#publicgood — Public Fediverse posts
Live and recent posts from across the Fediverse tagged #publicgood, aggregated by home.social.
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The Guardian: It’s time for Mark Zuckerberg to resign from Meta. “Ushering in hope for the future of technology requires changing Meta’s leadership now, so that the future is collectively imagined and built upon a new reputation and commitment. Zuckerberg does not deserve another chance simply because he can afford it. We as a society ultimately pay for his mistakes. Now is the time for […]
https://rbfirehose.com/2026/09/05/the-guardian-its-time-for-mark-zuckerberg-to-resign-from-meta/ -
The Verge: Is this the future of America?. ” Within the past few years, data centers have been elevated from an unremarkable part of daily life in Loudoun to something that many residents now think about every day. For some, it’s the constant hum they hear from their decks; for others, it’s the transmission towers that loom over their favorite green space, or the surprise call from their […]
https://rbfirehose.com/2026/09/03/the-verge-is-this-the-future-of-america/ -
The Verge: Is this the future of America?. ” Within the past few years, data centers have been elevated from an unremarkable part of daily life in Loudoun to something that many residents now think about every day. For some, it’s the constant hum they hear from their decks; for others, it’s the transmission towers that loom over their favorite green space, or the surprise call from their […]
https://rbfirehose.com/2026/09/03/the-verge-is-this-the-future-of-america/ -
The Verge: Is this the future of America?. ” Within the past few years, data centers have been elevated from an unremarkable part of daily life in Loudoun to something that many residents now think about every day. For some, it’s the constant hum they hear from their decks; for others, it’s the transmission towers that loom over their favorite green space, or the surprise call from their […]
https://rbfirehose.com/2026/09/03/the-verge-is-this-the-future-of-america/ -
The Verge: Is this the future of America?. ” Within the past few years, data centers have been elevated from an unremarkable part of daily life in Loudoun to something that many residents now think about every day. For some, it’s the constant hum they hear from their decks; for others, it’s the transmission towers that loom over their favorite green space, or the surprise call from their […]
https://rbfirehose.com/2026/09/03/the-verge-is-this-the-future-of-america/ -
The Verge: Is this the future of America?. ” Within the past few years, data centers have been elevated from an unremarkable part of daily life in Loudoun to something that many residents now think about every day. For some, it’s the constant hum they hear from their decks; for others, it’s the transmission towers that loom over their favorite green space, or the surprise call from their […]
https://rbfirehose.com/2026/09/03/the-verge-is-this-the-future-of-america/ -
Trump, Paxton, The Founders, And America’s Long Excuse For Powerful Men
Stop assuming corruption defeats MAGA. America’s history shows powerful men, from slaveholding founders to corporate-backed authoritarianism, get a pass unless people organize for accountability.
#abolitionists #Accountability #AmericanExceptionalism #AmericanHistory #authoritarianism #corporatePower #CorporateWelfare #democracy #DemocraticSocialism #DonaldTrump #FoundingFathers #Healthcare #hiroshima #Inequality #KenPaxton #MAGA #MedicareForAll #moralityInPolitics #nagasaki #nuclearWeapons #Patients #politicalHypocrisy #PoliticsDoneRight #ProgressivePolitics #publicGood #publicOwnership #RepublicanCorruption #SallyHemings #selectiveAccountability #slavery #socialJustice #socialism #texasPolitics #ThomasJefferson #workers https://wp.me/p1OjMZ-p79 -
A quotation from Bertrand Russell
All the governments of the world adopt elaborate methods of concealing truths which they consider undesirable, and inflict various forms of penalty upon those who spread knowledge which is thought bad for the population This applies especially to knowledge of the kind which is considered seditious, and the kind which is considered obscene. I shall not give instances, since, if I did, I should myself fall under the ban of the law.
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) English mathematician and philosopher
Education and the Social Order [Education and the Modern World], ch. 1 “The Individual versus the Citizen” (1932)More about this quote: wist.info/russell-bertrand/853…
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #bertrandrussell #censorship #control #freepress #freespeech #government #knowledge #obscenity #pornography #publicgood #sedition #suppression #treason #truth
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New Digital Tool Helps Farmers Boost Biodiversity In Scotland [spatial]
(The app is underpinned by trusted data from [UK] Ordnance Survey)
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https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/news/new-biodiversity-tool-in-scotland <-- shared technical article
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https://biodiversity.scot/ <-- shared Farm Biodiversity Scotland (FarmBioScot) home page
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https://www.nature.scot/ <-- shated NatureScot home page
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H/T @Ordnance Survey
“Most of us use maps to find places. Farmers in Scotland are now using them to help restore nature. 🌿
A new tool from NatureScot powered by Ordnance Survey data, is being tested with farmers and crofters and helps them map habitats, record wildlife observations and track biodiversity improvements across their land.
By turning trusted location data into practical insights, FarmBioScot makes it easier to understand the environmental value of the land they manage, support nature recovery and meet requirements for The Scottish Government support schemes.
It's a great example of how geospatial data can help people make better decisions - benefiting both rural businesses and the natural environment…”
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“NatureScot, Scotland’s nature agency, is testing a new digital tool with farmers and crofters across Scotland to help them consider nature in their business management. The new platform, powered by Ordnance Survey (OS) data, will also make it easier for them to meet requirements for government support schemes.
Farm Biodiversity Scotland (FarmBioScot) enables users to map habitats, record wildlife observations and track biodiversity improvements on their land through a simple platform, available via both app and web. The tool supports the Scottish Government’s wider ambitions to restore nature while helping farmers demonstrate the environmental value of the land they manage…”
#GIS #spatial #mapping #biodiversity #digitaltool #usecase #farming #crofters #agriculture #UK #Scotland #NatureScot #habitat #survey #monitoring #wildlife #FarmBioScot #FarmBiodiversityScotland #environment #value #return #funding #records #metrics #rural #business #farm #management #opendata #opensource #publicgood
#NatureScot | #OrdnanceSurvey -
Watching A #NOAA #Webinar on Flash Droughts
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https://noaaresearch.webex.com/wbxmjs/joinservice/sites/noaaresearch/meeting/download/9b3e684d45ca47fc9469070eabd9a142?MTID=m2fa4a8af7bd8647fc48619af5eeecb5a <-- shared NOAA Summer Science Series individual webinar
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https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/flash-drought <-- shared NOAA overview technical article
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https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/star/NOAAScienceSeminars.php <-- subscribe to the NOAA Summer Science Series
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00618-0 <-- shared paper
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https://communities.springernature.com/posts/the-prevalent-life-cycle-of-agricultural-flash-droughts <-- shared technical article (derived from paper above)
H/T @Jeffrey Basara PhD, MBA | Chair and Professor - Department of Environmental, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell | Co-Founder - American Prime Sustainable Solutions
[Flash floods? not TOO hard to conceptualise.
Flash drought? harder to 'get my head around', but H/T / presenter does an excellent job!]
"Not all droughts are the same. In some cases, drought rapidly intensifies at subseasonal to seasonal scales with significant impacts to agriculture and water resources along with the increased propensity for heatwaves and wildfires. Like all droughts, flash drought begins with a precipitation deficit. However, both evaporative demand and soil moisture are critical flash drought variables, and identifying and monitoring the desiccation of the terrestrial surface is key for determining flash drought development and associated impacts. While recent advances in knowledge and monitoring of flash drought have occurred, fundamental questions remain in the state of the science. What are the overall mechanistic relationships between atmospheric demand, evaporative stress, terrestrial desiccation, and precipitation that drive the progression of flash drought? Do regional characteristics of the environment impact the evolution of flash drought? What are the scales of predictability for flash drought? Finally, how will flash drought frequency and intensity evolve in a changing climate system"
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"Flash drought intensifies rapidly due to changes in precipitation, temperature, wind, and radiation. These changes in the weather increase evapotranspiration and lower soil moisture. Flash droughts can cause extensive damage to agriculture, economies, and ecosystems if they are not predicted and discovered early..."
#water #hydrology #fedscience #publicgood #hydrologicdrought #waterdeficit #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #watersecurity #risk #hazard #humanimpacts #streamflow #riverflow #groundwater #surfacewater #climate #weather #climatechange #extremeweather #atmosphere #metrology #regional #global #farming #agriculture #fluvial #pluvial #rainfall #precipitation #cloudcover #energy #heat #temperature #ET #evapotranspiration #farming #agriculture #foodsecurity #waterresources #dynamicsystems #watermanagement #flashdrought #drought #susceptibility #monitoring #prediction #model #modeling
@noaa -
If Acts Happened Today, Would We Call It Communism?
For many, "communism" has become less a political philosophy and more a conversation stopper. But is every effort to use our shared resources to care for the poor, the sick, and the vulnerable really communism? This article examines the difference between political labels and biblical principles, comparing the teachings of the early Church with today's political rhetoric. -
Internet Archive Blog: Preserving the First Draft of History: Reflections from the National Summit on Local News Preservation. “According to the Pew Research Center, 38% of webpages that existed in 2013 are already gone and nearly a quarter of news webpages contain at least one broken link. The local record of our communities is vanishing in real time. This urgent challenge is what brought two […]
https://rbfirehose.com/2026/07/01/preserving-the-first-draft-of-history-reflections-from-the-national-summit-on-local-news-preservation-internet-archive-blog/ -
TechSpot: Big Tech’s $8 trillion AI bet is making consoles, cars, and electricity more expensive for everyone else. “The rapid build-out of artificial-intelligence infrastructure is no longer just a software story; it is increasingly a supply-chain story, and it is beginning to show up in higher costs. As tech giants pour hundreds of billions into AI infrastructure, higher hardware, power, and […]
https://rbfirehose.com/2026/07/01/techspot-big-techs-8-trillion-ai-bet-is-making-consoles-cars-and-electricity-more-expensive-for-everyone-else/ -
Ars Technica: Trump’s plan to redesign every .gov website leads to AI-designed horrors. “Last August, Trump created the National Design Studio, or NDS, by executive order. A temporary DOGE-like entity that answers only to the president, NDS was tasked with creating new standards to update the US Web Design System (USWDS) and overhaul 27,000 dot-gov websites in just three years…. Most people […]
https://rbfirehose.com/2026/07/01/ars-technica-trumps-plan-to-redesign-every-gov-website-leads-to-ai-designed-horrors/ -
Influence Of Modeling Assumptions On Pedestrian Evacuation Success For Non-Eruptive Lahar Hazards At Mount Rainier, Washington
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106132 <-- shared paper
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https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/697ba3e5b66b0197c3043d2f <-- shared, related open data source
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[I still remember working on and being fascinated by lahars being an engineering geologist in Washington State (and from my time studying in New Zealand), although (of course) not to this level of detail/focus]
#volcano #lahar #evacuation #exposure #model #modeling #engineeringeology #risk #hazard #naturalhazard #MountRainer #Washington #USA #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #emergencymanagement #GIS #spatial #mapping #publicsafety #hazardzone #vulcanism #downstream #debrisflow #massmovement #monitoring #detection #geostatistics #demographics #atrisk #fedscience #publicgood #fedservice #opendata
@USGS -
Influence Of Modeling Assumptions On Pedestrian Evacuation Success For Non-Eruptive Lahar Hazards At Mount Rainier, Washington
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106132 <-- shared paper
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https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/697ba3e5b66b0197c3043d2f <-- shared, related open data source
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[I still remember working on and being fascinated by lahars being an engineering geologist in Washington State (and from my time studying in New Zealand), although (of course) not to this level of detail/focus]
#volcano #lahar #evacuation #exposure #model #modeling #engineeringeology #risk #hazard #naturalhazard #MountRainer #Washington #USA #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #emergencymanagement #GIS #spatial #mapping #publicsafety #hazardzone #vulcanism #downstream #debrisflow #massmovement #monitoring #detection #geostatistics #demographics #atrisk #fedscience #publicgood #fedservice #opendata
@USGS -
Influence Of Modeling Assumptions On Pedestrian Evacuation Success For Non-Eruptive Lahar Hazards At Mount Rainier, Washington
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106132 <-- shared paper
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https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/697ba3e5b66b0197c3043d2f <-- shared, related open data source
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[I still remember working on and being fascinated by lahars being an engineering geologist in Washington State (and from my time studying in New Zealand), although (of course) not to this level of detail/focus]
#volcano #lahar #evacuation #exposure #model #modeling #engineeringeology #risk #hazard #naturalhazard #MountRainer #Washington #USA #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #emergencymanagement #GIS #spatial #mapping #publicsafety #hazardzone #vulcanism #downstream #debrisflow #massmovement #monitoring #detection #geostatistics #demographics #atrisk #fedscience #publicgood #fedservice #opendata
@USGS -
Influence Of Modeling Assumptions On Pedestrian Evacuation Success For Non-Eruptive Lahar Hazards At Mount Rainier, Washington
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106132 <-- shared paper
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https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/697ba3e5b66b0197c3043d2f <-- shared, related open data source
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[I still remember working on and being fascinated by lahars being an engineering geologist in Washington State (and from my time studying in New Zealand), although (of course) not to this level of detail/focus]
#volcano #lahar #evacuation #exposure #model #modeling #engineeringeology #risk #hazard #naturalhazard #MountRainer #Washington #USA #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #emergencymanagement #GIS #spatial #mapping #publicsafety #hazardzone #vulcanism #downstream #debrisflow #massmovement #monitoring #detection #geostatistics #demographics #atrisk #fedscience #publicgood #fedservice #opendata
@USGS -
Influence Of Modeling Assumptions On Pedestrian Evacuation Success For Non-Eruptive Lahar Hazards At Mount Rainier, Washington
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106132 <-- shared paper
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https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/697ba3e5b66b0197c3043d2f <-- shared, related open data source
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[I still remember working on and being fascinated by lahars being an engineering geologist in Washington State (and from my time studying in New Zealand), although (of course) not to this level of detail/focus]
#volcano #lahar #evacuation #exposure #model #modeling #engineeringeology #risk #hazard #naturalhazard #MountRainer #Washington #USA #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #emergencymanagement #GIS #spatial #mapping #publicsafety #hazardzone #vulcanism #downstream #debrisflow #massmovement #monitoring #detection #geostatistics #demographics #atrisk #fedscience #publicgood #fedservice #opendata
@USGS -
Spatial Signals [podcast]
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https://americaview.podbean.com/ <-- shared podcast entry page
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https://americaview.substack.com/ <-- shared Spatial Signals Substack page
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[note that I am not associated with this podcast in any way, and this post should not be considered an endorsement]
“Spatial Signals is a podcast about remote sensing, GIS, and geospatial technologies - but more importantly, it’s a podcast about the people who use and apply them. This podcast is sponsored by AmericaView, the national remote sensing network dedicated to empowering Earth Observation…”
#SpatialSignals #AmericaView #Geospatial #RemoteSensing #GIS #spatial #mapping #GeoAI #OpenSource #podcast #remotesensing #earthobservation #spatialprofessionals #SMEs #socialmedia #GISgeeks #usecase #publicgood #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #model #modeling
@SpatialSignals | @Youngstown State University | @AmericaView -
Latest Data Release From Ordnance Survey Delivers Britain’s Most Detailed Digital Map Ever [UK]
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https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/news/latest-data-release-delivers-britains-most-detailed-digital-map <-- shared technical article
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https://osdatahub.os.uk/ <-- shared OS spatial data hub
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https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/os-basemap-pro-announcement <-- shared details of new OS BaseMap Pro
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #UK #Britain #GreatBritain #OrdnanceSurvey #map #Kent #cartography #history #modern #OSNationalGeographicDatabase #OSNGD #database #opendata #digitalmapping #metadata #attribution #consistency #accessability #usecase #OSBaseMapPro #transportation #routing #infrastructure #healthcare #emergencyservices #spatialanalysis #publicservice #publicgood #publicsafety #publichealth #planning #sustainability #climateadaptation #resilience #spatialdata #cartography
#OrdnanceSurvey -
All humanity should benefit from Helium-3, our new 'petroleum.' If, for example, SpaceX became the elite with the infrastructure, they should handle responsibility, accountability, and very high criticism, especially if SpaceX became the sole miner of the Moon because no others did.
#Helium3 #SpaceX #Moon #Energy #Accountability #Monopoly #Future #Science #Ethics #Policy #Sustainability #SpaceEconomy #Technology #Justice #Resources #Cosmos #Innovation #Society #Global #PublicGood #ClimateChange
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USGS CoNED (TopoBathy) WebMap Viewer & (Open) Data Downloader
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https://topotools.cr.usgs.gov/topobathy_viewer/ <-- shared #USGS Viewer webmap & download selector
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https://www.usgs.gov/coastal-changes-and-impacts/coned <-- shared USGS CoNED overview/entry page
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[I used to shore dive in the Straits Of Juan de Fucca, Washington State side, and Crescent Lake - so I chose that area as a CoNED example to explore; good memories, including of the 18 Wheeler Burger with pie & coffee in Joyce, WA on drizzly days]
#GIS #spatial #mapping #remotesensing #model #modeling #CoastalNationalElevationDatabase #CoNED #elevation #topography #bathymetry #topobathy #opendata #openscience #fedscience #publicgood #usecase #naturalworld #coastal #coast #depth #hydrospatial #hydrography #download #shoreline #inundation #sedimenttransport #sealevelrise #SLR #stormsurge #models #modeling #extremeweather #tsunami #impact #risk #hazard #assessment #climatechange #geomorphology #geomorphometry #Restoration, #redevelopment #protection #cliff #flood #flooding #webmap
@USGS -
From Space To Field - Putting satellite insights into growers’ hands [OpenET]
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https://irrigationtoday.org/features/from-space-to-field/ <-- shared technical media article
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https://etdata.org/ <-- shared OpenET home page
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https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/openet-satellite-based-water-data-resource/ <-- shared NASA technical article
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https://youtu.be/Rbobf6aurLs?si=Q0kN9eiZH0gT8O5m <-- shared OpenET overview video
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#OpenET #openscience #opendata #publicgood #publicservice #nonprofit #fedscience #fedservice #evapotranspiration #ET #Landsat #OLI #OperationalLandImager #groundwater #water #hydrology #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #agriculture #USA #farming #waterresources #watermanagement #planning #watersecurity #satellite #remotesensing #earthobservation #model #modeling #irrigation #metrology #raster #cost #economics #efficiency #foodproduction #mobileapp #FARMS #view #download #usecase #reporting
#OpenET #USGS #USDA @NASA #USGS_EROS -
Every Man must seriously set himself to root out his Passions, Prejudices and Attachments, and to get the better of his private Interest. The only reputable Principle and Doctrine must be that all Things must give Way to the public.
John Adams (1735-1826) American lawyer, Founding Father, statesman, US President (1797-1801)
Letter (1776-04-16) to Mercy Otis WarrenMore about this quote: wist.info/adams-john/81374/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #johnadams #commongood #commoninterest #community #democracy #mutuality #privateinterest #publicgood #publicservice #republic #selfcontrol #selfdenial #selfinterest #selfmastery #selfpolicing #selfrespect #selfsacrifice #society
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The Spirit of Commerce, Madam, which even insinuates itself into Families, and influences holy Matrimony, and thereby corrupts the Morals of Families as well as destroys their Happiness, it is much to be feared is incompatible with that purity of Heart, and Greatness of soul which is necessary for an happy Republic.
John Adams (1735-1826) American lawyer, Founding Father, statesman, US President (1797-1801)
Letter (1776-04-16) to Mercy Otis WarrenMore about this quote: wist.info/adams-john/81328/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #johnadams #business #civicvirtue #commerce #democracy #gain #interest #profit #transaction #commongood #publicgood #republic #corruption
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Public Virtue cannot exist in a Nation without private, and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics. There must be a possitive Passion for the public good, the public Interest, Honour, Power, and Glory, established in the Minds of the People, or there can be no Republican Government, nor any real Liberty. And this public Passion must be Superiour to all private Passions. Men must be ready, they must pride themselves, and be happy to sacrifice their private Pleasures, Passions, and Interests, nay their private Friendships and dearest Connections, when they Stand in Competition with the Rights of society.
John Adams (1735-1826) American lawyer, Founding Father, statesman, US President (1797-1801)
Letter (1776-04-16) to Mercy Otis WarrenMore about this quote: wist.info/adams-john/28404/
#quote #quotes #quotation #qotd #johnadams #citizen #citizenship #civicduty #civicvirtue #commongood #commonwealth #democracy #goodcitizen #politician #publicgood #publicvirtue #republic #virtue
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Quantitative Validation Of Icesat-2 ATL24 In Shallow Marine Environments Using Reference-Grade Bathymetric Data
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https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2025.2608329 <-- shared paper
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https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EA003270 <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #satellite #remotesensing #earthobservation #ICESat2 #ATL24 #photonreturn #bathymetry #multibeam #echosounder #shallowwater #seafloor # mapping #validation #depth #elevation #coast #coastal #LiDAR #MudjimbaIsland #Australia #Whangaroa #harbour #NewZea;and #corrleation #BallyteigeBay #Ireland #bathymetric #profile #QAQC #MBES #sonar #acoustic #fedscience #opendata #publicgood #publicservice #engineering #water #hydrology #marine #ocean #hydrospatial
@nasa -
New York Times: The Writer Who Dared Criticize Silicon Valley. This link goes to a gift article. “Paulina Borsook’s ‘Cyberselfish,’ which offered dire predictions about the tech world’s love for libertarianism, is finding fans. It only took 25 years.”
https://rbfirehose.com/2025/11/30/new-york-times-the-writer-who-dared-criticize-silicon-valley/
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Open Source Software - The $9 Trillion Resource [That For-Profit] Companies Take for Granted
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https://www.library.hbs.edu/working-knowledge/open-source-software-the-nine-trillion-resource-companies-take-for-granted <-- shared Harvard technical article
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https://youtu.be/YEBBPj7pIKo?si=Y-ysnzq10pv3KX5I <-- shared video of a Linux Foundation technical presentation
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https://blog.geomusings.com/2025/10/16/unless/ <-- shared @bill Dollins excellent technical musings on this
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https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=65230 <-- shared paper
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https://gdal.org/en/stable/software_using_gdal.html#proprietary-license-other <-- example of commercial software using GDAL
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https://evoknow.com/the-true-value-of-open-source-software-trillions-in-economic-impact/ <-- shared technical article
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[a broader scope than my usual posts, but fascinating and illuminating]
#value #cost #economics #trillions #advantage #programming #language #DigitalCommons #opensource #software #global #publicgood #industry #COTS #code #nocost #OSS #free #research #Harvard #HBS #investment #pricetag #resource #public #codecreation #networks #scope #businesses #usecase #support #technical #solutions #aluation #OpenSourceDistribution #ApplicationsAndSoftware
@HBR -
Why Geological Maps Are The Best Investment You’ve Never Heard Of - Investments In Geological Mapping Paid Off Big Time For Americans.
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https://www.zmescience.com/science/geology/why-geological-maps-are-the-best-investment-youve-never-heard-of/ <-- shared opinion piece
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https://profession.americangeosciences.org/reports/geological-mapping-economics/ <-- shared technical cost-benefit analysis
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https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/gsa/positions/position3.aspx <-- shared 2003 GSA appraisal
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[I am, of course, biased in this regard, but I also like well-presented metrics – and use cases being met are my favourite!]
#geology #value #cost #mapping #cartography #cartographic #USA #costbenefit #geologicmapping #metrics #usecase #fedscience #appliedscience #engineeringgeology #spatial #GIS #construction #resources #naturalresources #engineering #risk #hazard #naturaldisasters #payoff #investment #massmovement #groundwater #waterresources #water #hydrology #rareearth #minerals #mining #oilandgas #exploration #underground #money #economics #publicgood #publicvalue #investment