#restingstatefmri — Public Fediverse posts
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DATE: August 3, 2026 at 06:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------TITLE: Scientists discover new insights into how mindfulness practices shift the brain’s neural landscape
New research provides evidence that group-based mindfulness and compassion programs tend to alter specific patterns of brain activity and improve how people relate to themselves. Three new papers published in the journals Mindfulness, the Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, and Scientific Reports detail how these therapeutic programs reduce internal criticism and foster a sense of connection with others. These changes correspond with physical shifts in how emotional and executive control centers in the brain communicate.
Many psychological therapies focus on modifying self-related traits, such as self-judgment, rumination, and an internal sense of isolation. Self-judgment involves adopting a harsh, critical view of one’s own perceived flaws. Rumination is the tendency to repetitively dwell on negative past experiences.
These mental habits are transdiagnostic, meaning they frequently appear across a wide range of distinct mental health conditions like depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. High levels of these traits are associated with poorer emotional recovery and a lower quality of life.
“My primary research area is psychological trauma, especially regarding developing and optimizing psychosocial intervention for trauma survivors,” said Diane Joss, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the Center for Mindfulness and Compassion at the Cambridge Health Alliance and Harvard Medical School. “Among trauma survivors, distorted self-referential processes (e.g., thinking or feeling negatively toward oneself) is the underlying factor impacting a wide range of psychological symptoms and interferes with therapy progress.”
To address this, scientists look at neural plasticity, which refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new connections. This adaptability is essential for learning new habits and recovering from psychological distress.
“My prior research showed mindfulness meditation is very beneficial for childhood trauma survivors, with neural plasticity being observed at the hippocampus and amygdala that supported clinical improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms,” Joss said. “However, the mechanisms for how these therapeutic effects are achieved still need further investigation.”
In 2025, Joss and her colleagues published a study in the Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders testing whether a program specifically targeting self-compassion could aid patients with clinical anxiety or depression. The sample included 24 adults, the vast majority of whom had more than one psychological diagnosis. These participants completed an eight-week mindful self-compassion program that focused on cultivating inner warmth and coping with difficult emotions.
The researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, to scan the participants’ resting brains before and after the intervention. They specifically looked at how a central brain hub called the posterior cingulate cortex communicated with other regions. This hub is heavily involved in wandering thoughts and self-referential mental processes.
Following the training, the participants reported a large absolute reduction in self-judgment, with a standardized effect size of -1.04 compared to their starting scores. They also reported a large absolute increase in self-compassion, characterized by an effect size of 1.20. Patients who scored above the median level for childhood trauma exposure experienced the greatest improvements in both areas.
The brain scans revealed that reduced self-judgment was associated with increased connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and frontal brain regions responsible for language and executive control. At the same time, this central hub showed reduced connectivity with the amygdala and hippocampus, which are core components of the brain’s fear circuitry. This pattern suggests that self-compassion training might help quiet the brain’s fear responses while strengthening cognitive regulation over self-critical inner speech.
Building on this neurobiological research, Joss wanted to explore similar brain changes in a broader population. In a paper authored by Joss and published in the journal Mindfulness, the researcher conducted a secondary analysis of a trial involving 64 healthy adults.
The participants were randomly assigned to one of two eight-week programs. Thirty-nine adults joined a mindfulness stress reduction group, which taught meditation techniques like breath awareness and body scanning. Twenty-five adults joined an active control group focused on general stress management education, such as learning about nutrition, time management, and sleep hygiene.
Joss analyzed two distinct pairs of mental traits: self-judgment versus self-kindness, and rumination versus self-reflection. Self-reflection differs from rumination in that it involves a more analytical, open approach to understanding one’s inner thoughts. Before and after the eight-week period, the participants completed psychological questionnaires and underwent fMRI scanning.
The scanner tracked blood flow to measure spontaneous neural activity, allowing the researcher to observe the brain’s natural baseline function without asking the participant to complete a cognitive task.
“I conducted this study by analyzing data from a longitudinal MRI study on the effects of meditation for several self-related traits, such as self-judgment and self-kindness, as well as rumination and reflection,” Joss told PsyPost. “Although this dataset was not from a population who experienced trauma, the generalizable knowledge on how meditation practices promotes neural plasticity related to self-related processes has fundamental value for informing future research and clinical development.”
Joss found that participants in the mindfulness group experienced improvements in all measured traits. They reported an absolute increase in self-kindness, with an effect size of 0.99, which represents a large magnitude of positive change relative to their baseline scores. They also reported reduced self-judgment with an effect size of -0.58, lowered rumination with an effect size of -0.41, and decreased self-reflection with an effect size of -0.41.
The control group did not have a statistically significant change in rumination or reflection. They did report a moderate increase in self-kindness, with an effect size of 0.52, and a reduction in self-judgment, with an effect size of -0.44. Statistical tests comparing the interaction between the group assignments and time showed that the overall differences between the two groups’ psychological outcomes were not statistically significant.
Next, the scientist looked at the brain scans to see how these psychological changes matched up with resting brain activity. In the mindfulness group, increased self-kindness was associated with higher spontaneous activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. This brain region is heavily involved in executive functioning, which encompasses skills like planning, focus, and inhibiting impulsive thoughts.
Decreased rumination in the mindfulness group was linked to lowered activity in the temporoparietal junction. This area is associated with processing social information, empathy, and adopting the perspectives of others. Interestingly, a decrease in reflection was tied to higher activity in different parts of this exact same brain region.
The author proposes that mindfulness training provides evidence of a shifting neural landscape. This biological change tends to enable people to consciously override negative biases and relate to themselves with greater executive control.
“For people who have a tendency to think or feel negatively toward oneself (e.g., self-criticism, self-blame, self-doubt, low self-esteem), it can be helpful to try meditation practices for cultivating compassion toward yourself,” Joss said. “You can start by simply noticing the negative self-talk without judging yourself for having them, followed by giving yourself kind understanding and warm validation. Over time, the neural circuitry that supported the habitual patterns of being harsh toward yourself will be trained to shift toward a new mentality of self-compassion.”
Later in 2026, Joss and her colleagues published a third study in the journal Scientific Reports, exploring the social elements of psychological recovery. The authors analyzed data from 60 adults diagnosed with PTSD who participated in a 16-week online therapy program. The patients were randomly assigned to one of two group-based interventions.
Half of the participants underwent a therapy focused on resolving internal emotional conflicts through contemplative practices. This approach teaches patients to view internal conflicts as different parts of their personality and helps them apply compassion to those fragmented parts. The other half watched nature videos as a group and discussed how nature aids in stress reduction.
The researchers measured changes in the participants’ PTSD symptoms, their ability to regulate emotions, and their subjective sense of isolation. Both therapy formats resulted in improvements in PTSD symptoms, with statistical analysis showing the differences between the two interventions were not statistically significant.
A specific variance analysis revealed that an improved ability to regulate emotions accounted for about 13 to 17 percent of the symptom reduction. A reduced sense of isolation explained roughly 9 to 10 percent of the improvement across both groups.
Using a statistical method called path analysis, the researchers mapped out the likely sequence of psychological changes. They found that participating in either group reduced the patients’ sense of isolation. This reduction in feeling alone was linked to lower self-judgment and better emotion regulation, which in turn predicted a drop in PTSD symptoms. The authors propose that simply being part of a supportive group environment helps normalize suffering and reduces feelings of alienation.
These findings rely heavily on self-reported questionnaires to measure internal traits like self-judgment and isolation. Self-reports tend to be influenced by social desirability, meaning participants might unconsciously answer in ways they feel are expected of them. Brain imaging data also requires cautious interpretation.
Observing that brain connectivity changes at the same time a psychological trait changes does not definitively prove that the neural shift caused the mental shift. Experimental designs using a single treatment group without a non-intervention control make it difficult to completely isolate the specific effects of the therapy from the mere passage of time.
Small sample sizes in some of these analyses limit how broadly the findings can be applied to the general population. The participants were predominantly highly educated and mostly identified as white and female. Future research will need to enroll larger, more diverse groups of people to verify these results.
Subsequent studies should also compare group therapy formats directly against one-on-one therapy. This comparison would help isolate exactly how much of a treatment’s success comes from social interaction versus the specific therapeutic curriculum.
The study, “Neural Correlates of Meditation‑Induced Changes in Self‑Related Traits: A Resting State fMRI Study,” was authored by Diane Joss.
The study, “Neural correlates of reduction in self-judgment after mindful self-compassion training: A pilot study with resting state fMRI,” was authored by Diane Joss, Michael Datko, Charisma I. Washington, Mary A. Tresvalles, Mihriye Mete, Sara W. Lazar, Zev Schuman-Olivier, and Elizabeth A. Hoge.
The study, “The role of reduced sense of isolation in group-format PTSD treatment,” was authored by Diane Joss, Alexandra Comeau, Hanna Soumerai Rea, Adhithi Rajan, Martha Sweezy, and Zev Schuman-Olivier.
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#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #MindfulnessNeuroscience #SelfCompassion #NeuralPlasticity # PTSDRecovery #BrainConnectivity #MindfulnessTraining #SelfJudgmentReduction #EmotionalRegulation #GroupTherapyBenefits #RestingStatefMRI
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DATE: July 31, 2026 at 02:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------TITLE: Brain activity patterns may shape how we remember childhood trauma
URL: https://www.psypost.org/brain-activity-patterns-may-shape-how-we-remember-childhood-trauma/
Recent research suggests a person’s innate brain activity patterns might influence how they subjectively experience childhood adversity, which in turn shapes their vulnerability to depression. The findings propose a specific biological and psychological sequence that could help explain why some people develop traits that predispose them to mood disorders. The study was published in the *Journal of Affective Disorders*.
To understand mental health risks, psychology frequently looks at an individual’s basic temperament. Temperaments are innate, enduring traits that dictate how a person generally reacts to the world. A depressive temperament is considered a subclinical condition, meaning it is not a diagnosis of full-blown depression. Instead, it is a baseline personality disposition characterized by persistent seriousness, low energy, and a tendency toward sadness. Research shows that possessing these specific traits acts as a biological vulnerability marker for developing a major depressive disorder later in life.
Childhood maltreatment is another widely recognized risk factor for depression. Maltreatment includes both active abuse, like physical or emotional harm, and passive neglect, such as ignoring a child’s basic needs. Individuals who endure chronic stress during their developmental years often face a higher likelihood of long-term emotional dysregulation. However, the exact biological mechanisms that connect early life adversity to a permanent depressive temperament have remained partially obscured.
Typically, studies frame childhood trauma as an external force that alters the developing brain, which then produces a vulnerability to mood disorders. Wenjin Zou and Huiyuan Huang, researchers affiliated with Guangzhou Medical University in China, wanted to test a slightly different physiological sequence. The research team proposed that preexisting, localized brain mechanisms might actually shape how a person internally processes and remembers adverse childhood events. In this model, the brain’s innate wiring dictates the subjective severity of the trauma, and that subjective pain is what fosters a depressive temperament.
To investigate this idea, the researchers recruited 97 healthy adult participants from the general community. They screened the volunteers to ensure none had a history of psychiatric disorders, neurological conditions, or major medical illnesses. The participants then completed standard psychological questionnaires designed to capture their basic personality traits and their history of early life stress. One questionnaire measured the severity and frequency of various forms of childhood abuse and neglect based entirely on the participant’s retrospective memory. Another assessment measured the presence of a depressive temperament based on daily thoughts and behaviors.
Following the questionnaires, the participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. A functional MRI scanner detects changes in blood flow within the brain, providing a map of neural activity. In a resting-state scan, the participants simply lie in the machine with their eyes closed and let their minds wander without engaging in any specific mental task. This allows researchers to observe spontaneous brain activity, reflecting the brain’s natural, default state of operation.
The team analyzed the imaging data using a metric called regional homogeneity. This analytical technique measures how synchronized the spontaneous activity is within small, clustered areas of the brain. When local groups of brain cells fire together in perfect harmony, regional homogeneity is high. When nearby cells act out of sync with one another, the local homogeneity levels are low. Alterations in these local synchronization patterns often point to specialized neural adaptations or vulnerabilities.
When comparing the brain scans to the survey results, the researchers found a direct association between the severity of recalled childhood maltreatment and regional homogeneity in three specific brain areas. The first region was the right hippocampus, a structure deeply involved in forming memories and managing emotions. People who reported higher levels of childhood trauma showed increased synchronization in this area. This heightened activity might reflect a neural adaptation that makes a person more sensitive to encoding traumatic memories.
The second area showing increased synchronization was the left insular cortex. This region acts as a hub for internal bodily awareness and detecting environmental threats. Elevated synchronization here could indicate a persistent state of physical hypervigilance developed in response to early life stress. Conversely, the researchers noted a decrease in regional homogeneity in the right lingual gyrus, an area dedicated to visual processing. A drop in synchronization here might suggest the brain is adaptively disengaging from trauma-related visual cues.
To test the strength of these brain markers, the researchers employed a machine learning technique known as support vector regression. They fed the localized brain activity data into a computer algorithm to see if it could predict an individual’s childhood trauma score without looking at the actual questionnaire results. The algorithm successfully matched the brain patterns to the severity of the maltreatment reported by the subjects. This demonstrated a tight mathematical relationship between localized spontaneous brain activity and the memory of early life adversity.
The primary focus of the study involved a statistical technique called mediation analysis. Mediation analysis tests whether a middle variable acts as an explanatory bridge connecting a starting variable to a final outcome. The researchers wanted to know if subjective childhood trauma bridges the gap between spontaneous brain activity and a depressive temperament. They set up mathematical models to calculate the flow of these relationships across all 97 participants.
The analysis revealed a specific, one-way path connecting the three factors. Spontaneous brain activity in the hippocampus and the insular cortex was associated with how severely the participants rated their childhood trauma. That subjective severity rating was then directly associated with the intensity of their depressive temperament. When the researchers tested an alternative model assuming trauma caused the brain changes which then caused the temperament, the statistical relationships were not statistically significant.
This pathway suggests that innate neural activity influences an individual’s psychological appraisal of their environment. Rather than just being a passive record of historical events, the brain’s baseline synchronization might dictate how intensely a person feels and remembers their past trauma. The subjective weight of those memories then appears to nurture the development of a lifelong depressive disposition. By acting as a perceptive filter, the brain’s original state plays an active role in translating the environment into a clinical vulnerability.
The authors noted several limitations in their research design. The study relied on cross-sectional data, meaning all the information was gathered at a single point in time. Because the researchers did not follow the participants from childhood into adulthood, they cannot definitively prove the chronological order of these biological and psychological changes. They can only point out that the variables are statistically linked in the present.
Additionally, the measurement of childhood trauma relied exclusively on retrospective self-reporting. Questionnaires inherently capture a person’s subjective memory of an event rather than an objective historical record. There is a possibility that people who already possess a depressive temperament simply remember their childhoods more negatively than others. Relying on self-reporting makes it difficult to separate true environmental exposure from the influence of current mood states.
The machine learning analysis also utilized a process that can sometimes generate overly optimistic results. The algorithm learned from the same overall dataset that it was ultimately tested on. In predictive statistics, this can inflate the apparent accuracy of the mathematical model. Future studies will need to train algorithms on one group of people and test them on an entirely separate group to verify the strength of the brain signatures.
Future research will also need to expand beyond healthy community samples. Investigating individuals actively diagnosed with major depressive disorder could reveal whether these same pathways operate differently during a clinical mental health crisis. Following a group of people over many years, while keeping objective records of their early life environments, would help clarify exactly how the brain and childhood adversity interact over an entire lifespan.
The study, “Childhood maltreatment mediates the effect of spontaneous brain activity on depressive temperament,” was authored by Wenjin Zou, Huiyuan Huang, Liangda Zhong, Sha Liu, Zezhi Li, Ruiwang Huang, Shufei Zhang, and Huawang Wu.
URL: https://www.psypost.org/brain-activity-patterns-may-shape-how-we-remember-childhood-trauma/
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#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #BrainActivity #ChildhoodTrauma #DepressiveTemperament #MediationAnalysis #RestingStatefMRI #NeuralMarkers #HippocampusFunction #InsularCortex #DepressionRisk #EarlyLifeAdversity
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DATE: July 26, 2026 at 12:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------TITLE: Scientists map the brain’s attention networks in children with ADHD
URL: https://www.psypost.org/brain-connectivity-for-attention-operates-on-a-unified-spectrum/
The brain systems that help children maintain focus seem to operate on a single shared spectrum, regardless of whether a child has an attention disorder. A large new study shows that the neurological markers of attention abilities do not differ between children with and without a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The research was published in the *Journal of Attention Disorders*.
Attention is not a simple all-or-nothing trait. People possess varying levels of what psychologists call inhibitory control of attention. This is the cognitive skill that allows someone to focus on a specific task or stimulus while tuning out background distractions.
Deficits in this specific type of attention are highly common in neurodevelopmental conditions like ADHD. Because these attention difficulties can impact academic performance and daily life, medical researchers want to understand the underlying brain physiology. This knowledge can help guide clinical therapies for those who struggle the most.
Traditionally, psychiatric research has relied heavily on categorical diagnostic groups. This approach assumes that people with a condition like ADHD are fundamentally distinct from people without it. This traditional method helps doctors communicate efficiently about treatments, but it can mask the immense variability that exists within any single diagnostic group.
By contrast, modern frameworks propose studying human behavior along a continuous spectrum. Under this model, cognitive abilities and deficits are viewed as traits that everyone possesses to varying degrees. The new findings lend strong support to this dimensional approach for investigating neurodevelopmental outcomes.
To explore this concept, scientists use a tool called functional magnetic resonance imaging. Commonly known as fMRI, this technology measures brain activity by detecting subtle changes associated with blood flow. When neurons become active, they require more oxygen, which is transported by the blood.
Specifically, scientists look at functional connectivity, which maps how different regions of the brain communicate and synchronize their resting activity. When multiple brain areas activate together in an organized way, they form intricate functional networks. These networks manage everything from processing visual information to governing complex behaviors.
Prior research has linked particular brain networks to attention skills, while separate lines of research have linked other networks to ADHD diagnoses. Yet it remained unknown if having an official ADHD diagnosis changes the fundamental relationship between a person’s attention skills and their brain connectivity. Answering this question helps psychologists determine the most effective ways to model cognitive disorders.
Kelsey Harkness, a researcher at the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute at the University of Calgary, led the new investigation to bridge this gap. Her team wanted to test if children with ADHD exist along the same continuum of brain and behavior associations as children without the diagnosis. They approached the investigation from a purely analytical standpoint to avoid past biases.
The researchers utilized information from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development database. This is a massive, long-term national project collecting neuroimaging and psychological data from children across the United States. The database aims to provide a highly representative sample of the nation’s youth for scientific inquiry.
For this large study, Harkness and her colleagues analyzed data from just over 7,000 children who were either nine or ten years old. Within this group, nearly 500 children had a current diagnosis of ADHD. The rest of the children served as a baseline control group.
To measure inhibitory control of attention, the subjects completed a standardized assessment called the Flanker task. During this test, children must identify the direction of a central arrow on a screen while ignoring surrounding arrows that point in either the same or opposite directions. The test determines a score based on both accuracy and reaction time.
The team also analyzed resting-state fMRI scans for all the children involved. Unlike traditional fMRI studies where subjects perform academic tasks while inside the scanner, resting-state scans observe the brain while a person is simply lying still and remaining awake. This allows the scanner to record the brain’s default communication patterns.
Task-based imaging can sometimes be complicated by how well or poorly a participant performs the required test while inside the machine. A child who is anxious about the loud, confined space of an MRI scanner might score poorly, skewing the functional connectivity data. Resting-state scans minimize this performance pressure, allowing scientists to identify the inherent communication routes within the nervous system.
The data analysis revealed independent patterns linking resting brain connectivity to both attention scores and diagnostic status. For instance, the children’s performance on the Flanker task correlated with connectivity in specific cortical circuits, such as the visual baseline networks. It also aligned with regions involved in sensory and motor processing, particularly those related to physical mouth or hand movements.
Separately, having an ADHD diagnosis was associated with connectivity patterns in entirely different brain regions. These connections primarily involved the ventral attention and auditory networks. These systems typically help the brain orient to unexpected sounds or new stimuli in the surrounding environment.
When the researchers compared the networks linked to attention scores with the networks linked to ADHD, they found no overlap. The brain connectivity differences associated with an ADHD diagnosis were completely distinct from the connectivity differences associated with basic attention skills. This divergence suggests that different behavioral traits depend on separate neurological pathways.
Most importantly, the team tested whether an ADHD diagnosis altered the relationship between a child’s attention score and their brain connectivity. The results of this specific test were not statistically significant.
This lack of an interaction means the neural wiring associated with inhibitory control looks essentially identical across both groups. A child with ADHD who scores poorly on the attention test has the same related brain connectivity as a neurotypical child who scores poorly.
The findings support the idea that attention abilities exist on a single, continuous spectrum for all children. It suggests that researchers can study fundamental cognitive traits across the entire population, rather than isolating individuals into rigid diagnostic categories. This framework aligns perfectly with transdiagnostic models of mental health.
The discovery that completely different brain networks relate to ADHD and attention also provides new insight into the disorder itself. It implies that the functional connectivity differences seen in children with ADHD might be driven by environmental factors or other symptoms. Diagnostic brain markers are likely influenced by a broad range of developmental variables beyond just the ability to tune out distractions.
Despite the large sample size, the researchers noted several limitations to their current analysis. The study only included children who were nine and ten years old, limiting the ability to generalize the results to younger children, teenagers, or adults.
Attention abilities and brain networks both develop and change rapidly as children grow. Certain networks become more robust during adolescence, while others scale back. Future developmental studies will need to track participants across different age ranges to see if this unified spectrum of attention stays consistent throughout the human lifespan.
The research team also relied on a single computer assessment, the Flanker task, to measure inhibitory control. Different types of attention tasks often engage slightly different brain networks. Using multiple assessments combined might yield a more rounded picture of childhood cognitive function in future projects.
Finally, the study calculated functional connectivity broadly across large, predefined cortical networks. This macro-level view prevented the researchers from examining the influence of smaller, deeper brain structures. Aggregating the data into twelve overarching networks simplifies the analysis but obscures fine-scale neurological mapping.
Deeper regions like the thalamus and striatum are known to play regulatory roles in attention. They are also frequent pharmacological targets for stimulant treatments prescribed to children with hyperactivity. Future investigations that look at the brain at a finer spatial scale could reveal additional details about the physiology of these conditions.
Ultimately, learning exactly how cognitive impairments relate to brain architecture can help medical professionals develop highly personalized interventions. By viewing attention as a continuum rather than a strictly binary trait, scientists hope to foster better long-term outcomes for all patients. Expanding on these transdiagnostic frameworks could redefine how developmental disorders are diagnosed and treated in the future.
The study, “The Relationship Between Inhibitory Control of Attention and fMRI Functional Connectivity in Children With and Without ADHD,” was authored by Kelsey Harkness, Matthias Wilms, Kate J. Godfrey, Signe Bray, and Kara Murias.
URL: https://www.psypost.org/brain-connectivity-for-attention-operates-on-a-unified-spectrum/
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#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #ADHD #AttentionNetworks #fMRIFunctionalConnectivity #InhibitoryControl #Neurodevelopment #RestingStatefMRI #BrainConnectivity #Transdiagnostic #AttentionSpectrum #PediatricNeuroscience