionary pension stating that he moved to Cumberland County in 1780 after having given Revolutionary service in New Jersey.[23] I think it’s highly likely he was the man who was a lieutenant in a Cumberland County militia unit in 1780.
I do, however, think it’s well worth noting that the heirs of Robert Leonard gave power of attorney to a James Irwin of Cumberland County in 1800, asking him to recover pay due to Robert for Revolutionary service. I think this is well worth noting when we know from Beverly Dean’s exhaustive research on the family of Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law Samuel Dean that Samuel and his brothers were trekking back and forth between Washington County, Maryland, and Cumberland/Bedford Counties, Pennsylvania, in the 1770s and first part of the 1780s.
By 9 February 1786, Thomas Leonard with wife Hannah James had moved, along with Samuel Dean and wife Gwendolyn James, Harmon Cummings and wife Mary James, and Colin Campbell and wife Mary Ann Leonard, from Washington County, Maryland, to Pendleton District, South Carolina. In my next posting, I’ll pick up the story of Thomas Leonard’s life from the start of his years in South Carolina.
[1] In a telephone conversation with me on 16 December 1996, Jackie Leonard of Athens, Alabama, told me that Leonard homestead land was owned in 1996 by Tommy Wilson, owner of a horse farm, Ridge Vale Farms, whose address was Rt. 1, Petersburg, TN 37144.
[2] See Elizabeth Lucie Leonard Baxter, “Leonard Family,” Marshall County, Tennessee, Historical Quarterly 6,2 (summer 1975), and “Thomas Leonard Family Graveyard,” Marshall County, Tennessee, Historical Quarterly 10,1 (spring 1979), both reporting a transcription of the cemetery headstones made by Baxter on 28 January 1968.
[3] See Find a Grave memorial page for Thomas Leonard, Leonard cemetery, Marshall County, Tennessee, created by Donna B., maintained by LookingForFamily, with a tombstone photo by Jimmy Trout.
[4] Thomas Dunlap Leonard, “Biography of the Leonards” (1883 manuscript now circulated as typescript; present whereabouts are not known).
[5] Henry C. Peden Jr., Marylanders and Delawareans in the French and Indian War 1756-1763 (Lewes, Delaware: Colonial Roots, 2004).
[6] Frederick County, Maryland, Land Record Bk. E, pp. 659-660.
[7] See Frederick County, Maryland, Deed Bk. J, pp. 798-802, stating that Chapline had sold 215 acres to Daniel Moore and Griffith James. On Joseph Chapline and the founding of Sharpsburg, see Edward C. Papenfuse, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Lee and Barbara Barron, The History of Sharpsburg, Maryland, Founded by Joseph Chapline 1763 (1972), pp. 8f; Maria J. Liggett Dare, Chaplines from Maryland and Virginia (priv. publ., 1902); and Thomas J.C. Williams, A History of Washington County, Maryland, etc., vol. 1 (Hagerstown, 1906; repr. Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 23-4.
[8] The one child of Thomas Leonard and Hannah James who was still living when the 1880 federal census was taken was their youngest child Hannah (1795-1886), widow of William Depriest Moore. Hannah was living in 1880 in Marshall County, Tennessee, with her daughter Angelina and Angelina’s husband Joseph John Skidmore Gill. On the 1880 census, Hannah reported the birthplace of both of her parents as Maryland: see 1880 federal census, Marshall County, Tennessee, 4th civil district p. 347 C (ED 135, dwelling 88/family 101; 7 June).
[9] See J. Thomas Scharf, History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties, etc., vol. 2 (Philadelphia: L.H. Everts, 1882), pp. 1189-1190.
[10] The Dean home tract, Hunting the Hare, and Griffith James’ home tract, Pough, were across from each other on present-day Burnside Bridge Road close to its intersection with present-day Mills Road just outside Sharpsburg to the southeast. I visited this area in August 2007 and took photos of both pieces of land.
[11] See Frederick County, Maryland, Deed Bk. J, pp. 798-802, stating that Chapline had sold 215 acres to Daniel Moore and Griffith James. On Joseph Chapline and the founding of Sharpsburg, see Edward C. Papenfuse, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Lee and Barbara Barron, The History of Sharpsburg, Maryland, Founded by Joseph Chapline 1763 (1972), pp. 8f; Maria J. Liggett Dare, Chaplines from Maryland and Virginia (priv. publ., 1902); and Thomas J.C. Williams, A History of Washington County, Maryland, etc., vol. 1 (Hagerstown, 1906; repr. Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 23-4.
[12] See Henry C. Peden Jr., Revolutionary Patriots of Washington County, Maryland 1776-1783 (Westminster, Maryland: Family Line, 1998), p. 210, citing “Proceedings of the Committee of Observation for Elizabeth Town District [Washington County],” Maryland Historical Magazine 12 (1917), p. 270; and Williams, A History of Washington County, p. 1189.
[13] See Maryland Historical Society, Maryland Marriages 1777-1804 (1949), p. 226; and Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Maryland Records, vol. 2 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1928; repr. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1967), p. 522.
[14] In a 3 March 2006 email to me, researcher Barbara Horne told me that she lived in Washington County and believed that Mitchell was a Reformed minister.
[15] See Beverly Dean Peoples and Ralph Terry Dean, Country Cousins: Descendants of Samuel Dean (Franklin, North Carolina: Genealogy Publishing Service, 2001).
[16] See “Richard Deane (1701-1788) and His Children” at Rootsweb.
[17] See Debra R. Boender, “Fort Frederick (Maryland,” in Colonial Wars of North America, 1512-1763: An Encyclopedia, ed. Alan Gallay (Oxford: Routledge, 1996), pp. 236-7;“Frederick, Fort,” in Encyclopedia of the French and Indian War in North America, 1754-1763, ed. Donald I. Stoelzel (Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books, 2008), p. 160; Maryland Park Service, “Fort Frederick State Park History,” at website of Maryland Department of Natural Resources; and “Fort Frederick,” in Forts of the United States: An Historical Dictionary, 16th Through 19th Centuries, ed. Bud Hannings (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2006), p. 193.
[18] See supra, n. 5.
[19] Eric Sterner, “General John Dagworthy: George Washington’s Forgotten American Rival,” Journal of the American Revolution (online; 11 October 2017). See also George W. Marshall, Memoir of Brigadier-General John Dagworthy of the Revolutionary War (Wilmington: Historical Society of Delaware, 1895), pp. 13-15; “General John Dagworthy,” in Biographical and Genealogical History of the State of Delaware, vol. 1 (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: J.M. Runk, 1899), pp. 105-6; “Dagworthy Controversy,” at The Ladies of Mount Vernon’s George Washington’s Mount Vernon website; and “John Dagworthy” at Wikipedia.
[20] See supra, n. 5.
[21] Pennsylvania State Archives, “Cumberland County Revolutionary War Militia,” online at the website of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. On 18 October 1835 in Butler County, Ohio, a James Irwin deposed as he applied for a Revolutionary pension, stating that he was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, on 16 October 1758. This is not the James Irwin who signed the 1800 Leonard power of attorney. The signature of this James Irwin on his pension affidavit does not match the signature of James Irwin of the power of attorney: see NARA, Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, compiled ca. 1800 – ca. 1912, documenting the period ca. 1775 – ca. 1900, RG 15, file of James Irwin, Pennsylvania, S9743, available digitally at Fold3. In February 1833, James Irwin deposed in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, which was formed from Cumberland County, as he applied for a Revolutionary pension. The signature of this James on his affidavit does not match that of the James of the 1800 power of attorney: see ibid., file of James Irwin, Pennsylvania, W3689, available digitally at Fold3.
[22] Pennsylvania Archives, fifth series, vol. 6, ed. Thomas Lynch Montgomery (Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing Company, 1906), p. 340.
[23] NARA, Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, compiled ca. 1800 – ca. 1912, documenting the period ca. 1775 – ca. 1900, RG 15, file of Thomas and Esther Leonard, available digitally at Fold3. See also S. Falsey, “Sgt. Thomas Leonard,” at Brad Leonard’s Leonard Genealogy – Solomons Leonard of Duxbury and Bridgewater.
#AmericanRevolution #americanHistory #BattleOfCamdenSouthCarolina #BedfordCoPennsylvania #ButlerCoOhio #ColinCampbell #CumberlandCoPennsylvania #DanielMoore #ElizabethtownFrederickCoMaryland #ElizabethtownWashingtonCoMaryland #EstherCookson #FortCumberlandAlleganyCoMaryland #FortFrederickWashingtonCoMaryland #FrenchAndIndianWar #genealogy #GeorgeMitchell #GeorgeWashington #GriffithJames #GriffithJamesLeonard #GwendolynJames #HagerstownWashingtonCoMaryland #HannahJames #HarmonCummings #history #HonorPritchard #HoratioGates #HuntingdonCoPennsylvania #JamesIrwin #JohnDagworthy #JosephChapline #LincolnCoTennessee #MarshallCoTennessee #MaryAnnLeonard #MaryJames #PendletonDistSouthCarolina #PetersburgMarshallCoTennessee #RichardMoore #RobertLeonard #SamuelDean #SharpsburgWashingtonCoMaryland #ThomasLeonard #WashingtonCoMaryland #WilliamBlack -
BEGATS AND BEQUEATHALS @begatsandbequeathalsasouthernusfamilydocumented.com@begatsandbequeathalsasouthernusfamilydocumented.com ·Thomas Leonard (1752-1832), Son of Robert Leonard and Honor Pritchard: Maryland Beginnings
Tombstone of Thomas Leonard, Leonard cemetery, Marshall County, Tennessee, photo by Jimmy Trout: see Find a Grave memorial page for Thomas Leonard, created by Donna B., maintained by LookingForFamilyOr, Subtitled: “Formerly Sergeant in the war of 1753 Genl. Washinton’s first Ridgiment and in the Late American war with Britain in the Maryland Ridgiment as Sergeant till killd. in Genl. Gatises Defiat”
Date of Birth
The dates of birth and death of Thomas Leonard, son of Robert Leonard and Honor Pritchard, are recorded on his tombstone in the Leonard family cemetery north of Petersburg, Marshall County, Tennessee. The cemetery, which I visited in February 2008, is on the land Thomas Leonard bought in then Lincoln, now Marshall County, in September 1809 when he moved his family from Pendleton District, South Carolina, to Tennessee. The family lived on this land about 2½ miles north of Petersburg, the Marshall County seat, at what’s now called Leonard Bluff on Liberty Valley Road. The cemetery is located behind the site of an old family house known as the Leonard homestead that stood up to the middle of the 20th century but was no longer there by the 1990s.[1] I’ll discuss this house in more detail later.
The Leonard family cemetery in which Thomas Leonard and wife Hannah James Leonard are buried is said by family tradition to date to the generation of Thomas’ mother Honor Pritchard Leonard, who accompanied the family from South Carolina to Tennessee and is thought by descendants to have died after 1810. According to researcher Elizabeth Lucie Leonard Baxter, Honor is buried in the cemetery in an unmarked grave.[2] When I visited the cemetery in 2008, I noted a row of headstones too weathered to read, in a shape and style that suggested to me that these stones might date from the early 19th century. By 2008, the tombstones of Thomas and wife Hannah were also impossible for me to read. Thomas’ Find a Grave memorial page includes a photo of his stone that is fairly clear and allows the inscription to be made out.[3] See the top of this posting for a digital image.
It reads:
Thomas Leonard
Born
Oct. 15 1752
Died
April 8 1832
The tombstones of Thomas and wife Hannah are matching stones that appear to date from not long after Hannah’s death on 3 November 1842. I suspect, but do not know for certain, that they were erected by Thomas and Hannah’s son Griffith James Leonard (1787-1864), who inherited the family homeplace in his father’s will, and who lived there up to his death. Griffith and his wife are buried in the family cemetery along with several generations of their descendants and other family members.
As a previous posting notes, in his 1883 manuscript entitled “Biography of the Leonards,” Thomas Leonard’s grandson Thomas Dunlap Leonard (1810-1888), a son of Thomas and Hannah Leonard’s son Robert (1777-1844), states that Thomas Leonard’s father Robert Leonard (bef. 1730-1780) was “a soldier of the English Army” who came to Maryland — as a British soldier — around 1750.[4] As the linked posting also tells you (and see here), Thomas Dunlap Leonard’s manuscript states as well that he knew his grandparents Thomas and Hannah James personally, and that he grew up in Tennessee close to them before his family moved to nearby Madison County, Alabama, about 1818. His information on the early generations of the Leonard family rests on what his grandparents shared with him and other family members.
Thomas Dunlap Leonard, “Biography of the Leonards” (1883 manuscript)Place of Birth
Thomas Dunlap Leonard’s manuscript does not state a place of birth for his grandfather Thomas Leonard, but does indicate that Thomas married wife Hannah James “of Maryland” about 1775, and the family then lived in Maryland before moving to South Carolina in 1786. As the previously linked posting also says, a number of records place Thomas Leonard’s father Robert at Fort Frederick some eighteen miles west of Hagerstown in the period leading up to the Revolution. Historian Henry Peden notes that Robert Leonard was stationed at Fort Frederick by August 1757, and that the account book of Colonel John Dagworthy, field commander at Fort Frederick in 1756, shows Robert Leonard paid for service by Dagworthy on 7 March 1763.[5] A document dated 8 February 1755 shows Robert Leonard indenturing his son William on that date to a local farmer and identifying himself as a soldier serving under Captain “Dagurthey.”[6]
These records suggest that when Robert Leonard’s son Thomas was born on 15 October 1752, he was very likely born in the part of Frederick County, Maryland, that would become Washington County in September 1776. Fort Frederick, where we can definitely place Thomas Leonard’s father Robert by 1757, was constructed in 1756 west of Hagerstown, as noted above, in what’s now Washington County. Its construction was financed by Joseph Chapline of Sharpsburg in Washington County, who had ties to Griffith James, who lived at Sharpsburg and whose daughter Hannah Thomas Leonard married about 1775.[7] The likelihood that Thomas Leonard was born in Hagerstown in Frederick (later Washington) County, Maryland, seems to me very strong.[8]
“Proceedings of the Committee of Observation for Elizabeth Town District [Washington County],” Maryland Historical Magazine 12 (1917), pp. 269-271
Revolutionary Service, Hagerstown, Maryland, Militia
Previously, I’ve also noted that Thomas Leonard appears in a list of members of the first military company organized for the Revolutionary war in Hagerstown on 6 January 1776.[9] Thomas J. Scharf, whose History of Western Maryland including Frederick and Washington Counties I’ve just footnoted, transcribes a declaration the militia members signed on this date in January, noting that the company was being formed to serve the Council of Safety of Maryland. As the linked posting notes, in addition to Thomas Leonard, those signing included Richard Moore, whose father Daniel Moore lived in Sharpsburg next to a Dean family intermarried with the family of Griffith James, as well as brothers Samuel and Thomas Dean.[10] Samuel Dean was Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law. He married Gwendolyn James, sister of Thomas’ wife Hannah James, in 1773. This militia unit was under the command of Joseph Chapline, the founder of Sharpsburg, who was connected to Thomas Leonard’s father-in-law Griffith James from the time Griffith James first appears in Sharpsburg records in September 1763.[11]
Sharpsburg is bit over thirteen miles south of Hagerstown, which was originally known as Elizabethtown. Scharf is citing minutes of the Elizabethtown District Committee of Observation for 5 June 1776, which say that on that date, a list was presented to the committee compiled on 6 January 1776 of a group of men who signed their names to a resolution to form a militia per a resolution of the Provincial Convention held at Annapolis on 26 July 1775.[12] Thomas Leonard’s sister Mary Ann married Colin Campbell at Hagerstown on 27 July 1780, and Hannah James’s sister Mary James married Harmon Cummings on 7 September 1779 at Hagerstown.[13] Both couples were married by Reverend George Mitchell of Hagerstown.[14]
We can, then, confidently place Thomas Leonard in a militia company organized for Hagerstown in Washington County, Maryland, in January 1776, in the year after it’s thought he married Hannah James of nearby Sharpsburg. In the same militia company was Samuel Dean, who married Hannah’s sister Gwendolyn in 1773. Signing next to Thomas Leonard in the declaration establishing this militia was Richard Moore, who had close ties to the family of Griffith James into which Thomas Leonard and Samuel Dean married. And leading the militia unit was Joseph Chapline, the founder of Sharpsburg with ties to Griffith James. In September 1779, another sister of Hannah and Gwendolyn James, their sister Mary, married Harmon Cummings in Hagerstown, and in July 1780, Thomas Leonard’s sister Mary Ann married Colin Campbell in Hagerstown. Both of these couples were married by Rev. George Mitchell, a Hagerstown pastor.
There are multiple pointers to Hagerstown or nearby Sharpsburg as the place in which Thomas Leonard lived from the time he married Hannah James about 1775, Hagerstown also being his probable place of birth…. Then in or just before 1786, as noted above, Thomas Leonard and wife Hannah moved their family to Pendleton District, South Carolina. This is a move that Thomas and Hannah made along with her sister Gwendolyn and husband Samuel Dean and her sister Mary and husband Harmon Cummings. The tradition of these families is that they moved to South Carolina from Washington County, Maryland.[15]
Dean Family’s Connections to Cumberland (and Bedford) County, Pennsylvania
But researcher Beverly Dean Peoples, a descendant of Samuel Dean and Gwenny James, finds a pattern of back-and-forth movement of some of her Dean ancestors from Washington County, Maryland to Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, and its daughter counties of Bedford and Huntingdon in the 1770s.[16] Beverly states, “[P]rior to the move to SC with his wife’s family, Samuel [Dean] had tried to establish a home in the now Huntingdon County, PA area with his brothers Thomas, William and John.” Land records place Samuel in Huntingdon’s parent county of Bedford in 1774, and histories of the area state that he began building a house in Bedford County in 1773. Beverly thinks that Samuel’s brother William first claimed land in Cumberland County in 1766 before Beford was split from Cumberland in 1771, with Huntingdon then being formed from Bedford in 1787.
Since Samuel Dean is in the January 1776 Hagerstown militia list with his brother-in-law Thomas Leonard, he evidently had not moved his family permanently from Maryland to Pennsylvania in these years. Beverly notes that the reported birthplaces of the children of Samuel Dean and Gwendolyn James suggest that the family may have been coming and going in the 1770s between Maryland and Pennsylvania, and that as the Dean brothers were considering new locations for their families in Pennsylvania, they may have left their wives in Washington County for much of the time when they were sojourning in Pennsylvania, where skirmishes between native peoples and settlers of European descent were creating dangers for incoming settlers. Beverly Peoples notes that Samuel returned to Washington County from Pennsylvania for good in 1784, selling his land in Pennsylvania, and at this point, he joined with his brothers-in-law in their plan to move to South Carolina.
I mention Beverly’s well-researched findings about the history of the Dean family during this period because if Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law Samuel Dean was moving with his brothers between Washington County, Maryland, and Cumberland (or Bedford) County, Pennsylvania, in the 1770s and early 1780s, it seems to me worth asking if Thomas Leonard might have been making similar moves. We know that he was definitely in the Hagerstown militia in 1776, and he begins appearing in Pendleton District, South Carolina, records in 1786. So the time frame in which I’m suggesting that Thomas might have spent some time in Cumberland or Bedford Counties, Pennsylvania, would be in that decade, 1776-1786.
12 September 1800 power of attorney of Honor Leonard, Thomas Leonard, Robert Leonard, and Colin Campbell to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in possession of descendant Leonard Wilson of Petersburg, Tennessee, up to 1972In fact, I have not found any clear records showing this Thomas Leonard in Cumberland or Bedford County, Pennsylvania, in that decade. However, I want to point to a record I shared in a previous posting. In the posting I’ve just linked, I shared a digital image of a 12 September 1800 power of attorney given by signed by Thomas, his brother Robert, their mother Honor, and their brother-in-law Colin Campbell to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. I’ve reposted that image here. As the linked posting explains, this document passed down among descendants of Thomas Leonard and Hannah James and in 1972 was in the possession of descendant Leonard Wilson of Petersburg, Tennessee. I have not found this power of attorney recorded in court records of Pendleton District, South Carolina, or Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.
September 1800 Power of Attorney of Leonard Heirs to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
As you’ll see as you look at the image of this power of attorney, what it says is not easy to make out. Part of the document is torn away, and some words defeat me as I try to read them. The following transcript is my best attempt at reading this document:
The Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, location of James Irwin leaps out at me, of course, as I read this document in conjunction with Beverly People’s research about her Dean family members of Washington County, Maryland, before Samuel Dean and wife Gwendolyn James moved in 1786 with Thomas Leonard and Hannah James to Pendleton District, South Carolina. Who was James Irwin, and how were the Leonard family members giving him this power of attorney in 1800 connected to him?
In particular, why were they asking him to recover pay due to Robert Leonard for Robert’s service in the French and Indian War and then in the Revolution? This document states that Robert served as a sergeant in George Washington’s first regiment in the “war of 1753.” I think that “war of 1753” is a reference to what is now conventionally called the French and Indian War: Robert’s heirs are not stating that he served under Washington in the year 1753 specifically but in the war that began with hostilities building in 1753 and open warfare commencing in 1754.
As noted previously, we have documentary evidence that Robert Leonard was serving as a British soldier under John Dagworthy in western Maryland by February 1755. In 1756, construction began on Fort Frederick near Hagerstown, with construction completed the following year.[17] As stated above, we know from documentary evidence that Robert Leonard was serving under Dagworthy at Fort Frederick in 1757.[18] Dagworthy’s troops were at Fort Cumberland on the Potomac west of Fort Frederick prior to their move to Fort Frederick. Virginia took possession of Fort Cumberland in the fall of 1755 and this placed Dagworthy on what historian Eric Sterner calls a “collision course” with Washington.[19] Washington was considered to be in charge of the fort, but Dagworthy saw him as a young upstart and refused to submit to his command.
As construction began on Fort Frederick in July 1756, Washington visited the fort, and in June 1758, he returned to the fort during his campaign to capture Fort Duquesne. All during these years, with documentary evidence that Dagworthy paid Robert Leonard for service in March 1763,[20] there was interaction, usually hostile on the side of Dagworthy, between Robert Leonard’s commander John Dagworthy and George Washington. And there were questions about who was in command of whom, so that confusion about whether Robert Leonard was serving under Dagworthy or Washington for part of this period of time is understandable.
The 1780 power of attorney goes on to state that Robert Leonard then served during the Revolution as a sergeant and was killed in the defeat of General Gates. Horatio Gates was defeated by the British at the battle of Camden in South Carolina in August 1780.
And to return to the question of who James Irwin was and why the heirs of Robert Leonard gave him power of attorney in 1800 to recover pay due to Robert for his service in these two wars: there were multiple James Irwins living in Cumberland County in the period 1780-1800. I’ve entertained the idea that a man of this name who was a captain in the 5th company of Cumberland County’s 2nd militia battalion in 1780 is the James Irwin to whom the Leonard heirs gave power of attorney in 1800.[21] I suggest this possibility because I suspect that the James Irwin of the power of attorney had some military background and ties, if the Leonard heirs were asking him to retrieve back pay for Robert Leonard’s military service.
But I honestly don’t know enough about the Irwin families in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in this period to be certain that this James is the man named in the Leonard power of attorney. I have also entertained the possibility that a Thomas Leonard who was serving as a lieutenant in a Cumberland County militia unit under Captain William Black is Thomas, son of Robert and Honor, but I suspect this was an entirely different Thomas Leonard.[22] A Thomas Leonard born in New Jersey in 1753 married Esther Cookson in Cumberland County in 1781, with his affidavit given as he claimed a Revolutionary pension stating that he moved to Cumberland County in 1780 after having given Revolutionary service in New Jersey.[23] I think it’s highly likely he was the man who was a lieutenant in a Cumberland County militia unit in 1780.
I do, however, think it’s well worth noting that the heirs of Robert Leonard gave power of attorney to a James Irwin of Cumberland County in 1800, asking him to recover pay due to Robert for Revolutionary service. I think this is well worth noting when we know from Beverly Dean’s exhaustive research on the family of Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law Samuel Dean that Samuel and his brothers were trekking back and forth between Washington County, Maryland, and Cumberland/Bedford Counties, Pennsylvania, in the 1770s and first part of the 1780s.
By 9 February 1786, Thomas Leonard with wife Hannah James had moved, along with Samuel Dean and wife Gwendolyn James, Harmon Cummings and wife Mary James, and Colin Campbell and wife Mary Ann Leonard, from Washington County, Maryland, to Pendleton District, South Carolina. In my next posting, I’ll pick up the story of Thomas Leonard’s life from the start of his years in South Carolina.
[1] In a telephone conversation with me on 16 December 1996, Jackie Leonard of Athens, Alabama, told me that Leonard homestead land was owned in 1996 by Tommy Wilson, owner of a horse farm, Ridge Vale Farms, whose address was Rt. 1, Petersburg, TN 37144.
[2] See Elizabeth Lucie Leonard Baxter, “Leonard Family,” Marshall County, Tennessee, Historical Quarterly 6,2 (summer 1975), and “Thomas Leonard Family Graveyard,” Marshall County, Tennessee, Historical Quarterly 10,1 (spring 1979), both reporting a transcription of the cemetery headstones made by Baxter on 28 January 1968.
[3] See Find a Grave memorial page for Thomas Leonard, Leonard cemetery, Marshall County, Tennessee, created by Donna B., maintained by LookingForFamily, with a tombstone photo by Jimmy Trout.
[4] Thomas Dunlap Leonard, “Biography of the Leonards” (1883 manuscript now circulated as typescript; present whereabouts are not known).
[5] Henry C. Peden Jr., Marylanders and Delawareans in the French and Indian War 1756-1763 (Lewes, Delaware: Colonial Roots, 2004).
[6] Frederick County, Maryland, Land Record Bk. E, pp. 659-660.
[7] See Frederick County, Maryland, Deed Bk. J, pp. 798-802, stating that Chapline had sold 215 acres to Daniel Moore and Griffith James. On Joseph Chapline and the founding of Sharpsburg, see Edward C. Papenfuse, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Lee and Barbara Barron, The History of Sharpsburg, Maryland, Founded by Joseph Chapline 1763 (1972), pp. 8f; Maria J. Liggett Dare, Chaplines from Maryland and Virginia (priv. publ., 1902); and Thomas J.C. Williams, A History of Washington County, Maryland, etc., vol. 1 (Hagerstown, 1906; repr. Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 23-4.
[8] The one child of Thomas Leonard and Hannah James who was still living when the 1880 federal census was taken was their youngest child Hannah (1795-1886), widow of William Depriest Moore. Hannah was living in 1880 in Marshall County, Tennessee, with her daughter Angelina and Angelina’s husband Joseph John Skidmore Gill. On the 1880 census, Hannah reported the birthplace of both of her parents as Maryland: see 1880 federal census, Marshall County, Tennessee, 4th civil district p. 347 C (ED 135, dwelling 88/family 101; 7 June).
[9] See J. Thomas Scharf, History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties, etc., vol. 2 (Philadelphia: L.H. Everts, 1882), pp. 1189-1190.
[10] The Dean home tract, Hunting the Hare, and Griffith James’ home tract, Pough, were across from each other on present-day Burnside Bridge Road close to its intersection with present-day Mills Road just outside Sharpsburg to the southeast. I visited this area in August 2007 and took photos of both pieces of land.
[11] See Frederick County, Maryland, Deed Bk. J, pp. 798-802, stating that Chapline had sold 215 acres to Daniel Moore and Griffith James. On Joseph Chapline and the founding of Sharpsburg, see Edward C. Papenfuse, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Lee and Barbara Barron, The History of Sharpsburg, Maryland, Founded by Joseph Chapline 1763 (1972), pp. 8f; Maria J. Liggett Dare, Chaplines from Maryland and Virginia (priv. publ., 1902); and Thomas J.C. Williams, A History of Washington County, Maryland, etc., vol. 1 (Hagerstown, 1906; repr. Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 23-4.
[12] See Henry C. Peden Jr., Revolutionary Patriots of Washington County, Maryland 1776-1783 (Westminster, Maryland: Family Line, 1998), p. 210, citing “Proceedings of the Committee of Observation for Elizabeth Town District [Washington County],” Maryland Historical Magazine 12 (1917), p. 270; and Williams, A History of Washington County, p. 1189.
[13] See Maryland Historical Society, Maryland Marriages 1777-1804 (1949), p. 226; and Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Maryland Records, vol. 2 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1928; repr. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1967), p. 522.
[14] In a 3 March 2006 email to me, researcher Barbara Horne told me that she lived in Washington County and believed that Mitchell was a Reformed minister.
[15] See Beverly Dean Peoples and Ralph Terry Dean, Country Cousins: Descendants of Samuel Dean (Franklin, North Carolina: Genealogy Publishing Service, 2001).
[16] See “Richard Deane (1701-1788) and His Children” at Rootsweb.
[17] See Debra R. Boender, “Fort Frederick (Maryland,” in Colonial Wars of North America, 1512-1763: An Encyclopedia, ed. Alan Gallay (Oxford: Routledge, 1996), pp. 236-7;“Frederick, Fort,” in Encyclopedia of the French and Indian War in North America, 1754-1763, ed. Donald I. Stoelzel (Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books, 2008), p. 160; Maryland Park Service, “Fort Frederick State Park History,” at website of Maryland Department of Natural Resources; and “Fort Frederick,” in Forts of the United States: An Historical Dictionary, 16th Through 19th Centuries, ed. Bud Hannings (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2006), p. 193.
[18] See supra, n. 5.
[19] Eric Sterner, “General John Dagworthy: George Washington’s Forgotten American Rival,” Journal of the American Revolution (online; 11 October 2017). See also George W. Marshall, Memoir of Brigadier-General John Dagworthy of the Revolutionary War (Wilmington: Historical Society of Delaware, 1895), pp. 13-15; “General John Dagworthy,” in Biographical and Genealogical History of the State of Delaware, vol. 1 (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: J.M. Runk, 1899), pp. 105-6; “Dagworthy Controversy,” at The Ladies of Mount Vernon’s George Washington’s Mount Vernon website; and “John Dagworthy” at Wikipedia.
[20] See supra, n. 5.
[21] Pennsylvania State Archives, “Cumberland County Revolutionary War Militia,” online at the website of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. On 18 October 1835 in Butler County, Ohio, a James Irwin deposed as he applied for a Revolutionary pension, stating that he was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, on 16 October 1758. This is not the James Irwin who signed the 1800 Leonard power of attorney. The signature of this James Irwin on his pension affidavit does not match the signature of James Irwin of the power of attorney: see NARA, Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, compiled ca. 1800 – ca. 1912, documenting the period ca. 1775 – ca. 1900, RG 15, file of James Irwin, Pennsylvania, S9743, available digitally at Fold3. In February 1833, James Irwin deposed in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, which was formed from Cumberland County, as he applied for a Revolutionary pension. The signature of this James on his affidavit does not match that of the James of the 1800 power of attorney: see ibid., file of James Irwin, Pennsylvania, W3689, available digitally at Fold3.
[22] Pennsylvania Archives, fifth series, vol. 6, ed. Thomas Lynch Montgomery (Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing Company, 1906), p. 340.
[23] NARA, Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, compiled ca. 1800 – ca. 1912, documenting the period ca. 1775 – ca. 1900, RG 15, file of Thomas and Esther Leonard, available digitally at Fold3. See also S. Falsey, “Sgt. Thomas Leonard,” at Brad Leonard’s Leonard Genealogy – Solomons Leonard of Duxbury and Bridgewater.
#AmericanRevolution #americanHistory #BattleOfCamdenSouthCarolina #BedfordCoPennsylvania #ButlerCoOhio #ColinCampbell #CumberlandCoPennsylvania #DanielMoore #ElizabethtownFrederickCoMaryland #ElizabethtownWashingtonCoMaryland #EstherCookson #FortCumberlandAlleganyCoMaryland #FortFrederickWashingtonCoMaryland #FrenchAndIndianWar #genealogy #GeorgeMitchell #GeorgeWashington #GriffithJames #GriffithJamesLeonard #GwendolynJames #HagerstownWashingtonCoMaryland #HannahJames #HarmonCummings #history #HonorPritchard #HoratioGates #HuntingdonCoPennsylvania #JamesIrwin #JohnDagworthy #JosephChapline #LincolnCoTennessee #MarshallCoTennessee #MaryAnnLeonard #MaryJames #PendletonDistSouthCarolina #PetersburgMarshallCoTennessee #RichardMoore #RobertLeonard #SamuelDean #SharpsburgWashingtonCoMaryland #ThomasLeonard #WashingtonCoMaryland #WilliamBlack -
BEGATS AND BEQUEATHALS @begatsandbequeathalsasouthernusfamilydocumented.com@begatsandbequeathalsasouthernusfamilydocumented.com ·Thomas Leonard (1752-1832), Son of Robert Leonard and Honor Pritchard: Maryland Beginnings
Tombstone of Thomas Leonard, Leonard cemetery, Marshall County, Tennessee, photo by Jimmy Trout: see Find a Grave memorial page for Thomas Leonard, created by Donna B., maintained by LookingForFamilyOr, Subtitled: “Formerly Sergeant in the war of 1753 Genl. Washinton’s first Ridgiment and in the Late American war with Britain in the Maryland Ridgiment as Sergeant till killd. in Genl. Gatises Defiat”
Date of Birth
The dates of birth and death of Thomas Leonard, son of Robert Leonard and Honor Pritchard, are recorded on his tombstone in the Leonard family cemetery north of Petersburg, Marshall County, Tennessee. The cemetery, which I visited in February 2008, is on the land Thomas Leonard bought in then Lincoln, now Marshall County, in September 1809 when he moved his family from Pendleton District, South Carolina, to Tennessee. The family lived on this land about 2½ miles north of Petersburg, the Marshall County seat, at what’s now called Leonard Bluff on Liberty Valley Road. The cemetery is located behind the site of an old family house known as the Leonard homestead that stood up to the middle of the 20th century but was no longer there by the 1990s.[1] I’ll discuss this house in more detail later.
The Leonard family cemetery in which Thomas Leonard and wife Hannah James Leonard are buried is said by family tradition to date to the generation of Thomas’ mother Honor Pritchard Leonard, who accompanied the family from South Carolina to Tennessee and is thought by descendants to have died after 1810. According to researcher Elizabeth Lucie Leonard Baxter, Honor is buried in the cemetery in an unmarked grave.[2] When I visited the cemetery in 2008, I noted a row of headstones too weathered to read, in a shape and style that suggested to me that these stones might date from the early 19th century. By 2008, the tombstones of Thomas and wife Hannah were also impossible for me to read. Thomas’ Find a Grave memorial page includes a photo of his stone that is fairly clear and allows the inscription to be made out.[3] See the top of this posting for a digital image.
It reads:
Thomas Leonard
Born
Oct. 15 1752
Died
April 8 1832
The tombstones of Thomas and wife Hannah are matching stones that appear to date from not long after Hannah’s death on 3 November 1842. I suspect, but do not know for certain, that they were erected by Thomas and Hannah’s son Griffith James Leonard (1787-1864), who inherited the family homeplace in his father’s will, and who lived there up to his death. Griffith and his wife are buried in the family cemetery along with several generations of their descendants and other family members.
As a previous posting notes, in his 1883 manuscript entitled “Biography of the Leonards,” Thomas Leonard’s grandson Thomas Dunlap Leonard (1810-1888), a son of Thomas and Hannah Leonard’s son Robert (1777-1844), states that Thomas Leonard’s father Robert Leonard (bef. 1730-1780) was “a soldier of the English Army” who came to Maryland — as a British soldier — around 1750.[4] As the linked posting also tells you (and see here), Thomas Dunlap Leonard’s manuscript states as well that he knew his grandparents Thomas and Hannah James personally, and that he grew up in Tennessee close to them before his family moved to nearby Madison County, Alabama, about 1818. His information on the early generations of the Leonard family rests on what his grandparents shared with him and other family members.
Thomas Dunlap Leonard, “Biography of the Leonards” (1883 manuscript)Place of Birth
Thomas Dunlap Leonard’s manuscript does not state a place of birth for his grandfather Thomas Leonard, but does indicate that Thomas married wife Hannah James “of Maryland” about 1775, and the family then lived in Maryland before moving to South Carolina in 1786. As the previously linked posting also says, a number of records place Thomas Leonard’s father Robert at Fort Frederick some eighteen miles west of Hagerstown in the period leading up to the Revolution. Historian Henry Peden notes that Robert Leonard was stationed at Fort Frederick by August 1757, and that the account book of Colonel John Dagworthy, field commander at Fort Frederick in 1756, shows Robert Leonard paid for service by Dagworthy on 7 March 1763.[5] A document dated 8 February 1755 shows Robert Leonard indenturing his son William on that date to a local farmer and identifying himself as a soldier serving under Captain “Dagurthey.”[6]
These records suggest that when Robert Leonard’s son Thomas was born on 15 October 1752, he was very likely born in the part of Frederick County, Maryland, that would become Washington County in September 1776. Fort Frederick, where we can definitely place Thomas Leonard’s father Robert by 1757, was constructed in 1756 west of Hagerstown, as noted above, in what’s now Washington County. Its construction was financed by Joseph Chapline of Sharpsburg in Washington County, who had ties to Griffith James, who lived at Sharpsburg and whose daughter Hannah Thomas Leonard married about 1775.[7] The likelihood that Thomas Leonard was born in Hagerstown in Frederick (later Washington) County, Maryland, seems to me very strong.[8]
“Proceedings of the Committee of Observation for Elizabeth Town District [Washington County],” Maryland Historical Magazine 12 (1917), pp. 269-271
Revolutionary Service, Hagerstown, Maryland, Militia
Previously, I’ve also noted that Thomas Leonard appears in a list of members of the first military company organized for the Revolutionary war in Hagerstown on 6 January 1776.[9] Thomas J. Scharf, whose History of Western Maryland including Frederick and Washington Counties I’ve just footnoted, transcribes a declaration the militia members signed on this date in January, noting that the company was being formed to serve the Council of Safety of Maryland. As the linked posting notes, in addition to Thomas Leonard, those signing included Richard Moore, whose father Daniel Moore lived in Sharpsburg next to a Dean family intermarried with the family of Griffith James, as well as brothers Samuel and Thomas Dean.[10] Samuel Dean was Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law. He married Gwendolyn James, sister of Thomas’ wife Hannah James, in 1773. This militia unit was under the command of Joseph Chapline, the founder of Sharpsburg, who was connected to Thomas Leonard’s father-in-law Griffith James from the time Griffith James first appears in Sharpsburg records in September 1763.[11]
Sharpsburg is bit over thirteen miles south of Hagerstown, which was originally known as Elizabethtown. Scharf is citing minutes of the Elizabethtown District Committee of Observation for 5 June 1776, which say that on that date, a list was presented to the committee compiled on 6 January 1776 of a group of men who signed their names to a resolution to form a militia per a resolution of the Provincial Convention held at Annapolis on 26 July 1775.[12] Thomas Leonard’s sister Mary Ann married Colin Campbell at Hagerstown on 27 July 1780, and Hannah James’s sister Mary James married Harmon Cummings on 7 September 1779 at Hagerstown.[13] Both couples were married by Reverend George Mitchell of Hagerstown.[14]
We can, then, confidently place Thomas Leonard in a militia company organized for Hagerstown in Washington County, Maryland, in January 1776, in the year after it’s thought he married Hannah James of nearby Sharpsburg. In the same militia company was Samuel Dean, who married Hannah’s sister Gwendolyn in 1773. Signing next to Thomas Leonard in the declaration establishing this militia was Richard Moore, who had close ties to the family of Griffith James into which Thomas Leonard and Samuel Dean married. And leading the militia unit was Joseph Chapline, the founder of Sharpsburg with ties to Griffith James. In September 1779, another sister of Hannah and Gwendolyn James, their sister Mary, married Harmon Cummings in Hagerstown, and in July 1780, Thomas Leonard’s sister Mary Ann married Colin Campbell in Hagerstown. Both of these couples were married by Rev. George Mitchell, a Hagerstown pastor.
There are multiple pointers to Hagerstown or nearby Sharpsburg as the place in which Thomas Leonard lived from the time he married Hannah James about 1775, Hagerstown also being his probable place of birth…. Then in or just before 1786, as noted above, Thomas Leonard and wife Hannah moved their family to Pendleton District, South Carolina. This is a move that Thomas and Hannah made along with her sister Gwendolyn and husband Samuel Dean and her sister Mary and husband Harmon Cummings. The tradition of these families is that they moved to South Carolina from Washington County, Maryland.[15]
Dean Family’s Connections to Cumberland (and Bedford) County, Pennsylvania
But researcher Beverly Dean Peoples, a descendant of Samuel Dean and Gwenny James, finds a pattern of back-and-forth movement of some of her Dean ancestors from Washington County, Maryland to Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, and its daughter counties of Bedford and Huntingdon in the 1770s.[16] Beverly states, “[P]rior to the move to SC with his wife’s family, Samuel [Dean] had tried to establish a home in the now Huntingdon County, PA area with his brothers Thomas, William and John.” Land records place Samuel in Huntingdon’s parent county of Bedford in 1774, and histories of the area state that he began building a house in Bedford County in 1773. Beverly thinks that Samuel’s brother William first claimed land in Cumberland County in 1766 before Beford was split from Cumberland in 1771, with Huntingdon then being formed from Bedford in 1787.
Since Samuel Dean is in the January 1776 Hagerstown militia list with his brother-in-law Thomas Leonard, he evidently had not moved his family permanently from Maryland to Pennsylvania in these years. Beverly notes that the reported birthplaces of the children of Samuel Dean and Gwendolyn James suggest that the family may have been coming and going in the 1770s between Maryland and Pennsylvania, and that as the Dean brothers were considering new locations for their families in Pennsylvania, they may have left their wives in Washington County for much of the time when they were sojourning in Pennsylvania, where skirmishes between native peoples and settlers of European descent were creating dangers for incoming settlers. Beverly Peoples notes that Samuel returned to Washington County from Pennsylvania for good in 1784, selling his land in Pennsylvania, and at this point, he joined with his brothers-in-law in their plan to move to South Carolina.
I mention Beverly’s well-researched findings about the history of the Dean family during this period because if Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law Samuel Dean was moving with his brothers between Washington County, Maryland, and Cumberland (or Bedford) County, Pennsylvania, in the 1770s and early 1780s, it seems to me worth asking if Thomas Leonard might have been making similar moves. We know that he was definitely in the Hagerstown militia in 1776, and he begins appearing in Pendleton District, South Carolina, records in 1786. So the time frame in which I’m suggesting that Thomas might have spent some time in Cumberland or Bedford Counties, Pennsylvania, would be in that decade, 1776-1786.
12 September 1800 power of attorney of Honor Leonard, Thomas Leonard, Robert Leonard, and Colin Campbell to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in possession of descendant Leonard Wilson of Petersburg, Tennessee, up to 1972In fact, I have not found any clear records showing this Thomas Leonard in Cumberland or Bedford County, Pennsylvania, in that decade. However, I want to point to a record I shared in a previous posting. In the posting I’ve just linked, I shared a digital image of a 12 September 1800 power of attorney given by signed by Thomas, his brother Robert, their mother Honor, and their brother-in-law Colin Campbell to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. I’ve reposted that image here. As the linked posting explains, this document passed down among descendants of Thomas Leonard and Hannah James and in 1972 was in the possession of descendant Leonard Wilson of Petersburg, Tennessee. I have not found this power of attorney recorded in court records of Pendleton District, South Carolina, or Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.
September 1800 Power of Attorney of Leonard Heirs to James Irwin of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
As you’ll see as you look at the image of this power of attorney, what it says is not easy to make out. Part of the document is torn away, and some words defeat me as I try to read them. The following transcript is my best attempt at reading this document:
The Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, location of James Irwin leaps out at me, of course, as I read this document in conjunction with Beverly People’s research about her Dean family members of Washington County, Maryland, before Samuel Dean and wife Gwendolyn James moved in 1786 with Thomas Leonard and Hannah James to Pendleton District, South Carolina. Who was James Irwin, and how were the Leonard family members giving him this power of attorney in 1800 connected to him?
In particular, why were they asking him to recover pay due to Robert Leonard for Robert’s service in the French and Indian War and then in the Revolution? This document states that Robert served as a sergeant in George Washington’s first regiment in the “war of 1753.” I think that “war of 1753” is a reference to what is now conventionally called the French and Indian War: Robert’s heirs are not stating that he served under Washington in the year 1753 specifically but in the war that began with hostilities building in 1753 and open warfare commencing in 1754.
As noted previously, we have documentary evidence that Robert Leonard was serving as a British soldier under John Dagworthy in western Maryland by February 1755. In 1756, construction began on Fort Frederick near Hagerstown, with construction completed the following year.[17] As stated above, we know from documentary evidence that Robert Leonard was serving under Dagworthy at Fort Frederick in 1757.[18] Dagworthy’s troops were at Fort Cumberland on the Potomac west of Fort Frederick prior to their move to Fort Frederick. Virginia took possession of Fort Cumberland in the fall of 1755 and this placed Dagworthy on what historian Eric Sterner calls a “collision course” with Washington.[19] Washington was considered to be in charge of the fort, but Dagworthy saw him as a young upstart and refused to submit to his command.
As construction began on Fort Frederick in July 1756, Washington visited the fort, and in June 1758, he returned to the fort during his campaign to capture Fort Duquesne. All during these years, with documentary evidence that Dagworthy paid Robert Leonard for service in March 1763,[20] there was interaction, usually hostile on the side of Dagworthy, between Robert Leonard’s commander John Dagworthy and George Washington. And there were questions about who was in command of whom, so that confusion about whether Robert Leonard was serving under Dagworthy or Washington for part of this period of time is understandable.
The 1780 power of attorney goes on to state that Robert Leonard then served during the Revolution as a sergeant and was killed in the defeat of General Gates. Horatio Gates was defeated by the British at the battle of Camden in South Carolina in August 1780.
And to return to the question of who James Irwin was and why the heirs of Robert Leonard gave him power of attorney in 1800 to recover pay due to Robert for his service in these two wars: there were multiple James Irwins living in Cumberland County in the period 1780-1800. I’ve entertained the idea that a man of this name who was a captain in the 5th company of Cumberland County’s 2nd militia battalion in 1780 is the James Irwin to whom the Leonard heirs gave power of attorney in 1800.[21] I suggest this possibility because I suspect that the James Irwin of the power of attorney had some military background and ties, if the Leonard heirs were asking him to retrieve back pay for Robert Leonard’s military service.
But I honestly don’t know enough about the Irwin families in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in this period to be certain that this James is the man named in the Leonard power of attorney. I have also entertained the possibility that a Thomas Leonard who was serving as a lieutenant in a Cumberland County militia unit under Captain William Black is Thomas, son of Robert and Honor, but I suspect this was an entirely different Thomas Leonard.[22] A Thomas Leonard born in New Jersey in 1753 married Esther Cookson in Cumberland County in 1781, with his affidavit given as he claimed a Revolutionary pension stating that he moved to Cumberland County in 1780 after having given Revolutionary service in New Jersey.[23] I think it’s highly likely he was the man who was a lieutenant in a Cumberland County militia unit in 1780.
I do, however, think it’s well worth noting that the heirs of Robert Leonard gave power of attorney to a James Irwin of Cumberland County in 1800, asking him to recover pay due to Robert for Revolutionary service. I think this is well worth noting when we know from Beverly Dean’s exhaustive research on the family of Thomas Leonard’s brother-in-law Samuel Dean that Samuel and his brothers were trekking back and forth between Washington County, Maryland, and Cumberland/Bedford Counties, Pennsylvania, in the 1770s and first part of the 1780s.
By 9 February 1786, Thomas Leonard with wife Hannah James had moved, along with Samuel Dean and wife Gwendolyn James, Harmon Cummings and wife Mary James, and Colin Campbell and wife Mary Ann Leonard, from Washington County, Maryland, to Pendleton District, South Carolina. In my next posting, I’ll pick up the story of Thomas Leonard’s life from the start of his years in South Carolina.
[1] In a telephone conversation with me on 16 December 1996, Jackie Leonard of Athens, Alabama, told me that Leonard homestead land was owned in 1996 by Tommy Wilson, owner of a horse farm, Ridge Vale Farms, whose address was Rt. 1, Petersburg, TN 37144.
[2] See Elizabeth Lucie Leonard Baxter, “Leonard Family,” Marshall County, Tennessee, Historical Quarterly 6,2 (summer 1975), and “Thomas Leonard Family Graveyard,” Marshall County, Tennessee, Historical Quarterly 10,1 (spring 1979), both reporting a transcription of the cemetery headstones made by Baxter on 28 January 1968.
[3] See Find a Grave memorial page for Thomas Leonard, Leonard cemetery, Marshall County, Tennessee, created by Donna B., maintained by LookingForFamily, with a tombstone photo by Jimmy Trout.
[4] Thomas Dunlap Leonard, “Biography of the Leonards” (1883 manuscript now circulated as typescript; present whereabouts are not known).
[5] Henry C. Peden Jr., Marylanders and Delawareans in the French and Indian War 1756-1763 (Lewes, Delaware: Colonial Roots, 2004).
[6] Frederick County, Maryland, Land Record Bk. E, pp. 659-660.
[7] See Frederick County, Maryland, Deed Bk. J, pp. 798-802, stating that Chapline had sold 215 acres to Daniel Moore and Griffith James. On Joseph Chapline and the founding of Sharpsburg, see Edward C. Papenfuse, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Lee and Barbara Barron, The History of Sharpsburg, Maryland, Founded by Joseph Chapline 1763 (1972), pp. 8f; Maria J. Liggett Dare, Chaplines from Maryland and Virginia (priv. publ., 1902); and Thomas J.C. Williams, A History of Washington County, Maryland, etc., vol. 1 (Hagerstown, 1906; repr. Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 23-4.
[8] The one child of Thomas Leonard and Hannah James who was still living when the 1880 federal census was taken was their youngest child Hannah (1795-1886), widow of William Depriest Moore. Hannah was living in 1880 in Marshall County, Tennessee, with her daughter Angelina and Angelina’s husband Joseph John Skidmore Gill. On the 1880 census, Hannah reported the birthplace of both of her parents as Maryland: see 1880 federal census, Marshall County, Tennessee, 4th civil district p. 347 C (ED 135, dwelling 88/family 101; 7 June).
[9] See J. Thomas Scharf, History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties, etc., vol. 2 (Philadelphia: L.H. Everts, 1882), pp. 1189-1190.
[10] The Dean home tract, Hunting the Hare, and Griffith James’ home tract, Pough, were across from each other on present-day Burnside Bridge Road close to its intersection with present-day Mills Road just outside Sharpsburg to the southeast. I visited this area in August 2007 and took photos of both pieces of land.
[11] See Frederick County, Maryland, Deed Bk. J, pp. 798-802, stating that Chapline had sold 215 acres to Daniel Moore and Griffith James. On Joseph Chapline and the founding of Sharpsburg, see Edward C. Papenfuse, A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Lee and Barbara Barron, The History of Sharpsburg, Maryland, Founded by Joseph Chapline 1763 (1972), pp. 8f; Maria J. Liggett Dare, Chaplines from Maryland and Virginia (priv. publ., 1902); and Thomas J.C. Williams, A History of Washington County, Maryland, etc., vol. 1 (Hagerstown, 1906; repr. Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 23-4.
[12] See Henry C. Peden Jr., Revolutionary Patriots of Washington County, Maryland 1776-1783 (Westminster, Maryland: Family Line, 1998), p. 210, citing “Proceedings of the Committee of Observation for Elizabeth Town District [Washington County],” Maryland Historical Magazine 12 (1917), p. 270; and Williams, A History of Washington County, p. 1189.
[13] See Maryland Historical Society, Maryland Marriages 1777-1804 (1949), p. 226; and Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Maryland Records, vol. 2 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1928; repr. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1967), p. 522.
[14] In a 3 March 2006 email to me, researcher Barbara Horne told me that she lived in Washington County and believed that Mitchell was a Reformed minister.
[15] See Beverly Dean Peoples and Ralph Terry Dean, Country Cousins: Descendants of Samuel Dean (Franklin, North Carolina: Genealogy Publishing Service, 2001).
[16] See “Richard Deane (1701-1788) and His Children” at Rootsweb.
[17] See Debra R. Boender, “Fort Frederick (Maryland,” in Colonial Wars of North America, 1512-1763: An Encyclopedia, ed. Alan Gallay (Oxford: Routledge, 1996), pp. 236-7;“Frederick, Fort,” in Encyclopedia of the French and Indian War in North America, 1754-1763, ed. Donald I. Stoelzel (Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books, 2008), p. 160; Maryland Park Service, “Fort Frederick State Park History,” at website of Maryland Department of Natural Resources; and “Fort Frederick,” in Forts of the United States: An Historical Dictionary, 16th Through 19th Centuries, ed. Bud Hannings (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2006), p. 193.
[18] See supra, n. 5.
[19] Eric Sterner, “General John Dagworthy: George Washington’s Forgotten American Rival,” Journal of the American Revolution (online; 11 October 2017). See also George W. Marshall, Memoir of Brigadier-General John Dagworthy of the Revolutionary War (Wilmington: Historical Society of Delaware, 1895), pp. 13-15; “General John Dagworthy,” in Biographical and Genealogical History of the State of Delaware, vol. 1 (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: J.M. Runk, 1899), pp. 105-6; “Dagworthy Controversy,” at The Ladies of Mount Vernon’s George Washington’s Mount Vernon website; and “John Dagworthy” at Wikipedia.
[20] See supra, n. 5.
[21] Pennsylvania State Archives, “Cumberland County Revolutionary War Militia,” online at the website of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. On 18 October 1835 in Butler County, Ohio, a James Irwin deposed as he applied for a Revolutionary pension, stating that he was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, on 16 October 1758. This is not the James Irwin who signed the 1800 Leonard power of attorney. The signature of this James Irwin on his pension affidavit does not match the signature of James Irwin of the power of attorney: see NARA, Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, compiled ca. 1800 – ca. 1912, documenting the period ca. 1775 – ca. 1900, RG 15, file of James Irwin, Pennsylvania, S9743, available digitally at Fold3. In February 1833, James Irwin deposed in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, which was formed from Cumberland County, as he applied for a Revolutionary pension. The signature of this James on his affidavit does not match that of the James of the 1800 power of attorney: see ibid., file of James Irwin, Pennsylvania, W3689, available digitally at Fold3.
[22] Pennsylvania Archives, fifth series, vol. 6, ed. Thomas Lynch Montgomery (Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing Company, 1906), p. 340.
[23] NARA, Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, compiled ca. 1800 – ca. 1912, documenting the period ca. 1775 – ca. 1900, RG 15, file of Thomas and Esther Leonard, available digitally at Fold3. See also S. Falsey, “Sgt. Thomas Leonard,” at Brad Leonard’s Leonard Genealogy – Solomons Leonard of Duxbury and Bridgewater.
#AmericanRevolution #americanHistory #BattleOfCamdenSouthCarolina #BedfordCoPennsylvania #ButlerCoOhio #ColinCampbell #CumberlandCoPennsylvania #DanielMoore #ElizabethtownFrederickCoMaryland #ElizabethtownWashingtonCoMaryland #EstherCookson #FortCumberlandAlleganyCoMaryland #FortFrederickWashingtonCoMaryland #FrenchAndIndianWar #genealogy #GeorgeMitchell #GeorgeWashington #GriffithJames #GriffithJamesLeonard #GwendolynJames #HagerstownWashingtonCoMaryland #HannahJames #HarmonCummings #history #HonorPritchard #HoratioGates #HuntingdonCoPennsylvania #JamesIrwin #JohnDagworthy #JosephChapline #LincolnCoTennessee #MarshallCoTennessee #MaryAnnLeonard #MaryJames #PendletonDistSouthCarolina #PetersburgMarshallCoTennessee #RichardMoore #RobertLeonard #SamuelDean #SharpsburgWashingtonCoMaryland #ThomasLeonard #WashingtonCoMaryland #WilliamBlack -
Ministro Barros califica de “riesgo” para el país al Convenio 169 y la Ley Lafkenche y plantea su derogación | vía #UChileRadio
#convenio169oit #fernandobarros #leylafkenche #ministeriodedefensa #políticachilena #pueblosindígenas
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📰 Victor Barros e Luís Farinha foram entrevistados pela Gerador acerca da história do campo de concentração do #Tarrafal, em Cabo Verde.
"“Essa ideia de ilha como espaço insular e que serve como prisão e ao mesmo tempo como espaço que, criando uma prisão no interior desse espaço insular, configurava uma dupla prisão”, indica Víctor Barros."
#histodons #ConcentrationCamps #Colonialism #Dictatorships #HistoryOnTheMedia
A reportagem completa pode ser lida aqui:
https://gerador.eu/lutar-com-as-letras-a-literatura-como-experiencia-de-liberdade-no-tarrafal/
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Faszinierender Mensch! Domitila Barros
So schaffte es die Aktivistin #DomitilaBarros von der #Favela auf die Bühne
https://www.swr.de/swr1/leute/aktivistin-domitila-barros-miss-germany-100.html
> Domitila Barros wuchs in einer #brasilianischenFavela auf. Später wurde sie #MissGermany, ist heute Aktivistin und #Politologin. Und sie hilft selbst #Straßenkindern in #Brasilien.
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📰 SLEP de Santiago presentará su querella número 13 en ocho meses tras incidentes con encapuchados en liceos de Aplicación y Barros Borgoño
🔗 https://www.theclinic.cl/2026/09/04/slep-de-santiago-presentara-su-querella-numero-13-en-ocho-meses-tras-incidentes-con-encapuchados-en-liceos-de-aplicacion-y-barros-borgono/ -
#OlympischesSkateboarding #ParkSkating Men:
Ergebnisse im #Park #Skateboarding der Männer:
🥇 #Keegan_Palmer 🇦🇺, #Australien
🥈 #Pedro_Barros 🇧🇷, #Brasilien
🥉 #Cory_Juneau 🇺🇸, #USA
15th #Tyler_Edtmayer mit Armgips 🇩🇪, #Deutschland
▶️ Tyler mit fantastischen Runs im Gipsarm: https://tokio.sportschau.de/tokio2020/nachrichten/Olympia-Premiere-Skateboarder-Edtmayer-mit-Handicap-auf-Platz-15,olympia9984.html
#Street #Tokio2020 #Tokyo2020 #Skateboard #Germany #Australia #Brazil
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Miquel's theorem in Isabelle/HOL. ~ Arthur Freitas Ramos, David Barros Hulak, Ruy Jose Guerra Barretto de Queiroz. https://isa-afp.org/entries/Miquel.html #IsabelleHOL #ITP #Math
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A formal counterexample to the cost-preserving single-source unsplittable flow conjecture (in Isabelle/HOL). ~ Arthur Freitas Ramos, David Barros Hulak, Ruy Jose Guerra Barretto de Queiroz. https://isa-afp.org/entries/Dinitz_Garg_Goemans_Counterexample.html #IsabelleHOL #ITP
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The Wallace-Simson line theorem in Isabelle/HOL. ~ Arthur Freitas Ramos, David Barros Hulak, Ruy Jose Guerra Barretto de Queiroz. https://isa-afp.org/entries/Simson.html #IsabelleHOL #ITP #Math
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Formal verification of an explicit counterexample to the jacobian conjecture. ~ Arthur Freitas Ramos, David Barros Hulak, Ruy Jose Guerra Barretto de Queiroz. https://isa-afp.org/entries/Jacobian_Counterexample.html #IsabelleHOL #ITP #Math
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⚡The #Chilean 🇨🇱 government is analyzing factors to advance to a "de-escalation" of the state of exception in the Southern Macrozone. Minister Fernando Barros is leading the study of elements to reduce military presence in the area. The process 'would begin at the end of April', according to executive sources.
𝗦𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗰𝗲: La Tercera
𝗖𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗴𝗲: L 0% / C 60% / R 40%
𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆: 60% 🇺🇦Stay tuned for the latest information
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#Skateboarding Male Park:
#Tate_Carew #USA
#Keegan_Palmer #AUS
#Gavin_Bottger USA
#Tom_Schaar USA
#Augusto_Akio #BRA
#Kieran_Woolley AUS
#Luigi_Cini BRA
#Pedro_Barros BRA
#Danny_León #ESP
#Viktor_Solmunde #DEN
#Keefer_Wilson AUS
#Alex_Sorgente #ITA
#Hampus_Winberg #SWE
#Vincent_Matheron #FRA
#Steven_Piñeiro #PUR
#Yuro_Nagahara #JPN
#Alessandro_Mazzara ITA
#Thomas_Augusto #POR
#Alain_Kortabitarte ESP
#Dallas_Oberholzer #ZAR
#Andrew_MacDonald #GBR
#Tyler_Edtmayer #GER -
#OlympicSkateboarding: #Tokyo2020 #Olympics2020
Men’s park:
#Alessandro_Mazzara 🇮🇹
#Andy_Anderson 🇨🇦
#Ayumu_Hirano 🇯🇵
#Cory_Juneau 🇺🇸
#Dallas_Oberholtzer 🇿🇦
#Danny_Leon 🇪🇸
#Heimana_Reynolds 🇺🇸
#Ivan_Federico 🇮🇹
#Jaime_Mateu 🇪🇸
#Keegan_Palmer 🇦🇺
#Kieran_Woolley 🇦🇺
#Luiz_Francisco 🇧🇷
#Oskar_Rozenberg 🇸🇪
#Pedro_Barros 🇧🇷
#Pedro_Quintas 🇧🇷
#Rune_Glifberg 🇩🇰
#Steven_Pineiro 🇵🇷
#Tyler_Edtmayer 🇩🇪
#Vincent_Matheron 🇫🇷
#Zion_Wright 🇺🇸 -
PROGRAMAÇÃO DE JULHO 2026 NO ESP(A)ÇO.
10/07 - Cine-Debate - Persépolis
Abertura: 19h.
Início do filme: 20h.Exibição do longa de animação Persépolis (2007, 92min.), seguido de conversa. A atividade será uma homenagem à autora e diretora franco-iraniana Marjane Satrapi que faleceu no último mês. A entrada será colaboração espontânea que irá para a realização do IV Festival Internacional de Cinema Anarquista de Porto Alegre.
Assista o trailer:
12/07 - Reunião Aberta
Abertura: 16h30.
Início: 17h.Reunião aberta do coletivo do Esp(a)ço. Quer somar? Quer conhecer mais do coletivo, saber como funciona e se envolver? Quer propor alguma atividade? Chegaí! A reunião será no próprio Esp(a)ço, na Rua Barros Cassal, 316, no Centro de Porto Alegre.
Abertura: 16h30.
Início: 17h.18/07 - Queermesse
Das 14h às 20h.
Uma tarde com muita pipoca, quentão sem álcool, apresentação musical de Calcinhas Noir e Lipe, bancas com comidas, zines, artes e mais. Traga livros de doação para abastecer nossa biblioteca! Se você tem uma banca e quer expor, fale conosco! Vamos confraternizar e nos divertir na Queermesse!
25/7 - Apoio Mútuo em Tempos de Emergência Climática
Abertura: 17h30.
Início da atividade: 18h.As previsões dizem que o El Niño poderá trazer eventos climáticos severos para a reunião em setembro. Vamos nos encontrar no Esp(a)ço para conversar organizarmos juntys e desde já o apoio mútuo e ações de solidariedade frente às ameaças climáticas que se aproximam.
Atenção: Para garantir o conforto e segurança de todas as pessoas presentes nas atividades do Esp(a)ço, pedimos que se você possuir histórico ou denúncia por reproduzir comportamento abusivo ou opressivo, assédio, abuso ou outro tipo de violência, por favor, entre em contato conosco pelo nosso e-mail ou redes sociais antes de comparecer. Não fazer isso é não se responsabilizar por suas ações e será solicitado que se retire.
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"Os R$ 134 milhões parecem muito dinheiro para fazer um filme: segundo o jornal O Globo, é mais do que o orçamento de 15 entre os últimos 20 ganhadores do Oscar.
Mas são troco de padaria comparados aos bilhões de reais de dinheiro público que os governadores bolsonaristas deram, e os congressistas bolsonaristas tentaram dar, para o #BancoMaster.
Quando Flávio pediu dinheiro a Vorcaro, o governador #bolsonarista #IbaneisRocha (MDB-DF) já havia dado muitos bilhões de reais do povo do Distrito Federal para tentar salvar o Master. O governador bolsonarista #CláudioCastro já havia dado ao Master R$ 1 bilhão dos aposentados do Rio de Janeiro." -
🟦He aprendido que el mayor acto de madurez no es sentarse a explicar las cosas como si el otro tuviera cinco años, sino saber pirarse a tiempo.
Hay gente que no busca la verdad, busca una película donde ellos sean los buenos y se queden tranquilitos.
Pues oye, que les den el Oscar, pero a mí que no me busquen para el guion.
Cuando te das cuenta de eso, dejas de gastar energía defendiendo lo evidente.La coherencia no necesita megáfono y la integridad no se mete en barros innecesarios.
La verdad se queda ahí plantada, solita, sin necesidad de que nadie la empuje.
Elegir mi paz no es tirar la toalla, es quererme un poquito más que al resto.
La verdad no necesita gritar para tener razón.✧･ﾟ: ✧･ﾟ: ✧ :･ﾟ✧:･ﾟ✧
#pazmental #sinceridad #autoestima #madurez #coherencia #sinfiltros #verdades #respeto #hastaaqui
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“Mangoes will make you forget anything but mangoes”*…
… Or not. As Christin Bohnke explains, sometimes a mango is more than just a mango…
What happens when ideologies are destroyed? When beliefs that shaped generations dissolve overnight? In the wreckage of old traditions, new symbols are created, and meaning is projected onto what was previously trivial. But not all of these new symbols are coherent or easily legible. Some are outright weird. Few events in history demonstrate the absurdity of political symbolism as clearly as the Mao Mango Mania that swept China during the infancy of the Cultural Revolution.
In 1966, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party and China’s supreme leader, set in motion the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a campaign to realign China with his revolutionary vision. His goal was to transform society, both economically and ideologically, by purging everything deemed traditional or capitalist. Over the next ten years, the Cultural Revolution changed the country in profound and painful ways, leading to more than a million estimated deaths as well as to immense human suffering.
Historian Lü Xiuyuan describes the period between 1966 and 1968 as the most destructive years of the entire movement. Following Mao’s directive to destroy the “Four Olds” (ideas, cultures, customs, and habits), his paramilitary youth groups, the Red Guards, swept the country with violence. They identified, tortured, and killed so-called “counterrevolutionaries,” raided temples and schools, and destroyed priceless artifacts. In 1968, university campuses, middle schools, and other public spaces became the sites of bloody battles, not only between Red Guards and alleged counterrevolutionaries but also between revolutionary factions. The chaos of the “Red Terror” couldn’t continue indefinitely, so Mao determined that Chinese workers would help suppress the Red Guard, restore order, and continue the revolution in a more measured manner. In this endeavor, Mao was helped, improbably, by a box of yellow-fleshed fruit.
In August 1968, a visiting foreign minister from Pakistan, Mian Arshad Hussain, gave Mao a box of mangoes as a gift during a state visit. Presenting mangoes has a long tradition in Pakistan, but in China, the fruit was virtually unknown. Mao passed the box to workers occupying the Tsinghua campus in Beijing, who were attempting to control the Red Guards stationed there. The scholar of Chinese visual culture Alfreda Murck writes that the mangoes carried an implicit message: from now on, the workers, not the Red Guards, would be in charge of education and the transformation of China in Mao’s image.
According to Murck, even Mao could not have anticipated the consequences of his gift. Because the mangoes came from the supreme leader, they were transformed, in the eyes of the workers, from a simple fruit into an object endowed with attributes of the divine. William H. Hinton, the author of Fanshen, compiled eyewitness accounts of workers who reported staying up all night, touching the mangoes, and marveling at their new station as protégés of the Chairman. Using the momentum, the official party cadres concocted a propaganda campaign surrounding the mangoes, workers, and Mao, and in doing so, according to the political scientist Richard Baum, effectively signed “the death warrant of the Red Guards.”
Quickly, the Red Guards were disbanded, many of them sent for reeducation in the countryside where they labored and lived alongside rural peasants. By contrast, the workers who received Mao’s mangoes, a sign of his favor, were energized and became Cultural Revolution leaders. Yet, their promotion was an illusion. True power lay with the People’s Liberation Army. Despite, or because of that, the workers—and the mangoes—played a significant role in official propaganda in the months to come.
When the workers returned to their factories after putting down the Red Guards, Mao had a fresh mango delivered to them. Workers held welcoming ceremonies for the fruit, preserved it in wax, placed it on altars, and bowed to it when walking by. In one factory, the fruit was boiled down into sacred mango water; each devotee drank a spoonful. From there on, the cult of the mango escalated. Wax and even plastic mangoes were quickly produced in Chinese factories and appeared all over the country, often displayed in glass cases. Images of the mango adorned plates, wedding gifts, and cigarette packages. It was stitched onto blankets, and propaganda teams armed with wax replicas were sent into the remotest corners of the country to spread its lore. More than seventy different types of mango badges to stitch onto clothes were given away for free or sold at a low price to those who couldn’t afford more expensive mango-themed items. Alongside the mangoes were mentions of Mao’s selflessness and love for the people (though no reference to the fate of the Red Guards), and many badges bore the slogan “With each mango profound kindness.”…
… During the 1968 National Day parade in Beijing, the mango was front and center. At least three mango-themed floats participated in the parade, decorated with slogans that emphasized the significance of the working class, as well as a colossal white statue of Mao. The parade reinforced the importance of Mao as the supreme leader and the mango as a symbol of his power.
According to development studies scholar Xing Li, Mao viewed ideology as the primary means of mobilizing the masses and driving change, putting special emphasis on themes such as dedication, self-sacrifice, and hard work. The mango was a perfect vessel for Mao’s “love” for the workers. Unlike already established symbols such as the peony, peach, or pomegranate, the mango had no preexisting meaning in China and, importantly, no association with emperors or divinity. Quickly, rumors spread that mango trees only blossom every century—or every thousand years, according to others—and that eating the fruit would bring about a long life, similar to the peaches of immortality that feature prominently in Chinese legends. Mao’s refusal to keep the mangoes for himself was therefore seen as a great sacrifice on behalf of his people.
The veneration of the mango coincided with a high point in Mao’s personality cult. In the 1960s, one billion copies of the “Little Red Book,” a collection of Mao’s quotes, were printed. The book had to be waved and quoted at the beginning of each workday and whenever someone made a political statement. Mao was everywhere. And so were his mangoes. They became inextricably linked, and criticism of one meant criticism of the other. Murck tells of a dentist in Sichuan province, for example, who, after seeing a mango paraded through his town, said that the fruit resembled a sweet potato. He was arrested, tried as a counterrevolutionary, marched through the streets, and executed. His children were sent to the countryside for reeducation. Given the serious consequences of even the slightest criticism, it’s impossible to say how many people genuinely participated in the mango cult and how many complied out of fear.
Political movements need symbols to foster cohesion and emotional connection, but for these to thrive and remain, they must have at least some internal logic, cultural coherence, or tradition. The mango was an artificial symbol, created randomly, and the people’s devotion to the fruit must have been at least partially performative. By 1969, the mango cult had already begun to decline; it was no longer featured in official campaigns, although the sheer volume of mango-themed products ensured that it didn’t disappear entirely until the mid-1970s. After Mao’s death in 1976 and the 1980s reassessment of his personality cult, it became acceptable to discard mango ephemera that some Chinese still kept in their homes, or more prudently, to repurpose the wax mangoes as candles. Because the mango was so closely linked to Mao, it couldn’t remain a meaningful symbol without him.
Still, the mango as a political symbol never entirely faded. US-based Chinese author Ha Jin, who served in the Chinese army at the time of the Cultural Revolution and has been an outspoken critic of the Chinese government, wrote in his 2019 poem “A Sacred Mango:”
The mango was exhibited in the center of the hall.
We lined up to look at it
and to show our gratitude and respect.But that night some curious child tasted the fruit
and was not caught.
Our mayor, frightened and outraged, said,
“Damn it, if I knew which son of a rabbit bit the mango
I would turn his whole family
into counter-revolutionaries!”But what could we do?
We substituted a wooden mango for a real one.For Ha Jin, as for others, the mango remains not a sign of Mao’s power, but a reminder of the Cultural Revolution’s absurdity and the arbitrary labeling of counterrevolutionaries. Despite being a short-lived propaganda tool, the mango’s symbolism endures as a testament to the irrationality of Mao’s extreme personality cult.
Commercial production of the mango in China began around that time, but only really accelerated in the 1980s. Although some people still recall the mango cult and spoke about it in their interviews with Murck, today the meaning of this particular fruit is largely forgotten, and the mango, far from symbolizing Mao’s eternal love and sacrifice for the working class, has transformed once again. This time, into a refreshing summer treat…
A fleeting cult built around a fruit exposes the logic, and illogic, of Mao’s personality cult: “When Mao’s Mango Mania Took Over China,” from @jstordaily.bsky.social.
* Eve Babitz
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As we pare away the peel, we might send decorative birthday greetings to Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha; she was born on this date in 1909. Better known by her stage name, Carmen Miranda (and her nickname, “the Brazilian Bombshell”), she was a successful singer, dancer, and actress.
As a young woman, Miranda designed clothes and hats in a boutique before making her debut as a singer, recording with composer Josué de Barros in 1929. Miranda’s 1930 recording of “Taí (Pra Você Gostar de Mim),” written by Joubert de Carvalho, catapulted her to stardom in Brazil as the foremost interpreter of samba. In 1939 she was invited to Broadway by producer Lee Shubert, and quickly lured from there to Hollywood, where she made 14 films in as many years.
Miranda did much to popularize Brazilian music and raise American awareness of Latin culture, for which she has been honored (e.g., with a museum) in Brazil. Here, she is largely remebered for her style, in particular for her large “fruit hats.”
#Broadway #CarmenMiranda #cult #CulturalRevolution #culture #film #fruitHat #history #Hollywood #icon #mango #mangoes #Mao #MaoZedong #PeopleSLiberationArmy #personalityCult #RedGuard #RedGuards #samba -
Economic Collapse in Japan, US, and Europe: Insights from Experts Glenn Diesen and Sean Foo
Insights from Experts: Economic Collapse in Japan, US, and Europe
The specter of economic collapse is haunting major global powers, with Japan, the United States, and Europe facing unprecedented challenges from mounting debts, currency fluctuations, and geopolitical pressures. In a recent interview, Professor Glenn Diesen, an expert on Russian international affairs and geoeconomics, engaged with economist and China specialist Sean Foo to dissect these issues. Their discussion, grounded in empirical observations, highlights how these economies are trapped in cycles of stimulus, tariffs, and dependency that could precipitate broader economic collapse if not addressed.
Japan’s predicament exemplifies the risks of prolonged fiscal imbalance. With a debt-to-GDP ratio hovering around 230-250%, the country has relied on massive stimulus packages to avert immediate economic collapse. Foo points out that Japan’s central bank, the Bank of Japan (BOJ), recently hinted at raising interest rates to stabilize the yen, which has been depreciating sharply against the dollar for months. This currency collapse exacerbates import costs, particularly for energy, as Japan imports 85-90% of its energy mix post-Fukushima disaster. Oil, LNG, and coal prices surge when the yen weakens, driving up domestic inflation and industrial input costs. For instance, manufacturing a car becomes more expensive, threatening Japan’s export-driven economy.
The interview reveals how U.S. tariffs, potentially reaching 10-20%, are already impacting Japanese exports to America, which have declined for five to six consecutive months. The U.S. administration’s push for Japan to relocate factories, such as automobile and semiconductor plants, to American shores adds further strain. This could lead to industrial hollowing out in Japan, mirroring broader fears of economic collapse. Instead of dumping U.S. Treasuries—Japan holds over $1 trillion worth—the BOJ’s interest rate hike aims to attract capital back home, potentially appreciating the yen but increasing debt servicing costs. Foo warns that this is a short-term fix, as higher rates on such massive debt could eventually trigger default or deeper economic collapse.
Shifting focus to the United States, the conversation underscores a debt spiral that has ballooned from $9 trillion in 2009 to $38 trillion today. Diesen notes that post-2008 financial crisis, countries like China and Russia began diversifying away from U.S. dependency, launching initiatives like the Belt and Road and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Yet, U.S. debt continues to accelerate, fueling assumptions of inevitable economic collapse unless inflation is weaponized. Foo argues the U.S. is trapped: inflate to sustain hegemony or face defeat in the global economic war. Massive borrowing supports supply chain rebuilding in allies like Australia and Southeast Asia, as well as the semiconductor and AI sectors.
The U.S. advantage in technology, particularly AI, is being propped up by redirecting funds from Main Street consumers to tech giants via tariffs and deficits. This “hollowing out” of industrial America aims to win the AI war against China, but it risks economic collapse if the bubble bursts. Empirical data shows U.S. strategies involve arm-twisting allies, extracting wealth to bolster GDP growth at their expense—a “Count Dracula strategy,” as Foo quips. Actions like bailing out Argentina with $10-20 billion or pressuring Venezuela for oil highlight efforts to dominate the Western Hemisphere, compensating for losses in the Global South.
Europe’s woes compound the narrative of potential economic collapse across the West. High energy prices from severing Russian ties have deindustrialized key sectors, with German industries relocating to the U.S. for cheaper energy. Sanctions on Russia, intended to strangle its economy, have backfired by redirecting vast energy resources—like gas from Power of Siberia 2—to China, granting it a competitive edge. Europe’s obedience to U.S. demands for expensive American LNG over affordable Russian supplies has inflated costs, eroding industrial competitiveness. Foo suggests Europe could regain advantage by negotiating directly with Russia for cheap energy and labor, but political indecision and bloc politics block this path.
The interview emphasizes how U.S.-led sanctions since 2022 have accelerated de-dollarization, pushing Russia and China into a formidable economic bloc. Trade between them has reached 99.1% de-dollarized, using rubles or yuan, with Russia issuing yuan-denominated bonds to manage its surplus. This virtuous loop—cheap Russian commodities fueling Chinese manufacturing—strengthens both against Western pressures. China’s holdings of U.S. Treasuries have dipped to around $700-800 billion, with diversification into gold (buying 10 times reported amounts, per analysts) and Belt and Road investments. Foo predicts China will retain nominal U.S. debt for trade but shift fully once yuan settlement dominates cross-border deals.
The Economic Collapse Threat in the AI Race
Central to averting or accelerating economic collapse is the U.S.-China AI race. The U.S. pours trillions into achieving artificial general intelligence (AGI), gambling on innovation to leapfrog rivals. However, China holds advantages in manufacturing capacity, creating a virtuous innovation loop absent in the debt-fueled U.S. model. Foo doubts outright U.S. victory, suggesting survival depends on cannibalizing G7 allies. Decoupling into geoeconomic blocks—U.S.-led West versus China-Russia-led East—seems inevitable, with remnants of trade persisting but critical sectors like chips bifurcating.
China’s slowdown, with recent data showing moderated industrial output and retail sales, fuels U.S. optimism for outlasting it in economic competition. Yet, Foo counters that China’s lower borrowing costs (1.8-1.9% vs. U.S. 4-4.2%) and efficient stimulus spending give it an edge. Stimulus rumors in China could stretch further than U.S. equivalents, avoiding wealth inequality and revolt risks. The yuan’s stability, appreciating 3-6% against the dollar, attracts borrowers, eroding the Eurodollar market’s $30-100 trillion dominance.
Broader Implications for Global Financial Systems
The petrodollar’s decline, replaced by Eurodollar demand, faces threats from U.S. deficits destabilizing the system. Countries issuing dollar-denominated debt may pivot to yuan for stability, especially with China’s export prowess. Iran’s sanction-evading expertise and Russia’s resilience highlight parallel systems emerging. The interview warns that without an “amicable divorce,” U.S. debt implosion could trigger widespread economic collapse.
Europe’s path to recovery lies in ending the new Cold War with Russia, reintegrating for prosperity. Yet, hatred and NATO dependencies hinder this, perpetuating division. India’s caution against U.S. blocks underscores risks of vassalage and weakening.
The interview paints a grim picture of economic collapse risks in Japan, US, and Europe, driven by debt, tariffs, and misguided geopolitics. While the West clings to unipolar strategies, China and Russia’s alliance accelerates multipolarity. Empirical trends suggest a bifurcated world, where innovation and manufacturing decide winners, potentially averting total collapse through diversification but demanding radical policy shifts.
👉 Share your thoughts in the comments, and explore more insights on our Journal and Magazine. Please consider becoming a subscriber, thank you: https://dunapress.org/subscriptions – Follow J&M Duna Press on social media. Join the Oslo Meet by connecting experiences and uniting solutions: https://oslomeet.org
References:
- https://tradingeconomics.com/japan/government-debt-to-gdp (Japan debt-to-GDP ratio)
- https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/japan/government-debt–of-nominal-gdp (Japan government debt data)
- https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/JPN (IMF general government gross debt)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt_of_Japan (National debt of Japan)
- https://www.visualcapitalist.com/state-of-world-debt-in-2025/ (World debt visualization 2025)
- https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-hits-38-trillion-in-debt-after-the-fastest-accumulation-of-1-trillion-outside-of-the-pandemic (US debt hits $38 trillion)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States (US national debt overview)
- https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/americas-finance-guide/national-debt/ (Understanding US national debt)
- https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-forecast-and-surveys/economic-forecasts/autumn-2025-economic-forecast-shows-continued-growth-despite-challenging-environment_en (EU Autumn 2025 Economic Forecast)
- https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/continued-growth-despite-challenging-environment-commissions-autumn-2025-forecast (Continued growth in Europe despite challenges)
- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/eu/issues/2025/10/17/regional-economic-outlook-europe-october-2025 (IMF Regional Economic Outlook for Europe)
- https://bst-europe.eu/economy-security-trade/european-economic-outlook-2025-multiple-crises-dampen-the-upswing/ (European Economic Outlook 2025)
- https://www.ey.com/en_pl/insights/economic-analysis-team/ey-european-economic-outlook-october-2025 (EY European Economic Outlook October 2025)
- https://ticdata.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/tic/Documents/slt_table5.html (Major foreign holders of US Treasury securities)
- https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/holdings-of-us-treasury-securities/holdings-of-us-treasury-securities (China holdings of US Treasuries)
- https://en.macromicro.me/series/3357/us-treasury-bonds-major-foreign-holders-china (China’s US Treasury bonds holdings)
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202511/1348564.shtml (China trims US Treasury holdings)
- https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3333405/chinas-us-treasury-holdings-edge-long-term-sell-continues (China’s US Treasury holdings update)
- https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2025/11/05/moscow-and-beijing-nearly-eliminate-the-dollar-from-bilateral-trade-says-russian-minister/ (Moscow and Beijing de-dollarization)
- https://moneyinsideout.substack.com/p/a-new-driver-of-chinas-de-dollarization (China’s de-dollarization drivers)
- https://www.oanda.com/us-en/trade-tap-blog/analysis/fundamental/sanctions-paradox-financial-fragmentation-dollar-dominance/ (Sanctions and de-dollarization)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOPKmYQd2qA (De-Dollarization Russia-China)
- https://www.braumillerlaw.com/brics-and-the-drive-towards-de-dollarization-has-it-stalled/ (BRICS de-dollarization)
- https://www.cfr.org/article/china-united-states-and-ai-race (China-US AI race)
- https://fortune.com/2025/12/06/nvidia-ceo-jensen-huang-ai-race-china-data-centers-construct-us/ (Nvidia CEO on US-China AI race)
- http://www.ncuscr.org/podcast/us-china-ai-race/ (US-China AI race standings)
- https://www.wsj.com/podcasts/the-journal/china-and-the-us-are-in-a-race-for-ai-supremacy/bb7e82b5-c912-4ecd-9f24-8f332a4b7202?gaa_at=eafs&gaa_n=AWEtsqebBr9L58ThSqdcRHfwaUk_uu3Ss9-6mG6ZFm3Rgqjslxd_uxYVdUfF&gaa_ts=69358db9&gaa_sig=8fWTxN0okYvvSRxobZYYYYbfdp2JPgqvLcpIIUa_7WJLDVxFNKEA2WCJm6Vw1UWTDLKngSErImTSf5-0jOWOsg%253D%253D (WSJ on US-China AI race)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oU685uaAmA (Sean Foo: Economic Collapse in Japan, US and Europe interview)
#debtCrisis #DebtCrisis #economicCollapse #EconomicCollapse #Geopolitics #GlobalFinance
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Top countries with most engineers: Graduates & Investments in 2025
In an era where technological innovation drives economic growth and societal progress, the question of which nations are best positioned to lead the charge often boils down to one key resource: engineering talent. The top countries with the most engineers aren’t just churning out degrees—they’re building ecosystems that nurture problem-solvers, inventors, and builders who shape everything from sustainable cities to artificial intelligence. As of 2025, data from global education trackers reveals a fascinating landscape dominated by Asia’s powerhouses, with unexpected contenders from emerging markets rounding out the list. This isn’t merely about numbers; it’s about how these countries invest in education to forge a workforce capable of tackling climate change, digital transformation, and beyond.
The focus here is empirical, drawing from UNESCO statistics, national reports, and international analyses to highlight the top countries with the most engineers, measured primarily by annual engineering graduates—a reliable proxy for the influx of new professionals into the field. But quantity alone doesn’t tell the full story. Many of these nations pair high output with strategic investments in engineering education, from subsidized tuition to cutting-edge research labs. Understanding this dynamic helps explain why certain economies surge ahead while others scramble to catch up.
China stands unchallenged at the pinnacle among the top countries with the most engineers, producing an staggering 1.96 million engineering graduates each year. This includes about 1.5 million bachelor’s degrees, 400,000 master’s, and 60,000 PhDs, fueled by a national emphasis on STEM that traces back to the early 2000s. The government’s “Made in China 2025” initiative has poured billions into universities, expanding programs in fields like robotics and renewable energy. Campuses like Tsinghua University aren’t just classrooms; they’re innovation incubators where students collaborate with industry giants like Huawei. This investment pays dividends—China’s engineering workforce now powers its dominance in electric vehicles and 5G technology, contributing to a GDP boost estimated at 2-3% annually from tech sectors alone.
Close on China’s heels is India, another of the top countries with the most engineers, graduating around 1.5 million aspiring professionals yearly. The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are legendary, but the real scale comes from a vast network of over 3,000 engineering colleges. Despite challenges like uneven quality across institutions, the government’s National Education Policy 2020 has ramped up funding for vocational training and digital infrastructure, aiming to align curricula with global demands in software and civil engineering. Indian engineers are a global export too; remittances from tech diaspora in Silicon Valley alone exceed $10 billion yearly, underscoring how this talent pool extends influence far beyond borders.
Shifting to Europe, Russia emerges as a formidable player, outputting between 450,000 and 500,000 engineering graduates annually, securing its spot among the top countries with the most engineers. Rooted in the Soviet legacy of heavy industry, Russia’s education system prioritizes practical skills in aerospace and energy sectors. Recent investments, including a $2 billion boost to technical universities in 2024, focus on AI and materials science to counter sanctions and diversify from oil dependency. Graduates from Moscow’s Bauman University often land roles in Roscosmos or Gazprom, where their expertise keeps Russia competitive in space exploration despite geopolitical tensions.
The United States, long a beacon for engineering excellence, ranks fourth with approximately 203,000 graduates per year—141,000 bachelor’s, 50,000 master’s, and 12,000 doctorates. What sets the U.S. apart among the top countries with the most engineers is its investment strategy: over $100 billion in federal R&D funding annually, much of it funneled into NSF grants for engineering programs. Institutions like MIT and Stanford blend theory with entrepreneurship, producing innovators who start companies like SpaceX. Yet, there’s a catch—domestic production lags behind demand, leading to reliance on international talent via H-1B visas. Recent policies under the CHIPS Act aim to double semiconductor engineering graduates by 2030, signaling a renewed push to reclaim manufacturing leadership.
Iran’s position at fifth, with 233,695 graduates yearly, highlights how resilience drives engineering prowess in the top countries with the most engineers. Facing international isolation, Iran has doubled down on self-reliance, investing 4% of GDP in higher education since 2015. Fields like mechanical and chemical engineering thrive at universities in Tehran, where students tackle real-world problems like desalination amid water scarcity. This focus has yielded breakthroughs in nanotechnology, positioning Iran as a Middle Eastern hub for affordable tech exports.
Japan, sixth with 168,214 graduates, exemplifies precision in engineering education among the top countries with the most engineers. The Ministry of Education’s “Super Global University” program has injected ¥100 billion ($700 million) into internationalization efforts, emphasizing robotics and disaster-resilient infrastructure post-Fukushima. Graduates from the University of Tokyo often pioneer advancements in high-speed rail and automation, supporting Japan’s aging population through exoskeletons and AI caregivers. Despite a shrinking youth demographic, per capita investment remains high, ensuring quality over sheer volume.
Indonesia’s rise to seventh, producing 140,000 to 150,000 graduates annually, marks Southeast Asia’s growing clout in the top countries with the most engineers. The government’s “Making Indonesia 4.0” roadmap allocates $30 billion to digital skills training, transforming vocational schools into hubs for software and civil engineering. With a young population of 270 million, this investment addresses infrastructure gaps, from Jakarta’s flood barriers to palm oil tech innovations, potentially adding 1.5% to GDP growth by 2027.
Mexico follows at eighth, with 113,000 to 130,000 graduates, bolstered by NAFTA-era reforms that integrated U.S.-style curricula. Among the top countries with the most engineers, Mexico’s $5 billion annual education budget emphasizes automotive and aerospace training in Monterrey’s tech parks. Collaborations with Ford and Boeing create a pipeline of talent, helping the nation capture 20% of North America’s auto exports.
Brazil’s 88,549 graduates place it ninth, where Amazon rainforest challenges inspire bioengineering focus. The top countries with the most engineers like Brazil invest via the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, funding $1.2 billion in green tech programs. Universities in São Paulo lead in ethanol biofuels, aligning education with sustainable development goals.
Rounding out the list, South Korea’s 86,000 graduates underscore efficiency in the top countries with the most engineers. With 5% of GDP dedicated to R&D—higher than most peers—programs at KAIST emphasize semiconductors and biotech. This has propelled Samsung to global dominance, with engineering alumni driving K-pop’s tech-infused stages and electric vehicle batteries.
These rankings illuminate a broader truth: the top countries with the most engineers thrive not just on volume but on visionary investments. China’s state-driven scale contrasts with the U.S.’s market-led innovation, while emerging players like Indonesia leverage demographics for leapfrogging. Globally, engineering enrollment has surged 20% since 2015, per UNESCO, yet gender gaps persist—women comprise only 28% of graduates worldwide. Addressing this, alongside curriculum updates for AI ethics and climate tech, will define future leaders.
Delving deeper, consider the economic ripple effects. In the top countries with the most engineers, each additional graduate correlates with 0.5-1% higher productivity growth, according to World Bank models. Germany’s model, though not in the top 10 by volume, invests €15 billion yearly in apprenticeships, yielding 23% of degrees in engineering— a blueprint for quality. Similarly, Singapore’s $1 billion SkillsFuture initiative retrains mid-career professionals, ensuring the workforce evolves with Industry 4.0.
Challenges abound, however. Overproduction in India has led to underemployment, with 20% of graduates in non-technical jobs, prompting calls for better industry alignment. Russia’s brain drain sees 15,000 engineers emigrate annually, mitigated by remote work incentives. Yet, opportunities gleam: the UN projects a need for 2.5 million more engineers by 2030 to meet SDGs, favoring nations that blend quantity with equity.
As automation reshapes jobs, the top countries with the most engineers are pivoting to lifelong learning. Finland, a smaller player, invests 6% of GDP in education, boasting 25% female engineers through inclusive policies. This holistic approach—merging access, relevance, and retention—ensures engineering remains a force for good.
In summary, the top countries with the most engineers are reshaping our world, one graduate at a time. Their stories remind us that education isn’t a cost; it’s the ultimate investment in human potential.
👉 Share your thoughts in the comments, and explore more insights on our Journal and Magazine. Please consider becoming a subscriber, thank you: https://dunapress.org/subscriptions – Follow J&M Duna Press on social media. Join the Oslo Meet by connecting experiences and uniting solutions: https://oslomeet.org
References:
- Select Your University. (2025). Top 10 Countries Producing the Most Engineers in 2025. https://www.selectyouruniversity.com/blog/top-countries-that-produce-engineers
- National Science Foundation. (2023). International Comparisons of S&E Higher Education. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb202332/international-comparisons-of-s-e-higher-education
- UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2023). Engineering Graduates Data. http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=UNESCO&f=series%253AG_56_F500_DCOUNT
- World Economic Forum. (2023). Which Countries Produce the Most STEM Graduates? https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/03/which-countries-students-are-getting-most-involved-in-stem/
- World Bank. (2024). Education Indicators Database. https://databank.worldbank.org/id/d358b6e0
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Starlink Enfrenta Bloqueio Judicial de Finanças no Brasil e Assegura Continuidade dos Serviços
No início desta semana, a Starlink divulgou uma comunicação importante aos seus clientes no Brasil sobre uma decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), que congelou suas finanças no país e impediu a empresa de realizar transações financeiras. A ordem judicial foi emitida pelo ministro Alexandre de Moraes e, segundo a Starlink, baseia-se em uma determinação considerada infundada pela empresa.
De acordo com a Starlink, a decisão judicial afirma que a empresa deve ser responsabilizada por multas cobradas de forma inconstitucional contra a X Corp, uma companhia que, segundo a nota da Starlink, não possui vínculo com ela. A empresa destacou ainda que essa decisão foi tomada em segredo e sem a concessão dos devidos processos legais garantidos pela Constituição do Brasil.
A comunicação da empresa enfatiza que, apesar desse pedido judicial considerado “ilegal”, os clientes não precisam tomar nenhuma ação imediata. A Starlink garantiu que está comprometida em defender seus direitos e continuará prestando seus serviços normalmente. Caso a situação não seja resolvida rapidamente, a empresa afirma que os clientes continuarão recebendo o serviço, se necessário, de forma gratuita, até que o problema seja resolvido por meios legais.
Esse bloqueio das finanças, apesar de gerar preocupações, não afetará a entrega dos serviços de internet via satélite da Starlink no Brasil. A empresa se comprometeu a tomar todas as medidas jurídicas cabíveis para garantir que seus direitos e os de seus clientes sejam respeitados, conforme os princípios constitucionais do país.
A Starlink tem desempenhado um papel essencial ao fornecer serviços de internet de alta velocidade em áreas remotas e de difícil acesso no Brasil, ganhando popularidade pela qualidade de sua cobertura. Agora, com esse desafio judicial, a empresa reforça que continuará operando e assegurando a qualidade de seus serviços, independentemente das complicações legais.
Essa situação destaca um conflito mais amplo entre empresas de tecnologia globais e as regulamentações locais, o que pode ter impactos significativos não apenas para a Starlink, mas também para outros serviços tecnológicos no Brasil.
O que os clientes devem fazer?
Segundo a Starlink, não há necessidade de qualquer ação por parte dos clientes. O pagamento mensal continuará da mesma forma, a menos que a situação se agrave. A empresa afirma que manterá seus usuários informados sobre qualquer novidade relacionada a esse caso.
Além disso, a Starlink expressou seu compromisso com a defesa dos direitos de seus clientes e o cumprimento de todas as obrigações legais necessárias para garantir a continuidade de seus serviços no Brasil. Caso a situação judicial não seja rapidamente resolvida, a empresa poderá até mesmo prestar seus serviços gratuitamente, como uma medida para assegurar que seus clientes não sejam prejudicados.
Apesar da gravidade da situação judicial envolvendo a Starlink no Brasil, a empresa está tomando medidas proativas para lidar com as questões legais e assegurar que seus clientes não sejam impactados. A Starlink reforça seu compromisso com a defesa dos direitos constitucionais e promete continuar prestando seus serviços de forma ininterrupta.
Para quem depende da Starlink para conexão à internet, a empresa assegura que os serviços continuarão funcionando normalmente enquanto o processo legal é resolvido. Dessa forma, os clientes podem continuar a contar com a qualidade e a estabilidade da conexão Starlink, mesmo diante dessa turbulência jurídica.
Agradecemos a confiança em continuar usando os serviços da Starlink e, caso haja novas atualizações, a empresa promete manter os clientes informados prontamente.
Esse artigo detalha a situação enfrentada pela Starlink no Brasil, com ênfase nas medidas adotadas pela empresa e como os clientes podem lidar com a situação. Elon Musk através de sua conta no X desencoraja investimentos no Brasil por insegurança jurídica.
#AlexandreDeMoraes #Brasil #congelamentoDeFinanças #defesaLegal #inconstitucionalidade #justiça #Pagamento #serviçosDeInternet #SpaceX #Starlink #SupremoTribunalFederal #XCorp -
Starlink Enfrenta Bloqueio Judicial de Finanças no Brasil e Assegura Continuidade dos Serviços
No início desta semana, a Starlink divulgou uma comunicação importante aos seus clientes no Brasil sobre uma decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), que congelou suas finanças no país e impediu a empresa de realizar transações financeiras. A ordem judicial foi emitida pelo ministro Alexandre de Moraes e, segundo a Starlink, baseia-se em uma determinação considerada infundada pela empresa.
De acordo com a Starlink, a decisão judicial afirma que a empresa deve ser responsabilizada por multas cobradas de forma inconstitucional contra a X Corp, uma companhia que, segundo a nota da Starlink, não possui vínculo com ela. A empresa destacou ainda que essa decisão foi tomada em segredo e sem a concessão dos devidos processos legais garantidos pela Constituição do Brasil.
A comunicação da empresa enfatiza que, apesar desse pedido judicial considerado “ilegal”, os clientes não precisam tomar nenhuma ação imediata. A Starlink garantiu que está comprometida em defender seus direitos e continuará prestando seus serviços normalmente. Caso a situação não seja resolvida rapidamente, a empresa afirma que os clientes continuarão recebendo o serviço, se necessário, de forma gratuita, até que o problema seja resolvido por meios legais.
Esse bloqueio das finanças, apesar de gerar preocupações, não afetará a entrega dos serviços de internet via satélite da Starlink no Brasil. A empresa se comprometeu a tomar todas as medidas jurídicas cabíveis para garantir que seus direitos e os de seus clientes sejam respeitados, conforme os princípios constitucionais do país.
A Starlink tem desempenhado um papel essencial ao fornecer serviços de internet de alta velocidade em áreas remotas e de difícil acesso no Brasil, ganhando popularidade pela qualidade de sua cobertura. Agora, com esse desafio judicial, a empresa reforça que continuará operando e assegurando a qualidade de seus serviços, independentemente das complicações legais.
Essa situação destaca um conflito mais amplo entre empresas de tecnologia globais e as regulamentações locais, o que pode ter impactos significativos não apenas para a Starlink, mas também para outros serviços tecnológicos no Brasil.
O que os clientes devem fazer?
Segundo a Starlink, não há necessidade de qualquer ação por parte dos clientes. O pagamento mensal continuará da mesma forma, a menos que a situação se agrave. A empresa afirma que manterá seus usuários informados sobre qualquer novidade relacionada a esse caso.
Além disso, a Starlink expressou seu compromisso com a defesa dos direitos de seus clientes e o cumprimento de todas as obrigações legais necessárias para garantir a continuidade de seus serviços no Brasil. Caso a situação judicial não seja rapidamente resolvida, a empresa poderá até mesmo prestar seus serviços gratuitamente, como uma medida para assegurar que seus clientes não sejam prejudicados.
Apesar da gravidade da situação judicial envolvendo a Starlink no Brasil, a empresa está tomando medidas proativas para lidar com as questões legais e assegurar que seus clientes não sejam impactados. A Starlink reforça seu compromisso com a defesa dos direitos constitucionais e promete continuar prestando seus serviços de forma ininterrupta.
Para quem depende da Starlink para conexão à internet, a empresa assegura que os serviços continuarão funcionando normalmente enquanto o processo legal é resolvido. Dessa forma, os clientes podem continuar a contar com a qualidade e a estabilidade da conexão Starlink, mesmo diante dessa turbulência jurídica.
Agradecemos a confiança em continuar usando os serviços da Starlink e, caso haja novas atualizações, a empresa promete manter os clientes informados prontamente.
Esse artigo detalha a situação enfrentada pela Starlink no Brasil, com ênfase nas medidas adotadas pela empresa e como os clientes podem lidar com a situação. Elon Musk através de sua conta no X desencoraja investimentos no Brasil por insegurança jurídica.
#AlexandreDeMoraes #Brasil #congelamentoDeFinanças #defesaLegal #inconstitucionalidade #justiça #Pagamento #serviçosDeInternet #SpaceX #Starlink #SupremoTribunalFederal #XCorp
-
Starlink Enfrenta Bloqueio Judicial de Finanças no Brasil e Assegura Continuidade dos Serviços
No início desta semana, a Starlink divulgou uma comunicação importante aos seus clientes no Brasil sobre uma decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), que congelou suas finanças no país e impediu a empresa de realizar transações financeiras. A ordem judicial foi emitida pelo ministro Alexandre de Moraes e, segundo a Starlink, baseia-se em uma determinação considerada infundada pela empresa.
De acordo com a Starlink, a decisão judicial afirma que a empresa deve ser responsabilizada por multas cobradas de forma inconstitucional contra a X Corp, uma companhia que, segundo a nota da Starlink, não possui vínculo com ela. A empresa destacou ainda que essa decisão foi tomada em segredo e sem a concessão dos devidos processos legais garantidos pela Constituição do Brasil.
A comunicação da empresa enfatiza que, apesar desse pedido judicial considerado “ilegal”, os clientes não precisam tomar nenhuma ação imediata. A Starlink garantiu que está comprometida em defender seus direitos e continuará prestando seus serviços normalmente. Caso a situação não seja resolvida rapidamente, a empresa afirma que os clientes continuarão recebendo o serviço, se necessário, de forma gratuita, até que o problema seja resolvido por meios legais.
Esse bloqueio das finanças, apesar de gerar preocupações, não afetará a entrega dos serviços de internet via satélite da Starlink no Brasil. A empresa se comprometeu a tomar todas as medidas jurídicas cabíveis para garantir que seus direitos e os de seus clientes sejam respeitados, conforme os princípios constitucionais do país.
A Starlink tem desempenhado um papel essencial ao fornecer serviços de internet de alta velocidade em áreas remotas e de difícil acesso no Brasil, ganhando popularidade pela qualidade de sua cobertura. Agora, com esse desafio judicial, a empresa reforça que continuará operando e assegurando a qualidade de seus serviços, independentemente das complicações legais.
Essa situação destaca um conflito mais amplo entre empresas de tecnologia globais e as regulamentações locais, o que pode ter impactos significativos não apenas para a Starlink, mas também para outros serviços tecnológicos no Brasil.
O que os clientes devem fazer?
Segundo a Starlink, não há necessidade de qualquer ação por parte dos clientes. O pagamento mensal continuará da mesma forma, a menos que a situação se agrave. A empresa afirma que manterá seus usuários informados sobre qualquer novidade relacionada a esse caso.
Além disso, a Starlink expressou seu compromisso com a defesa dos direitos de seus clientes e o cumprimento de todas as obrigações legais necessárias para garantir a continuidade de seus serviços no Brasil. Caso a situação judicial não seja rapidamente resolvida, a empresa poderá até mesmo prestar seus serviços gratuitamente, como uma medida para assegurar que seus clientes não sejam prejudicados.
Apesar da gravidade da situação judicial envolvendo a Starlink no Brasil, a empresa está tomando medidas proativas para lidar com as questões legais e assegurar que seus clientes não sejam impactados. A Starlink reforça seu compromisso com a defesa dos direitos constitucionais e promete continuar prestando seus serviços de forma ininterrupta.
Para quem depende da Starlink para conexão à internet, a empresa assegura que os serviços continuarão funcionando normalmente enquanto o processo legal é resolvido. Dessa forma, os clientes podem continuar a contar com a qualidade e a estabilidade da conexão Starlink, mesmo diante dessa turbulência jurídica.
Agradecemos a confiança em continuar usando os serviços da Starlink e, caso haja novas atualizações, a empresa promete manter os clientes informados prontamente.
Esse artigo detalha a situação enfrentada pela Starlink no Brasil, com ênfase nas medidas adotadas pela empresa e como os clientes podem lidar com a situação. Elon Musk através de sua conta no X desencoraja investimentos no Brasil por insegurança jurídica.
#alexandreDeMoraes #brasil #congelamentoDeFinancas #defesaLegal #inconstitucionalidade #justica #pagamento #servicosDeInternet #spacex #starlink #supremoTribunalFederal #xCorp
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@vega
#barrot démission ! Vous êtes un menteur corrompu et désolé de vous le dire pas assez intelligent pour le poste que vous occupez (si mal) et qui fait honte au peuple français qui lui se préoccupe et aide la #palestine dans la mesure de ses moyens légaux !
Vous ne bernerez pas les étudiants avec votre bla bla insipide et mensonge !
#israel #gaza -
Barcos de pesca en la laguna de Venecia", 1941🖌️Konstantin Gorbatov (Rusia 1876 - 1945)