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#BoilerManual #ProtectingPressureParts #Section10 #Page9

Air ejectors and heat exchanging equipment containing copper alloys should not be in direct contact with the treated water for any long periods of time.

During the wet storage period, a positive pressure nitrogen cap should be maintained on the system. When the unit is drained following hydrostatic testing and layup, nitrogen should be used to displace the water.

In the foregoing we have stressed the importance of protection of pressure parts as such protection relates to operating reliability. We discussed ways in which you as an operator can contribute to safe and reliable operation of the unit. We hope that this section of the manual has made you aware of the damaging effects of corrosion, overheating, and thermal stresses, and more specifically, what you as an operator can do to protect the boiler pressure parts.

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#BoilerManual #ProtectingPressureParts #Section10 #Page9

Air ejectors and heat exchanging equipment containing copper alloys should not be in direct contact with the treated water for any long periods of time.

During the wet storage period, a positive pressure nitrogen cap should be maintained on the system. When the unit is drained following hydrostatic testing and layup, nitrogen should be used to displace the water.

In the foregoing we have stressed the importance of protection of pressure parts as such protection relates to operating reliability. We discussed ways in which you as an operator can contribute to safe and reliable operation of the unit. We hope that this section of the manual has made you aware of the damaging effects of corrosion, overheating, and thermal stresses, and more specifically, what you as an operator can do to protect the boiler pressure parts.

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#BoilerManual #ProtectingPressureParts #Section10 #Page9

Air ejectors and heat exchanging equipment containing copper alloys should not be in direct contact with the treated water for any long periods of time.

During the wet storage period, a positive pressure nitrogen cap should be maintained on the system. When the unit is drained following hydrostatic testing and layup, nitrogen should be used to displace the water.

In the foregoing we have stressed the importance of protection of pressure parts as such protection relates to operating reliability. We discussed ways in which you as an operator can contribute to safe and reliable operation of the unit. We hope that this section of the manual has made you aware of the damaging effects of corrosion, overheating, and thermal stresses, and more specifically, what you as an operator can do to protect the boiler pressure parts.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #ProtectingPressureParts #Section10 #Page9

Air ejectors and heat exchanging equipment containing copper alloys should not be in direct contact with the treated water for any long periods of time.

During the wet storage period, a positive pressure nitrogen cap should be maintained on the system. When the unit is drained following hydrostatic testing and layup, nitrogen should be used to displace the water.

In the foregoing we have stressed the importance of protection of pressure parts as such protection relates to operating reliability. We discussed ways in which you as an operator can contribute to safe and reliable operation of the unit. We hope that this section of the manual has made you aware of the damaging effects of corrosion, overheating, and thermal stresses, and more specifically, what you as an operator can do to protect the boiler pressure parts.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #ProtectingPressureParts #Section10 #Page9

Air ejectors and heat exchanging equipment containing copper alloys should not be in direct contact with the treated water for any long periods of time.

During the wet storage period, a positive pressure nitrogen cap should be maintained on the system. When the unit is drained following hydrostatic testing and layup, nitrogen should be used to displace the water.

In the foregoing we have stressed the importance of protection of pressure parts as such protection relates to operating reliability. We discussed ways in which you as an operator can contribute to safe and reliable operation of the unit. We hope that this section of the manual has made you aware of the damaging effects of corrosion, overheating, and thermal stresses, and more specifically, what you as an operator can do to protect the boiler pressure parts.

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#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page9

Iron sulfide (FeS) can form only in a reducing atmosphere. In other words, an insufficient amount of air exists for complete combustion of the fuel. If excess air is supplied, the iron and sulfur in the fuel will form Fe2O3 and SO2 which are non-corrosive compounds.

The conditions in the furnace change widely and continuously depending upon the extent of carryover from the cyclone and the quantity of air. In order to minimize tube wastage in the cyclone and furnace, the following guidelines have been established:

1. Maintain proper fuel/air ratios at each cyclone. Enough air must be supplied for
complete combustion of the fuel and to avoid reducing conditions. If less than 14
cyclones are in-service, an additional increase in excess air should be made for each out-of-service cyclone.

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Alt = Labeled Fig. 2 Coal suitability for cyclone furnaces based on a tendency to form iron and iron sulfide. It is a graph where the x axis is numbered 0 to 10 incrementally and marked Total sulfide in coal - percentage dry basis. The y axis is in increments of 5s, 0 to 35 and is marked Fe203 divided by Coal ash CaO + MgO ratio. The area below 25 on the y axis where less than the 3 on the x axis is, and below somewhat less than the 7 mark on the x axis but rises no further than somewhat less than 10 on the y axis, is shaded and marked Suitable. The area of the graph outside that area is marked Not suitable.

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page9

Iron sulfide (FeS) can form only in a reducing atmosphere. In other words, an insufficient amount of air exists for complete combustion of the fuel. If excess air is supplied, the iron and sulfur in the fuel will form Fe2O3 and SO2 which are non-corrosive compounds.

The conditions in the furnace change widely and continuously depending upon the extent of carryover from the cyclone and the quantity of air. In order to minimize tube wastage in the cyclone and furnace, the following guidelines have been established:

1. Maintain proper fuel/air ratios at each cyclone. Enough air must be supplied for
complete combustion of the fuel and to avoid reducing conditions. If less than 14
cyclones are in-service, an additional increase in excess air should be made for each out-of-service cyclone.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 2 Coal suitability for cyclone furnaces based on a tendency to form iron and iron sulfide. It is a graph where the x axis is numbered 0 to 10 incrementally and marked Total sulfide in coal - percentage dry basis. The y axis is in increments of 5s, 0 to 35 and is marked Fe203 divided by Coal ash CaO + MgO ratio. The area below 25 on the y axis where less than the 3 on the x axis is, and below somewhat less than the 7 mark on the x axis but rises no further than somewhat less than 10 on the y axis, is shaded and marked Suitable. The area of the graph outside that area is marked Not suitable.

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page9

Iron sulfide (FeS) can form only in a reducing atmosphere. In other words, an insufficient amount of air exists for complete combustion of the fuel. If excess air is supplied, the iron and sulfur in the fuel will form Fe2O3 and SO2 which are non-corrosive compounds.

The conditions in the furnace change widely and continuously depending upon the extent of carryover from the cyclone and the quantity of air. In order to minimize tube wastage in the cyclone and furnace, the following guidelines have been established:

1. Maintain proper fuel/air ratios at each cyclone. Enough air must be supplied for
complete combustion of the fuel and to avoid reducing conditions. If less than 14
cyclones are in-service, an additional increase in excess air should be made for each out-of-service cyclone.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 2 Coal suitability for cyclone furnaces based on a tendency to form iron and iron sulfide. It is a graph where the x axis is numbered 0 to 10 incrementally and marked Total sulfide in coal - percentage dry basis. The y axis is in increments of 5s, 0 to 35 and is marked Fe203 divided by Coal ash CaO + MgO ratio. The area below 25 on the y axis where less than the 3 on the x axis is, and below somewhat less than the 7 mark on the x axis but rises no further than somewhat less than 10 on the y axis, is shaded and marked Suitable. The area of the graph outside that area is marked Not suitable.

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page9

Iron sulfide (FeS) can form only in a reducing atmosphere. In other words, an insufficient amount of air exists for complete combustion of the fuel. If excess air is supplied, the iron and sulfur in the fuel will form Fe2O3 and SO2 which are non-corrosive compounds.

The conditions in the furnace change widely and continuously depending upon the extent of carryover from the cyclone and the quantity of air. In order to minimize tube wastage in the cyclone and furnace, the following guidelines have been established:

1. Maintain proper fuel/air ratios at each cyclone. Enough air must be supplied for
complete combustion of the fuel and to avoid reducing conditions. If less than 14
cyclones are in-service, an additional increase in excess air should be made for each out-of-service cyclone.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 2 Coal suitability for cyclone furnaces based on a tendency to form iron and iron sulfide. It is a graph where the x axis is numbered 0 to 10 incrementally and marked Total sulfide in coal - percentage dry basis. The y axis is in increments of 5s, 0 to 35 and is marked Fe203 divided by Coal ash CaO + MgO ratio. The area below 25 on the y axis where less than the 3 on the x axis is, and below somewhat less than the 7 mark on the x axis but rises no further than somewhat less than 10 on the y axis, is shaded and marked Suitable. The area of the graph outside that area is marked Not suitable.

#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page9

Iron sulfide (FeS) can form only in a reducing atmosphere. In other words, an insufficient amount of air exists for complete combustion of the fuel. If excess air is supplied, the iron and sulfur in the fuel will form Fe2O3 and SO2 which are non-corrosive compounds.

The conditions in the furnace change widely and continuously depending upon the extent of carryover from the cyclone and the quantity of air. In order to minimize tube wastage in the cyclone and furnace, the following guidelines have been established:

1. Maintain proper fuel/air ratios at each cyclone. Enough air must be supplied for
complete combustion of the fuel and to avoid reducing conditions. If less than 14
cyclones are in-service, an additional increase in excess air should be made for each out-of-service cyclone.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 2 Coal suitability for cyclone furnaces based on a tendency to form iron and iron sulfide. It is a graph where the x axis is numbered 0 to 10 incrementally and marked Total sulfide in coal - percentage dry basis. The y axis is in increments of 5s, 0 to 35 and is marked Fe203 divided by Coal ash CaO + MgO ratio. The area below 25 on the y axis where less than the 3 on the x axis is, and below somewhat less than the 7 mark on the x axis but rises no further than somewhat less than 10 on the y axis, is shaded and marked Suitable. The area of the graph outside that area is marked Not suitable.

#BoilerManual #Ramping #Section8 #Page9

* 207 valve - in automatic with a setpoint of 700 F.

* 220 valve - in automatic and partially open.

* 240 valve - in automatic.

* 200 valves - prepared for operation.

* All other startup system valves should be in automatic controlling flashtank functions.

* Thermoprobes - in automatic.

* Gas temperature - as indicated by the thermoprobe, should not exceed 1000 F. 1000 F is the maximum allowable temperature below 10% of full load steam flow for SSH metal protection.

The emphasis at this point should be on obtaining the correct values of the temperatures listed and insuring that they have stabilized. This will minimize the amount of unnecessary changes that are introduced to the control system. A large percentage of the problems which can be encountered in the ramping process are the direct result of starting out at improper values, often because the system was still in a state of change when the ramp was initiated.

It is particularly important that bothe PSH and CP outlet temperatures be at their proper values and stabilized. With the i nitial opening of the 201 valves, steam from the PSH will be mixed with steam from the flashtank. By maintaining 700 F at the PSH outlet, the enthalpy of the steam resulting from the mixture of the two sources will not be changed.

Convection pass outlet temperature is also important as ai indication that sufficient heat is stored in the boiler to begin the ramp. Along with gas temperature, it should be used as the main indication that firing rate is correct (PSH outlet temperature will not provide this indication since it is controlled by the 207 valve). With the system stabilized, steps can be

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#BoilerManual #Ramping #Section8 #Page9

* 207 valve - in automatic with a setpoint of 700 F.

* 220 valve - in automatic and partially open.

* 240 valve - in automatic.

* 200 valves - prepared for operation.

* All other startup system valves should be in automatic controlling flashtank functions.

* Thermoprobes - in automatic.

* Gas temperature - as indicated by the thermoprobe, should not exceed 1000 F. 1000 F is the maximum allowable temperature below 10% of full load steam flow for SSH metal protection.

The emphasis at this point should be on obtaining the correct values of the temperatures listed and insuring that they have stabilized. This will minimize the amount of unnecessary changes that are introduced to the control system. A large percentage of the problems which can be encountered in the ramping process are the direct result of starting out at improper values, often because the system was still in a state of change when the ramp was initiated.

It is particularly important that bothe PSH and CP outlet temperatures be at their proper values and stabilized. With the i nitial opening of the 201 valves, steam from the PSH will be mixed with steam from the flashtank. By maintaining 700 F at the PSH outlet, the enthalpy of the steam resulting from the mixture of the two sources will not be changed.

Convection pass outlet temperature is also important as ai indication that sufficient heat is stored in the boiler to begin the ramp. Along with gas temperature, it should be used as the main indication that firing rate is correct (PSH outlet temperature will not provide this indication since it is controlled by the 207 valve). With the system stabilized, steps can be

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#BoilerManual #Ramping #Section8 #Page9

* 207 valve - in automatic with a setpoint of 700 F.

* 220 valve - in automatic and partially open.

* 240 valve - in automatic.

* 200 valves - prepared for operation.

* All other startup system valves should be in automatic controlling flashtank functions.

* Thermoprobes - in automatic.

* Gas temperature - as indicated by the thermoprobe, should not exceed 1000 F. 1000 F is the maximum allowable temperature below 10% of full load steam flow for SSH metal protection.

The emphasis at this point should be on obtaining the correct values of the temperatures listed and insuring that they have stabilized. This will minimize the amount of unnecessary changes that are introduced to the control system. A large percentage of the problems which can be encountered in the ramping process are the direct result of starting out at improper values, often because the system was still in a state of change when the ramp was initiated.

It is particularly important that bothe PSH and CP outlet temperatures be at their proper values and stabilized. With the i nitial opening of the 201 valves, steam from the PSH will be mixed with steam from the flashtank. By maintaining 700 F at the PSH outlet, the enthalpy of the steam resulting from the mixture of the two sources will not be changed.

Convection pass outlet temperature is also important as ai indication that sufficient heat is stored in the boiler to begin the ramp. Along with gas temperature, it should be used as the main indication that firing rate is correct (PSH outlet temperature will not provide this indication since it is controlled by the 207 valve). With the system stabilized, steps can be

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#BoilerManual #Ramping #Section8 #Page9

* 207 valve - in automatic with a setpoint of 700 F.

* 220 valve - in automatic and partially open.

* 240 valve - in automatic.

* 200 valves - prepared for operation.

* All other startup system valves should be in automatic controlling flashtank functions.

* Thermoprobes - in automatic.

* Gas temperature - as indicated by the thermoprobe, should not exceed 1000 F. 1000 F is the maximum allowable temperature below 10% of full load steam flow for SSH metal protection.

The emphasis at this point should be on obtaining the correct values of the temperatures listed and insuring that they have stabilized. This will minimize the amount of unnecessary changes that are introduced to the control system. A large percentage of the problems which can be encountered in the ramping process are the direct result of starting out at improper values, often because the system was still in a state of change when the ramp was initiated.

It is particularly important that bothe PSH and CP outlet temperatures be at their proper values and stabilized. With the i nitial opening of the 201 valves, steam from the PSH will be mixed with steam from the flashtank. By maintaining 700 F at the PSH outlet, the enthalpy of the steam resulting from the mixture of the two sources will not be changed.

Convection pass outlet temperature is also important as ai indication that sufficient heat is stored in the boiler to begin the ramp. Along with gas temperature, it should be used as the main indication that firing rate is correct (PSH outlet temperature will not provide this indication since it is controlled by the 207 valve). With the system stabilized, steps can be

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#BoilerManual #Ramping #Section8 #Page9

* 207 valve - in automatic with a setpoint of 700 F.

* 220 valve - in automatic and partially open.

* 240 valve - in automatic.

* 200 valves - prepared for operation.

* All other startup system valves should be in automatic controlling flashtank functions.

* Thermoprobes - in automatic.

* Gas temperature - as indicated by the thermoprobe, should not exceed 1000 F. 1000 F is the maximum allowable temperature below 10% of full load steam flow for SSH metal protection.

The emphasis at this point should be on obtaining the correct values of the temperatures listed and insuring that they have stabilized. This will minimize the amount of unnecessary changes that are introduced to the control system. A large percentage of the problems which can be encountered in the ramping process are the direct result of starting out at improper values, often because the system was still in a state of change when the ramp was initiated.

It is particularly important that bothe PSH and CP outlet temperatures be at their proper values and stabilized. With the i nitial opening of the 201 valves, steam from the PSH will be mixed with steam from the flashtank. By maintaining 700 F at the PSH outlet, the enthalpy of the steam resulting from the mixture of the two sources will not be changed.

Convection pass outlet temperature is also important as ai indication that sufficient heat is stored in the boiler to begin the ramp. Along with gas temperature, it should be used as the main indication that firing rate is correct (PSH outlet temperature will not provide this indication since it is controlled by the 207 valve). With the system stabilized, steps can be

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#BoilerManual #BypassSystem #Section7 #Page9

In the cold cleanup mode, flashtank pressure will be approximately 75 psi. The flashtank level control valve, 241, is open, diverting all flashtank drain flow to the condenser. Valve 241 is attempting to maintain the level but the flashtank may be flooded. The flashtank steam stop valve, 242, is used to prevent water from getting into steam lines. This valve will remain closed until a level has been established in the flashtank.

Continue circulation in the cold cleanup mode until the cation conductivity at the economizer inlet is below one micromho.

HOT CLEANUP (Figure 3)

The hot cleanup mode should be used when it can be expected that the system will have more contamination than usual. The hot cleanup mode of operation provides for cleaning up of the water to required limits after cold cleanup and after firing the unit, but prior to admitting steam to the turbine.Firing is controlled within prescribed limits to limit the fluid temperature entering the flashtank to 550 F until the feedwater contains less than 0.5 micromhos cation conductivity. If the water is satisfactory, startup may continue in this mode. However, this would result in high steam temperature for rolling the turbine. Therefore, the mode select switch should be transferred to the startup mode.

STARTUP MODE (Figures 4A - 4F)

Once the cation conductivity is less than one micromho, the boiler may be fired. The startup mode selector switch must be transferred to the firing position. Maintain minimum flow as in the cold and hot cleanup modes, the flashtank may still be flooded. With the startup mode, it is assumed that the water conditions will be satisfactory and that it will not be necessary to hold for water cleanup at the 550 F limit.

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#BoilerManual #BypassSystem #Section7 #Page9

In the cold cleanup mode, flashtank pressure will be approximately 75 psi. The flashtank level control valve, 241, is open, diverting all flashtank drain flow to the condenser. Valve 241 is attempting to maintain the level but the flashtank may be flooded. The flashtank steam stop valve, 242, is used to prevent water from getting into steam lines. This valve will remain closed until a level has been established in the flashtank.

Continue circulation in the cold cleanup mode until the cation conductivity at the economizer inlet is below one micromho.

HOT CLEANUP (Figure 3)

The hot cleanup mode should be used when it can be expected that the system will have more contamination than usual. The hot cleanup mode of operation provides for cleaning up of the water to required limits after cold cleanup and after firing the unit, but prior to admitting steam to the turbine.Firing is controlled within prescribed limits to limit the fluid temperature entering the flashtank to 550 F until the feedwater contains less than 0.5 micromhos cation conductivity. If the water is satisfactory, startup may continue in this mode. However, this would result in high steam temperature for rolling the turbine. Therefore, the mode select switch should be transferred to the startup mode.

STARTUP MODE (Figures 4A - 4F)

Once the cation conductivity is less than one micromho, the boiler may be fired. The startup mode selector switch must be transferred to the firing position. Maintain minimum flow as in the cold and hot cleanup modes, the flashtank may still be flooded. With the startup mode, it is assumed that the water conditions will be satisfactory and that it will not be necessary to hold for water cleanup at the 550 F limit.

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#BoilerManual #BypassSystem #Section7 #Page9

In the cold cleanup mode, flashtank pressure will be approximately 75 psi. The flashtank level control valve, 241, is open, diverting all flashtank drain flow to the condenser. Valve 241 is attempting to maintain the level but the flashtank may be flooded. The flashtank steam stop valve, 242, is used to prevent water from getting into steam lines. This valve will remain closed until a level has been established in the flashtank.

Continue circulation in the cold cleanup mode until the cation conductivity at the economizer inlet is below one micromho.

HOT CLEANUP (Figure 3)

The hot cleanup mode should be used when it can be expected that the system will have more contamination than usual. The hot cleanup mode of operation provides for cleaning up of the water to required limits after cold cleanup and after firing the unit, but prior to admitting steam to the turbine.Firing is controlled within prescribed limits to limit the fluid temperature entering the flashtank to 550 F until the feedwater contains less than 0.5 micromhos cation conductivity. If the water is satisfactory, startup may continue in this mode. However, this would result in high steam temperature for rolling the turbine. Therefore, the mode select switch should be transferred to the startup mode.

STARTUP MODE (Figures 4A - 4F)

Once the cation conductivity is less than one micromho, the boiler may be fired. The startup mode selector switch must be transferred to the firing position. Maintain minimum flow as in the cold and hot cleanup modes, the flashtank may still be flooded. With the startup mode, it is assumed that the water conditions will be satisfactory and that it will not be necessary to hold for water cleanup at the 550 F limit.

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#BoilerManual #BypassSystem #Section7 #Page9

In the cold cleanup mode, flashtank pressure will be approximately 75 psi. The flashtank level control valve, 241, is open, diverting all flashtank drain flow to the condenser. Valve 241 is attempting to maintain the level but the flashtank may be flooded. The flashtank steam stop valve, 242, is used to prevent water from getting into steam lines. This valve will remain closed until a level has been established in the flashtank.

Continue circulation in the cold cleanup mode until the cation conductivity at the economizer inlet is below one micromho.

HOT CLEANUP (Figure 3)

The hot cleanup mode should be used when it can be expected that the system will have more contamination than usual. The hot cleanup mode of operation provides for cleaning up of the water to required limits after cold cleanup and after firing the unit, but prior to admitting steam to the turbine.Firing is controlled within prescribed limits to limit the fluid temperature entering the flashtank to 550 F until the feedwater contains less than 0.5 micromhos cation conductivity. If the water is satisfactory, startup may continue in this mode. However, this would result in high steam temperature for rolling the turbine. Therefore, the mode select switch should be transferred to the startup mode.

STARTUP MODE (Figures 4A - 4F)

Once the cation conductivity is less than one micromho, the boiler may be fired. The startup mode selector switch must be transferred to the firing position. Maintain minimum flow as in the cold and hot cleanup modes, the flashtank may still be flooded. With the startup mode, it is assumed that the water conditions will be satisfactory and that it will not be necessary to hold for water cleanup at the 550 F limit.

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#BoilerManual #BypassSystem #Section7 #Page9

In the cold cleanup mode, flashtank pressure will be approximately 75 psi. The flashtank level control valve, 241, is open, diverting all flashtank drain flow to the condenser. Valve 241 is attempting to maintain the level but the flashtank may be flooded. The flashtank steam stop valve, 242, is used to prevent water from getting into steam lines. This valve will remain closed until a level has been established in the flashtank.

Continue circulation in the cold cleanup mode until the cation conductivity at the economizer inlet is below one micromho.

HOT CLEANUP (Figure 3)

The hot cleanup mode should be used when it can be expected that the system will have more contamination than usual. The hot cleanup mode of operation provides for cleaning up of the water to required limits after cold cleanup and after firing the unit, but prior to admitting steam to the turbine.Firing is controlled within prescribed limits to limit the fluid temperature entering the flashtank to 550 F until the feedwater contains less than 0.5 micromhos cation conductivity. If the water is satisfactory, startup may continue in this mode. However, this would result in high steam temperature for rolling the turbine. Therefore, the mode select switch should be transferred to the startup mode.

STARTUP MODE (Figures 4A - 4F)

Once the cation conductivity is less than one micromho, the boiler may be fired. The startup mode selector switch must be transferred to the firing position. Maintain minimum flow as in the cold and hot cleanup modes, the flashtank may still be flooded. With the startup mode, it is assumed that the water conditions will be satisfactory and that it will not be necessary to hold for water cleanup at the 550 F limit.

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#BoilerManual #CycloneOperation #Section6 #Page9

Operate/test Cyclone (#)
Includes 14 two-position toggle switches, one per cyclone. When in the test position, the inputs and outputs to the control logic are removed from the cyclone to permit testing. Inoperate the control inputs and outputs are reconnected to the associated cyclone. Cyclones may be transferred in or out of test only when that cyclone is successfully shutdown.

Operate Cyclone (#)
Includes 14 indicating lights (one per cyclone) next to its associated operator/test switch. When lit, these lights indicate which cyclone is in the operate mode.

d) Test Panel
The cyclone test panel, Figure 4, located in systems cabinet four serves dual purposes. When the cyclone operate/test switch is in the operate position (Cyclone Operate light lit) the lights on the test panel reflect the actual condition of the logic for the selected cyclone. When in the test position(Cyclone Operate light is not lit) the lights on the test panel reflect the condition of the logic being tested. The toggle switches on the cyclone test panel are used to simulate burner front conditions during a cyclone test. When in the operate mode,the toggle switches on the test panel are ineffective.

The following sequences illustrate thte system logic which takes place in the Logic Cabinets.

Sequence 1 shows the system's reaction to a loss of resumption of power. When a total loss of power occurs, a boiler trip is required. On resumption of power the system outputs become active 5 seconds after power is resumed. Following the activation of the system outputs, there is a 20 second delay while the system is being monitored. Once the system monitor delay times out, the system is in the operator mode with the boiler trip monitor on.

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#BoilerManual #CycloneOperation #Section6 #Page9

Operate/test Cyclone (#)
Includes 14 two-position toggle switches, one per cyclone. When in the test position, the inputs and outputs to the control logic are removed from the cyclone to permit testing. Inoperate the control inputs and outputs are reconnected to the associated cyclone. Cyclones may be transferred in or out of test only when that cyclone is successfully shutdown.

Operate Cyclone (#)
Includes 14 indicating lights (one per cyclone) next to its associated operator/test switch. When lit, these lights indicate which cyclone is in the operate mode.

d) Test Panel
The cyclone test panel, Figure 4, located in systems cabinet four serves dual purposes. When the cyclone operate/test switch is in the operate position (Cyclone Operate light lit) the lights on the test panel reflect the actual condition of the logic for the selected cyclone. When in the test position(Cyclone Operate light is not lit) the lights on the test panel reflect the condition of the logic being tested. The toggle switches on the cyclone test panel are used to simulate burner front conditions during a cyclone test. When in the operate mode,the toggle switches on the test panel are ineffective.

The following sequences illustrate thte system logic which takes place in the Logic Cabinets.

Sequence 1 shows the system's reaction to a loss of resumption of power. When a total loss of power occurs, a boiler trip is required. On resumption of power the system outputs become active 5 seconds after power is resumed. Following the activation of the system outputs, there is a 20 second delay while the system is being monitored. Once the system monitor delay times out, the system is in the operator mode with the boiler trip monitor on.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #CycloneOperation #Section6 #Page9

Operate/test Cyclone (#)
Includes 14 two-position toggle switches, one per cyclone. When in the test position, the inputs and outputs to the control logic are removed from the cyclone to permit testing. Inoperate the control inputs and outputs are reconnected to the associated cyclone. Cyclones may be transferred in or out of test only when that cyclone is successfully shutdown.

Operate Cyclone (#)
Includes 14 indicating lights (one per cyclone) next to its associated operator/test switch. When lit, these lights indicate which cyclone is in the operate mode.

d) Test Panel
The cyclone test panel, Figure 4, located in systems cabinet four serves dual purposes. When the cyclone operate/test switch is in the operate position (Cyclone Operate light lit) the lights on the test panel reflect the actual condition of the logic for the selected cyclone. When in the test position(Cyclone Operate light is not lit) the lights on the test panel reflect the condition of the logic being tested. The toggle switches on the cyclone test panel are used to simulate burner front conditions during a cyclone test. When in the operate mode,the toggle switches on the test panel are ineffective.

The following sequences illustrate thte system logic which takes place in the Logic Cabinets.

Sequence 1 shows the system's reaction to a loss of resumption of power. When a total loss of power occurs, a boiler trip is required. On resumption of power the system outputs become active 5 seconds after power is resumed. Following the activation of the system outputs, there is a 20 second delay while the system is being monitored. Once the system monitor delay times out, the system is in the operator mode with the boiler trip monitor on.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #CycloneOperation #Section6 #Page9

Operate/test Cyclone (#)
Includes 14 two-position toggle switches, one per cyclone. When in the test position, the inputs and outputs to the control logic are removed from the cyclone to permit testing. Inoperate the control inputs and outputs are reconnected to the associated cyclone. Cyclones may be transferred in or out of test only when that cyclone is successfully shutdown.

Operate Cyclone (#)
Includes 14 indicating lights (one per cyclone) next to its associated operator/test switch. When lit, these lights indicate which cyclone is in the operate mode.

d) Test Panel
The cyclone test panel, Figure 4, located in systems cabinet four serves dual purposes. When the cyclone operate/test switch is in the operate position (Cyclone Operate light lit) the lights on the test panel reflect the actual condition of the logic for the selected cyclone. When in the test position(Cyclone Operate light is not lit) the lights on the test panel reflect the condition of the logic being tested. The toggle switches on the cyclone test panel are used to simulate burner front conditions during a cyclone test. When in the operate mode,the toggle switches on the test panel are ineffective.

The following sequences illustrate thte system logic which takes place in the Logic Cabinets.

Sequence 1 shows the system's reaction to a loss of resumption of power. When a total loss of power occurs, a boiler trip is required. On resumption of power the system outputs become active 5 seconds after power is resumed. Following the activation of the system outputs, there is a 20 second delay while the system is being monitored. Once the system monitor delay times out, the system is in the operator mode with the boiler trip monitor on.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #CycloneOperation #Section6 #Page9

Operate/test Cyclone (#)
Includes 14 two-position toggle switches, one per cyclone. When in the test position, the inputs and outputs to the control logic are removed from the cyclone to permit testing. Inoperate the control inputs and outputs are reconnected to the associated cyclone. Cyclones may be transferred in or out of test only when that cyclone is successfully shutdown.

Operate Cyclone (#)
Includes 14 indicating lights (one per cyclone) next to its associated operator/test switch. When lit, these lights indicate which cyclone is in the operate mode.

d) Test Panel
The cyclone test panel, Figure 4, located in systems cabinet four serves dual purposes. When the cyclone operate/test switch is in the operate position (Cyclone Operate light lit) the lights on the test panel reflect the actual condition of the logic for the selected cyclone. When in the test position(Cyclone Operate light is not lit) the lights on the test panel reflect the condition of the logic being tested. The toggle switches on the cyclone test panel are used to simulate burner front conditions during a cyclone test. When in the operate mode,the toggle switches on the test panel are ineffective.

The following sequences illustrate thte system logic which takes place in the Logic Cabinets.

Sequence 1 shows the system's reaction to a loss of resumption of power. When a total loss of power occurs, a boiler trip is required. On resumption of power the system outputs become active 5 seconds after power is resumed. Following the activation of the system outputs, there is a 20 second delay while the system is being monitored. Once the system monitor delay times out, the system is in the operator mode with the boiler trip monitor on.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #CycloneDescription #Section5 #Page9

The incoming coal particles (except for a few fines that are burned in suspension) are thrown to the walls by centrifugal force, held in the slag layer, then scrubbed by the high velocity secondary air. Thus, the air required to burn the coal is quickly supplied and the products of combustion are rapidly removed. High velocities are required in the cyclone to scrub the surface of the burning coal particles. This scrubbing action quickly removes the ash and supplies air to the surface of the fuel to further combustion.

The release of heat per cu. ft. in the cyclone furnace is very high. However, there is only a small amount of surface in the cyclone and this surface is partially insulated by the covering slag layer. This combination of high heat release and low heat absorption assures the high temperatures necessary to complete combustion and to provide the desired liquid slag covering in the cyclone.

The gaseous products of combustion are discharged through the water-cooled re-entrant throat of the cyclone, into the gas cooling boiler furnace. Molten slag in excess of the thin layer retained on the cyclone walls continually drains away from the burner end and discharges through the slag tap to the boiler furnace. From the furnace, slag is tapped into a slag tank where it is solidified, and disintegrated for disposal. {Disposal at Baldwin consisted of flushing this "bottom ash" to an outside retention pond subjected to evaporation. In the later1980s, this bottom ash plus the precipitated "fly ash" were sold to pavement manufacturing companies to be used in their asphalt and concrete mixes for roadways.}

By this method of combustion, the fuel is burned quickly and completely in the small cyclone chamber, and the boiler furnace is used for cooling the flue gases. Most of the ash is retained as a liquid slag and tapped into the slag tank under the boiler furnace. Thus, the quantity of fly ash contained in the flue gas is low {even so, due to acid rain legislation, they also added scrubbers to the stacks}.

The objective of good cyclone operation is to promote rapid ignition which leads to a self-sustaining combustion process. The point at which this occurs is known as the ignition temperature. Ignition is sustained

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #CycloneDescription #Section5 #Page9

The incoming coal particles (except for a few fines that are burned in suspension) are thrown to the walls by centrifugal force, held in the slag layer, then scrubbed by the high velocity secondary air. Thus, the air required to burn the coal is quickly supplied and the products of combustion are rapidly removed. High velocities are required in the cyclone to scrub the surface of the burning coal particles. This scrubbing action quickly removes the ash and supplies air to the surface of the fuel to further combustion.

The release of heat per cu. ft. in the cyclone furnace is very high. However, there is only a small amount of surface in the cyclone and this surface is partially insulated by the covering slag layer. This combination of high heat release and low heat absorption assures the high temperatures necessary to complete combustion and to provide the desired liquid slag covering in the cyclone.

The gaseous products of combustion are discharged through the water-cooled re-entrant throat of the cyclone, into the gas cooling boiler furnace. Molten slag in excess of the thin layer retained on the cyclone walls continually drains away from the burner end and discharges through the slag tap to the boiler furnace. From the furnace, slag is tapped into a slag tank where it is solidified, and disintegrated for disposal. {Disposal at Baldwin consisted of flushing this "bottom ash" to an outside retention pond subjected to evaporation. In the later1980s, this bottom ash plus the precipitated "fly ash" were sold to pavement manufacturing companies to be used in their asphalt and concrete mixes for roadways.}

By this method of combustion, the fuel is burned quickly and completely in the small cyclone chamber, and the boiler furnace is used for cooling the flue gases. Most of the ash is retained as a liquid slag and tapped into the slag tank under the boiler furnace. Thus, the quantity of fly ash contained in the flue gas is low {even so, due to acid rain legislation, they also added scrubbers to the stacks}.

The objective of good cyclone operation is to promote rapid ignition which leads to a self-sustaining combustion process. The point at which this occurs is known as the ignition temperature. Ignition is sustained

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #CycloneDescription #Section5 #Page9

The incoming coal particles (except for a few fines that are burned in suspension) are thrown to the walls by centrifugal force, held in the slag layer, then scrubbed by the high velocity secondary air. Thus, the air required to burn the coal is quickly supplied and the products of combustion are rapidly removed. High velocities are required in the cyclone to scrub the surface of the burning coal particles. This scrubbing action quickly removes the ash and supplies air to the surface of the fuel to further combustion.

The release of heat per cu. ft. in the cyclone furnace is very high. However, there is only a small amount of surface in the cyclone and this surface is partially insulated by the covering slag layer. This combination of high heat release and low heat absorption assures the high temperatures necessary to complete combustion and to provide the desired liquid slag covering in the cyclone.

The gaseous products of combustion are discharged through the water-cooled re-entrant throat of the cyclone, into the gas cooling boiler furnace. Molten slag in excess of the thin layer retained on the cyclone walls continually drains away from the burner end and discharges through the slag tap to the boiler furnace. From the furnace, slag is tapped into a slag tank where it is solidified, and disintegrated for disposal. {Disposal at Baldwin consisted of flushing this "bottom ash" to an outside retention pond subjected to evaporation. In the later1980s, this bottom ash plus the precipitated "fly ash" were sold to pavement manufacturing companies to be used in their asphalt and concrete mixes for roadways.}

By this method of combustion, the fuel is burned quickly and completely in the small cyclone chamber, and the boiler furnace is used for cooling the flue gases. Most of the ash is retained as a liquid slag and tapped into the slag tank under the boiler furnace. Thus, the quantity of fly ash contained in the flue gas is low {even so, due to acid rain legislation, they also added scrubbers to the stacks}.

The objective of good cyclone operation is to promote rapid ignition which leads to a self-sustaining combustion process. The point at which this occurs is known as the ignition temperature. Ignition is sustained

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #CycloneDescription #Section5 #Page9

The incoming coal particles (except for a few fines that are burned in suspension) are thrown to the walls by centrifugal force, held in the slag layer, then scrubbed by the high velocity secondary air. Thus, the air required to burn the coal is quickly supplied and the products of combustion are rapidly removed. High velocities are required in the cyclone to scrub the surface of the burning coal particles. This scrubbing action quickly removes the ash and supplies air to the surface of the fuel to further combustion.

The release of heat per cu. ft. in the cyclone furnace is very high. However, there is only a small amount of surface in the cyclone and this surface is partially insulated by the covering slag layer. This combination of high heat release and low heat absorption assures the high temperatures necessary to complete combustion and to provide the desired liquid slag covering in the cyclone.

The gaseous products of combustion are discharged through the water-cooled re-entrant throat of the cyclone, into the gas cooling boiler furnace. Molten slag in excess of the thin layer retained on the cyclone walls continually drains away from the burner end and discharges through the slag tap to the boiler furnace. From the furnace, slag is tapped into a slag tank where it is solidified, and disintegrated for disposal. {Disposal at Baldwin consisted of flushing this "bottom ash" to an outside retention pond subjected to evaporation. In the later1980s, this bottom ash plus the precipitated "fly ash" were sold to pavement manufacturing companies to be used in their asphalt and concrete mixes for roadways.}

By this method of combustion, the fuel is burned quickly and completely in the small cyclone chamber, and the boiler furnace is used for cooling the flue gases. Most of the ash is retained as a liquid slag and tapped into the slag tank under the boiler furnace. Thus, the quantity of fly ash contained in the flue gas is low {even so, due to acid rain legislation, they also added scrubbers to the stacks}.

The objective of good cyclone operation is to promote rapid ignition which leads to a self-sustaining combustion process. The point at which this occurs is known as the ignition temperature. Ignition is sustained

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #CycloneDescription #Section5 #Page9

The incoming coal particles (except for a few fines that are burned in suspension) are thrown to the walls by centrifugal force, held in the slag layer, then scrubbed by the high velocity secondary air. Thus, the air required to burn the coal is quickly supplied and the products of combustion are rapidly removed. High velocities are required in the cyclone to scrub the surface of the burning coal particles. This scrubbing action quickly removes the ash and supplies air to the surface of the fuel to further combustion.

The release of heat per cu. ft. in the cyclone furnace is very high. However, there is only a small amount of surface in the cyclone and this surface is partially insulated by the covering slag layer. This combination of high heat release and low heat absorption assures the high temperatures necessary to complete combustion and to provide the desired liquid slag covering in the cyclone.

The gaseous products of combustion are discharged through the water-cooled re-entrant throat of the cyclone, into the gas cooling boiler furnace. Molten slag in excess of the thin layer retained on the cyclone walls continually drains away from the burner end and discharges through the slag tap to the boiler furnace. From the furnace, slag is tapped into a slag tank where it is solidified, and disintegrated for disposal. {Disposal at Baldwin consisted of flushing this "bottom ash" to an outside retention pond subjected to evaporation. In the later1980s, this bottom ash plus the precipitated "fly ash" were sold to pavement manufacturing companies to be used in their asphalt and concrete mixes for roadways.}

By this method of combustion, the fuel is burned quickly and completely in the small cyclone chamber, and the boiler furnace is used for cooling the flue gases. Most of the ash is retained as a liquid slag and tapped into the slag tank under the boiler furnace. Thus, the quantity of fly ash contained in the flue gas is low {even so, due to acid rain legislation, they also added scrubbers to the stacks}.

The objective of good cyclone operation is to promote rapid ignition which leads to a self-sustaining combustion process. The point at which this occurs is known as the ignition temperature. Ignition is sustained

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

#BoilerManual #Lighters #Section4 #Page9

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 9 Lighter inserted. The image is on its side such that the bottom is along the right edge of the page and the top is along its left, and it utilizes the mechanical symbols identified in the printed key on page 7. The image depicts 2 interconnected sections with the left section marked Lighter cylinder; the right section marked Lighters in. The walk-through of these connections are found in detail within the main text.

#BoilerManual #Lighters #Section4 #Page9

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 9 Lighter inserted. The image is on its side such that the bottom is along the right edge of the page and the top is along its left, and it utilizes the mechanical symbols identified in the printed key on page 7. The image depicts 2 interconnected sections with the left section marked Lighter cylinder; the right section marked Lighters in. The walk-through of these connections are found in detail within the main text.

#BoilerManual #Lighters #Section4 #Page9

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 9 Lighter inserted. The image is on its side such that the bottom is along the right edge of the page and the top is along its left, and it utilizes the mechanical symbols identified in the printed key on page 7. The image depicts 2 interconnected sections with the left section marked Lighter cylinder; the right section marked Lighters in. The walk-through of these connections are found in detail within the main text.

#BoilerManual #Lighters #Section4 #Page9

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 9 Lighter inserted. The image is on its side such that the bottom is along the right edge of the page and the top is along its left, and it utilizes the mechanical symbols identified in the printed key on page 7. The image depicts 2 interconnected sections with the left section marked Lighter cylinder; the right section marked Lighters in. The walk-through of these connections are found in detail within the main text.

#BoilerManual #Lighters #Section4 #Page9

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 9 Lighter inserted. The image is on its side such that the bottom is along the right edge of the page and the top is along its left, and it utilizes the mechanical symbols identified in the printed key on page 7. The image depicts 2 interconnected sections with the left section marked Lighter cylinder; the right section marked Lighters in. The walk-through of these connections are found in detail within the main text.

#BoilerManual #AirAndGasFlow #Section3 #Page9

full rated capacity. Secondary air is introduced tangentially to the cyclone and in the same direction as the coal and primary air to the burner.

As the firing rate increases, the cyclones need more air. To a degree, this air can be obtained by changing the individual cyclone secondary air control dampers. However, large increases in the opening of the control damper without increases in the forced draft air pressure will cause an undesirable decrease of secondary air velocity. For this reason the windbox to furnace differential pressure is varied with cyclone load

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 6 Cyclone air flow. Image is an illustration of a cut-away view of a Cyclone barrel showing the throat end up against the upper part of what's labeled Furnace wall. It appears as if in the rear of the barrel. Over the barrel is indicated Secondary air duct, and further forward of that is another wall marked Windbox, out of which comes ductwork from the bottom connecting with the Burner front at the Burner and Coal inlet; the duct is divided into two portions where it connects to the Burner front with the innermost portion marked Primary air and the smaller second portion marked Tertiary air.

#BoilerManual #AirAndGasFlow #Section3 #Page9

full rated capacity. Secondary air is introduced tangentially to the cyclone and in the same direction as the coal and primary air to the burner.

As the firing rate increases, the cyclones need more air. To a degree, this air can be obtained by changing the individual cyclone secondary air control dampers. However, large increases in the opening of the control damper without increases in the forced draft air pressure will cause an undesirable decrease of secondary air velocity. For this reason the windbox to furnace differential pressure is varied with cyclone load

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 6 Cyclone air flow. Image is an illustration of a cut-away view of a Cyclone barrel showing the throat end up against the upper part of what's labeled Furnace wall. It appears as if in the rear of the barrel. Over the barrel is indicated Secondary air duct, and further forward of that is another wall marked Windbox, out of which comes ductwork from the bottom connecting with the Burner front at the Burner and Coal inlet; the duct is divided into two portions where it connects to the Burner front with the innermost portion marked Primary air and the smaller second portion marked Tertiary air.

#BoilerManual #AirAndGasFlow #Section3 #Page9

full rated capacity. Secondary air is introduced tangentially to the cyclone and in the same direction as the coal and primary air to the burner.

As the firing rate increases, the cyclones need more air. To a degree, this air can be obtained by changing the individual cyclone secondary air control dampers. However, large increases in the opening of the control damper without increases in the forced draft air pressure will cause an undesirable decrease of secondary air velocity. For this reason the windbox to furnace differential pressure is varied with cyclone load

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 6 Cyclone air flow. Image is an illustration of a cut-away view of a Cyclone barrel showing the throat end up against the upper part of what's labeled Furnace wall. It appears as if in the rear of the barrel. Over the barrel is indicated Secondary air duct, and further forward of that is another wall marked Windbox, out of which comes ductwork from the bottom connecting with the Burner front at the Burner and Coal inlet; the duct is divided into two portions where it connects to the Burner front with the innermost portion marked Primary air and the smaller second portion marked Tertiary air.

#BoilerManual #AirAndGasFlow #Section3 #Page9

full rated capacity. Secondary air is introduced tangentially to the cyclone and in the same direction as the coal and primary air to the burner.

As the firing rate increases, the cyclones need more air. To a degree, this air can be obtained by changing the individual cyclone secondary air control dampers. However, large increases in the opening of the control damper without increases in the forced draft air pressure will cause an undesirable decrease of secondary air velocity. For this reason the windbox to furnace differential pressure is varied with cyclone load

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 6 Cyclone air flow. Image is an illustration of a cut-away view of a Cyclone barrel showing the throat end up against the upper part of what's labeled Furnace wall. It appears as if in the rear of the barrel. Over the barrel is indicated Secondary air duct, and further forward of that is another wall marked Windbox, out of which comes ductwork from the bottom connecting with the Burner front at the Burner and Coal inlet; the duct is divided into two portions where it connects to the Burner front with the innermost portion marked Primary air and the smaller second portion marked Tertiary air.

#BoilerManual #AirAndGasFlow #Section3 #Page9

full rated capacity. Secondary air is introduced tangentially to the cyclone and in the same direction as the coal and primary air to the burner.

As the firing rate increases, the cyclones need more air. To a degree, this air can be obtained by changing the individual cyclone secondary air control dampers. However, large increases in the opening of the control damper without increases in the forced draft air pressure will cause an undesirable decrease of secondary air velocity. For this reason the windbox to furnace differential pressure is varied with cyclone load

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Labeled Fig. 6 Cyclone air flow. Image is an illustration of a cut-away view of a Cyclone barrel showing the throat end up against the upper part of what's labeled Furnace wall. It appears as if in the rear of the barrel. Over the barrel is indicated Secondary air duct, and further forward of that is another wall marked Windbox, out of which comes ductwork from the bottom connecting with the Burner front at the Burner and Coal inlet; the duct is divided into two portions where it connects to the Burner front with the innermost portion marked Primary air and the smaller second portion marked Tertiary air.

#BoilerManual #FluidCirculation #Section2 #Page9

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE UNIVERSAL PRESSURE BOILER

Fluid circulation in the UP boiler can best be described by thinking of the boiler as a single tube. Feedwater is pumped into one end, heat is applied along the length of the tube, and steam flows out the other end. The output from the tube is a function of the feedwater flow and the amount of heat applied. The outlet fluid enthalpy, or heat content, depends only on the ratio of the heat input to the feedwater flow. The presence of a valve at the outlet of this one tube boiler provides a means of varying the pressure level. When the pressure level is maintained constant, the outlet steam temperature also is dependent only on the ratio of the heat input to the feedwater flow.

Flow through the boiler tubes keeps them from overheating. Heat is transferred from the tube to the fluid, raising the fluid temperature and lowering the metal temperature. If flow is low, little heat can be transferred to the fluid and metal temperature rises.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Figure 9 is on the left and is labeled Nucleate boiling. Figure 10 is on the right and is labeled Film boiling. Both Figures show a length of tube sliced lengthwise depicting water in the middle. Figure 9 depicts small bubbles with small circles and the Tube is labeled as such while inside the Tube is labeled Fluid mixing. Figure 10 depicts a film between the inner wall of the Tube (labeled as such) and the water it carries, by labeling the space between the Tube and the water as Steam film.

#BoilerManual #FluidCirculation #Section2 #Page9

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE UNIVERSAL PRESSURE BOILER

Fluid circulation in the UP boiler can best be described by thinking of the boiler as a single tube. Feedwater is pumped into one end, heat is applied along the length of the tube, and steam flows out the other end. The output from the tube is a function of the feedwater flow and the amount of heat applied. The outlet fluid enthalpy, or heat content, depends only on the ratio of the heat input to the feedwater flow. The presence of a valve at the outlet of this one tube boiler provides a means of varying the pressure level. When the pressure level is maintained constant, the outlet steam temperature also is dependent only on the ratio of the heat input to the feedwater flow.

Flow through the boiler tubes keeps them from overheating. Heat is transferred from the tube to the fluid, raising the fluid temperature and lowering the metal temperature. If flow is low, little heat can be transferred to the fluid and metal temperature rises.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Figure 9 is on the left and is labeled Nucleate boiling. Figure 10 is on the right and is labeled Film boiling. Both Figures show a length of tube sliced lengthwise depicting water in the middle. Figure 9 depicts small bubbles with small circles and the Tube is labeled as such while inside the Tube is labeled Fluid mixing. Figure 10 depicts a film between the inner wall of the Tube (labeled as such) and the water it carries, by labeling the space between the Tube and the water as Steam film.

#BoilerManual #FluidCirculation #Section2 #Page9

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE UNIVERSAL PRESSURE BOILER

Fluid circulation in the UP boiler can best be described by thinking of the boiler as a single tube. Feedwater is pumped into one end, heat is applied along the length of the tube, and steam flows out the other end. The output from the tube is a function of the feedwater flow and the amount of heat applied. The outlet fluid enthalpy, or heat content, depends only on the ratio of the heat input to the feedwater flow. The presence of a valve at the outlet of this one tube boiler provides a means of varying the pressure level. When the pressure level is maintained constant, the outlet steam temperature also is dependent only on the ratio of the heat input to the feedwater flow.

Flow through the boiler tubes keeps them from overheating. Heat is transferred from the tube to the fluid, raising the fluid temperature and lowering the metal temperature. If flow is low, little heat can be transferred to the fluid and metal temperature rises.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Figure 9 is on the left and is labeled Nucleate boiling. Figure 10 is on the right and is labeled Film boiling. Both Figures show a length of tube sliced lengthwise depicting water in the middle. Figure 9 depicts small bubbles with small circles and the Tube is labeled as such while inside the Tube is labeled Fluid mixing. Figure 10 depicts a film between the inner wall of the Tube (labeled as such) and the water it carries, by labeling the space between the Tube and the water as Steam film.

#BoilerManual #FluidCirculation #Section2 #Page9

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE UNIVERSAL PRESSURE BOILER

Fluid circulation in the UP boiler can best be described by thinking of the boiler as a single tube. Feedwater is pumped into one end, heat is applied along the length of the tube, and steam flows out the other end. The output from the tube is a function of the feedwater flow and the amount of heat applied. The outlet fluid enthalpy, or heat content, depends only on the ratio of the heat input to the feedwater flow. The presence of a valve at the outlet of this one tube boiler provides a means of varying the pressure level. When the pressure level is maintained constant, the outlet steam temperature also is dependent only on the ratio of the heat input to the feedwater flow.

Flow through the boiler tubes keeps them from overheating. Heat is transferred from the tube to the fluid, raising the fluid temperature and lowering the metal temperature. If flow is low, little heat can be transferred to the fluid and metal temperature rises.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Figure 9 is on the left and is labeled Nucleate boiling. Figure 10 is on the right and is labeled Film boiling. Both Figures show a length of tube sliced lengthwise depicting water in the middle. Figure 9 depicts small bubbles with small circles and the Tube is labeled as such while inside the Tube is labeled Fluid mixing. Figure 10 depicts a film between the inner wall of the Tube (labeled as such) and the water it carries, by labeling the space between the Tube and the water as Steam film.

#BoilerManual #FluidCirculation #Section2 #Page9

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE UNIVERSAL PRESSURE BOILER

Fluid circulation in the UP boiler can best be described by thinking of the boiler as a single tube. Feedwater is pumped into one end, heat is applied along the length of the tube, and steam flows out the other end. The output from the tube is a function of the feedwater flow and the amount of heat applied. The outlet fluid enthalpy, or heat content, depends only on the ratio of the heat input to the feedwater flow. The presence of a valve at the outlet of this one tube boiler provides a means of varying the pressure level. When the pressure level is maintained constant, the outlet steam temperature also is dependent only on the ratio of the heat input to the feedwater flow.

Flow through the boiler tubes keeps them from overheating. Heat is transferred from the tube to the fluid, raising the fluid temperature and lowering the metal temperature. If flow is low, little heat can be transferred to the fluid and metal temperature rises.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------
Alt = Figure 9 is on the left and is labeled Nucleate boiling. Figure 10 is on the right and is labeled Film boiling. Both Figures show a length of tube sliced lengthwise depicting water in the middle. Figure 9 depicts small bubbles with small circles and the Tube is labeled as such while inside the Tube is labeled Fluid mixing. Figure 10 depicts a film between the inner wall of the Tube (labeled as such) and the water it carries, by labeling the space between the Tube and the water as Steam film.

@Su_G #BoilerManual #UnitDescription #Section1 #Page9

at the economizer inlet header. It passes upward through the economizer to collecting headers. It then passes through downcomer piping to the vicinity of the cyclone furnaces, where multiple pipe connections route the water to each cyclone. The cyclones, which are interconnected, discharge the fluid through multiple connections to a mixing bottle located under the furnace. Here the fluid from all cyclones is mixed to eliminate temperature imbalances in the fluid. From this bottle, the fluid flows to the inlet headers of the furnace floor and side walls, and passes upward through the furnace wall tubes. It is mixed enroute to balance fluid conditions.

From the upper furnace wall headers, the fluid is routed through pipes to the roof inlet header and then through the roof tubes to the roof outlet header where mixing again takes place. It passes through a pipe distribution system to the lower convection pass (CP) enclosure headers and up through the CP side walls, discharging to the upper headers. Pipes convey the fluid to a common header from where it is routed to the primary superheater inlet header.

The fluid is collected and mixed before entering the primary superheater and is partially mixed again as it flows from the primary to the secondary superheater. Side-to-side crossover connections between the primary and secondary superheaters reduce temperature imbalances due to uneven flue gas distribution. The secondary superheater discharges steam to the main steam outlet, which flows to the high pressure (HP) stage of the turbine.

Low pressure steam (HP exhaust) is introduced to the reheater inlet header and flows through the reheater tubes to outlet headers and on to the intermediate (IP and low pressure (LP)stages of the turbine.

From the LP turbine the steam flows through the condenser, condensate polisher, low pressure heaters and deaerator before being reintroduced into the boiler by the feed pumps.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

@Su_G #BoilerManual #UnitDescription #Section1 #Page9

at the economizer inlet header. It passes upward through the economizer to collecting headers. It then passes through downcomer piping to the vicinity of the cyclone furnaces, where multiple pipe connections route the water to each cyclone. The cyclones, which are interconnected, discharge the fluid through multiple connections to a mixing bottle located under the furnace. Here the fluid from all cyclones is mixed to eliminate temperature imbalances in the fluid. From this bottle, the fluid flows to the inlet headers of the furnace floor and side walls, and passes upward through the furnace wall tubes. It is mixed enroute to balance fluid conditions.

From the upper furnace wall headers, the fluid is routed through pipes to the roof inlet header and then through the roof tubes to the roof outlet header where mixing again takes place. It passes through a pipe distribution system to the lower convection pass (CP) enclosure headers and up through the CP side walls, discharging to the upper headers. Pipes convey the fluid to a common header from where it is routed to the primary superheater inlet header.

The fluid is collected and mixed before entering the primary superheater and is partially mixed again as it flows from the primary to the secondary superheater. Side-to-side crossover connections between the primary and secondary superheaters reduce temperature imbalances due to uneven flue gas distribution. The secondary superheater discharges steam to the main steam outlet, which flows to the high pressure (HP) stage of the turbine.

Low pressure steam (HP exhaust) is introduced to the reheater inlet header and flows through the reheater tubes to outlet headers and on to the intermediate (IP and low pressure (LP)stages of the turbine.

From the LP turbine the steam flows through the condenser, condensate polisher, low pressure heaters and deaerator before being reintroduced into the boiler by the feed pumps.

-------------------------------------------------- 9 ------------------------------------------------------

@Su_G #BoilerManual #UnitDescription #Section1 #Page9

at the economizer inlet header. It passes upward through the economizer to collecting headers. It then passes through downcomer piping to the vicinity of the cyclone furnaces, where multiple pipe connections route the water to each cyclone. The cyclones, which are interconnected, discharge the fluid through multiple connections to a mixing bottle located under the furnace. Here the fluid from all cyclones is mixed to eliminate temperature imbalances in the fluid. From this bottle, the fluid flows to the inlet headers of the furnace floor and side walls, and passes upward through the furnace wall tubes. It is mixed enroute to balance fluid conditions.

From the upper furnace wall headers, the fluid is routed through pipes to the roof inlet header and then through the roof tubes to the roof outlet header where mixing again takes place. It passes through a pipe distribution system to the lower convection pass (CP) enclosure headers and up through the CP side walls, discharging to the upper headers. Pipes convey the fluid to a common header from where it is routed to the primary superheater inlet header.

The fluid is collected and mixed before entering the primary superheater and is partially mixed again as it flows from the primary to the secondary superheater. Side-to-side crossover connections between the primary and secondary superheaters reduce temperature imbalances due to uneven flue gas distribution. The secondary superheater discharges steam to the main steam outlet, which flows to the high pressure (HP) stage of the turbine.

Low pressure steam (HP exhaust) is introduced to the reheater inlet header and flows through the reheater tubes to outlet headers and on to the intermediate (IP and low pressure (LP)stages of the turbine.

From the LP turbine the steam flows through the condenser, condensate polisher, low pressure heaters and deaerator before being reintroduced into the boiler by the feed pumps.

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@Su_G #BoilerManual #UnitDescription #Section1 #Page9

at the economizer inlet header. It passes upward through the economizer to collecting headers. It then passes through downcomer piping to the vicinity of the cyclone furnaces, where multiple pipe connections route the water to each cyclone. The cyclones, which are interconnected, discharge the fluid through multiple connections to a mixing bottle located under the furnace. Here the fluid from all cyclones is mixed to eliminate temperature imbalances in the fluid. From this bottle, the fluid flows to the inlet headers of the furnace floor and side walls, and passes upward through the furnace wall tubes. It is mixed enroute to balance fluid conditions.

From the upper furnace wall headers, the fluid is routed through pipes to the roof inlet header and then through the roof tubes to the roof outlet header where mixing again takes place. It passes through a pipe distribution system to the lower convection pass (CP) enclosure headers and up through the CP side walls, discharging to the upper headers. Pipes convey the fluid to a common header from where it is routed to the primary superheater inlet header.

The fluid is collected and mixed before entering the primary superheater and is partially mixed again as it flows from the primary to the secondary superheater. Side-to-side crossover connections between the primary and secondary superheaters reduce temperature imbalances due to uneven flue gas distribution. The secondary superheater discharges steam to the main steam outlet, which flows to the high pressure (HP) stage of the turbine.

Low pressure steam (HP exhaust) is introduced to the reheater inlet header and flows through the reheater tubes to outlet headers and on to the intermediate (IP and low pressure (LP)stages of the turbine.

From the LP turbine the steam flows through the condenser, condensate polisher, low pressure heaters and deaerator before being reintroduced into the boiler by the feed pumps.

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@Su_G #BoilerManual #UnitDescription #Section1 #Page9

at the economizer inlet header. It passes upward through the economizer to collecting headers. It then passes through downcomer piping to the vicinity of the cyclone furnaces, where multiple pipe connections route the water to each cyclone. The cyclones, which are interconnected, discharge the fluid through multiple connections to a mixing bottle located under the furnace. Here the fluid from all cyclones is mixed to eliminate temperature imbalances in the fluid. From this bottle, the fluid flows to the inlet headers of the furnace floor and side walls, and passes upward through the furnace wall tubes. It is mixed enroute to balance fluid conditions.

From the upper furnace wall headers, the fluid is routed through pipes to the roof inlet header and then through the roof tubes to the roof outlet header where mixing again takes place. It passes through a pipe distribution system to the lower convection pass (CP) enclosure headers and up through the CP side walls, discharging to the upper headers. Pipes convey the fluid to a common header from where it is routed to the primary superheater inlet header.

The fluid is collected and mixed before entering the primary superheater and is partially mixed again as it flows from the primary to the secondary superheater. Side-to-side crossover connections between the primary and secondary superheaters reduce temperature imbalances due to uneven flue gas distribution. The secondary superheater discharges steam to the main steam outlet, which flows to the high pressure (HP) stage of the turbine.

Low pressure steam (HP exhaust) is introduced to the reheater inlet header and flows through the reheater tubes to outlet headers and on to the intermediate (IP and low pressure (LP)stages of the turbine.

From the LP turbine the steam flows through the condenser, condensate polisher, low pressure heaters and deaerator before being reintroduced into the boiler by the feed pumps.

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