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[Modelisme et figurines] "Ghost in the Shell RPG : les figurines Section 9 sur BackerKit"
https://modelisme-et-figurines.com/ghost-in-the-shell-les-figurines-section-9-debarquent-sur-backerkit/
#GitS #Section9

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page22

9. Slag viscosity is a term describing how easily slag will flow at a specific temperature. It is important to cyclone furnaces because the slag must be thick enough to hold coal particles, but it must be fluid enough to run out the furnace when an excess builds up. For the cyclone furnace, we need a coal that has ash which melts and flows at 2600 F maximum.

10. The five conditions which affect coal-ash deposits in your furnace are:

........ 1. ___How much ash is in the coal.

........ 2. ___The make-up of the ash itself.

........ 3. ___Firing method.

........ 4. ___Equipment design.

........ 5. ___Operating conditions of the boiler.

------------------------------------------------- 22 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page22

9. Slag viscosity is a term describing how easily slag will flow at a specific temperature. It is important to cyclone furnaces because the slag must be thick enough to hold coal particles, but it must be fluid enough to run out the furnace when an excess builds up. For the cyclone furnace, we need a coal that has ash which melts and flows at 2600 F maximum.

10. The five conditions which affect coal-ash deposits in your furnace are:

........ 1. ___How much ash is in the coal.

........ 2. ___The make-up of the ash itself.

........ 3. ___Firing method.

........ 4. ___Equipment design.

........ 5. ___Operating conditions of the boiler.

------------------------------------------------- 22 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page21

produced runs out the cyclone, down the furnace, and into the lag tank, for final disposal.

6. The five requirements necessary for slag tap furnaces are:

........ 1. The furnace must be able to maintain temperatures above 3000 F and also be able to tolerate these temperatures.

........ 2. The slag tap furnace must be strong enough to support the extremely heavy molten slag, wherever it tends to accumulate.

........ 3. ___The wall of the furnace should be chemically inactive to the hot slag.

........ 4. ___There must be adequate drainage for the slag.

........ 5. ___The slag needs to be cooled for disposal.

7. The three materials in coal are:

........ 1. ___Combustible material, which should be 15% for cyclone furnaces.

........ 2. ___Ash, which should be a minimum

........ 3. ___Moisture.

8. The four steps that can help prevent iron sulfide formation are:

........ 1. ___Make sure the cyclones are getting enough excess air.

........ 2. ___Keep coal sizing as fine as possible.

........ 3. ___Keep iron oxides to a minimum by making sure cyclone firing is balanced at all times.

........ 4. ___Protect tube surfaces from iron sulfides by keeping stud length at least 1/4" or longer, and by using a good refractory coating that will last.

------------------------------------------------- 21 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page21

produced runs out the cyclone, down the furnace, and into the lag tank, for final disposal.

6. The five requirements necessary for slag tap furnaces are:

........ 1. The furnace must be able to maintain temperatures above 3000 F and also be able to tolerate these temperatures.

........ 2. The slag tap furnace must be strong enough to support the extremely heavy molten slag, wherever it tends to accumulate.

........ 3. ___The wall of the furnace should be chemically inactive to the hot slag.

........ 4. ___There must be adequate drainage for the slag.

........ 5. ___The slag needs to be cooled for disposal.

7. The three materials in coal are:

........ 1. ___Combustible material, which should be 15% for cyclone furnaces.

........ 2. ___Ash, which should be a minimum

........ 3. ___Moisture.

8. The four steps that can help prevent iron sulfide formation are:

........ 1. ___Make sure the cyclones are getting enough excess air.

........ 2. ___Keep coal sizing as fine as possible.

........ 3. ___Keep iron oxides to a minimum by making sure cyclone firing is balanced at all times.

........ 4. ___Protect tube surfaces from iron sulfides by keeping stud length at least 1/4" or longer, and by using a good refractory coating that will last.

------------------------------------------------- 21 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page20

Answers for optimizing combustion

1. Combustion is the rapid chemical combination of oxygen with the combustible elements in fuel, that produces heat.

2. The Three T's of Combustion are:

........ 1. ____Time__________________________

........ 2. ____Temperature____________________

........ 3. ____Turbulence_____________________

3. Complete combustion occurs when fuel and oxygen are combined and all the fuel is completely burned. However, not all the oxygen supplied was used. Perfect combustion is when all the oxygen supplied is used. No excess oxygen remains. Perfect combustion would be the ideal i the boiler operation, but instead, excess air is supplied to assure complete combustion.

4. The three areas of controllable heat loss in the boiler are:
........ 1. The first area of heat loss is excess air out the stack. The operator should keep a close eye on the fuel/air ratio to help minimize this problem.

........ 2. The second way to prevent heat loss is to make sure there isn't any unburned combustibles, ash or refuse. This includes combustible gases which shouldn't be allowed out the stack.

........ 3. The third area is radiated heat loss through the unit. If the boiler is kept well insulated, you can help reduce this heat loss as well.

5. Fuel is burned in the cyclone and temperatures reach around 3000 F. This temperature melts the ash into a sticky slag which forms a layer on the walls of the cyclone. This sticky slag layer catches the larger coal particles, while rapidly swirling air scrubs the coal particles with oxygen, causing combustion. Excess slag

------------------------------------------------- 20 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page20

Answers for optimizing combustion

1. Combustion is the rapid chemical combination of oxygen with the combustible elements in fuel, that produces heat.

2. The Three T's of Combustion are:

........ 1. ____Time__________________________

........ 2. ____Temperature____________________

........ 3. ____Turbulence_____________________

3. Complete combustion occurs when fuel and oxygen are combined and all the fuel is completely burned. However, not all the oxygen supplied was used. Perfect combustion is when all the oxygen supplied is used. No excess oxygen remains. Perfect combustion would be the ideal i the boiler operation, but instead, excess air is supplied to assure complete combustion.

4. The three areas of controllable heat loss in the boiler are:
........ 1. The first area of heat loss is excess air out the stack. The operator should keep a close eye on the fuel/air ratio to help minimize this problem.

........ 2. The second way to prevent heat loss is to make sure there isn't any unburned combustibles, ash or refuse. This includes combustible gases which shouldn't be allowed out the stack.

........ 3. The third area is radiated heat loss through the unit. If the boiler is kept well insulated, you can help reduce this heat loss as well.

5. Fuel is burned in the cyclone and temperatures reach around 3000 F. This temperature melts the ash into a sticky slag which forms a layer on the walls of the cyclone. This sticky slag layer catches the larger coal particles, while rapidly swirling air scrubs the coal particles with oxygen, causing combustion. Excess slag

------------------------------------------------- 20 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page19

7. What three materials in coal are important to its suitability as fuel?

........ 1. __________________________________

........ 2. __________________________________

........ 3. __________________________________

8. What are the four steps that can help prevent iron sulfide formation?

........ 1. __________________________________

........ 2. __________________________________

........ 3. __________________________________

........ 4. __________________________________

9. What is slag viscosity and why is it critical to the cyclone furnace?

10. Name five conditions which affect coal-ash deposits in your furnace.

........ 1. __________________________________

........ 2. __________________________________

........ 3. __________________________________

........ 4. __________________________________

........ 5. __________________________________

------------------------------------------------- 19 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page19

7. What three materials in coal are important to its suitability as fuel?

........ 1. __________________________________

........ 2. __________________________________

........ 3. __________________________________

8. What are the four steps that can help prevent iron sulfide formation?

........ 1. __________________________________

........ 2. __________________________________

........ 3. __________________________________

........ 4. __________________________________

9. What is slag viscosity and why is it critical to the cyclone furnace?

10. Name five conditions which affect coal-ash deposits in your furnace.

........ 1. __________________________________

........ 2. __________________________________

........ 3. __________________________________

........ 4. __________________________________

........ 5. __________________________________

------------------------------------------------- 19 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page18

Questions for optimizing combustion

1. What is the definition of combustion?

2. What are the Three T's of Combustion?

........ 1. __________________________________

........ 2. __________________________________

........ 3. __________________________________

3. What is the difference between complete combustion and perfect combustion?

4. Name three areas of controllable heat loss in the boiler.

........ 1. __________________________________

........ 2. __________________________________

........ 3. __________________________________

5. Explain how the cyclone furnace works?

6. Name five requirements necessary for slag tap furnaces.

........ 1. __________________________________

........ 2. __________________________________

........ 3. __________________________________

........ 4. __________________________________

........ 5. __________________________________

------------------------------------------------- 18 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page18

Questions for optimizing combustion

1. What is the definition of combustion?

2. What are the Three T's of Combustion?

........ 1. __________________________________

........ 2. __________________________________

........ 3. __________________________________

3. What is the difference between complete combustion and perfect combustion?

4. Name three areas of controllable heat loss in the boiler.

........ 1. __________________________________

........ 2. __________________________________

........ 3. __________________________________

5. Explain how the cyclone furnace works?

6. Name five requirements necessary for slag tap furnaces.

........ 1. __________________________________

........ 2. __________________________________

........ 3. __________________________________

........ 4. __________________________________

........ 5. __________________________________

------------------------------------------------- 18 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page17

decreased boiler efficiency as well as the formation of combustible products that can present a hazardous condition in the convection pass and air heaters, as well as in the furnace.

In view of he great number of factors involved in the combustion of any fuel, it is obvious that the specific requirements for the proper combustion of the fuel must be considered a distinct problem. It is possible, however, from the foregoing to draw certain general requirements of proper combustion.

1. The admission of an air supply that will assure sufficient oxygen for complete combustion, (fuel/air ratio).

2. Since complete combustion is not necessarily efficient combustion, it must be secured without permitting the dilution of the products of combustion with excess air, (fuel/air ratio).

3. The air supply should be admitted at the proper time in such a manner tht the oxygen of the air comes into free and thorough contact with the combustible substances of the fuel, (time and turbulence).

4. The gases must be maintained at a temperature equal to or above their ignition point until combustion is complete, (temperature).

In this section of the operator training manual we have reviewed the principles of the combustion process and have examined the inefficiencies which result in combustion losses. Suitability of fuels in relation to cyclone operation as well as the by-products of combustion such as slag and coal ash, were examined along with the effect of operating variables on these deposits.

------------------------------------------------- 17 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page17

decreased boiler efficiency as well as the formation of combustible products that can present a hazardous condition in the convection pass and air heaters, as well as in the furnace.

In view of he great number of factors involved in the combustion of any fuel, it is obvious that the specific requirements for the proper combustion of the fuel must be considered a distinct problem. It is possible, however, from the foregoing to draw certain general requirements of proper combustion.

1. The admission of an air supply that will assure sufficient oxygen for complete combustion, (fuel/air ratio).

2. Since complete combustion is not necessarily efficient combustion, it must be secured without permitting the dilution of the products of combustion with excess air, (fuel/air ratio).

3. The air supply should be admitted at the proper time in such a manner tht the oxygen of the air comes into free and thorough contact with the combustible substances of the fuel, (time and turbulence).

4. The gases must be maintained at a temperature equal to or above their ignition point until combustion is complete, (temperature).

In this section of the operator training manual we have reviewed the principles of the combustion process and have examined the inefficiencies which result in combustion losses. Suitability of fuels in relation to cyclone operation as well as the by-products of combustion such as slag and coal ash, were examined along with the effect of operating variables on these deposits.

------------------------------------------------- 17 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page16

COMBUSTION GUIDES

It is necessary to provide the operating personnel with a device to allow manual or automatic proportioning of the amount of air to the amount of fuel.

The level of excess air is one index that is commonly used to determine the performance of the unit and to guide its everyday operation. Excess air is the amount of air supplied over and above that required for theoretically perfect combustion. It is always necessary to supply some excess air to assure complete combustion of the fuel. Any excess air not actually required constitutes a substantial loss in the form of decreased boiler efficiency and thus, a higher fuel bill. On the other hand, operating boiler efficiency and thus, a higher fuel bull. On the other hand, operating with a deficiency of air flow for the fuel being burned can also result in

------------------------------------------------- 16 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 5 Effect of sintering time. The graph is laid out exactly like Fig. 4 except for how the y axis is incremented (0 to 50, in 10s), and has 3 curves like Fig. 4 but the coal type labels aren't here--each curve is marked in respective order: 168 hours, 15 hours, and 4 hours, and the curves all have steeper curves upward, and are marked with small circles at the points where they cross vertical lines from the x axis. The 168 hours curve terminates slightly beyond where the 1500 F and the 40 mark of psi intersect; the 15 hours curve terminates exactly at the intersection of 1600 F and the 50 mark of psi; the 4 hour curve originates just to the left side of the 1500 F mark just above 0 mark of psi, and terminates just beyond where 1700 F intersects with the 30 mark of psi.

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page16

COMBUSTION GUIDES

It is necessary to provide the operating personnel with a device to allow manual or automatic proportioning of the amount of air to the amount of fuel.

The level of excess air is one index that is commonly used to determine the performance of the unit and to guide its everyday operation. Excess air is the amount of air supplied over and above that required for theoretically perfect combustion. It is always necessary to supply some excess air to assure complete combustion of the fuel. Any excess air not actually required constitutes a substantial loss in the form of decreased boiler efficiency and thus, a higher fuel bill. On the other hand, operating boiler efficiency and thus, a higher fuel bull. On the other hand, operating with a deficiency of air flow for the fuel being burned can also result in

------------------------------------------------- 16 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 5 Effect of sintering time. The graph is laid out exactly like Fig. 4 except for how the y axis is incremented (0 to 50, in 10s), and has 3 curves like Fig. 4 but the coal type labels aren't here--each curve is marked in respective order: 168 hours, 15 hours, and 4 hours, and the curves all have steeper curves upward, and are marked with small circles at the points where they cross vertical lines from the x axis. The 168 hours curve terminates slightly beyond where the 1500 F and the 40 mark of psi intersect; the 15 hours curve terminates exactly at the intersection of 1600 F and the 50 mark of psi; the 4 hour curve originates just to the left side of the 1500 F mark just above 0 mark of psi, and terminates just beyond where 1700 F intersects with the 30 mark of psi.

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page15

flow is controlled by the velocity damper in each cyclone to maintain the proper fuel-air relationship. This air flow is automatically temperature compensated to provide the correct amount of air under all boiler loads. The total air flow to the cyclone is controlled by the windbox to furnace differential pressure, which is varied as a function of load to increase or decrease the forced draft fan output.

Automatic compensation for the number of cyclones in service has been incorporated along with the additional feature of an oxygen analyzer. This gas analyzer serves as an important aid to the operator in monitoring excess air for optimum firing conditions.

------------------------------------------------- 15 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 4 Comparison of sintering characteristics. This graph has its x axis marked in terms of Sintering temperature - F where it increments every 100 degrees from 1400 to 1900. Its y axis is marked Strength of sintered fly ash -- 1000 psi and increments every 4 units from 0 to 20. There are 3 lines on the graph, all originating at the 1500 degree mark just above 0 on the y axis. Topmost line is marked Coal A; middle line is Coal B, and bottom line is Coal C. Small circles mark where their upward curves intersect with each temperature vertical line up to the 1800 F mark, where both Coal B and Coal C end. Coal A ends at the 1700 F mark.

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page15

flow is controlled by the velocity damper in each cyclone to maintain the proper fuel-air relationship. This air flow is automatically temperature compensated to provide the correct amount of air under all boiler loads. The total air flow to the cyclone is controlled by the windbox to furnace differential pressure, which is varied as a function of load to increase or decrease the forced draft fan output.

Automatic compensation for the number of cyclones in service has been incorporated along with the additional feature of an oxygen analyzer. This gas analyzer serves as an important aid to the operator in monitoring excess air for optimum firing conditions.

------------------------------------------------- 15 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 4 Comparison of sintering characteristics. This graph has its x axis marked in terms of Sintering temperature - F where it increments every 100 degrees from 1400 to 1900. Its y axis is marked Strength of sintered fly ash -- 1000 psi and increments every 4 units from 0 to 20. There are 3 lines on the graph, all originating at the 1500 degree mark just above 0 on the y axis. Topmost line is marked Coal A; middle line is Coal B, and bottom line is Coal C. Small circles mark where their upward curves intersect with each temperature vertical line up to the 1800 F mark, where both Coal B and Coal C end. Coal A ends at the 1700 F mark.

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page14

although excess air has no direct effect on deposit strength, the higher gas temperatures caused by increased furnace wall slagging, do affect superheater deposition.

Sintering time, or reaction time, is also a very important factor in determining deposit characteristics. Figure 5 shows that if a deposit is not promptly removed, the strength of the deposit increases many times. Thus, establishing sootblower operating frequency and coverage is also an extremely important facet of the overall problem of ash deposition.

FUEL/AIR MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL

On multi-cyclone installations the feeder drives are calibrated so that uniform fuel flow is delivered for the same master signal. The total air

------------------------------------------------- 14 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 3 Viscosity--temperature relationship. A graph laid out with the x axis in terms of Slag temperature--F incremented every 100 degrees. The y axis is in terms of Viscosity--poise, incremented in logarithmic terms, increment markings as follows: 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000. There are two curves; the leftmost curve begins on the left just before the intersection of 1000 poise and 2000 degrees, then runs downward to where it stops just after the intersection of 20 poise and 2500 degrees; it's marked Reducing atmosphere.

The rightmost curve starts on the left just past the intersection of 10,000 poise and 2100 degrees, then descends where the curve ends at just under 25 poise where it intersects with roughly 2550 degrees.

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page14

although excess air has no direct effect on deposit strength, the higher gas temperatures caused by increased furnace wall slagging, do affect superheater deposition.

Sintering time, or reaction time, is also a very important factor in determining deposit characteristics. Figure 5 shows that if a deposit is not promptly removed, the strength of the deposit increases many times. Thus, establishing sootblower operating frequency and coverage is also an extremely important facet of the overall problem of ash deposition.

FUEL/AIR MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL

On multi-cyclone installations the feeder drives are calibrated so that uniform fuel flow is delivered for the same master signal. The total air

------------------------------------------------- 14 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 3 Viscosity--temperature relationship. A graph laid out with the x axis in terms of Slag temperature--F incremented every 100 degrees. The y axis is in terms of Viscosity--poise, incremented in logarithmic terms, increment markings as follows: 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000. There are two curves; the leftmost curve begins on the left just before the intersection of 1000 poise and 2000 degrees, then runs downward to where it stops just after the intersection of 20 poise and 2500 degrees; it's marked Reducing atmosphere.

The rightmost curve starts on the left just past the intersection of 10,000 poise and 2100 degrees, then descends where the curve ends at just under 25 poise where it intersects with roughly 2550 degrees.

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page13

nature of ash depositing on boiler surfaces. Deposits are frequently divided into three broad types:

1. Fused slag deposits forming on furnace walls and other surfaces exposed to predominantly radiant heat.

2. High-temperature bonded deposits occurring on convection heating surfaces. especially superheaters and reheaters.

3. Low-temperature deposits occuring on air heaters and economizers.

EFFECT OF OPERATING VARIABLES

Although the predominant factors affecting ash deposition are the amount and composition of the ash, boiler operating conditions have also been demonstrated to affect deposition. Some of the factors that have been studied are excess air, firing method, and deposit-time temperature, which is a function of the gas-tube temperature relationship as well as ash properties.

The effect of excess air variation on viscosity is indicated in Figure 3. It was noted earlier that plastic slag is most difficult to remove from furnace walls, and this figure shows that variations in atmosphere from reducing to oxidizing have a major effect on the nature of the ash. In practical terms this means that care must be exercised in maintaining proper fuel/air ratios at all times. If imbalances are allowed to occur, the slagging may be aggravated. Flame impingement on furnace walls, or operating several cyclones with less than theoretical air required for combustion and others at high excess air levels are typical ways in which this can occur. Increased slagging can also raise temperatures entering the convection pass, which leads to higher gas and deposit temperatures, thereby increasing deposit strength, see Figure 4. Thus,

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nature of ash depositing on boiler surfaces. Deposits are frequently divided into three broad types:

1. Fused slag deposits forming on furnace walls and other surfaces exposed to predominantly radiant heat.

2. High-temperature bonded deposits occurring on convection heating surfaces. especially superheaters and reheaters.

3. Low-temperature deposits occuring on air heaters and economizers.

EFFECT OF OPERATING VARIABLES

Although the predominant factors affecting ash deposition are the amount and composition of the ash, boiler operating conditions have also been demonstrated to affect deposition. Some of the factors that have been studied are excess air, firing method, and deposit-time temperature, which is a function of the gas-tube temperature relationship as well as ash properties.

The effect of excess air variation on viscosity is indicated in Figure 3. It was noted earlier that plastic slag is most difficult to remove from furnace walls, and this figure shows that variations in atmosphere from reducing to oxidizing have a major effect on the nature of the ash. In practical terms this means that care must be exercised in maintaining proper fuel/air ratios at all times. If imbalances are allowed to occur, the slagging may be aggravated. Flame impingement on furnace walls, or operating several cyclones with less than theoretical air required for combustion and others at high excess air levels are typical ways in which this can occur. Increased slagging can also raise temperatures entering the convection pass, which leads to higher gas and deposit temperatures, thereby increasing deposit strength, see Figure 4. Thus,

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Alt = Labeled at the top as Table 1 Design parameters--coal and coal ash and it's a full page of texts organized into 3 major boxes, then further categorized and subcatagorized to the point that it basically defies alt-text transcription. There is a large box at the top labeled Fuel Characteristics, containing 2 categories labeled Properties of coal substance and Properties of coal ash respectively. Each has a subheader labeled Technological properties and under each of those is an enumerated list of the same. At the bottom of this large box is an arrow pointing to it, which is connected to arrows pointing to the other two boxes laid out below it.

The bottom left box is the next largest of the set, titled Boiler Design and Operation; listed under that are 6 items under which are those items' subdivisions and the best thing to do is to follow the main text regarding these. Off to the right side of this box is a 2-way arrow pointing to itself and the box to the right of it, labeled Sootblower Design and Operation, the smallest of the set and easier to write alt-text for. Like the others, it has an enumerated list of items each with their own subdivision lists.

The items in the smallest box about sootblower design are: 1.Blowing medium; 2.Type of sootblower; 3. Location and spacing of sootblowers {this one has no subdivisions}; Sootblower nozzles; 5. Lance-tube speed; Frequency of blower operation {this item has no subdivisions}. Blowing medium is further subdivided with alphabetic designations, in this order: air or steam; pressure; temperature. Type of sootblower is further divided with alphabetic designations in this order: short retractable; long retractable; fixed position rotating; traveling frame. Sootblower nozzles is further divided with alphabetic designations in this order: type; size; number; angle of attack. Lance-tube speed s further divided with alphabetic designations in this order: rotational; axial.

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page12

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Alt = Labeled at the top as Table 1 Design parameters--coal and coal ash and it's a full page of texts organized into 3 major boxes, then further categorized and subcatagorized to the point that it basically defies alt-text transcription. There is a large box at the top labeled Fuel Characteristics, containing 2 categories labeled Properties of coal substance and Properties of coal ash respectively. Each has a subheader labeled Technological properties and under each of those is an enumerated list of the same. At the bottom of this large box is an arrow pointing to it, which is connected to arrows pointing to the other two boxes laid out below it.

The bottom left box is the next largest of the set, titled Boiler Design and Operation; listed under that are 6 items under which are those items' subdivisions and the best thing to do is to follow the main text regarding these. Off to the right side of this box is a 2-way arrow pointing to itself and the box to the right of it, labeled Sootblower Design and Operation, the smallest of the set and easier to write alt-text for. Like the others, it has an enumerated list of items each with their own subdivision lists.

The items in the smallest box about sootblower design are: 1.Blowing medium; 2.Type of sootblower; 3. Location and spacing of sootblowers {this one has no subdivisions}; Sootblower nozzles; 5. Lance-tube speed; Frequency of blower operation {this item has no subdivisions}. Blowing medium is further subdivided with alphabetic designations, in this order: air or steam; pressure; temperature. Type of sootblower is further divided with alphabetic designations in this order: short retractable; long retractable; fixed position rotating; traveling frame. Sootblower nozzles is further divided with alphabetic designations in this order: type; size; number; angle of attack. Lance-tube speed s further divided with alphabetic designations in this order: rotational; axial.

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page11

2,600 F is considered maximum. Somewhat lower temperatures may be desirable for fuels with high moisture content and low heating values.

COAL-ASH DEPOSITION

Ash deposition in various boiler zones is an important factor to be considered by the boiler operator. Initially, ash deposits on furnace walls act as insulation, thereby delaying the cooling of flue gases. This can cause an increase in steam temperature and is one factor that can cause the deposits to advance into normally cooler parts of the boiler. If the deposits are not removed during operation, accumulations forming on the furnace walls may cause excessive gas temperatures downstream, or in some cases, these accumulations may fall and damage pressure components. Accumulations in tube banks may block gas passes and require a boiler outage for cleaning.

The occurrence and severity of ash deposition depend largely on the coal-ash composition and amount of coal-ash, but can be strongly influenced by the method of firing, design of equipment, and operating conditions. Some of the influencing conditions are shown in Table 1.

ASH-DEPOSIT TYPES

A portion of the coal-ash and the combustion by-products is carried by the flue gases through the boiler, regardless of the method of coal firing. Much of the ash passes through the boiler without depositing, or in the case of the slag-tap-furnace, is removed as molten slag. The ash passing through the boiler is subject to various chemical reactions and physical forces which lead to deposition on tube surfaces. Flue-gas particles, metal temperatures, gas velocity, and flow patterns, as well as other factors,

such as particle size and composition, influence the amount and

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