#sustainedattention — Public Fediverse posts
Live and recent posts from across the Fediverse tagged #sustainedattention, aggregated by home.social.
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DATE: July 26, 2026 at 06:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------TITLE: Scientists reveal what is actually happening to your body when you let out a random sigh
A recent study published in the journal Psychophysiology suggests that spontaneous sighs act as a physical reset button for our breathing patterns during prolonged tasks. The research provides evidence that sighing helps regulate both breathing variability and physiological alertness when people are engaged in monotonous activities. These findings suggest that an occasional deep breath plays a basic role in maintaining physical balance during sustained attention.
The research team, consisting of Ralph W. G. Andrews, Michael C. Melnychuk, and Paul M. Dockree, sought to understand how spontaneous deep breaths relate to human attention. Everyday breathing is rarely perfectly steady or completely uniform. It contains natural variations in speed and depth, which scientists refer to as respiratory variability.
This variability is thought to keep the respiratory system flexible. A flexible system is better equipped to adapt to sudden changes in physical effort or emotional states. Over time, however, this variability can build up and become too chaotic or disorganized. Previous work suggests that a spontaneous sigh acts to reset this system, bringing chaotic breathing patterns back into a healthy and balanced range.
The scientists also wanted to test if sighs help reset mental alertness during tedious tasks. A specific brain network, known as the noradrenaline system, regulates general alertness and arousal in mammals. It acts as a chemical messenger network originating deep in the brain, sending signals to the rest of the nervous system to wake up or pay attention.
Activity in this system causes the pupil of the eye to expand or contract. The authors suspected that sighing might be intimately linked to this alertness network. They predicted that during boring tasks, a sigh might trigger a physical shift in brain arousal to help a person stay focused. When the body becomes too relaxed or disengaged, a deep breath could act as an internal alarm clock.
To test these predictions, the researchers analyzed data from two separate experiments. The first dataset included seventy-two adults who completed a visual attention test. Participants watched a computer screen for eight blocks of eight minutes each. They were instructed to click a mouse whenever a circular visual pattern slightly faded in contrast.
Throughout this visual test, the software randomly interrupted the task with thought probes. A probe would temporarily pause the experiment and ask participants to rate whether they were actively thinking about the visual task or if they were distracted by unrelated daydreams. This allowed the research team to track subjective engagement.
The second dataset involved fifty-seven participants engaging in a rhythmic listening task for twenty-one minutes. These individuals clicked a mouse in time with a continuous cycle of high and low audio tones. This group was split into two separate conditions. Thirty-two participants breathed normally without any specific instructions. Twenty-five participants were instructed to match their breathing to the changing audio tones, resulting in a slow and controlled breathing pattern.
In both experiments, the scientists measured breathing dynamics using a specialized effort belt worn around the participant’s lower chest. A sigh was specifically defined as any breath that was at least twice as deep as the participant’s average breath volume. The team also used high-speed tracking cameras to record the exact diameter of the participants’ pupils throughout the sessions.
The scientists found that people who breathed normally tended to sigh more frequently as the tasks wore on. As the minutes ticked by, their regular breathing patterns showed an increase in total variability. This means their breathing speed and depth became increasingly irregular over time. Immediately after a sigh occurred, this accumulated variability decreased.
The researchers distinguished between random breathing variability and structured breathing variability. Structured variability means that consecutive breaths are similar to one another, following a predictable sequence. The authors noted that sighs tended to occur when breathing lacked this predictable structure. Following a sigh, the variability in breathing depth became more structured and predictable again.
In the listening task, the group instructed to breathe slowly and steadily showed a completely different pattern. Their sighing dropped dramatically compared to the normal breathing group. Because they were intentionally controlling their breath, their respiratory variability was severely restricted. This suggests that intentional, controlled breathing overrides the body’s natural need to generate a deep sigh.
The visual test dataset revealed an interesting phenomenon known as phase-locking. Phase-locking is a behavior where the brain subconsciously matches biological rhythms to external events. In this context, participants subconsciously synchronized their natural breathing rhythms to the random timing of the fading visual targets on the screen.
The researchers found that the stronger a participant synchronized their breath to the screen, the more chaotic their general breathing became. Forcing the body to match an unpredictable external event seems to disrupt the natural respiratory rhythm. This high degree of synchronization was associated with a significantly higher number of sighs.
The research also revealed a direct connection between sighs and eye pupil size. During a sigh, participants’ pupils consistently dilated in a specific pattern. The pupil size began to increase at the start of the deep inhalation, peaked in size shortly after the breath reached its maximum depth, and then steadily contracted during the exhalation.
Because pupil dilation is a widely accepted proxy for the brain’s alertness system, this precise timing provides evidence that a sigh involves a rapid, coordinated change in physiological arousal. The scientists propose that sighs might help regulate arousal during prolonged tasks.
Interestingly, these physical resets did not translate into immediate behavioral improvements. Reaction times to the visual and auditory targets remained completely unchanged immediately after a sigh. Additionally, the participants’ self-reported focus on the task did not improve after a deep breath. The authors noted that this lack of behavioral change highlights a disconnect between bodily states and cognitive output in this specific context. The tasks were designed to be monotonous, which might explain why cognitive performance remained flat regardless of breathing changes.
It is necessary to acknowledge a few limitations regarding how the study was conducted. The method used to detect sighs relied entirely on breath volume. The respiratory equipment could not tell the difference between a natural sigh and a yawn. Because people tend to yawn when they are subjected to a monotonous task, yawning could have inflated the total number of deep breaths recorded in the datasets.
The attention tasks used in these experiments were relatively easy and undemanding. More difficult mental tasks might draw out different results, perhaps showing a stronger link between sighing and actual cognitive performance. In a high-stress scenario, a sigh might produce a measurable improvement in reaction time that was mostly invisible in a low-stress setting.
The single breathing belt only measured movement in the lower chest and abdomen. This setup might miss subtle changes in how the upper chest expands during respiratory shifts. The study also acknowledges that individual differences in emotional baseline states or daily stress levels were not entirely controlled, which might introduce slight variations in the data. Future studies could explore how different types of guided breathing exercises affect the natural urge to sigh. Additional research should also test whether the physical resets provided by sighing can be directly manipulated to help people stay focused in demanding environments.
The study, “Sighs Shape Respiratory Variability and Pupil Dynamics and Adapt to Sustained Attention Demands,” was authored by Ralph W. G. Andrews, Michael C. Melnychuk, and Paul M. Dockree.
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Private, vetted email list for mental health professionals: https://www.clinicians-exchange.org
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#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #SighsInBreathing #RespiratoryVariability #PupilDynamics #SustainedAttention #BrainArousal #NoradrenergicSystem #PhaseLocking #BreathingReset #VisualAttention #CognitivePerformance
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DATE: July 26, 2026 at 06:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------TITLE: Scientists reveal what is actually happening to your body when you let out a random sigh
A recent study published in the journal Psychophysiology suggests that spontaneous sighs act as a physical reset button for our breathing patterns during prolonged tasks. The research provides evidence that sighing helps regulate both breathing variability and physiological alertness when people are engaged in monotonous activities. These findings suggest that an occasional deep breath plays a basic role in maintaining physical balance during sustained attention.
The research team, consisting of Ralph W. G. Andrews, Michael C. Melnychuk, and Paul M. Dockree, sought to understand how spontaneous deep breaths relate to human attention. Everyday breathing is rarely perfectly steady or completely uniform. It contains natural variations in speed and depth, which scientists refer to as respiratory variability.
This variability is thought to keep the respiratory system flexible. A flexible system is better equipped to adapt to sudden changes in physical effort or emotional states. Over time, however, this variability can build up and become too chaotic or disorganized. Previous work suggests that a spontaneous sigh acts to reset this system, bringing chaotic breathing patterns back into a healthy and balanced range.
The scientists also wanted to test if sighs help reset mental alertness during tedious tasks. A specific brain network, known as the noradrenaline system, regulates general alertness and arousal in mammals. It acts as a chemical messenger network originating deep in the brain, sending signals to the rest of the nervous system to wake up or pay attention.
Activity in this system causes the pupil of the eye to expand or contract. The authors suspected that sighing might be intimately linked to this alertness network. They predicted that during boring tasks, a sigh might trigger a physical shift in brain arousal to help a person stay focused. When the body becomes too relaxed or disengaged, a deep breath could act as an internal alarm clock.
To test these predictions, the researchers analyzed data from two separate experiments. The first dataset included seventy-two adults who completed a visual attention test. Participants watched a computer screen for eight blocks of eight minutes each. They were instructed to click a mouse whenever a circular visual pattern slightly faded in contrast.
Throughout this visual test, the software randomly interrupted the task with thought probes. A probe would temporarily pause the experiment and ask participants to rate whether they were actively thinking about the visual task or if they were distracted by unrelated daydreams. This allowed the research team to track subjective engagement.
The second dataset involved fifty-seven participants engaging in a rhythmic listening task for twenty-one minutes. These individuals clicked a mouse in time with a continuous cycle of high and low audio tones. This group was split into two separate conditions. Thirty-two participants breathed normally without any specific instructions. Twenty-five participants were instructed to match their breathing to the changing audio tones, resulting in a slow and controlled breathing pattern.
In both experiments, the scientists measured breathing dynamics using a specialized effort belt worn around the participant’s lower chest. A sigh was specifically defined as any breath that was at least twice as deep as the participant’s average breath volume. The team also used high-speed tracking cameras to record the exact diameter of the participants’ pupils throughout the sessions.
The scientists found that people who breathed normally tended to sigh more frequently as the tasks wore on. As the minutes ticked by, their regular breathing patterns showed an increase in total variability. This means their breathing speed and depth became increasingly irregular over time. Immediately after a sigh occurred, this accumulated variability decreased.
The researchers distinguished between random breathing variability and structured breathing variability. Structured variability means that consecutive breaths are similar to one another, following a predictable sequence. The authors noted that sighs tended to occur when breathing lacked this predictable structure. Following a sigh, the variability in breathing depth became more structured and predictable again.
In the listening task, the group instructed to breathe slowly and steadily showed a completely different pattern. Their sighing dropped dramatically compared to the normal breathing group. Because they were intentionally controlling their breath, their respiratory variability was severely restricted. This suggests that intentional, controlled breathing overrides the body’s natural need to generate a deep sigh.
The visual test dataset revealed an interesting phenomenon known as phase-locking. Phase-locking is a behavior where the brain subconsciously matches biological rhythms to external events. In this context, participants subconsciously synchronized their natural breathing rhythms to the random timing of the fading visual targets on the screen.
The researchers found that the stronger a participant synchronized their breath to the screen, the more chaotic their general breathing became. Forcing the body to match an unpredictable external event seems to disrupt the natural respiratory rhythm. This high degree of synchronization was associated with a significantly higher number of sighs.
The research also revealed a direct connection between sighs and eye pupil size. During a sigh, participants’ pupils consistently dilated in a specific pattern. The pupil size began to increase at the start of the deep inhalation, peaked in size shortly after the breath reached its maximum depth, and then steadily contracted during the exhalation.
Because pupil dilation is a widely accepted proxy for the brain’s alertness system, this precise timing provides evidence that a sigh involves a rapid, coordinated change in physiological arousal. The scientists propose that sighs might help regulate arousal during prolonged tasks.
Interestingly, these physical resets did not translate into immediate behavioral improvements. Reaction times to the visual and auditory targets remained completely unchanged immediately after a sigh. Additionally, the participants’ self-reported focus on the task did not improve after a deep breath. The authors noted that this lack of behavioral change highlights a disconnect between bodily states and cognitive output in this specific context. The tasks were designed to be monotonous, which might explain why cognitive performance remained flat regardless of breathing changes.
It is necessary to acknowledge a few limitations regarding how the study was conducted. The method used to detect sighs relied entirely on breath volume. The respiratory equipment could not tell the difference between a natural sigh and a yawn. Because people tend to yawn when they are subjected to a monotonous task, yawning could have inflated the total number of deep breaths recorded in the datasets.
The attention tasks used in these experiments were relatively easy and undemanding. More difficult mental tasks might draw out different results, perhaps showing a stronger link between sighing and actual cognitive performance. In a high-stress scenario, a sigh might produce a measurable improvement in reaction time that was mostly invisible in a low-stress setting.
The single breathing belt only measured movement in the lower chest and abdomen. This setup might miss subtle changes in how the upper chest expands during respiratory shifts. The study also acknowledges that individual differences in emotional baseline states or daily stress levels were not entirely controlled, which might introduce slight variations in the data. Future studies could explore how different types of guided breathing exercises affect the natural urge to sigh. Additional research should also test whether the physical resets provided by sighing can be directly manipulated to help people stay focused in demanding environments.
The study, “Sighs Shape Respiratory Variability and Pupil Dynamics and Adapt to Sustained Attention Demands,” was authored by Ralph W. G. Andrews, Michael C. Melnychuk, and Paul M. Dockree.
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Private, vetted email list for mental health professionals: https://www.clinicians-exchange.org
Unofficial Psychology Today Xitter to toot feed at Psych Today Unofficial Bot @PTUnofficialBot
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#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #SighsInBreathing #RespiratoryVariability #PupilDynamics #SustainedAttention #BrainArousal #NoradrenergicSystem #PhaseLocking #BreathingReset #VisualAttention #CognitivePerformance
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DATE: May 14, 2026 at 06:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------TITLE: From childhood to adulthood, musicians show small but reliable advantages in sustained attention
Learning a musical instrument may sharpen attention and vigilance from childhood through adulthood, according to new research published in the British Journal of Psychology.
Researchers have long debated whether mentally demanding activities—such as playing chess, learning a language, or practising a musical instrument—can enhance general cognitive abilities, such as attention and vigilance, which naturally develop with age. Musical training has been seen as a promising candidate because it requires sustained focus, complex coordination, and multitasking.
However, much of the earlier evidence comparing musicians and non-musicians is difficult to interpret. These groups often differ in background factors like education, socioeconomic status, and personality, making it difficult to determine whether observed differences can be attributed to musical training itself, or instead reflect the pre‑existing characteristics of individuals who are more likely to pursue music.
A research team led by Rafael Román-Caballero of the University of Granada in Spain sought to address this selection bias. The scientists recruited 420 participants between the ages of 8 and 34, drawing from two independent groups—one of Spanish children and adolescents, and one of university-age adults.
Using a rigorous statistical method, the researchers paired each musician with a non-musician who closely matched them on a broad range of personal characteristics, including socioeconomic background, physical activity, video game habits, cognitive hobbies, and personality traits. After filtering the data, they were left with a final sample of 268 perfectly matched participants.
Participants completed a computerized attention task called the ANTI-Vea, which measures several distinct aspects of attention. Most notably, it measures “executive vigilance” (how well a person detects rare events buried among distracting information) and “arousal vigilance” (the ability to sustain alertness and react quickly to sudden stimuli over long periods).
The findings revealed consistent advantages for musically trained individuals across nearly every measure tested. Regardless of their age, musicians responded roughly 36 milliseconds faster on average than their non-musician counterparts—a small but reliable difference that held across the entire age range studied. They were also less prone to lapses in attention—often described as “zoning out”—and showed more stable response times on tasks designed to assess sustained vigilance.
Because the researchers studied a wide age range, they noticed two distinct patterns in how these advantages developed. First, they observed a “threshold effect”; some advantages (like faster reaction times) were present even in the youngest 8-year-old musicians, suggesting that simply starting music lessons and reaching a certain threshold of practice might boost attention.
Second, they observed a “dosage effect,” where some advantages grew more pronounced with age. For example, the ability to filter out irrelevant distracting information—a skill known as executive control—demonstrated a more rapid improvement across the teenage years and into adulthood among those with musical training. This suggests that longer exposure to music may compound its benefits over time.
Román-Caballero and team concluded that their study “provides new evidence that formal musical training is associated with superior attention and vigilance across development. The thorough control of confounding variables in the design was intended to provide a closer estimate of the differences between musicians and nonmusicians in isolation from other factors.”
The researchers caution, however, that the observed effects were relatively small and more modest than those reported in earlier, less rigorously controlled studies. Moreover, because the research measured only a single point in time, rather than following the same individuals over many years, it cannot establish a definitive causal relationship between musical training and attentional advantages.
The study, “Attention and vigilance advantages related to formal musical training across childhood, adolescence and young adulthood,” was authored by Rafael Román-Caballero, Laura Trujillo, Paulina del Carmen Martín-Sánchez, Elisa Martín-Arévalo, and Juan Lupiáñez.
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#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist #MusicalTraining #AttentionBoost #CognitiveDevelopment #ExecutiveVigilance #ArousalVigilance #MusiciansVsNonMusicians #AntiVeaAttention #SustainedAttention #DosageEffect #ThresholdEffect
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The Awake “Sleep” Loop: Why Attention Lapses Occur in ADHD
Summary: Have you ever felt your brain “flicker” off for a split second during a boring task? New…
#NewsBeep #News #US #USA #UnitedStates #UnitedStatesOfAmerica #Health #ADHD #brainresearch #Mentalhealth #neurobiology #Neuroscience #Psychology #SfN #Sleep #SustainedAttention
https://www.newsbeep.com/us/527930/ -
The Awake “Sleep” Loop: Why Attention Lapses Occur in ADHD
Summary: Have you ever felt your brain “flicker” off for a split second during a boring task? New…
#NewsBeep #News #US #USA #UnitedStates #UnitedStatesOfAmerica #Health #ADHD #brainresearch #Mentalhealth #neurobiology #Neuroscience #Psychology #SfN #Sleep #SustainedAttention
https://www.newsbeep.com/us/527930/ -
Almost anything you give sustained attention to will begin to loop on itself
https://www.henrikkarlsson.xyz/p/attention
#HackerNews #sustainedattention #looping #thoughts #mindfulness #selfimprovement #focus
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Almost anything you give sustained attention to will begin to loop on itself
https://www.henrikkarlsson.xyz/p/attention
#HackerNews #sustainedattention #looping #thoughts #mindfulness #selfimprovement #focus
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Almost anything you give sustained attention to will begin to loop on itself
https://www.henrikkarlsson.xyz/p/attention
#HackerNews #sustainedattention #looping #thoughts #mindfulness #selfimprovement #focus
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Almost anything you give sustained attention to will begin to loop on itself
https://www.henrikkarlsson.xyz/p/attention
#HackerNews #sustainedattention #looping #thoughts #mindfulness #selfimprovement #focus
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Almost anything you give sustained attention to will begin to loop on itself
https://www.henrikkarlsson.xyz/p/attention
#HackerNews #sustainedattention #looping #thoughts #mindfulness #selfimprovement #focus
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Brain networks for sustained attention in teens predict substance use in young adulthood https://www.psypost.org/brain-networks-for-sustained-attention-in-teens-predict-substance-use-in-young-adulthood/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #BrainNetworks #SustainedAttention #Teens #SubstanceUse #Adolescents
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Brain networks for sustained attention in teens predict substance use in young adulthood https://www.psypost.org/brain-networks-for-sustained-attention-in-teens-predict-substance-use-in-young-adulthood/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #BrainNetworks #SustainedAttention #Teens #SubstanceUse #Adolescents
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Brain networks for sustained attention in teens predict substance use in young adulthood https://www.psypost.org/brain-networks-for-sustained-attention-in-teens-predict-substance-use-in-young-adulthood/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon #BrainNetworks #SustainedAttention #Teens #SubstanceUse #Adolescents
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Which #brain networks support #SustainedAttention & #WorkingMemory during development? @monicarosenb &co show that adult functional network models predict individual differences & within-person changes in pre-adolescents’ SA & WM performance #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3PLtDDD
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Executive challenges in autism & ADHD
https://embrace-autism.com/executive-challenges-in-autism-and-adhd/
#Attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(ADHD) #Goal-directedpersistence #Planning/prioritization #Executivedysfunction #Emotionalregulation #Executivefunctions #Responseinhibition #Sustainedattention #Inhibitorycontrol #Mentalflexibility #Prefrontalcortex #Executiveskills #Stresstolerance #Taskinitiation #Timemanagement #Metacognition #Workingmemory #Organization #Self-control -
Executive challenges in autism & ADHD
https://embrace-autism.com/executive-challenges-in-autism-and-adhd/
#Attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(ADHD) #Goal-directedpersistence #Planning/prioritization #Executivedysfunction #Emotionalregulation #Executivefunctions #Responseinhibition #Sustainedattention #Inhibitorycontrol #Mentalflexibility #Prefrontalcortex #Executiveskills #Stresstolerance #Taskinitiation #Timemanagement #Metacognition #Workingmemory #Organization #Self-control