#easterneurope — Public Fediverse posts
Live and recent posts from across the Fediverse tagged #easterneurope, aggregated by home.social.
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KYIV POST:
Serbia Is Not a Russian Province, and Lavrov Has No Right to Decide Its Futurehttps://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/83855
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov has spent years consciously representing and defending a policy that has brought war, occupation and war crimes back to Europe. As such, Russia has no authority over Serbia’s decisions, no matter what the Kremlin may think.
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KYIV POST:
Serbia Is Not a Russian Province, and Lavrov Has No Right to Decide Its Futurehttps://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/83855
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov has spent years consciously representing and defending a policy that has brought war, occupation and war crimes back to Europe. As such, Russia has no authority over Serbia’s decisions, no matter what the Kremlin may think.
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KYIV POST:
Serbia Is Not a Russian Province, and Lavrov Has No Right to Decide Its Futurehttps://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/83855
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov has spent years consciously representing and defending a policy that has brought war, occupation and war crimes back to Europe. As such, Russia has no authority over Serbia’s decisions, no matter what the Kremlin may think.
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KYIV POST:
Serbia Is Not a Russian Province, and Lavrov Has No Right to Decide Its Futurehttps://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/83855
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov has spent years consciously representing and defending a policy that has brought war, occupation and war crimes back to Europe. As such, Russia has no authority over Serbia’s decisions, no matter what the Kremlin may think.
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KYIV POST:
Serbia Is Not a Russian Province, and Lavrov Has No Right to Decide Its Futurehttps://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/83855
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov has spent years consciously representing and defending a policy that has brought war, occupation and war crimes back to Europe. As such, Russia has no authority over Serbia’s decisions, no matter what the Kremlin may think.
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Vannacci, Italy’s rising right-wing star, has tet to meet Meloni | Entertainment https://www.byteseu.com/2340759/ #bari #EasternEurope #Elections #Europe #Italy #Politics #PoliticsAndGovernment #SouthernEurope #Ukraine
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https://www.europesays.com/people/216926/ Vannacci, Italy’s rising right-wing star, has tet to meet Meloni | Entertainment #Bari #EasternEurope #Elections #europe #GiorgiaMeloni #Italy #Politics #PoliticsAndGovernment #SouthernEurope #Ukraine
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Vannacci, Italy’s rising right-wing star, has tet to meet Meloni | Entertainment
Italy’s Roberto Vannacci, the insurgent ultranationalist, has yet to meet Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni or have contact with…
#Italy #Europe #Europa #EU #Bari #EasternEurope #Elections #Politics #PoliticsandGovernment #SouthernEurope #ukraine
https://www.europesays.com/italy/45636/ -
This Baltic City With 13th-Century Castles, $17 Meals, And Zero Western European Crowds Is Surging In Popularity
Share The Article There’s the jam-packed, overpriced, everyone’s-been-there-done-that Europe… and then there’s the unsung, still-authentic, criminally overlooked side…
#Estonia #EE #Europe #Europa #EU #BalticSea #EasternEurope #Eesti #estonia #Uudised
https://www.europesays.com/3234952/ -
This Baltic City With 13th-Century Castles, $17 Meals, And Zero Western European Crowds Is Surging In Popularity https://www.byteseu.com/2339516/ #BalticSea #EasternEurope #Estonia #Europe
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This Baltic City With 13th-Century Castles, $17 Meals, And Zero Western European Crowds Is Surging In Popularity https://www.byteseu.com/2339516/ #BalticSea #EasternEurope #Estonia #Europe
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KYIV POST:
Norway Ship Seizure Raises Stakes as Moscow Fears Wider Russian Asset Confiscationshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83807
Norway’s seizure of a Russian vessel for Ukraine’s Naftogaz has sharpened concerns in Moscow that more Russian state assets abroad could be targeted to satisfy Ukrainian compensation claims.
#Ukraine #World #Europe #EasternEurope #Business #Economy #Finance
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KYIV POST:
Norway Ship Seizure Raises Stakes as Moscow Fears Wider Russian Asset Confiscationshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83807
Norway’s seizure of a Russian vessel for Ukraine’s Naftogaz has sharpened concerns in Moscow that more Russian state assets abroad could be targeted to satisfy Ukrainian compensation claims.
#Ukraine #World #Europe #EasternEurope #Business #Economy #Finance
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KYIV POST:
Norway Ship Seizure Raises Stakes as Moscow Fears Wider Russian Asset Confiscationshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83807
Norway’s seizure of a Russian vessel for Ukraine’s Naftogaz has sharpened concerns in Moscow that more Russian state assets abroad could be targeted to satisfy Ukrainian compensation claims.
#Ukraine #World #Europe #EasternEurope #Business #Economy #Finance
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KYIV POST:
Norway Ship Seizure Raises Stakes as Moscow Fears Wider Russian Asset Confiscationshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83807
Norway’s seizure of a Russian vessel for Ukraine’s Naftogaz has sharpened concerns in Moscow that more Russian state assets abroad could be targeted to satisfy Ukrainian compensation claims.
#Ukraine #World #Europe #EasternEurope #Business #Economy #Finance
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KYIV POST:
Norway Ship Seizure Raises Stakes as Moscow Fears Wider Russian Asset Confiscationshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83807
Norway’s seizure of a Russian vessel for Ukraine’s Naftogaz has sharpened concerns in Moscow that more Russian state assets abroad could be targeted to satisfy Ukrainian compensation claims.
#Ukraine #World #Europe #EasternEurope #Business #Economy #Finance
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KYIV POST:
Russian Agent Near SBU HQ May Have Guided Shahed Strike, Expert Sayshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83806
Presidential adviser Serhii “Flash” Beskrestnov believes a Russian operative may have activated a portable internet-linked radio repeater within 5 kilometers of the SBU headquarters to guide the Shahed that struck the building.
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KYIV POST:
Russian Agent Near SBU HQ May Have Guided Shahed Strike, Expert Sayshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83806
Presidential adviser Serhii “Flash” Beskrestnov believes a Russian operative may have activated a portable internet-linked radio repeater within 5 kilometers of the SBU headquarters to guide the Shahed that struck the building.
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KYIV POST:
Russian Agent Near SBU HQ May Have Guided Shahed Strike, Expert Sayshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83806
Presidential adviser Serhii “Flash” Beskrestnov believes a Russian operative may have activated a portable internet-linked radio repeater within 5 kilometers of the SBU headquarters to guide the Shahed that struck the building.
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KYIV POST:
Russian Agent Near SBU HQ May Have Guided Shahed Strike, Expert Sayshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83806
Presidential adviser Serhii “Flash” Beskrestnov believes a Russian operative may have activated a portable internet-linked radio repeater within 5 kilometers of the SBU headquarters to guide the Shahed that struck the building.
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KYIV POST:
Russian Agent Near SBU HQ May Have Guided Shahed Strike, Expert Sayshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83806
Presidential adviser Serhii “Flash” Beskrestnov believes a Russian operative may have activated a portable internet-linked radio repeater within 5 kilometers of the SBU headquarters to guide the Shahed that struck the building.
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KYIV POST:
Memorial Chief Warns Russia Will Jail More People, Send Them to Ukraine Front After Electionshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83802
Memorial executive director Elena Zhemkova warned that political repression in Russia could sharply intensify after September’s elections, with more people imprisoned and sent to fight in Ukraine.
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KYIV POST:
Memorial Chief Warns Russia Will Jail More People, Send Them to Ukraine Front After Electionshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83802
Memorial executive director Elena Zhemkova warned that political repression in Russia could sharply intensify after September’s elections, with more people imprisoned and sent to fight in Ukraine.
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KYIV POST:
Memorial Chief Warns Russia Will Jail More People, Send Them to Ukraine Front After Electionshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83802
Memorial executive director Elena Zhemkova warned that political repression in Russia could sharply intensify after September’s elections, with more people imprisoned and sent to fight in Ukraine.
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KYIV POST:
Memorial Chief Warns Russia Will Jail More People, Send Them to Ukraine Front After Electionshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83802
Memorial executive director Elena Zhemkova warned that political repression in Russia could sharply intensify after September’s elections, with more people imprisoned and sent to fight in Ukraine.
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KYIV POST:
Memorial Chief Warns Russia Will Jail More People, Send Them to Ukraine Front After Electionshttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83802
Memorial executive director Elena Zhemkova warned that political repression in Russia could sharply intensify after September’s elections, with more people imprisoned and sent to fight in Ukraine.
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KYIV POST:
Russia Demands ‘Immediate Release’ of Ship Seized by Norway Over Naftogaz Claimhttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83707
The Russian vessel remains detained in Svalbard as Naftogaz seeks to enforce a $4.2 billion arbitration award over assets seized in Crimea.
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KYIV POST:
Russia Demands ‘Immediate Release’ of Ship Seized by Norway Over Naftogaz Claimhttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83707
The Russian vessel remains detained in Svalbard as Naftogaz seeks to enforce a $4.2 billion arbitration award over assets seized in Crimea.
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KYIV POST:
Russia Demands ‘Immediate Release’ of Ship Seized by Norway Over Naftogaz Claimhttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83707
The Russian vessel remains detained in Svalbard as Naftogaz seeks to enforce a $4.2 billion arbitration award over assets seized in Crimea.
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KYIV POST:
Russia Demands ‘Immediate Release’ of Ship Seized by Norway Over Naftogaz Claimhttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83707
The Russian vessel remains detained in Svalbard as Naftogaz seeks to enforce a $4.2 billion arbitration award over assets seized in Crimea.
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KYIV POST:
Russia Demands ‘Immediate Release’ of Ship Seized by Norway Over Naftogaz Claimhttps://www.kyivpost.com/post/83707
The Russian vessel remains detained in Svalbard as Naftogaz seeks to enforce a $4.2 billion arbitration award over assets seized in Crimea.
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Spirituality & Religious Studies @spiritualityreligiousstudies.wordpress.com@spiritualityreligiousstudies.wordpress.com ·Ashkenazi Jews
Author’s Note: This post has mentions of Nazis, the Holocaust, & Nazi Germany. We completely understand if you wish to skip over this post. We’ll catch you in the next one!
Also known as Ashkenazic Jews, Ashkenazis, or Ashkenazim.
This is a form of distinct ethnic subdivision of the Jewish Diaspora. Emerging from the Jewish communities that consolidated during the 10th century in the Rhineland (Western Germany) & northern France. They migrated there from centers such as the Italian peninsula & the Southern Levant. This includes present-day Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, & Jordan.
After numerous massacres of Jews during the Crusades (11th-13th centuries), they began a gradual eastward migration due to mounting restrictions within the Holy Roman Empire & the favorable policies of Casimir the Great & others.
This diaspora ramped up after the persecution during the Black Death of the 14th century. The bulk of the Ashkenazi Jews had migrated to the Kingdom of Poland (which includes modern-day Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, & parts of Russia). This area became the main center of Ashkenazi Jewry until the Holocaust.
Ashkenazim adapted their traditions, rites, & customs to Europe. They traditionally followed the German rite synagogue ritual & until the Holocaust primarily spoke Yiddish, an offshoot of Middle High German written in a variety of the Hebrew script, with significant Hebrew, Aramaic, & Slavic influences.
The Yiddish language progressively declined in prestige, in favor of national languages & Hebrew, being stigmatized by assimilationists & later also Zionists. Though it was spoken by over 11 million people worldwide before the Holocaust. The Yiddishist movement, which sought to preserve & revive the language, faded through the 20th century. Including Duolingo adding Yiddish as a language.
As a proportion of the world Jewish population, Ashkenazim were estimated to be 3% in the 11th century, rising to 92% in 1930, near the population’s peak. The Ashkenazi population was significantly diminished by the Holocaust carried out by Nazi Germany during WWII, which killed around 6 million Jews. Before WWII, the estimated worldwide Jewish population was 15.3-16.7 million, with 92% being Ashkenazi. As of 2023, the population of Ashkenazim was estimated to be around 10-13 million out of 15.8 million total Jews.
The name Ashkenazi comes from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz. He’s the 1st son of Gomer, grandson of Japhet, great-grandson of Noah, & a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations. The name for Gomer has often been linked to the Cimmerians.
The Biblical Ashkenazis are usually derived from Assyrian Askuza, a people who expelled the Cimmerians from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates. The name Askuza is identified with the Scythians.
In Jeremiah 51:27, Ashkenaz figures as 1 of 3 kingdoms in the far north, the others being Minni (or Mannaea), an ancient kingdom that flourished in northwestern Iran, & Arrat (corresponding to Urartu), called on by God to resist Babylon.
Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia (usually identified with Scandinavia), viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, in the 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th century, in the History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertci, Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia.
As it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Chimea, & areas to the east. They’re also identified with the Slavim or Slavs. In keeping with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was called Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (I Kings 17:9), & Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan.
Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France & Germany following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of both medieval Germany & France.
In later times, the word Ashkenaz is used to designate southern & western Germany, the ritual of which sections differs somewhat from that of eastern Germany & Poland. Thus, the prayer book of Isaiah Horowitz (a prominent rabbi & mystic), & many others, give the piyyutim (a Jewish liturgical poem), according to the Minhag of Ashkenaz & Poland. A Minhag is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism.
In a religious sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is any Jew whose family tradition & synagogue ritual follow Ashkenazi practices (German rite). Until the Ashkenazi community 1st began to develop in the Early Middle Ages, the centers of Jewish religious authority were in the Islamic world, at Baghdad & Islamic Spain. German Ashkenaz was so geographically distant that it developed a minhag of its own.
The counterpart of Ashkenazi is Sephardic. Since most non-Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews follow Sephardic rabbinical authorities, whether or not they’re ethnically Sephardic. By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi (a.k.a. Oriental Jews; Jews who lived in the Muslim world) who married into an Orthodox or Haredi (a.k.a. ultra-Orthodox) Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her kids to be Ashkenazi Jews.
On the other hand, an Ashkenazi woman who married a Sephardi or Mizrahi is expected to take on Sephardic practices & the kids will “inherit” a Sephardic identity. Though in practice, many families do compromise. A “convert” usually follows the practice of the rabbinical court (beth din) that converted them.
Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means “Jewishness” in the Yiddish language. Before the Haskalah (a.k.a. the Jewish Enlightenment) & the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of the Torah & the Talmud for men, & communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men & women.
From the Rhineland to Riga (the largest city in Latvia) to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, & spoke Yiddish in their secular (worldly) lives. But with modernization, Yiddishkeit now includes not just Orthodoxy & Hasidism, but a broader range of movements, ideologies, practices, & traditions in which Ashkenazi have participated & somehow kept a sense of Jewishness. Although pockets of Jews still speak Yiddish, Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech, styles of humor, & in patterns of association.
As Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe, mostly in the form of aliyah to Israel. Or immigration to North America, South Africa, Europe (particularly France), & Latin America, the geographic isolation has given way to mixing with other cultures, & with non-Ashkenazi Jews who, similarly, are no longer isolated in distinct geographic locales.
Hebrew has replaced Yiddish as the primary Jewish language for many Ashkenazi Jews. Although many Hasidic & Hareidi groups still use Yiddish in daily life. Aliyah is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to, historically, the geographic Land of Israel or the Palestine region, where the State of Israel was established.
France’s blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that’s going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were 2 distinct Jewish populations.
One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition (which no one expects! Sorry, we’re Monty Python fans here.) & concentrated in the southwest. While the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, & mainly speaking a German dialect similar to Yiddish.
The 3rd community of Provencal Jews living in Comtat Venaissin was technically outside France, & was later absorbed into the Sephardim. Comtat Venaissin (called Comtat, for short) was a part of the Papal States from 1274 to 1791.
But after emancipation, a sense of a unified French Jewry emerged, especially when France was wracked by the Dreyfus Affair in the 1890s. (We’ll be doing a post about the Dreyfus Affair.) In the 1920s & 30s, Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism, the Russian Revolution, & the economic turmoil of the Great Depression.
By the 1930s, Paris had a vibrant Yiddish culture, & many Jews were involved in diverse political movements. After the Vichy years & the Holocaust, the French Jewish population was augmented once again, 1st by Ashkenazi refugees from Central Europe, & later by Sephardi immigrants & refugees from North Africa, many of them francophone. Francophone refers to people/organizations who use French (language) regularly.
Ashkenazi Jews didn’t transmit their traditions or achievements by text. Instead, these traditions were passed down orally from one generation to the next. The desire to maintain pre-Holocaust traditions relating to Ashkenazi culture has often been met with criticism by Jews in Eastern Europe.
In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is a descendant of the Jews who settled in the Central European region of “Ashkenaz.” For roughly 1,000 years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe.
Despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow of countries from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Since the mid-20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities & non-Jews.
Religious persecution of the Jews in Western & Central Europe led to a significant migration of the Ashkenazi Jews into Eastern Europe. This resulted in a major cultural divide between Western/Central & Eastern Ashkenazi communities. In particular, this was reflected in the division of Yiddish into Western & Eastern Yiddish dialects. As well as in other cultural distinctions: traditions, food, dress, etc.
Initially, the Jews of Eastern Europe enjoyed relative freedom in terms of movement, being invited by the kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Over time, the situation was reversed. By the 19th century, the Jews in the West had gradually been integrated into the general society.
While the Eastern Ashkenazi maintained their strict Jewish traditions & were mostly confined to ghettos, especially in the Pale of Settlement of the Russian Empire, which incorporated a considerable amount of land where the Eastern Ashkenazi lived: Poland & Lithuania.
Well-known differences in practices include:
- Observance of Passover (Pesach)
- Ashkenazi Jews traditionally refrain from eating legumes, grain, millet, & rice. Quinoa has become accepted as a food grain in North American communities. Sephardi Jews typically don’t prohibit these foods.
- Notwithstanding stricter requirements for the ACTUAL slaughter, Sephardi Jews permit the rear portions of an animal after proper Halakhic removal of the sciatic nerve. While many Ashkenazi Jews don’t.
- Ashkenazi Jews often name newborns after deceased family members, not after living relatives. Sephardi Jews often name their kids after their grandparents, even if those grandparents are still living. An exception to this is among Dutch Jews, where Ashkenazi for centuries used naming conventions otherwise attributed exclusively to Sephardim, such as Chuts. Chuts is the name given to Jews who immigrated to London from the Netherlands in the 1850s-1860s.
- Ashkenazi tefillins are wound toward the body, not away from it. Ashkenazim put on the tefillin while standing up. Other Jews generally do so while sitting down. A tefillin(s) is/are sets of small black leather boxes with leather straps having scrolls of parchment written with verses of the Torah inside.
- The prayer shawl (tallit/tallis) is worn by all Ashkenazi men AFTER marriage. Except for Western European Ashkenazi men who wear it from the bar mitzvah. In Sephardi or Mizrahi Judaism, the prayer shawl is commonly worn from early childhood.
The term Ashkenazi also refers to the Nusach Ashkenaz, the liturgical tradition used by Ashkenazi Jews in their siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition’s choice of prayers, the text of prayers & melodies used in the singing of prayers. 2 other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazi Jews are Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari, used by those in Chabad.
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#10thCentury #11thCentury #1274 #13thCentury #14thCentury #1790 #1791 #1850s #1860s #1890s #1920s #1930 #1930s #19thCentury #20thCentury #21stCentury #6thCentury #Adiabene #Aliyah #Aramaic #Armenia #Arrat #AshkenaziJews #Ashkenazim #Askuza #Assyrian #Babylon #Belarus #BethDin #BlackDeath #Bohemia #Canaan #Carolingian #CasmirTheGreat #CentalEurope #CentralEurope #Chabad #Chimea #Chuts #Cimmerians #Comtat #ComtatVenaissin #Crusades #DreyfusAffair #Duolingo #EarlyMiddleAges #EasternEurope #Europe #Eusebius #France #GermanAlsace #GermanRite #Germany #Gomer #GreatDepression #Halakic #Haredi #Hasidism #Haskalah #Hebrew #HistoriaEcclesiastica #HistoryOfArmenia #Holocaust #HolyRomanEmpire #IKings179 #IsaiahHorowitz #Islam #Israel #ItalianPeninsula #Japhet #Jeremiah5127 #JewishDiaspora #JewishEnlightenment #JewishLaw #Jordan #Judaism #Khazaria #KingdomOfPoland #LatinAmerica #Lebanon #Levant #Lithuania #London #Mannaea #MiddleAges #MiddleHighGerman #Minhag #Minni #Mizrahi #Muslim #Netherlands #Noah #NorthAfrica #NorthAmerica #NorthernFrance #NorthwesternIran #NusachSefard #OrientalJews #Orthodox #PaleOfSettlement #Palestine #PapalStates #Paris #Passover #Pesach #Piyyutim #Poland #PolishLithuanianCommonwealth #prayerBook #PrayerShawl #Provencal #Rhineland #Riga #Romania #Russia #RussianEmpire #RussianRevolution #Scandinavia #Scythians #Sefarad #Sephardic #Siddur #Slavic #SouthAfrica #SouthernLevant #Spain #StateOfIsrael #synagogue #TableOfNations #Tallis #Tallit #Talmud #Tefillins #Torah #Tsarefat #Ukraine #UltraOrthodox #UpperEuphrates #Vichy #WesternGermany #WorldWarII #Yiddish #Yiddishkeit #YovhannesDrasxanakertci #Zionists - Observance of Passover (Pesach)
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You don't need weapons if you have Soviet umbrellas made in Bulgaria and distributed by Romanian importers from warehouses in Russia.
#ColdWar #History #HistoricalResearch #Espionage #IntelligenceHistory #SecurityStudies #StrategicStudies #InternationalRelations #Geopolitics #EasternEurope #Bulgaria #Romania #Russia #SovietEra #TwentiethCentury #PoliticalHistory #EuropeanHistory #ArchivalResearch #HistoricalSources #IntelligenceStudies #DiplomaticHistory #HistoricalContext #StateSecurity #GlobalHistory #HistoricalAnalysis #ComparativeHistory #ContemporaryHistory #InternationalHistory #USSR #SovietUnion
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Spirituality & Religious Studies @spiritualityreligiousstudies.wordpress.com@spiritualityreligiousstudies.wordpress.com ·
Yazids
Also spelled Yesidis.
They’re a Kurdish-speaking endogamous religious group indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, & Iran, with small numbers living in Armenia & Georgia (the country). Endogamy is the cultural practice of only marrying within a specific social group, religious denomination, caste, or ethnic group. The majority of the Yazidis remaining in the Middle East today live in Iraq, primarily in the governorates of Nineveh & Duhok.
Yazidism came about through a complex historical process involving a pre-Islamic Kurdish religious substratum & teachings of Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir. Generally, scholars regard Yazidism as an independent religious tradition with deep roots in ancient Iranian beliefs, shaped by later Sufi influences. Yazidism was adopted by many Kurdish tribes & Emirates. It reached as far west as Antioch & as far east as Sulaymaniyah. Sulaymaniyah/Slemani is a city in the East of the Kurdistan region of Iraq.
Yezidi manuscripts (called misurs) were written in the 13th century. It contains lists of Kurdish tribes affiliated with Yezidi Pir saints. Only 2 of the 40 total manuscripts have been published so far. Namely, the Misur of Pir Sini Darani & the Misur of Pir Xetib Pisi. The list in the Misur of Pir Sini Darani includes several large tribes that have been largely or fully Islamized today.
From the 14th century on, Yazidis developed their own religious & political institutions in the areas where they lived. The Yezidi territories were divided into 7 administrative centers. Each has its own Sincaq (This is an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire). More commonly known as Tawis among the Yezids. Sincaqs are sacred bronze effigies bearing the image of a bird or peacock to symbolize Tawusi Melek. They serve as symbols of power for each administrative center.
Every 6 months, the Yezidi Quwals, who are trained reciters of Qewls & other forms of sacred oral Yezidi tradition, were sent out to other Yezidi-inhabited areas with military protection from the central administrative region of Shekhan & the spiritual center of Lalish.
This tradition serves to preserve the Yazidi faith & doctrine. The Qewals, supported by voluntary alms, led a Sincaq through Yazidi villages to maintain spiritual legitimacy & symbolize the authority of Lalish & the Mir.
During WWI, the Armenian genocide of 1915 caused a mass exodus of Yazidis from Van, Kars, & Bazid, Turkey. Together with many Armenians, they fled from the Ottoman Empire in masses to Transcaucasia (a.k.a. South Caucasus. This is located on the border of Eastern Europe & West Asia, which straddles the southern Caucasus Mountains.).
They followed their families/relatives who had already migrated to the territories of the Russian Empire after fleeing during the Russo-Turkish wars in 1828-1829 & 1877-1878. In May 1918, Ottomans crossed the Akhuryan River to invade the Armenian Republic. The Yezidi participation in the decisive Battle of Sardarabad is still commemorated by Armenians.
Yazidism is a monotheistic faith based on belief in 1 God, who created the world & entrusted it into the care of a Heptad of the 7 Holy Beings. Often known as angels or heft sirr (the 7 Mysteries). Preeminent among these is Tawusi Melek (also known as Melek Taus), the Peacock Angel. Traditionally, Yazidis who marry non-Yazidis are considered to have converted to the religion of their spouse.
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#14thCentury #1828 #1829 #1877 #1878 #7HolyBeings #7Mysteries #AkhuryanRiver #Antioch #Armenia #ArmenianRepublic #Armenians #BattleOfSardarabad #Bazid #Duhok #EasternEurope #Georgia #HeftSir #Heptad #history #Iran #Iraq #Islam #Kars #Kurdish #Kurdistan #Lalish #May1918 #MelekTaus #MiddleEast #Mir #MisurOfPirSini #MisurOfPirSiniDarani #Misurs #MustOfPirSIniDarani #Nineveh #OttomanEmpire #Ottomans #PeacockAngel #politics #Qewls #RussianEmpire #RussoTurkishWars #Saints #Shekhan #Sincaq #Slemani #SouthCaucasus #SouthernCaucasusMountains #Sufi #Sulaymaniyah #Syria #Tawis #TawusiMelek #Transcaucasia #Turkey #Van #WestAsia #WesternAsia #WorldWarI #Yazidism #Yazids #YesidiPir #Yesidis #YezidiQuwals -
I am delighted that “Meta/Metal. Open Questions in #MetalStudies” has been published – with texts on #metal and #poetry, #EasternEurope, #peacebuilding, #queerness, #racism, and much more. Edited by Dr. Peter Pichler, Graz. PD Dr. Anna-Katharina Höpflinger, LMU Munich. Prof. Dr. Jörg Scheller, Zurich University of the Arts. Laina Dawes, PhD, Columbia University. Dr. Camille F. Béra, independent researcher.
Open access, free download.
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Spirituality & Religious Studies @spiritualityreligiousstudies.wordpress.com@spiritualityreligiousstudies.wordpress.com ·
Perun
In Slavic mythology, Perun is the highest god of the pantheon & the god of the sky, thunder, lightning, storms, rain, law, war, fertility, & oak trees. His other attributes were fire, mountains, wind, iris (the flower), eagle, firmament, horses & carts, & weapons (hammer, axe (Axe of Perun), & arrow).
The supreme god in the Kievan Rus’ during the 9th-10th centuries, Perun was first associated with weapons made of stone & later with those of metal. The Kievan Ris’ (a.k.a. Kyivan Rus’) was the 1st East Slavic state & later an amalgam of principalities in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century. It encompasses a variety of peoples, including East Slavic, Norse, & Finnic.
The Primary Chronicle relates that in the year 6415 (907 AD) Prince Oleg (Old Norse: Helgi) made a peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire & by taking his men to the shrines & swearing by their weapons & by their God Perun, & by Volos, the God of cattle, they confirmed the treaty.
In 980, when Prince Vladimir the Great came to the throne of Kiev, he erected statues of 5 pagan gods in front of his palace which he soon thereafter discarded after his Christianization in 988.
Perun was chief among them, represented with a silver head & a gold moustache. Vladimir’s uncle, Dobrynya, also had a shrine of Perun established in his city of Novgorod. After the Christianization of Kievan Rus’ this place became a monastery, which continued to bear the name of Perun.
Perun was worshipped by the Varangian (Scandinavian) warriors hired by Oleg & Igor during the campaigns against Byzantium. In the treaty of 971, the Varangians reenforce with the Slavic deity, Veles.
When the arrival of Christianity, the old gods fared poorly amongst the Slavs. Grand prince Vladimir the Great, who had once been a very vocal & lavish patron of Perun, converted to Christianity.
In 988, the prince & his family & people of the Kievan Rus’ were collectively baptized. He ordered that the statues of Perun which he himself had erected formerly, be dethroned, torn down with great dishonor & dragged through the streets as they were beaten with sticks. The idols were then cast into rivers & not permitted to land on the shore. 3 of Vladimir’s sons are also recognized as saints.
In neopaganism interpretation, the struggle of St. George with the serpent is understood as the struggle of Perun with Veles, who stole cows from him.
According to the book Dezionization by Valery Yemelyanov, 1 of the founders of the Russian neopaganism, in the ideas of the “Veneti” (“Aryans”), there was a “trinity of three triune trinites”: Prav-Yav-Nav, Svarog-Perun-Svetovid, Soul-Flesh-Power.
In some currents, Perun may be the supreme patron god. Since 1992, the 1st neopagan Kupchinsky Temple of Perun has been in St. Petersburg.
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