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BBC correspondent David Willey, longtime Vatican and papal chronicler, dies at 93

EWTN News spoke to the journalist in February about his more than 50 years covering the Vatican. David…
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Pope Pius X

Born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto. He was the Pope of the Catholic Church from August 4, 1903, until his death on August 20, 1914.

He opposed modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine. He promoted liturgical reforms & Thomist scholastic theology. Thomism is the philosophical & theological school that arose as a legacy of the work & thought of Thomas Aquinas.

He initiated the preparation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law, the 1st comprehensive & systemic work of its kind, which was ultimately announced by his successor. He’s venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.

He was born in the Austrian Empire to a poor family. He was devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Confidence. His papal encyclical Ad deim illum took on a sense of renewal that was reflected in the motto of his pontificate.

He advanced the Liturgical Movement by formulating the principle of participatio actuosa (active participation of the faithful) in his motu proprio, Tra le sollecitudini (1903). He encouraged the frequent reception of Holy Communion. He lowered the age for First Communion, which would become a lasting innovation of his papacy. It was changed from 12-14 years to around 7 years.

Pius X was known for his firm demeanor & sense of poverty, reflected by his membership in the Third Order of St. Francis. He regularly gave sermons from the pulpit, a rare practice at the time.

After the 1908 Messina earthquake, he filled the Apostolic Palace with refugees, long before the Italian government acted. He rejected any kind of favors for his family, & his close relatives chose to remain in poverty, living near Rome. He also undertook a reform of the Roman Curia with the Apostolic Constitution Sapienti consilio in 1908. An apostolic constitution is the most solemn form of legislation issued by the Pope. It’s 1 of several types of papal bull that can be issued from the Vatican.

After his death, a strong cult of devotion followed, with a reputation for piety & holiness. He was beatified in 1951 & canonized in 1954 by Pope Pius XII. A statue bearing his name stands within St. Peter’s Basilica. His birth town was renamed Riese Pio X after his death. It’s located in northeast Italy in the province of Treviso in the region of Veneto.

He was born in Riese, Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, Austrian Empire, on June 2, 1835. He was the 2nd born of 10 kids of Giovanni Battista Sarto, the village postman, & Margherita Sanson. He was baptized on June 3, 1835 (1 day old). The most common (modern) age for the 1st baptism in the Catholic Church is between 6 weeks & 6 months old. In the 1800s, Catholics baptized infants within the 1st 24-48 hours.

As Pope, he rejected any kind of favors for his family: his brother stayed a postal clerk, his favorite nephew stayed on as village priest, & his 3 sisters lived together in humble circumstances in Rome.

In 1850, he received the tonsure from his parish priest. The parish priest wrote to the Cardinal of Venice to secure Sartol/Pius a scholarship to the Seminary of Padua, “where he finished his classical, philosophical & theological studies with distinction.”

On September 18, 1858, Pius was ordained a priest by Giovanni Antonio Farina, Bishop of Treviso (later canonized), & became a chaplain at Tombolo. While there, Pius expanded his knowledge of theology, studying Thomas Aquinas & Canon Law, while carrying out most of the functions of the sickly parish priest Constantini. In Tombolo, Pius’ reputation for holiness grew so much that some people called him “Don Sarto.”

After 1880, Pius taught dogmatic theology & moral theology at the seminary in Treviso. On November 10, 1884, he was appointed Bishop of Mantua by Pope Leo XIII. He was consecrated 6 days later in Rome, in the church of Sant’Apollina alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrini, by Cardinal Lucido Parocchi, assisted by Pietro Rota & by Giovanni Maria Berengo.

He was appointed to the honorary position of assistant at the pontifical throne on June 19, 1891. Pius required papal dispensation from Pope Leo XIII before episcopal consecration, as he lacked a doctorate, making him the last Pope without a doctorate until Pope Francis. An assistant to the pontifical throne was an ecclesiastical title in the Catholic Church. It was designed for prelates belonging to the Papal Chapel, which stood near the throne of the Pope at solemn functions.

Pope Leo XIII made Pius a cardinal of the order of Cardinal priests in a secret priests in a secret meeting (consistory) on June 12, 1893. In a public meeting (consistory) on June 15, 1893, the Pope gave him his cardinal’s red hat (galero), appointed him the titular church of San Bernardo alle Terme, & appointed him Patriarch of Venice.

This created a problem as the reunified Italian government claimed the right to nominate the Patriarch. Since the previous sovereign (the Emperor of Austria) has exercised that power. The poor relations between the Roman Curia & the Italian civil government since the annexation of the Papal States in 1870 placed additional strain on the appointment. Pius was finally allowed to have the patriarchy in 1894. He was formally enthroned on November 24, 1894.

Pope Leo XIII died on July 20, 1903. At the end of the month, the conclave convened to elect his successor. Pius had 0 desire for the papacy. According to historians, the favorite was the pope’s secretary of state, Cardinal Mariano Rampolla. On the 1st ballot, Rampolla received 24 votes, a man named Gotti had 17 votes, & Pius got 5 votes. On the 2nd ballot, Rampolla had gained 5 votes, as did Pius.

The next day, it seemed that Rampolla would be elected. However, the Polish Cardinal Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko from Krakow, in the name of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary, proclaimed a veto (jus exclusivae) against Rampolla’s election. Many protested in the conclave. It was even suggested to disregard the veto. Emperor Franz Joseph was also the 1 who triggered the events of WWI.

However, the 3rd vote had already begun. This resulted in no clear winner but increased support for Pius, with 21 votes. The 4th vote showed Rampolla with 30 votes & Pius with 24 votes. The following morning, the 5th vote gave Rampolla 10 votes, Gotti with 2 votes, & Pius with 50 votes. On August 4, 1903, Pius was elected to the pontificate. This marked the last known exercise of a papal veto by a Catholic monarch.

In 1904, Pope Pius X formally abolished the jus exclusivae through the constitution Commissum Nobis. Any monarch or government official who attempts to submit a veto or interfere in a papal election faces automatic excommunication (latae sententiae).

Historically, the “right” was only ever claimed by the monarchs of Spain, France, & Austria. Smaller principalities like Monaco, Liechtenstein, or Luxembourg never held or claimed this privilege. Therefore, King Felipe VI of Spain is the only current monarch whose ancestors historically used the veto. But he has no legal or ecclesiastical right to do so today.

At 1st, Pius declined the nomination, feeling unworthy. With the Cardinals asking him to reconsider, he went into solitude in the Pauline Chapel. After deep prayer, he accepted the position. Cardinal Luigi Macchi announced Pius’ election around 12:10 pm.

He took the papal name of Pius X. This was out of respect for his recent predecessors of the same name, particularly Pope Pius IX (who had fought against theological liberals & for papal supremacy). Pius X’s traditional coronation took place on the following Sunday, August 9, 1903.

Pius X beatified a total of 131 individuals & canonized 4. One of the most famous people he beatified was THE Joan of Arc in 1909. And in 1908, Pope Pius X named John Chrysostom a patron saint of preachers.

In 1913, Pope Pius X suffered a heart attack. In 1914, he fell ill on the Feast of the Assumption of Mary (August 15, 1914). He wouldn’t recover. The Pope, shortly after, received the Last Rites & eventually the disease, which he’d been suffering, extended to the bronchial tree, resulting in pneumonia that killed him.

He passed away at 1:20 pm on August 20, 1914. This was on the very day when German forces marched into Brussels. His sister, Anna, was praying at his bedside when Pius X passed away. His last act of life was to kiss the little crucifix that he’d clasped in his hands.

He was buried in a simple & unadorned tomb in the crypt below St. Peter’s Basilica. His body was laid in state on August 21 in red pontifical vestments & then interred following the Requiem Mass, following his coffin lying in state on a large catafalque in the Sistine Chapel. A catafalque is the raised platform that supports the casket, coffin, or body of a dead person.

On May 29, 1944, the body of Pius X was exhumed for inspection as part of the beatification process. During which the remains were found to be miraculously incorrupt. After the examination & the end of the apostolic process towards Pius X’s cause, Pius XII bestowed the title of Venerable Servant of God upon Pius X.

Following this, the process towards beatification began. His beatification took place on June 3, 1951. On May 29, 1954, Pius X was canonized. Pius X became the 1st Pope since Pius V (1712) to be canonized.

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The Assumption of the Virgin Mary

This is 1 of the 4 Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. Pope Pius XII gave its definition on November 1, 1950 with his apostolic constitution named Munificentissimus Deus as the Assumption of Mary, body & soul, into Heaven. It’s celebrated on August 15th.

Munificentissimus Deus mentions several Holy Fathers, theologians, & Doctor of the Church who held to the Assumption of Mary are: Adrian I, Sergius I, Leo IV, John of Damascus, Amadeus of Lausanne, Modestus of Jerusalem, Anthony of Padua, Albertus Magnus, Thomas of Aquinas, Bonaventure, Bernardino of Siena, Robert Bellarmine, Francis de Sales, Peter Canisius, Francisco Suarez, etc.

It’s debated between theologians, clergy, & laypeople whether Mary actually died or whether she was raised up to eternal life without bodily death.

In Eastern Christianity, they have an equal belief called the Dormition of the Mother of God, or the “Falling Asleep of the Mother of God.” In Lutheran churches, August 15 is celebrated as the Feast of St. Mary. Some Anglican denominations observe August 15 under a variety of names, including the Feast of St. Mary the Virgin or the Falling Asleep of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

In the Passing of the Blessed Virgin Mary, this is credited to Joseph of Arimathea, 1 of the apostles (often pictured as Thomas the Apostle, of Doubting Thomas fame), wasn’t there at the time of Mary’s death. But he gets there late. This brought about a reopening of Mary’s tomb. Only Mary’s grave clothes were found in the empty tomb. Just like her son, Jesus. Subsequently, Mary drops her girdle down to the apostles, from Heaven, as proof of the event happening.

The feast was commanded for Constantinople on August 15 by Emperor Maurice in 600. About 50 years later, it was introduced in Rome & is mentioned in a papal decree of Sergius (687-701), who started a procession for the feast.

Pope Leo IV gave the feast a vigil & an octave to solemnise it above all others. An octave is the 8th day after a church festival, including the day of the festival. Pope Nicholas I placed it on a par with Christmas & Easter. On November 1, 1950, Pope Pius XII declared the Assumption of the Virgin Mary as a dogma of faith.

In the 12th century, a German nun Elisabeth of Schonau was allegedly granted visions of Mary & Jesus. This had a far-reaching influence on the Western Church’s tradition. In her work Visio de resurrectione beaten Virginia Mariae, she tells how Mary was assumed in body & soul into Heaven.

On May 1, 1950, Gilles Bouhours, who was a Marian seer, reported to Pope Pius XII a supposed message that the Virgin Mary would have ordered him to tell the Pope on the dogma of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin Mary.

It’s said that Pius XII asked God for a sign that could reassure him that the dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary was ACTUALLY wanted by God. This just happened to be during the Holy Year of 1950.

When Gilles communicated the message to Pius XII, the Pope considered this message the hoped for granted to Gilles by the Pope. Pius XII himself said the dogma of the Assumption of the body & soul of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven.

Some Catholics believe that Mary passed away before being assumed. But they believe that she was miraculously resurrected before being assumed. This is a moralistic interpretation. Others believe she was assumed bodily into Heaven without dying first. This is an immoralistic interpretation. Either interpretation can be held legitimately by Catholics, with Eastern Catholics observing the Feast as the Dormition.

The Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary is celebrated in the Roman Catholic Church on August 15th. The Eastern Orthodox & Eastern Catholics celebrated the Dormition of the Mother of God on this date. This is also called the Dormition of the Theotokos, the “falling asleep of the Mother of God. It’s preceded by a 14-day period of fasting.

Eastern Christians believe Mary died a natural death, that he soul was received by Christ upon death, that her body was resurrected after her death, & that she was taken up into a Heaven bodily in anticipation of the general resurrection.

Views differ within Protestantism. They are those with a theology closer to Catholicism sometimes believing in a bodily assumption. Most Protestants don’t believe this.

The Lutheran Church kept the Feast of the Assumption of Mary after the Reformation. They designated August 15th as a lesser festival named “Mary, Mother of Our Lord” or “St. Mary, Mother of our Lord.”

While in Anglicanism, the Assumption of Mary is accepted by some & rejected by others. It disappeared from Anglican worship in 1549. It partially returned to Anglo-Catholic tradition during the 20th century under different names.

A Marian feast on August 15th is celebrated by the Church of England as a non-specific feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary. This feast is called by the Scottish Episcopal Church it’s a feast called “St. Mary the Virgin.” Other Anglican provinces have a feast of the Dormition. The Anglican Church of Canada’s Book of Common Prayer (1962) marks the day as the “Falling Asleep of the Blessed Virgin Mary.”

Assumption Day on August 15th is a nationwide public holiday in Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Republic of Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Croatia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, East Timor, France, Gabon, Greece, Georgia (the country), Republic of Guinea, Haiti, Italy, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of North Macedonia, Madagascar, Malta, Mauritius, Monaco, Montenegro (Albanian Catholics), Paraguay, Philippines (Maragondon, Cavite), Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, To go, Seychelles, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tahiti, & Vanuatu. It was also in Hungary until 1948.

It’s also a public holiday in parts of Germany (parts of Bavaria & Saarland), Switzerland (in 14 of 26 countries), & Bosnia & Herzegovina. In Guatemala, it is observed in Guatemala City & the town of Santa Maria Nebaj. Both cities claim her as their patron saint. In Costa Rica & parts of Belgium, the day is combined with Mother’s Day.

Prominent Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, & Oriental Orthodox countries in which Assumption Day is an important feast day but isn’t a public holiday recognized by the state include the Czech Republic, Ireland, Mexico, the Philippines, & Russia. In Bulgaria, the Feast of the Assumption is the biggest Eastern Orthodox celebration of the Holy Virgin. In Eastern Orthodox churches following the Julian Calendar, the feast day falls on August 28th.

In the Maronite church, the Assumption of Mary is known as the “Assumption of the Holy Mother of God.” It’s celebrated on August 15th.

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Catherine of Siena

Her birth name is: Caterina di Jacopo di Benincasa. She lived from March 25, 1347 to April 29, 2380, making her 33 years old when she passed away. She was an Italian mystics & pious laywoman who took part in papal & Italian politics through sizable letter-writing & advocacy. She was canonized in 1461. She’s revered as a saint & a Doctor of the Church because of her considerable theological authorship.

She was born & raised in Siena. At an early age, she wanted to devote herself to God. Her parents were against this. Her parents wanted her to marry. She ends up cutting her hair. She resisted any attempts to conform.

Her dad relents, eventually. He gives her a room dedicated to prayer & contemplation. She developed the spiritual practice of building an inner cell in her mind. This is a place of constant prayer from which she could never flee. This would become a core tenet of her mystical teaching.

She joined the Mantellates at 18. This was/is a group of pious laywomen informally devoted to Dominican spiritually. Later on, these types of urban pious groups would be formalized as the Third Order of the Dominicans. This wasn’t until after Catherine’s passing. She lived in near solitude initially.

Shortly after joining the Mantellate, Catherine started fasting for longer periods. But she found it challenging. While tending to a woman with cancerous breast sores, she was disgusted. Intending to overcome her disgust, she gathered the sore pus into a ladle & drank it all. (Yep, yep. You read that right.)

That night, she was visited by Jesus who invited her to drink the blood gushing out of his pierced side. It was with this visitation that her stomach “no longer had need of food and no longer could digest.”

Around the age of 21, following an experience she described as a “Mystical Marriage” with Christ. She received a divine command to leave her solitary life & dedicate her life to public ministry. She started serving the sick & poor in the hospital, particularly during the Black Death. Her wedding ring wasn’t the traditional gold band that nuns wear after they become nuns. Catherine’s wedding ring was the Holy Prepuce, or Jesus’ foreskin. (Yes, you read that correctly.)

Her influence with Pope Gregory XI played a role in his 1376 decision to leave Avignon for Rome. The Pope sent Catherine to negotiate peace with the Florentine Republic. After Gregory XI (March 1378) & the end of peace (July 1378), she went home to Siena. The Great Schism of the West led Catherine to go to Rome with the Pope.

She sent many letters to princes & cardinals to encourage obedience to Pope Urban VI & defend what she calls the “vessel of the Church.” She passed away on April 29, 1380 after she was weary by fastidious fasting. Urban VI celebrated her funeral & burial in the Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome. This is 1 of the major churches of the Order of Preachers in Rome.

The people of Siena wanted to have Catherine’s body after she passed away. A story is told of a miracle where they were partially successful. They knew they couldn’t smuggle her whole body out of Rome. They decided to take only her head, which they put in a bag. When they were stopped by the Roman guards, they prayed to Catherine to help them. They were confident she (Catherine) would want her body (or at least part of it) in Siena. When they opened the bag to show the guards, it appeared to not have her (Catherine’s) head but it was full of roses.

Devotion around Catherine of Siena developed rapidly after her passing. Pope Pius II canonized her in 1461. She was declared a patron saint of Rome in 1866 by Pope Pius IX. She was only the 2nd woman to be made a Doctor of the Church, on October 4, 1970 by Pope Paul VI. This was only days after Teresa of Avila. In 1939, Pope Pius XII named her joint patron saint of Italy, along with St. Francis of Assisi. In 1999, Pope John Paul II proclaimed her a patron saint of Europe. Along with Teresa Benedicta of the Cross & Bridget of Sweden. She’s also the patroness of the historically Catholic American sorority, Theta Phi Alpha.

There are 3 main churches in honor of Catherine of Siena:

• Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome. This is where her body is kept. This church gets its name from that the 1st Christian Church structure on the site was directly over (or Italian sopra) the ruins or foundations of a temple dedicated to the Egyptian deity Isis. This had been mistakenly thought to be the temple of Minerva. Possibly due to interpretatio romana, meaning that the ancient Greeks had a tendency to identify foreign gods with their own gods.
• Basilica of San Domenico, in Siena. This is where her incorrupt head is. This incorrupt head doesn’t look like the incorruptible bodies of other saints.
• Shrine of St. Catherine, in Siena. This is a complex of religious buildings built around Catherine’s birthplace.

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St. Rose of Lima

She was born Isabel Flores de Oliva (April 20, 1586-August 24, 1617). She was a member of the Third Order of St. Dominic in Lima, Peru, Spanish Empire. She was known for her life of severe penance & her care of the poor of the city through her own private efforts.

Rose of Lima was born to a noble family & is the patroness saint of embroidery, gardening, cultivation of blooming flowers, florists, embroiderers, sewing lace, gardeners, people ridiculed or misunderstood for their piety, the resolution of family quarrels, against vanity, & the indigenous peoples of the Americas. She was the 1st person born in the Americas to be canonized as a saint.

As a saint, Rose of Lima has been designated as a co-patroness of the Philippines, along with Pudentiana. Both saints were moved to Second-class patronage in September 1942 by Pope Pius XII. But Rose remains the main patroness of Peru & the local people of Latin America. Her image was formerly featured on the highest denomination banknote of Peru.

Her nickname “Rose” comes from a story in her infancy: a servant claimed to have seen her face change into a rose. In 1597, Isabel was confirmed by the Archbishop of Lima, Toribio de Mogrovejo, who was also declared a saint. She then formally changed her name to Rose (Rosa in Spanish) at that time.

When she was a young girl, she copied Catherine of Siena. She started praying 3x a week & performed severe penances in secret. She was admired for her beauty. She cut off her hair & rubbed peppers on her face, to distract from her beauty. She was upset that men were starting to notice her, & not for her spirituality. She turned away all of her suitors. Her family wasn’t having any of that.

Much to her parents’ chigrin, Rose spent a LOT of time thinking about the Blessed Sacrament, which she received daily. This is rare, & odd, for the time. She wanted to take a vow of virginity. But her parents didn’t want that! Out of frustration, her dad gave her a room to herself at the family home.

In addition to fasting, she permanently abstained from eating meat. She helped the sick & hungry around her community. She would bring them to the room, her dad built, to take care of the sick. To help her family financially, Rose would sell fine needlework she made. She would also take flowers to the market to sell as well.

To help the poor, she would make & sell lace & embroidery. This was in addition to all the prayer & she did penance in a small grotto she’d built. She was otherwise a recluse. She only left her room to go to church.

She attracted the attention of the friars of the Dominican Order. She wanted to become a nun. But her dad wasn’t hearing any of that noise. So instead, she entered the Third Order of St. Dominic, while she was living in her parents’ home.

When she was 20, she started wearing the habit of a tertiary & took a vow of perpetual virginity. A tertiary is a lay member of a religious order’s Third Order, who lives in the secular (worldly) world while they strive for Christian perfection by following the spiritual way of life associated with that particular order. The First Order is the clergy, the Second Order is the religious women in the community (official nuns).

She allowed herself only 2 hours a night of sleep, at most, so she could have more time to devote to prayer. She also wore a heavy metal crown made of silver, that had small spikes on the inside. This was to imitate the Crown of Thorns worn by Jesus.

For 11 years, she lived like this. Throughout this time, there would be periods of ecstasy. She passed away on August 24, 1617, at the age of 31. She had been battling a long illness. It’s said that she prophesied her death date.

Her funeral was held in the cathedral. It was attended by all the public authorities of Lima. August 23 is her feast day. It’s August 30th in the Traditional calendar.

Rose was beatified by Pope Clement IX on May 10, 1667. She was canonized on April 12, 1671 by Pope Clement I. She was the first Catholic in the Americas to be officially declared a saint.

Her shine is inside of the convent of St. Dominic in Lima. The Catholic Church says that many miracles happened after her death: she cured a leper; & at the time of her death, the city of Lima smelled like roses; roses started falling from the sky.

Rose’s skull, surmounted with a crown of roses, is on public display at the Basilica in Lima, Peru.

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Wartime Pope Pius XII knew details about the Nazi attempt to exterminate Jews in the Holocaust as early as 1942, according to a letter found in the Vatican archives. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/09/17/world/pope-holocaust/?utm_content=bufferbd74c&utm_medium=social&utm_source=mastodon&utm_campaign=bffmstdn #worldnews #popepiusxii #holocaust #nazis #germany #genocide #catholicchurch

Friendly #ATHEIST #podcast 497

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— Letter suggests #PopePiusXII knew about #Nazi atrocities but remained on the sidelines.
— After a #teen's petition, a #Minnesota #schooldistrict will stop holding graduation in a #megachurch.
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Vatican archives
Reveal secrets long held safe
Pope Pius knew of woe

#popepiusxii #holocaust #vaticanarchives #haiku #poetry

https://www.reuters.com/world/letter-shows-pope-pius-xii-probably-knew-about-holocaust-early-2023-09-17/

Uncovered letter shows #PopePiusXII had detailed information about #Nazi crimes - Newly discovered correspondence suggests that WW II-era Pope Pius XII had detailed information from trusted #German #Jesuit that up to 6,000 Jews and Poles were being #gassed each day in German-occupied #Poland. The documentation undercuts the Holy See’s argument that it couldn’t verify diplomatic reports of #Nazi #atrocities to denounce them. #CatholicChurch continues to lie for 80+ years https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2023/09/17/letter-uncovered-showing-pope-pius-xii-had-detailed-information-about-nazi-crimes

We cannot abstain from expressing our preoccupation and our anxiety for those who, on account of the special circumstances of the moment, have become so engulfed in the vortex of external activity that they neglect the chief duty [of the Christian]: his own sanctification. We have already stated publicly in writing that those who presume that the world can be saved by what has rightly been called the “heresy of action” must be made to exercise better judgment.

- Menti Nostrae, Sept. 23, 1950.

#Catholic #PopePiusXII #MentiNostrae #Catholicism #Christianity

What did the #CatholicChurch, led by #PopePiusXII during #WWII know about activities of #Mussolini & #Hitler & what decisions were made by the church as #Italy was enveloped in war & #Holocaust unfolded throughout #Europe? When faced w decisions of moral leadership, power, how did the Church respond, & what were consequences? Using newly opened #VaticanArchives as well as archives in Italy, Germany, France, UK, & the US The Pope at War: The Secret History of #PiusXII, Mussolini, and Hitler.