#duolingo — Public Fediverse posts

Entre les traductions mot à mot, les fautes de français, ou alors les "exercices difficiles" qui sont exactement le mêmes que les précédents, je dois dire que #duolingo sait comment faire rire.

Moved from #Duolingo :duo_graduate: to #Babbel because... I heard it's better?

#languages #languagelearning #streak #7daystreak

Další do sbírky, tentokrát "budou rádi vám pomoci".
Až přijde "Češtin být můj kobyl" budu umět úplně všechno.
#duolingo

Magazinbeitrag: "Manipulative Gamification in Unternehmen"

"Du brichst niemals deinen Duolingo-Streak und freust dich jetzt schon auf deine nächste abgehakte Aufgabe bei Asana? Dann bist du ja schon mit manipulativer Gamification in Berührung gekommen."

Link/Quelle: https://www.neuenarrative.de/magazin/wir-wollen-doch-nur-spielen

#Gamification #Manipulation #Asana #LinkedIn #Instagram #Duolingo #uberwachung #DarkPattern #NeueNarrative #GitHub #Todoist #PeopleOverProfits #HR #Surveillance #Technosophie

Ashkenazi Jews

Author’s Note: This post has mentions of Nazis, the Holocaust, & Nazi Germany. We completely understand if you wish to skip over this post. We’ll catch you in the next one!

Also known as Ashkenazic Jews, Ashkenazis, or Ashkenazim.

This is a form of distinct ethnic subdivision of the Jewish Diaspora. Emerging from the Jewish communities that consolidated during the 10th century in the Rhineland (Western Germany) & northern France. They migrated there from centers such as the Italian peninsula & the Southern Levant. This includes present-day Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, & Jordan.

After numerous massacres of Jews during the Crusades (11th-13th centuries), they began a gradual eastward migration due to mounting restrictions within the Holy Roman Empire & the favorable policies of Casimir the Great & others.

This diaspora ramped up after the persecution during the Black Death of the 14th century. The bulk of the Ashkenazi Jews had migrated to the Kingdom of Poland (which includes modern-day Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, & parts of Russia). This area became the main center of Ashkenazi Jewry until the Holocaust.

Ashkenazim adapted their traditions, rites, & customs to Europe. They traditionally followed the German rite synagogue ritual & until the Holocaust primarily spoke Yiddish, an offshoot of Middle High German written in a variety of the Hebrew script, with significant Hebrew, Aramaic, & Slavic influences.

The Yiddish language progressively declined in prestige, in favor of national languages & Hebrew, being stigmatized by assimilationists & later also Zionists. Though it was spoken by over 11 million people worldwide before the Holocaust. The Yiddishist movement, which sought to preserve & revive the language, faded through the 20th century. Including Duolingo adding Yiddish as a language.

As a proportion of the world Jewish population, Ashkenazim were estimated to be 3% in the 11th century, rising to 92% in 1930, near the population’s peak. The Ashkenazi population was significantly diminished by the Holocaust carried out by Nazi Germany during WWII, which killed around 6 million Jews. Before WWII, the estimated worldwide Jewish population was 15.3-16.7 million, with 92% being Ashkenazi. As of 2023, the population of Ashkenazim was estimated to be around 10-13 million out of 15.8 million total Jews.

The name Ashkenazi comes from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz. He’s the 1st son of Gomer, grandson of Japhet, great-grandson of Noah, & a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations. The name for Gomer has often been linked to the Cimmerians.

The Biblical Ashkenazis are usually derived from Assyrian Askuza, a people who expelled the Cimmerians from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates. The name Askuza is identified with the Scythians.

In Jeremiah 51:27, Ashkenaz figures as 1 of 3 kingdoms in the far north, the others being Minni (or Mannaea), an ancient kingdom that flourished in northwestern Iran, & Arrat (corresponding to Urartu), called on by God to resist Babylon.

Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia (usually identified with Scandinavia), viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, in the 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th century, in the History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertci, Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia.

As it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Chimea, & areas to the east. They’re also identified with the Slavim or Slavs. In keeping with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was called Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (I Kings 17:9), & Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan.

Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France & Germany following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of both medieval Germany & France.

In later times, the word Ashkenaz is used to designate southern & western Germany, the ritual of which sections differs somewhat from that of eastern Germany & Poland. Thus, the prayer book of Isaiah Horowitz (a prominent rabbi & mystic), & many others, give the piyyutim (a Jewish liturgical poem), according to the Minhag of Ashkenaz & Poland. A Minhag is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism.

In a religious sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is any Jew whose family tradition & synagogue ritual follow Ashkenazi practices (German rite). Until the Ashkenazi community 1st began to develop in the Early Middle Ages, the centers of Jewish religious authority were in the Islamic world, at Baghdad & Islamic Spain. German Ashkenaz was so geographically distant that it developed a minhag of its own.

The counterpart of Ashkenazi is Sephardic. Since most non-Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews follow Sephardic rabbinical authorities, whether or not they’re ethnically Sephardic. By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi (a.k.a. Oriental Jews; Jews who lived in the Muslim world) who married into an Orthodox or Haredi (a.k.a. ultra-Orthodox) Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her kids to be Ashkenazi Jews.

On the other hand, an Ashkenazi woman who married a Sephardi or Mizrahi is expected to take on Sephardic practices & the kids will “inherit” a Sephardic identity. Though in practice, many families do compromise. A “convert” usually follows the practice of the rabbinical court (beth din) that converted them.

Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means “Jewishness” in the Yiddish language. Before the Haskalah (a.k.a. the Jewish Enlightenment) & the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of the Torah & the Talmud for men, & communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men & women.

From the Rhineland to Riga (the largest city in Latvia) to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, & spoke Yiddish in their secular (worldly) lives. But with modernization, Yiddishkeit now includes not just Orthodoxy & Hasidism, but a broader range of movements, ideologies, practices, & traditions in which Ashkenazi have participated & somehow kept a sense of Jewishness. Although pockets of Jews still speak Yiddish, Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech, styles of humor, & in patterns of association.

As Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe, mostly in the form of aliyah to Israel. Or immigration to North America, South Africa, Europe (particularly France), & Latin America, the geographic isolation has given way to mixing with other cultures, & with non-Ashkenazi Jews who, similarly, are no longer isolated in distinct geographic locales.

Hebrew has replaced Yiddish as the primary Jewish language for many Ashkenazi Jews. Although many Hasidic & Hareidi groups still use Yiddish in daily life. Aliyah is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to, historically, the geographic Land of Israel or the Palestine region, where the State of Israel was established.

France’s blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that’s going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were 2 distinct Jewish populations.

One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition (which no one expects! Sorry, we’re Monty Python fans here.) & concentrated in the southwest. While the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, & mainly speaking a German dialect similar to Yiddish.

The 3rd community of Provencal Jews living in Comtat Venaissin was technically outside France, & was later absorbed into the Sephardim. Comtat Venaissin (called Comtat, for short) was a part of the Papal States from 1274 to 1791.

But after emancipation, a sense of a unified French Jewry emerged, especially when France was wracked by the Dreyfus Affair in the 1890s. (We’ll be doing a post about the Dreyfus Affair.) In the 1920s & 30s, Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism, the Russian Revolution, & the economic turmoil of the Great Depression.

By the 1930s, Paris had a vibrant Yiddish culture, & many Jews were involved in diverse political movements. After the Vichy years & the Holocaust, the French Jewish population was augmented once again, 1st by Ashkenazi refugees from Central Europe, & later by Sephardi immigrants & refugees from North Africa, many of them francophone. Francophone refers to people/organizations who use French (language) regularly.

Ashkenazi Jews didn’t transmit their traditions or achievements by text. Instead, these traditions were passed down orally from one generation to the next. The desire to maintain pre-Holocaust traditions relating to Ashkenazi culture has often been met with criticism by Jews in Eastern Europe.

In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is a descendant of the Jews who settled in the Central European region of “Ashkenaz.” For roughly 1,000 years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe.

Despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow of countries from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Since the mid-20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities & non-Jews.

Religious persecution of the Jews in Western & Central Europe led to a significant migration of the Ashkenazi Jews into Eastern Europe. This resulted in a major cultural divide between Western/Central & Eastern Ashkenazi communities. In particular, this was reflected in the division of Yiddish into Western & Eastern Yiddish dialects. As well as in other cultural distinctions: traditions, food, dress, etc.

Initially, the Jews of Eastern Europe enjoyed relative freedom in terms of movement, being invited by the kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Over time, the situation was reversed. By the 19th century, the Jews in the West had gradually been integrated into the general society.

While the Eastern Ashkenazi maintained their strict Jewish traditions & were mostly confined to ghettos, especially in the Pale of Settlement of the Russian Empire, which incorporated a considerable amount of land where the Eastern Ashkenazi lived: Poland & Lithuania.

Well-known differences in practices include:

• Observance of Passover (Pesach)
  • Ashkenazi Jews traditionally refrain from eating legumes, grain, millet, & rice. Quinoa has become accepted as a food grain in North American communities. Sephardi Jews typically don’t prohibit these foods.
• Notwithstanding stricter requirements for the ACTUAL slaughter, Sephardi Jews permit the rear portions of an animal after proper Halakhic removal of the sciatic nerve. While many Ashkenazi Jews don’t.
• Ashkenazi Jews often name newborns after deceased family members, not after living relatives. Sephardi Jews often name their kids after their grandparents, even if those grandparents are still living. An exception to this is among Dutch Jews, where Ashkenazi for centuries used naming conventions otherwise attributed exclusively to Sephardim, such as Chuts. Chuts is the name given to Jews who immigrated to London from the Netherlands in the 1850s-1860s.
• Ashkenazi tefillins are wound toward the body, not away from it. Ashkenazim put on the tefillin while standing up. Other Jews generally do so while sitting down. A tefillin(s) is/are sets of small black leather boxes with leather straps having scrolls of parchment written with verses of the Torah inside.
• The prayer shawl (tallit/tallis) is worn by all Ashkenazi men AFTER marriage. Except for Western European Ashkenazi men who wear it from the bar mitzvah. In Sephardi or Mizrahi Judaism, the prayer shawl is commonly worn from early childhood.

The term Ashkenazi also refers to the Nusach Ashkenaz, the liturgical tradition used by Ashkenazi Jews in their siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition’s choice of prayers, the text of prayers & melodies used in the singing of prayers. 2 other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazi Jews are Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari, used by those in Chabad.

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Your contribution is appreciated.

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Your contribution is appreciated.

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Ashkenazi Jews

Author’s Note: This post has mentions of Nazis, the Holocaust, & Nazi Germany. We completely understand if you wish to skip over this post. We’ll catch you in the next one!

Also known as Ashkenazic Jews, Ashkenazis, or Ashkenazim.

This is a form of distinct ethnic subdivision of the Jewish Diaspora. Emerging from the Jewish communities that consolidated during the 10th century in the Rhineland (Western Germany) & northern France. They migrated there from centers such as the Italian peninsula & the Southern Levant. This includes present-day Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, & Jordan.

After numerous massacres of Jews during the Crusades (11th-13th centuries), they began a gradual eastward migration due to mounting restrictions within the Holy Roman Empire & the favorable policies of Casimir the Great & others.

This diaspora ramped up after the persecution during the Black Death of the 14th century. The bulk of the Ashkenazi Jews had migrated to the Kingdom of Poland (which includes modern-day Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, & parts of Russia). This area became the main center of Ashkenazi Jewry until the Holocaust.

Ashkenazim adapted their traditions, rites, & customs to Europe. They traditionally followed the German rite synagogue ritual & until the Holocaust primarily spoke Yiddish, an offshoot of Middle High German written in a variety of the Hebrew script, with significant Hebrew, Aramaic, & Slavic influences.

The Yiddish language progressively declined in prestige, in favor of national languages & Hebrew, being stigmatized by assimilationists & later also Zionists. Though it was spoken by over 11 million people worldwide before the Holocaust. The Yiddishist movement, which sought to preserve & revive the language, faded through the 20th century. Including Duolingo adding Yiddish as a language.

As a proportion of the world Jewish population, Ashkenazim were estimated to be 3% in the 11th century, rising to 92% in 1930, near the population’s peak. The Ashkenazi population was significantly diminished by the Holocaust carried out by Nazi Germany during WWII, which killed around 6 million Jews. Before WWII, the estimated worldwide Jewish population was 15.3-16.7 million, with 92% being Ashkenazi. As of 2023, the population of Ashkenazim was estimated to be around 10-13 million out of 15.8 million total Jews.

The name Ashkenazi comes from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz. He’s the 1st son of Gomer, grandson of Japhet, great-grandson of Noah, & a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations. The name for Gomer has often been linked to the Cimmerians.

The Biblical Ashkenazis are usually derived from Assyrian Askuza, a people who expelled the Cimmerians from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates. The name Askuza is identified with the Scythians.

In Jeremiah 51:27, Ashkenaz figures as 1 of 3 kingdoms in the far north, the others being Minni (or Mannaea), an ancient kingdom that flourished in northwestern Iran, & Arrat (corresponding to Urartu), called on by God to resist Babylon.

Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia (usually identified with Scandinavia), viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, in the 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th century, in the History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertci, Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia.

As it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Chimea, & areas to the east. They’re also identified with the Slavim or Slavs. In keeping with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was called Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (I Kings 17:9), & Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan.

Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France & Germany following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of both medieval Germany & France.

In later times, the word Ashkenaz is used to designate southern & western Germany, the ritual of which sections differs somewhat from that of eastern Germany & Poland. Thus, the prayer book of Isaiah Horowitz (a prominent rabbi & mystic), & many others, give the piyyutim (a Jewish liturgical poem), according to the Minhag of Ashkenaz & Poland. A Minhag is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism.

In a religious sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is any Jew whose family tradition & synagogue ritual follow Ashkenazi practices (German rite). Until the Ashkenazi community 1st began to develop in the Early Middle Ages, the centers of Jewish religious authority were in the Islamic world, at Baghdad & Islamic Spain. German Ashkenaz was so geographically distant that it developed a minhag of its own.

The counterpart of Ashkenazi is Sephardic. Since most non-Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews follow Sephardic rabbinical authorities, whether or not they’re ethnically Sephardic. By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi (a.k.a. Oriental Jews; Jews who lived in the Muslim world) who married into an Orthodox or Haredi (a.k.a. ultra-Orthodox) Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her kids to be Ashkenazi Jews.

On the other hand, an Ashkenazi woman who married a Sephardi or Mizrahi is expected to take on Sephardic practices & the kids will “inherit” a Sephardic identity. Though in practice, many families do compromise. A “convert” usually follows the practice of the rabbinical court (beth din) that converted them.

Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means “Jewishness” in the Yiddish language. Before the Haskalah (a.k.a. the Jewish Enlightenment) & the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of the Torah & the Talmud for men, & communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men & women.

From the Rhineland to Riga (the largest city in Latvia) to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, & spoke Yiddish in their secular (worldly) lives. But with modernization, Yiddishkeit now includes not just Orthodoxy & Hasidism, but a broader range of movements, ideologies, practices, & traditions in which Ashkenazi have participated & somehow kept a sense of Jewishness. Although pockets of Jews still speak Yiddish, Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech, styles of humor, & in patterns of association.

As Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe, mostly in the form of aliyah to Israel. Or immigration to North America, South Africa, Europe (particularly France), & Latin America, the geographic isolation has given way to mixing with other cultures, & with non-Ashkenazi Jews who, similarly, are no longer isolated in distinct geographic locales.

Hebrew has replaced Yiddish as the primary Jewish language for many Ashkenazi Jews. Although many Hasidic & Hareidi groups still use Yiddish in daily life. Aliyah is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to, historically, the geographic Land of Israel or the Palestine region, where the State of Israel was established.

France’s blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that’s going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were 2 distinct Jewish populations.

One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition (which no one expects! Sorry, we’re Monty Python fans here.) & concentrated in the southwest. While the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, & mainly speaking a German dialect similar to Yiddish.

The 3rd community of Provencal Jews living in Comtat Venaissin was technically outside France, & was later absorbed into the Sephardim. Comtat Venaissin (called Comtat, for short) was a part of the Papal States from 1274 to 1791.

But after emancipation, a sense of a unified French Jewry emerged, especially when France was wracked by the Dreyfus Affair in the 1890s. (We’ll be doing a post about the Dreyfus Affair.) In the 1920s & 30s, Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism, the Russian Revolution, & the economic turmoil of the Great Depression.

By the 1930s, Paris had a vibrant Yiddish culture, & many Jews were involved in diverse political movements. After the Vichy years & the Holocaust, the French Jewish population was augmented once again, 1st by Ashkenazi refugees from Central Europe, & later by Sephardi immigrants & refugees from North Africa, many of them francophone. Francophone refers to people/organizations who use French (language) regularly.

Ashkenazi Jews didn’t transmit their traditions or achievements by text. Instead, these traditions were passed down orally from one generation to the next. The desire to maintain pre-Holocaust traditions relating to Ashkenazi culture has often been met with criticism by Jews in Eastern Europe.

In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is a descendant of the Jews who settled in the Central European region of “Ashkenaz.” For roughly 1,000 years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe.

Despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow of countries from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Since the mid-20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities & non-Jews.

Religious persecution of the Jews in Western & Central Europe led to a significant migration of the Ashkenazi Jews into Eastern Europe. This resulted in a major cultural divide between Western/Central & Eastern Ashkenazi communities. In particular, this was reflected in the division of Yiddish into Western & Eastern Yiddish dialects. As well as in other cultural distinctions: traditions, food, dress, etc.

Initially, the Jews of Eastern Europe enjoyed relative freedom in terms of movement, being invited by the kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Over time, the situation was reversed. By the 19th century, the Jews in the West had gradually been integrated into the general society.

While the Eastern Ashkenazi maintained their strict Jewish traditions & were mostly confined to ghettos, especially in the Pale of Settlement of the Russian Empire, which incorporated a considerable amount of land where the Eastern Ashkenazi lived: Poland & Lithuania.

Well-known differences in practices include:

• Observance of Passover (Pesach)
  • Ashkenazi Jews traditionally refrain from eating legumes, grain, millet, & rice. Quinoa has become accepted as a food grain in North American communities. Sephardi Jews typically don’t prohibit these foods.
• Notwithstanding stricter requirements for the ACTUAL slaughter, Sephardi Jews permit the rear portions of an animal after proper Halakhic removal of the sciatic nerve. While many Ashkenazi Jews don’t.
• Ashkenazi Jews often name newborns after deceased family members, not after living relatives. Sephardi Jews often name their kids after their grandparents, even if those grandparents are still living. An exception to this is among Dutch Jews, where Ashkenazi for centuries used naming conventions otherwise attributed exclusively to Sephardim, such as Chuts. Chuts is the name given to Jews who immigrated to London from the Netherlands in the 1850s-1860s.
• Ashkenazi tefillins are wound toward the body, not away from it. Ashkenazim put on the tefillin while standing up. Other Jews generally do so while sitting down. A tefillin(s) is/are sets of small black leather boxes with leather straps having scrolls of parchment written with verses of the Torah inside.
• The prayer shawl (tallit/tallis) is worn by all Ashkenazi men AFTER marriage. Except for Western European Ashkenazi men who wear it from the bar mitzvah. In Sephardi or Mizrahi Judaism, the prayer shawl is commonly worn from early childhood.

The term Ashkenazi also refers to the Nusach Ashkenaz, the liturgical tradition used by Ashkenazi Jews in their siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition’s choice of prayers, the text of prayers & melodies used in the singing of prayers. 2 other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazi Jews are Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari, used by those in Chabad.

Make a one-time donation

Your contribution is appreciated.

Make a monthly donation

Your contribution is appreciated.

Make a yearly donation

Your contribution is appreciated.

Rate this:

Ashkenazi Jews

Author’s Note: This post has mentions of Nazis, the Holocaust, & Nazi Germany. We completely understand if you wish to skip over this post. We’ll catch you in the next one!

Also known as Ashkenazic Jews, Ashkenazis, or Ashkenazim.

This is a form of distinct ethnic subdivision of the Jewish Diaspora. Emerging from the Jewish communities that consolidated during the 10th century in the Rhineland (Western Germany) & northern France. They migrated there from centers such as the Italian peninsula & the Southern Levant. This includes present-day Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, & Jordan.

After numerous massacres of Jews during the Crusades (11th-13th centuries), they began a gradual eastward migration due to mounting restrictions within the Holy Roman Empire & the favorable policies of Casimir the Great & others.

This diaspora ramped up after the persecution during the Black Death of the 14th century. The bulk of the Ashkenazi Jews had migrated to the Kingdom of Poland (which includes modern-day Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, & parts of Russia). This area became the main center of Ashkenazi Jewry until the Holocaust.

Ashkenazim adapted their traditions, rites, & customs to Europe. They traditionally followed the German rite synagogue ritual & until the Holocaust primarily spoke Yiddish, an offshoot of Middle High German written in a variety of the Hebrew script, with significant Hebrew, Aramaic, & Slavic influences.

The Yiddish language progressively declined in prestige, in favor of national languages & Hebrew, being stigmatized by assimilationists & later also Zionists. Though it was spoken by over 11 million people worldwide before the Holocaust. The Yiddishist movement, which sought to preserve & revive the language, faded through the 20th century. Including Duolingo adding Yiddish as a language.

As a proportion of the world Jewish population, Ashkenazim were estimated to be 3% in the 11th century, rising to 92% in 1930, near the population’s peak. The Ashkenazi population was significantly diminished by the Holocaust carried out by Nazi Germany during WWII, which killed around 6 million Jews. Before WWII, the estimated worldwide Jewish population was 15.3-16.7 million, with 92% being Ashkenazi. As of 2023, the population of Ashkenazim was estimated to be around 10-13 million out of 15.8 million total Jews.

The name Ashkenazi comes from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz. He’s the 1st son of Gomer, grandson of Japhet, great-grandson of Noah, & a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations. The name for Gomer has often been linked to the Cimmerians.

The Biblical Ashkenazis are usually derived from Assyrian Askuza, a people who expelled the Cimmerians from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates. The name Askuza is identified with the Scythians.

In Jeremiah 51:27, Ashkenaz figures as 1 of 3 kingdoms in the far north, the others being Minni (or Mannaea), an ancient kingdom that flourished in northwestern Iran, & Arrat (corresponding to Urartu), called on by God to resist Babylon.

Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia (usually identified with Scandinavia), viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, in the 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th century, in the History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertci, Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia.

As it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Chimea, & areas to the east. They’re also identified with the Slavim or Slavs. In keeping with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was called Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (I Kings 17:9), & Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan.

Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France & Germany following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of both medieval Germany & France.

In later times, the word Ashkenaz is used to designate southern & western Germany, the ritual of which sections differs somewhat from that of eastern Germany & Poland. Thus, the prayer book of Isaiah Horowitz (a prominent rabbi & mystic), & many others, give the piyyutim (a Jewish liturgical poem), according to the Minhag of Ashkenaz & Poland. A Minhag is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism.

In a religious sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is any Jew whose family tradition & synagogue ritual follow Ashkenazi practices (German rite). Until the Ashkenazi community 1st began to develop in the Early Middle Ages, the centers of Jewish religious authority were in the Islamic world, at Baghdad & Islamic Spain. German Ashkenaz was so geographically distant that it developed a minhag of its own.

The counterpart of Ashkenazi is Sephardic. Since most non-Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews follow Sephardic rabbinical authorities, whether or not they’re ethnically Sephardic. By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi (a.k.a. Oriental Jews; Jews who lived in the Muslim world) who married into an Orthodox or Haredi (a.k.a. ultra-Orthodox) Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her kids to be Ashkenazi Jews.

On the other hand, an Ashkenazi woman who married a Sephardi or Mizrahi is expected to take on Sephardic practices & the kids will “inherit” a Sephardic identity. Though in practice, many families do compromise. A “convert” usually follows the practice of the rabbinical court (beth din) that converted them.

Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means “Jewishness” in the Yiddish language. Before the Haskalah (a.k.a. the Jewish Enlightenment) & the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of the Torah & the Talmud for men, & communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men & women.

From the Rhineland to Riga (the largest city in Latvia) to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, & spoke Yiddish in their secular (worldly) lives. But with modernization, Yiddishkeit now includes not just Orthodoxy & Hasidism, but a broader range of movements, ideologies, practices, & traditions in which Ashkenazi have participated & somehow kept a sense of Jewishness. Although pockets of Jews still speak Yiddish, Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech, styles of humor, & in patterns of association.

As Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe, mostly in the form of aliyah to Israel. Or immigration to North America, South Africa, Europe (particularly France), & Latin America, the geographic isolation has given way to mixing with other cultures, & with non-Ashkenazi Jews who, similarly, are no longer isolated in distinct geographic locales.

Hebrew has replaced Yiddish as the primary Jewish language for many Ashkenazi Jews. Although many Hasidic & Hareidi groups still use Yiddish in daily life. Aliyah is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to, historically, the geographic Land of Israel or the Palestine region, where the State of Israel was established.

France’s blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that’s going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were 2 distinct Jewish populations.

One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition (which no one expects! Sorry, we’re Monty Python fans here.) & concentrated in the southwest. While the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, & mainly speaking a German dialect similar to Yiddish.

The 3rd community of Provencal Jews living in Comtat Venaissin was technically outside France, & was later absorbed into the Sephardim. Comtat Venaissin (called Comtat, for short) was a part of the Papal States from 1274 to 1791.

But after emancipation, a sense of a unified French Jewry emerged, especially when France was wracked by the Dreyfus Affair in the 1890s. (We’ll be doing a post about the Dreyfus Affair.) In the 1920s & 30s, Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism, the Russian Revolution, & the economic turmoil of the Great Depression.

By the 1930s, Paris had a vibrant Yiddish culture, & many Jews were involved in diverse political movements. After the Vichy years & the Holocaust, the French Jewish population was augmented once again, 1st by Ashkenazi refugees from Central Europe, & later by Sephardi immigrants & refugees from North Africa, many of them francophone. Francophone refers to people/organizations who use French (language) regularly.

Ashkenazi Jews didn’t transmit their traditions or achievements by text. Instead, these traditions were passed down orally from one generation to the next. The desire to maintain pre-Holocaust traditions relating to Ashkenazi culture has often been met with criticism by Jews in Eastern Europe.

In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is a descendant of the Jews who settled in the Central European region of “Ashkenaz.” For roughly 1,000 years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe.

Despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow of countries from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Since the mid-20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities & non-Jews.

Religious persecution of the Jews in Western & Central Europe led to a significant migration of the Ashkenazi Jews into Eastern Europe. This resulted in a major cultural divide between Western/Central & Eastern Ashkenazi communities. In particular, this was reflected in the division of Yiddish into Western & Eastern Yiddish dialects. As well as in other cultural distinctions: traditions, food, dress, etc.

Initially, the Jews of Eastern Europe enjoyed relative freedom in terms of movement, being invited by the kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Over time, the situation was reversed. By the 19th century, the Jews in the West had gradually been integrated into the general society.

While the Eastern Ashkenazi maintained their strict Jewish traditions & were mostly confined to ghettos, especially in the Pale of Settlement of the Russian Empire, which incorporated a considerable amount of land where the Eastern Ashkenazi lived: Poland & Lithuania.

Well-known differences in practices include:

• Observance of Passover (Pesach)
  • Ashkenazi Jews traditionally refrain from eating legumes, grain, millet, & rice. Quinoa has become accepted as a food grain in North American communities. Sephardi Jews typically don’t prohibit these foods.
• Notwithstanding stricter requirements for the ACTUAL slaughter, Sephardi Jews permit the rear portions of an animal after proper Halakhic removal of the sciatic nerve. While many Ashkenazi Jews don’t.
• Ashkenazi Jews often name newborns after deceased family members, not after living relatives. Sephardi Jews often name their kids after their grandparents, even if those grandparents are still living. An exception to this is among Dutch Jews, where Ashkenazi for centuries used naming conventions otherwise attributed exclusively to Sephardim, such as Chuts. Chuts is the name given to Jews who immigrated to London from the Netherlands in the 1850s-1860s.
• Ashkenazi tefillins are wound toward the body, not away from it. Ashkenazim put on the tefillin while standing up. Other Jews generally do so while sitting down. A tefillin(s) is/are sets of small black leather boxes with leather straps having scrolls of parchment written with verses of the Torah inside.
• The prayer shawl (tallit/tallis) is worn by all Ashkenazi men AFTER marriage. Except for Western European Ashkenazi men who wear it from the bar mitzvah. In Sephardi or Mizrahi Judaism, the prayer shawl is commonly worn from early childhood.

The term Ashkenazi also refers to the Nusach Ashkenaz, the liturgical tradition used by Ashkenazi Jews in their siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition’s choice of prayers, the text of prayers & melodies used in the singing of prayers. 2 other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazi Jews are Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari, used by those in Chabad.

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Lista dos 20 aplicações mais invasivas. #facebook #instagram #linkedin #amazon #youtube #x #uber #paypal #google #spotify #googlemaps #shopee #tiktok #whatsapp #duolingo #candycrush #tinder #roblox

https://www.pcmag.com/explainers/check-your-phone-now-these-20-apps-are-killing-your-privacy

Lista dos 20 aplicações mais invasivas. #facebook #instagram #linkedin #amazon #youtube #x #uber #paypal #google #spotify #googlemaps #shopee #tiktok #whatsapp #duolingo #candycrush #tinder #roblox

https://www.pcmag.com/explainers/check-your-phone-now-these-20-apps-are-killing-your-privacy

Lista dos 20 aplicações mais invasivas. #facebook #instagram #linkedin #amazon #youtube #x #uber #paypal #google #spotify #googlemaps #shopee #tiktok #whatsapp #duolingo #candycrush #tinder #roblox

https://www.pcmag.com/explainers/check-your-phone-now-these-20-apps-are-killing-your-privacy

Lista dos 20 aplicações mais invasivas. #facebook #instagram #linkedin #amazon #youtube #x #uber #paypal #google #spotify #googlemaps #shopee #tiktok #whatsapp #duolingo #candycrush #tinder #roblox

https://www.pcmag.com/explainers/check-your-phone-now-these-20-apps-are-killing-your-privacy

Lista dos 20 aplicações mais invasivas. #facebook #instagram #linkedin #amazon #youtube #x #uber #paypal #google #spotify #googlemaps #shopee #tiktok #whatsapp #duolingo #candycrush #tinder #roblox

https://www.pcmag.com/explainers/check-your-phone-now-these-20-apps-are-killing-your-privacy

#Duolingo​ko nagusiak duela gutxi harro esan zuen adimen artifizialari esker langileak lau edo bost aldiz produktiboagoak zirela, inor kaleratu beharrik gabe.
https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/17/duolingo-ceo-how-ai-makes-my-employees-more-productive-without-layoffs.html

Ez zakiat ba, Rick. Adibide bat: ez daukat pantaila grabagailurik instalatuta, baina sinestuidazue "C'est le voisin d'A ACCENT GRAVE côté" esan duela aplikazioak. Kosta zait harrapatzea 🤦

#AdimenArtifiziala #Kakaztea #Enshittification

Juhu, eine neue Woche im Retronom beginnt und was für eine 🤩
Heute öffnen wir den Spaß um 17 Uhr, Freitag findet das Duolingo-Treffen statt und am Samstag kommt Fabian Mauruschat zu uns und liest aus seinem Buch "Eine kleine Geschichte der Videogames"! 🎉 Auf ins Retronom! 🎶🍻🕹️ https://www.arcade-bar.de
#retronomarcade #bestegäste #dortmund #arcade #ruhrgebiet #ruhrpott #Castrop #castroprauxel #Bochum #lesung #Lesungen #duolingo #pinball

Duolingo Goes “AI-First” – DTNSB 5008

US Congress passed the bipartisan Take It Down Act, and Bodie Grimm shares two EV models that you need to know about.

Starring Jason Howell, Shannon Morse, and Bodie Grimm.

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Show Notes

• The Verge: Duolingo Going “AI-First”

• The Register: Generative AI Not Hurting Jobs or Wages

• Engadget: Amazon Denies Tariff Price Impact Report

• Washington Post: Congress Targets Deepfake Revenge Porn

• Reuters: Amazon Launches Kuiper Internet Satellites

• Engadget: AI Researchers Secretly Experimented on Reddit Users

• 404 Media: Reddit Threatens Legal Action Over AI Experiments

• The Verge: OnePlus Watch 3 Price Hike Reversed

• Wired: OpenAI Adds Shopping Features to ChatGPT

• The Verge: LG Shuts Down Android Update Servers

• Daily Tech News Show: Audience Survey

#adapters #affiliateLinks #AI #AIExperiment #AIFirst #Amazon #Android #automotiveTrends #bipartisan #BodieGrimm #broadband #carPrices #chargeOnlyCable #ChatGPT #consumerElectronics #contractors #dataEthics #deepfakes #DenmarkStudy #Duolingo #eCommerce #economicImpact #economists #electricVehicles #endOfService #ethics #Europe #EVs #generativeAI #GoogleCompetitor #impersonation #internetAccess #jobAutomation #JuiceJacking #KilowattPodcast #Kuiper #legalAction #legislation #LG #LGBridge #lowEarthOrbit #nonconsensualContent #NorthAmerica #OnePlus #onlineSafety #OpenAI #OTAUpdates #phoneSupport #priceDrop #privacy #productRecommendations #productivity #rChangemyview #Reddit #refunds #revengePorn #ruralAreas #satelliteInternet #security #shopping #smartphones #smartwatch #softwareUpdates #Starlink #TakeItDownAct #tariffs #travelSafety #UniversityOfZurich #USCongress #USPricing #USBCondom #USBC #Watch3 #workplaceAutomation

Rozhodl jsem se tedy, že si stáhnu #duolingo načež jsem si uvědomil, že je to americká značka a že bych možná měl vyzkoušet evropské nejdříve.
Již jsem vyzkoušel německý #babbel který neumožnuje zdarma lekce, takže nic. Nyní si hraju s britským #memrise
To už vypadá lepší

https://www.wacoca.com/videos/2637886/celebrity/ 【語学】Duolingoの社長からお呼び出し【UNYO】 #AI #Celebrities #Celebrity #chatgpt #Deutch #Duolingo #english #French #language #lesson #NAOMI #officetour #OmO #Portuguese #Spanish #Vlog #WatanabeNaomi #アプリ #インスタ #オフィスツアー #カフェテリア #コント #スペイン語 #デュオ #デュオリンゴ #ニューヨーク #ネタ #フランス語 #ポルトガル語 #メイク #レッスン #ワタナベナオミ #勉強 #吉本興業 #女王 #学び #学習 #対策 #教育 #渡辺直美 #生成AI #第二言語 #習得 #芸人 #英語 #語学 #語学Duolingoの社長からお呼び出しUNYO #語学アプリ #語学学習

https://www.gotorola.com/173832/ 【語学】Duolingoの社長からお呼び出し【UNYO】 ##インスタ ##メイク #AI #ChatGPT #Deutch #duolingo #english #Entertainment #french #language #lesson #NAOMI #officetour #OmO #portuguese #spanish #WatanabeNaomi #アプリ #エンタメ #オフィスツアー #カフェテリア #コント #スペイン語 #デュオ #デュオリンゴ #ニューヨーク #ネタ #フランス語 #ポルトガル語 #レッスン #ワタナベナオミ #勉強 #吉本興業 #女王 #学び #学習 #対策 #教育 #渡辺直美 #生成AI #第二言語 #習得 #芸人 #英語 #語学 #語学アプリ #語学学習

🦉#Duolingo înregistrează o creștere de 216% a numărului de utilizatori din 🇺🇸#SUA care învață 🇨🇳#limbaChineză, după ce au trecut pe RedNote, din cauza posibilei interziceri a #TikTok.

🔗 https://wp.me/p9KpFA-43S2

#Știri #China #RețeleSociale #RețeleDeSocializare

Learning Japanese the Right Way

https://chikorita157.com/2024/03/31/learning-japanese-the-right-way/

Tags: #Editorials #duolingo #JapaneseLanguage #LearningJapanese #opinion #PersonalExperiences
@animeblogging

Do not reply to this toot if you want to make a comment, reply to the boosted blog post from this blog to leave a comment

Learning Japanese the Right Way

After reading about Irina’s experiences of not learning Japanese, some people wonder how I learned Japanese correctly. While I can relate to a few experiences. Things such as picking up word immersion and some I can agree with, such as a language learning partner.
However, I disagree with some methods. Yep, it’s Duolingo, as it’s very […]

#duolingo #japaneseLanguage #learningJapanese #opinion #personalExperiences

https://chikorita157.com/2024/03/31/learning-japanese-the-right-way/

Reply to this post to leave a comment using your Mastodon/Misskey account.

Saving some old articles into portfolio bookmarks etc., and this 2015 #schoollibraryjournal article I wrote on #duolingo is nicely done. As in: I appreciate my editors so much!
Parts will be out of date, of course, but I standby the "necessary but not sufficient" tone.
https://www.slj.com/story/slj-reviews-duolingo-for-schools-test-drive

日本語を練習しています。

I've been learning #Japanese on my own for over twenty years. I can understand lots, speak a fair bit, read some ( #kanji is hard), but write virtually none. Online/digital tools have gotten so much better (ie, #SwiftKey sorted out what I typed phonetically, above), but it's not the same as being able to read and write a #language.

So, I've added another tool to my arsenal.

Shout to @coffeentacos for posting about just the thing I was looking for, when I was looking for it.

#duolingo #anki #memrise #todai #anime #manga

（长毛象排版看着累，拉到底下有博客链接）
横向对比了3个语言学习类app #drops #点滴学语言 #memrise #忆术家 #duolingo #多邻国

- 省流版/学习场景

Drops
适合碎片时间学习生活词汇和简单短语。如果你有一堆基础的动物植物地理物理化学医院邮局超市家庭亲属相关词汇不会说，用它！
Memrise
适合学单词、基本动词以及生活常用短语。如果你已经学习了少量词汇，却很无法开启简单的对话，用它！
Duolingo
适合刷着玩，辅助检查有什么不会的知识点，不适合用来学习。如果你想消磨时间，用它！

- 我眼中的定位

Drops
没事刷一刷，生活相关词汇量噌噌上涨。吃喝玩乐词汇量增加了！
Memrise
除了词汇，还能学习基础的动词和实用句子。妈妈再也不用担心我在公共场合尬到无法点餐了！
Duolingo
我到底学了个啥啊，虽然能看懂一些了但是，怎么一句也用不起来？

- 个人评分

Drops
学习逻辑 ★★★★★
奖励机制 ★★★☆☆
自主掌控 ★★★★★
内容实用 ★★★★☆
社交互动 ★☆☆☆☆

优点：生活词汇种类丰富，免费版每天可学5分钟。
缺点：以词汇为主，句子太少了。

Memrise
学习逻辑 ★★★☆☆
奖励机制 ★☆☆☆☆
自主掌控 ★★★★★
内容实用 ★★★★★
社交互动 ★☆☆☆☆

优点：实用，每个单元不仅有单词而且有生活中能上的句子。
缺点：只有网页版免费，app需付费。

Duolingo
学习逻辑 ★☆☆☆☆
奖励机制 ★★★★☆
自主掌控 ★★☆☆☆
内容实用 ★☆☆☆☆
社交互动 ★★★★★

优点：免费，社交属性强。
缺点：不适合学习，用户体验逐年变差。

优劣对比太长了以至于整篇分三段也放不下……移步：

墙国链接
https://xunhuan2046.bearblog.dev/idiomas-2023-06-19

ADHD上瘾模式之60天刷完#drops 将近3000的西语词组，感觉爽飞了并且不过瘾所以还想再学点，于是打开了#多邻国 #duolingo，被更新之后的用户体验气晕。

现在才吐槽是因为旧版用户体验本身就不佳，所以很久才打开一次。没想到它的用户体验还能越来越差……

之前看tl有人发出疑问多邻国团队是不是有中国人所以一直鸡娃，我也有同感。现在不仅是鸡娃，而且还强奸用户。新版没有跳过单元的选项了（只有跳过一整章），并且看别人反馈说多邻国去掉了网页版的生词表，最后把网页版也改了。

还有用户吐槽说本来每个单元有标题，能方便地复习，现在也没有了。所以现在多邻国不仅看不到每个单元学习的内容，而且为了看到单元标题还得一个个点击……

你不给我看我在学什么，我怎么知道我在学什么啊？我都不知道自己在学什么，那我学个毛线啊？

多邻国把利于学习的东西淡化甚至直接去掉了，让用户沉迷于语言学习版奶头乐，能吸引大量用户。就这么说吧，多邻国的主要目标已经不是「让所有人免费受教育学语言」了，而是「尽可能地培养用户粘性」，为此既能强奸用户（无法跳过小单元/弹出连续X天学习提醒时没有拒绝选项），也能去掉让人学得清楚的功能（生词表）。

对我这种2015年注册的老用户来说，感觉很恶心。本来快速刷完一个语种，就能进行下一步学习了（比如有些人结束了英语学习，还会用英语学一遍中文），现在根本刷不完。

我还经常看人（有朋友圈的中国人也有fb的外国人）吐槽说多邻国打卡多少天，实战技能约为零。并且大家会以为这是学习语言的常态。

这*不是*学习语言的常态！！！
要想实战技能不为零可以刷一下#drops 和#memrise（顺着这条嘟往上爬一下）再不济也刷一下油管吧！！！如果你刷多邻国是为了实战，赶紧卸载吧。刷着玩玩差不多。

多邻国的优势目前仅存：免费。
它在我眼里的定位是：没事刷着玩一下能学习literally一点点语言知识，可以连胜打卡截图发朋友圈炫耀的app。——重点是刷着玩和打卡，而非「学习语言」。

待我下篇写各家app的优劣和使用场景/我眼中的定位。

Nächstes #Brettspiel heute: #Miyabi von #Haba. Spiel zu viert, ich setze eine Runde aus und kümmere mich um #Russisch auf #Duolingo und #Rollenspiel.
#boardgames #Brettspiele

Duolingo boosts IPO price target in boon to edtech startups - U.S. edtech company Duolingo released a revised IPO price range this morning, boos... - http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/fCx2wDWfSx0/ #initialpublicoffering #natashamascarenhas #fundings&exits #masterclass #coursehero #outschool #startups #duolingo #ecedtech #quizlet #edtech #tc

Extra Crunch roundup: Seed stage basics, SaaS marketing live chat, Zoom’s Five9 buy - A famous poem advises us not to compare ourselves with others, “for always there w... - http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/dCi28JvF4J4/ #special-purposeacquisitioncompany #extracrunchroundup #entrepreneurship #verifiedexperts #growthmarketing #sarahkunst #servicemax #angellist #outdoorsy #startups #duolingo #five9 #yinwu #mkt1 #tc

StudySmarter books $15M for a global ‘personalized learning’ push - More money for the edtech boom: Munich-based StudySmarter, which makes digital too... - http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/U1WTJCZbNuM/ #opticalcharacterrecognition #naturallanguageprocessing #artificialintelligence #larsfjeldsoe-nielsen #holtzbrinckventures #baldertoncapital #leftlanecapital #fundings&exits #unitedkingdom #studysmarter #owlventures #education #duolingo #learning #netflix #newyork #quizlet #apps