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#BoilerManual #ProtectingPressureParts #Section10 #Page2

than 100 ppb. It is also extremely important to keep oxygen out of the system for corrosion prevention, even during the cleanup period. The turbine should be sealed, the condenser under vacuum, and the deaerator pressurized.

The unit must be purged of combustibles before firing is initiated. The purge cycle is extremely important in the prevention of furnace explosions. Most furnace explosions occur during these periods. Large amounts of combustibles may accumulate or pockets of combustible gas may form in almost any part of the boiler. When an ignition source is provided, their rapid ignition can cause an explosion. Purging the unit at a minimum of 25% rated air flow prior to lightoff removes the unburned combustibles and minimizes the possibility of explosions. The purge cycle should extend for at least five minutes with 25-30% of rated air flow.

As an additional precaution, the furnace should be post-purged with 25-30% air flow immediately following the removal of all fires. There is one important exception to this rule. IF ALL FUEL TO THE BURNERS HAS BEEN TRIPPED DUE TO FLAME FAILURE, INCREASING AIR FLOW TO MEET PURGE REQUIREMENTS COULD RESULT IN AN EXPLOSION. IN THIS CASE, THE PURGE PERIOD SHOULD BE EXTENDED BEYOND ITS NORMAL TIME LIMIT WITH EXISTING AIR FLOW. THIS WILL REMOVE THE COMBUSTIBLES WHILE AVOIDING THE DANGEROUS SUDDEN INCREASE IN AIR FLOW.

The frequency of furnace observation should be increased significantly during extended periods of low load operation. Dark and smoky fires indicate that the fuel is not being completely burned and the possibility of an explosion is increased. Burner adjustments may be necessary and excess air levels may have to be increased above normal; CAUTION: sudden changes in air flow should be avoided.

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#BoilerManual #ProtectingPressureParts #Section10 #Page2

than 100 ppb. It is also extremely important to keep oxygen out of the system for corrosion prevention, even during the cleanup period. The turbine should be sealed, the condenser under vacuum, and the deaerator pressurized.

The unit must be purged of combustibles before firing is initiated. The purge cycle is extremely important in the prevention of furnace explosions. Most furnace explosions occur during these periods. Large amounts of combustibles may accumulate or pockets of combustible gas may form in almost any part of the boiler. When an ignition source is provided, their rapid ignition can cause an explosion. Purging the unit at a minimum of 25% rated air flow prior to lightoff removes the unburned combustibles and minimizes the possibility of explosions. The purge cycle should extend for at least five minutes with 25-30% of rated air flow.

As an additional precaution, the furnace should be post-purged with 25-30% air flow immediately following the removal of all fires. There is one important exception to this rule. IF ALL FUEL TO THE BURNERS HAS BEEN TRIPPED DUE TO FLAME FAILURE, INCREASING AIR FLOW TO MEET PURGE REQUIREMENTS COULD RESULT IN AN EXPLOSION. IN THIS CASE, THE PURGE PERIOD SHOULD BE EXTENDED BEYOND ITS NORMAL TIME LIMIT WITH EXISTING AIR FLOW. THIS WILL REMOVE THE COMBUSTIBLES WHILE AVOIDING THE DANGEROUS SUDDEN INCREASE IN AIR FLOW.

The frequency of furnace observation should be increased significantly during extended periods of low load operation. Dark and smoky fires indicate that the fuel is not being completely burned and the possibility of an explosion is increased. Burner adjustments may be necessary and excess air levels may have to be increased above normal; CAUTION: sudden changes in air flow should be avoided.

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#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page2

turbulence, and sufficient time for complete combustion. These factors are referred to as the three T's of combustion.

In the boiler furnace, the heat energy evolved from the combination of combustible elements with oxygen depends on the ultimate products of combustion and not on any intermediate combinations that may occur in reaching the final result.

A simple demonstration of this law is the combustion of 1 pound of carbon with oxygen to produce a specific amount of heat (about 14,100 Btu/lb). The combustion process may be in two steps, first to form CO (carbon monoxide), producing a much smaller amount of heat (3,960 Btu/lb carbon) and second, the combustion of the CO is obtained to form CO2 (carbon dioxide), , releasing 10,400 Btu/lb carbon. However the sum of the heat released in the two steps equals the 14,100 Btu/lb evolved when carbon is burned in one step to form CO2 as the final product.

The combustion of hydrogen is accomplished without difficulty, but the successful combustion of carbon to CO2 requires special measures to assure a continued supply of oxygen in contact with the carbon particles as long as they remain unburned. Not only must there be thorough mixing of the coal particles and air, there must also be sufficient turbulence to remove the combustion products as they form at the surface of the fuel and provide fresh air at the fuel surface for continued combustion. The greater the turbulence the more rapid the process; hence, less time is required for combustion.

Failure to successfully burn carbon completely to CO2 will result in appreciable losses in combustion efficiency and in the amount of heat released by the fuel. Only about 28% of the available heat in the carbon is released if CO is formed instead of CO2.

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#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page2

turbulence, and sufficient time for complete combustion. These factors are referred to as the three T's of combustion.

In the boiler furnace, the heat energy evolved from the combination of combustible elements with oxygen depends on the ultimate products of combustion and not on any intermediate combinations that may occur in reaching the final result.

A simple demonstration of this law is the combustion of 1 pound of carbon with oxygen to produce a specific amount of heat (about 14,100 Btu/lb). The combustion process may be in two steps, first to form CO (carbon monoxide), producing a much smaller amount of heat (3,960 Btu/lb carbon) and second, the combustion of the CO is obtained to form CO2 (carbon dioxide), , releasing 10,400 Btu/lb carbon. However the sum of the heat released in the two steps equals the 14,100 Btu/lb evolved when carbon is burned in one step to form CO2 as the final product.

The combustion of hydrogen is accomplished without difficulty, but the successful combustion of carbon to CO2 requires special measures to assure a continued supply of oxygen in contact with the carbon particles as long as they remain unburned. Not only must there be thorough mixing of the coal particles and air, there must also be sufficient turbulence to remove the combustion products as they form at the surface of the fuel and provide fresh air at the fuel surface for continued combustion. The greater the turbulence the more rapid the process; hence, less time is required for combustion.

Failure to successfully burn carbon completely to CO2 will result in appreciable losses in combustion efficiency and in the amount of heat released by the fuel. Only about 28% of the available heat in the carbon is released if CO is formed instead of CO2.

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#BoilerManual #Ramping #Section8 #Page2

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Alt = Labeled Fig. 1 Ramping -- Turbine rolling and loading. Image is just like the Figs.4A-F, sideways with the bottom long the right edge and the top along the left edge, but I color-coded the flow paths in sequence. At the lower left I have the numbers 1, 2, 3 in a column written in the colors I used for which was what order in the sequence. 1 is black; 2 is orange; 3 is purple. I have marked the connections from the PSH thru the Convection Pass, Furnace, Economizer and components connected to the two pumps (Boiler Feed and Condensate), but I didn't write that into the key.

The orange bit connects the middle port of the flashtank thru the SSH to the turbine with a dashed line and at the triangle representing the turbine is marked 4 - 6.5% steam flow, which I put in an orange box, but colored around the 6.5% in purple, marking that as partial arc level. There is an orange box around the 500 psi marking at the SSH. The purple bits connect components to the flashtank. Please see the main text for details.

#BoilerManual #Ramping #Section8 #Page2

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Alt = Labeled Fig. 1 Ramping -- Turbine rolling and loading. Image is just like the Figs.4A-F, sideways with the bottom long the right edge and the top along the left edge, but I color-coded the flow paths in sequence. At the lower left I have the numbers 1, 2, 3 in a column written in the colors I used for which was what order in the sequence. 1 is black; 2 is orange; 3 is purple. I have marked the connections from the PSH thru the Convection Pass, Furnace, Economizer and components connected to the two pumps (Boiler Feed and Condensate), but I didn't write that into the key.

The orange bit connects the middle port of the flashtank thru the SSH to the turbine with a dashed line and at the triangle representing the turbine is marked 4 - 6.5% steam flow, which I put in an orange box, but colored around the 6.5% in purple, marking that as partial arc level. There is an orange box around the 500 psi marking at the SSH. The purple bits connect components to the flashtank. Please see the main text for details.

#BoilerManual #BypassSystem #Section7 #Page2

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Alt = Labeled Fig. 1 Bypass system: valves and piping. It is a schematic of plumbing associated with all the components of the Bypass system featuring the important sets of valves associated with each component and how they're connected, which is covered in detail in the main text. In pencil, I had circled the 60 set of valves at the Convection Pass; the 202 set of valves between the Convection Pass and the Flashtank; The 207 valve between the Attemperators and the Flashtank; of the Attemperator shunt valve set marked 201A and 201, just the 201 valve is circled; of the DA associated valve set marked 231 and 201B, just the 231 valve is circled; of the Condenser valve set marked 241-1 thru -3, all those valves are circled.

#BoilerManual #BypassSystem #Section7 #Page2

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Alt = Labeled Fig. 1 Bypass system: valves and piping. It is a schematic of plumbing associated with all the components of the Bypass system featuring the important sets of valves associated with each component and how they're connected, which is covered in detail in the main text. In pencil, I had circled the 60 set of valves at the Convection Pass; the 202 set of valves between the Convection Pass and the Flashtank; The 207 valve between the Attemperators and the Flashtank; of the Attemperator shunt valve set marked 201A and 201, just the 201 valve is circled; of the DA associated valve set marked 231 and 201B, just the 231 valve is circled; of the Condenser valve set marked 241-1 thru -3, all those valves are circled.

#BoilerManual #CycloneOperation #Section6 #Page2

time for the lighter flame. This control also shuts the lighter off when it is no longer required.

3. Controlling the ignition of the main fuel. The controls set the FD dampers, ID dampers, cyclone shutoff dampers, and cyclone control dampers to obtain the proper amount of air flow for igniting the main fuel. Also, the primary/tertiary air shutoff damper is set to an intermediate position to limit the primary and tertiary air to the cyclone burner while the combustion air temperature is below 300 F.

When the proper air flow is set, the main fuel is introduced at an appropriate rate of feed for
establishing a main flame.

The "Combustion Controls" control the cyclone firing rate and provides proper fuel to air ratio in the cyclone throughout the load range. Maintaining the proper fuel to air ratio will ensure safe and efficient operation of the unit. The combustion control system is shown schematically in Figure 1. The description of the control requirements for this system has been separated into two sections, Fuel Flow Control and Air Flow Control.

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#BoilerManual #CycloneOperation #Section6 #Page2

time for the lighter flame. This control also shuts the lighter off when it is no longer required.

3. Controlling the ignition of the main fuel. The controls set the FD dampers, ID dampers, cyclone shutoff dampers, and cyclone control dampers to obtain the proper amount of air flow for igniting the main fuel. Also, the primary/tertiary air shutoff damper is set to an intermediate position to limit the primary and tertiary air to the cyclone burner while the combustion air temperature is below 300 F.

When the proper air flow is set, the main fuel is introduced at an appropriate rate of feed for
establishing a main flame.

The "Combustion Controls" control the cyclone firing rate and provides proper fuel to air ratio in the cyclone throughout the load range. Maintaining the proper fuel to air ratio will ensure safe and efficient operation of the unit. The combustion control system is shown schematically in Figure 1. The description of the control requirements for this system has been separated into two sections, Fuel Flow Control and Air Flow Control.

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#BoilerManual #CycloneDescription #Section5 #Page2

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Alt = Labeled Fig. 1 Cyclone furnace (component location). It's a poor quality photographic representation of a cyclone and is in fact identical to Section 2's Fig.14, labeled Cyclone circuitry (neck and barrel)., on page 15 in that section, with this Alt description: poor photocopy of a photo of a rendering of a cyclone chamber which has the shape of a sideways barrel with a flat square flange on the right end; the left end is mostly closed except for a round opening on the left, and plumbing on the top and bottom. Bottom pipe labels read, in left to right order, "Neck inlet header", "Main barrel (5 subcircuits)", and "Barrel inlet header". Labeled on the righthand flange area, in order top down, are "Re-entrant throat"and "Slag tap". opposite these, on the left side of the barrel, is labeled "Neck". At the top leftmost is the label "Barrel intermediate header"; at the top rightmost is labeled "Barrel outlet header".

#BoilerManual #CycloneDescription #Section5 #Page2

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Alt = Labeled Fig. 1 Cyclone furnace (component location). It's a poor quality photographic representation of a cyclone and is in fact identical to Section 2's Fig.14, labeled Cyclone circuitry (neck and barrel)., on page 15 in that section, with this Alt description: poor photocopy of a photo of a rendering of a cyclone chamber which has the shape of a sideways barrel with a flat square flange on the right end; the left end is mostly closed except for a round opening on the left, and plumbing on the top and bottom. Bottom pipe labels read, in left to right order, "Neck inlet header", "Main barrel (5 subcircuits)", and "Barrel inlet header". Labeled on the righthand flange area, in order top down, are "Re-entrant throat"and "Slag tap". opposite these, on the left side of the barrel, is labeled "Neck". At the top leftmost is the label "Barrel intermediate header"; at the top rightmost is labeled "Barrel outlet header".

#BoilerManual #Lighters #Section4 #Page2

cared for to ensure that it performs reliably when needed, and operated properly to help safeguard against furnace explosions. An air cylinder allows the atomizer to be inserted for firing and retracted during out-of-service periods. It must be fully inserted for firing so tht the lighter flame is properly positioned in relation to the main flame. When out-of-service, the lighter just be fully retracted to prevent overheating.

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Alt = Top image is labeled Fig 1 Oil lighter--components.; lower image is labeled Fig. 2 Lighter location.
Fig. 1 depicts what a lighter unit looks like, side view, with the lighting electrode and fuel atomizer on the right, at the end of a large cylinder shape. Below the large cylinder is a small cylinder marked Air cylinder, having one small tube at each end of it with each marked Cylinder air supply (flow control valves); an assembly is attached to the left side of the large cylinder where an arrow marks the location of Transformer. There's a hose that arches from below the Transformer to a pipe atop the large cylinder marked Oil supply line.

Fig. 2 illustrates with dashed lines where the front of a cyclone should be, pointing out the location of its Secondary air inlet; In solid line drawing it illustrates the locations of the Coal inlet pipe, Radial burner, Primary-tertiary air duct, and the location of the lighter assembly at the point where the Secondary air inlet joins with the cyclone barrel.

#BoilerManual #Lighters #Section4 #Page2

cared for to ensure that it performs reliably when needed, and operated properly to help safeguard against furnace explosions. An air cylinder allows the atomizer to be inserted for firing and retracted during out-of-service periods. It must be fully inserted for firing so tht the lighter flame is properly positioned in relation to the main flame. When out-of-service, the lighter just be fully retracted to prevent overheating.

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Alt = Top image is labeled Fig 1 Oil lighter--components.; lower image is labeled Fig. 2 Lighter location.
Fig. 1 depicts what a lighter unit looks like, side view, with the lighting electrode and fuel atomizer on the right, at the end of a large cylinder shape. Below the large cylinder is a small cylinder marked Air cylinder, having one small tube at each end of it with each marked Cylinder air supply (flow control valves); an assembly is attached to the left side of the large cylinder where an arrow marks the location of Transformer. There's a hose that arches from below the Transformer to a pipe atop the large cylinder marked Oil supply line.

Fig. 2 illustrates with dashed lines where the front of a cyclone should be, pointing out the location of its Secondary air inlet; In solid line drawing it illustrates the locations of the Coal inlet pipe, Radial burner, Primary-tertiary air duct, and the location of the lighter assembly at the point where the Secondary air inlet joins with the cyclone barrel.

#BoilerManual #AirAndGasFlow #Section3 #Page2

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Alt = The image is sideways with the bottom on the right edge and the top on the left edge. An outline of the entire boiler furnace plus ductwork with arrows drawn to show how the flow goes from the Forced draft fans (3) blowing into the furnace after passing through two Tubular air heater sections to the bottom of the furnace where the windbox surrounds the Cyclones (7) and into the firebox of the furnace, then up the furnace walls through the Pendant, then through the Horizontal tubes, then passing through the Tubular air heater sections, then through the Precipitator then to the Induced draft fans (3) which blow it to the bottom of the stack.

#BoilerManual #AirAndGasFlow #Section3 #Page2

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Alt = The image is sideways with the bottom on the right edge and the top on the left edge. An outline of the entire boiler furnace plus ductwork with arrows drawn to show how the flow goes from the Forced draft fans (3) blowing into the furnace after passing through two Tubular air heater sections to the bottom of the furnace where the windbox surrounds the Cyclones (7) and into the firebox of the furnace, then up the furnace walls through the Pendant, then through the Horizontal tubes, then passing through the Tubular air heater sections, then through the Precipitator then to the Induced draft fans (3) which blow it to the bottom of the stack.

#BoilerManual #FluidCirculation #Section2 #Page2

lines from point A to B. The additional heat being applid is utilized in the conversion of water to steam. How fast this conversion takes place is dependent on how fast heat is being added.

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Alt = Figure 1 is labeled Boiling point -- a function of pressure -- a graph where the x column is labeled in terms of Temperature in degrees, incrementing every 100 degrees + from 300 to 1200; the y row is labeled in Enthalpy -- Btu/lb incrementing every 200 Btus/lb from 400 to 1600. Various saturation temperature (boiling points) are pointed out as Btu/lb increases, as well as the constant pressure curve lines to the right side.

Figure 2 is labeled Conversion of water to steam -- a graph where the x column and y row are labeled in the same terms as Figure 1, depicting where Saturation temperature is point A at 500 psi (pounds per square inch) at the point of graph origin (200 Btu/lb), and Point B is also at 500 psi near the 1200 Btu/lb marking Enthalpy -- Btu/lb incrementing every 200 Btus/lb from 400 to 1600.

#BoilerManual #FluidCirculation #Section2 #Page2

lines from point A to B. The additional heat being applid is utilized in the conversion of water to steam. How fast this conversion takes place is dependent on how fast heat is being added.

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Alt = Figure 1 is labeled Boiling point -- a function of pressure -- a graph where the x column is labeled in terms of Temperature in degrees, incrementing every 100 degrees + from 300 to 1200; the y row is labeled in Enthalpy -- Btu/lb incrementing every 200 Btus/lb from 400 to 1600. Various saturation temperature (boiling points) are pointed out as Btu/lb increases, as well as the constant pressure curve lines to the right side.

Figure 2 is labeled Conversion of water to steam -- a graph where the x column and y row are labeled in the same terms as Figure 1, depicting where Saturation temperature is point A at 500 psi (pounds per square inch) at the point of graph origin (200 Btu/lb), and Point B is also at 500 psi near the 1200 Btu/lb marking Enthalpy -- Btu/lb incrementing every 200 Btus/lb from 400 to 1600.

@Su_G #BoilerManual #UnitDescription #Section1 #Page2

coil in a still. To prevent a deficiency of combustion air, a bellows was used to force air to the combustion zone and gases through the flue in what was probably the first instance of forced draft.

As the demand for power increased, the single flue was replaced by many gas tubes which increased the heating surface. More water was exposed to the heat from flue gases. While this fire tube design was popular until about 1870, it was also dangerous. Many disastrous explosions resulted from the direct heating of the pressure shell which contained large amounts of water at saturation temperature. {folks, saturation is when steam under pressure can't take in any more water and there's water still left in the tank, and I'm getting ahead of myself when I mention that this is what the "flashtank" is for}

Boiler designers recognized that one way to overcome the deficiencies of the fire tube boilers was to develop a water tube design which would have most of the heating surface consist of water filled tubes rather than the walls from the combustion zone to the large single containment

Alt = Line image depicting a Hero's Steam engine, a round vessel with two steam ports on opposite sides with depiction of steam coming out of the jets, and suspended over an ornate cauldron holding a blazing fire.

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@Su_G #BoilerManual #UnitDescription #Section1 #Page2

coil in a still. To prevent a deficiency of combustion air, a bellows was used to force air to the combustion zone and gases through the flue in what was probably the first instance of forced draft.

As the demand for power increased, the single flue was replaced by many gas tubes which increased the heating surface. More water was exposed to the heat from flue gases. While this fire tube design was popular until about 1870, it was also dangerous. Many disastrous explosions resulted from the direct heating of the pressure shell which contained large amounts of water at saturation temperature. {folks, saturation is when steam under pressure can't take in any more water and there's water still left in the tank, and I'm getting ahead of myself when I mention that this is what the "flashtank" is for}

Boiler designers recognized that one way to overcome the deficiencies of the fire tube boilers was to develop a water tube design which would have most of the heating surface consist of water filled tubes rather than the walls from the combustion zone to the large single containment

Alt = Line image depicting a Hero's Steam engine, a round vessel with two steam ports on opposite sides with depiction of steam coming out of the jets, and suspended over an ornate cauldron holding a blazing fire.

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#seojoke #page2 #serp

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Now what's the next best place now, if page 2 is history?

#seojoke #page2 #serp

https://www.seroundtable.com/googlecontinuous-scroll-desktop-search-34523.html