#page1 — Public Fediverse posts

This is the very last section of the boiler training manual, folks. None of this is light reading, but submitted to the public for mulling over just how intensely complicated these behemoths are, and to recognize the importance of making these things museum pieces so that others may learn from them--rather than demolishing them, for no two boilers are alike, not even the Baldwin Twins Units 1 and 2. Unit 3 was an antique GE drum boiler, which should also be deemed to be a museum piece, as well as its own history of operation.

#BoilerManual #ProtectingPressureParts #Section10 #Page1

Protecting pressure parts

Proper protective care of the boiler is essential to unit reliability. We often think of care of the boiler only in connection with maintenance. However, as an operator there is a great deal that you can do to protect boiler pressure parts and help ensure reliable operation and high availability. The need for these protective procedures is present from the initial filling through startup, during normal operating periods, shutdown and storage. The major concerns which we'll be detailing in this section are those which will protect the boiler against corrosion, overheating and thermal stresses.

GENERAL

High temperature differentials cause thermal stresses which can break studs, lugs and other attachments. Severe stresses limit the life of pressure parts. Therefore, the temperature of the water used to fill the boiler should be regulated to match the temperature of the boiler metals so that these stresses are minimized. Normally, water temperature should be within 100 F of metal temperature, and it should be at least 70 F.

All boiler vents should be open during the filling process so that any air in the boiler tubes is replaced with water. This reduces the possibility of oxygen corrosion while at the same time insuring that all boiler tubes are filled.

High quality water should be used for filling in order to minimize cleanup time and protect the boiler against waterside corrosion and deposition {which is why the facility also had its own complete water treatment plant for processing the lake water, and that even includes chlorination--and they used straight-up chlorine gas for that}. Water quality is no less important during startup than during normal operation, and firing is not permitted until cation conductivity is below one micromho at the economizer inlet. Fluid temperature is limited

to 550 F at the convection pass outlet until iron content is less

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This is the very last section of the boiler training manual, folks. None of this is light reading, but submitted to the public for mulling over just how intensely complicated these behemoths are, and to recognize the importance of making these things museum pieces so that others may learn from them--rather than demolishing them, for no two boilers are alike, not even the Baldwin Twins Units 1 and 2. Unit 3 was an antique GE drum boiler, which should also be deemed to be a museum piece, as well as its own history of operation.

#BoilerManual #ProtectingPressureParts #Section10 #Page1

Protecting pressure parts

Proper protective care of the boiler is essential to unit reliability. We often think of care of the boiler only in connection with maintenance. However, as an operator there is a great deal that you can do to protect boiler pressure parts and help ensure reliable operation and high availability. The need for these protective procedures is present from the initial filling through startup, during normal operating periods, shutdown and storage. The major concerns which we'll be detailing in this section are those which will protect the boiler against corrosion, overheating and thermal stresses.

GENERAL

High temperature differentials cause thermal stresses which can break studs, lugs and other attachments. Severe stresses limit the life of pressure parts. Therefore, the temperature of the water used to fill the boiler should be regulated to match the temperature of the boiler metals so that these stresses are minimized. Normally, water temperature should be within 100 F of metal temperature, and it should be at least 70 F.

All boiler vents should be open during the filling process so that any air in the boiler tubes is replaced with water. This reduces the possibility of oxygen corrosion while at the same time insuring that all boiler tubes are filled.

High quality water should be used for filling in order to minimize cleanup time and protect the boiler against waterside corrosion and deposition {which is why the facility also had its own complete water treatment plant for processing the lake water, and that even includes chlorination--and they used straight-up chlorine gas for that}. Water quality is no less important during startup than during normal operation, and firing is not permitted until cation conductivity is below one micromho at the economizer inlet. Fluid temperature is limited

to 550 F at the convection pass outlet until iron content is less

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#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page1

Optimizing combustion

The function of the boiler is to obtain the maximum amount of heat from a given quantity of fuel. If this objective is to be realized, it is important you understand the broader principles involved in the combustion process. In this program we will review these principles and also explore the inefficiencies which result in combustion losses. The combustion process beginning in the cyclone will be examined, and we will discuss the suitability of fuels as related to cyclone operation. We will also cover the by-products of combustion such as slag and coal ash, along with the effect of operating variables on these deposits.

PRINCIPLES OF COMBUSTION

Combustion may be defined as the rapid chemical combination of oxygen with the combustible elements of the fuel. There are only three combustible chemical elements of significance - carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur. Sulfur is usually of minor significance as a source of heat, but it can be of major significance in corrosion and pollution problems.Carbon and hydrogen, when burned to completion, combine with oxygen according to the following:

C + O2 = CO2 + 14,100 Btu/lb of C
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O + 61,100 Btu/lb of H2

Air is the source of oxygen in a boiler furnace. he heat released in these combustion reactions is about 14,100 Btu/lb of carbon burned and 61,100 Btu/lb of hydrogen burned.

The objective of good combustion is to release all of this heat while minimizing losses from combustion inefficiencies and excess air. The combination of the combustible components of a fuel with all the oxygen requires temperature high enough to ignite the constituents, mixing or

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#BoilerManual #OptimizingCombustion #Section9 #Page1

Optimizing combustion

The function of the boiler is to obtain the maximum amount of heat from a given quantity of fuel. If this objective is to be realized, it is important you understand the broader principles involved in the combustion process. In this program we will review these principles and also explore the inefficiencies which result in combustion losses. The combustion process beginning in the cyclone will be examined, and we will discuss the suitability of fuels as related to cyclone operation. We will also cover the by-products of combustion such as slag and coal ash, along with the effect of operating variables on these deposits.

PRINCIPLES OF COMBUSTION

Combustion may be defined as the rapid chemical combination of oxygen with the combustible elements of the fuel. There are only three combustible chemical elements of significance - carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur. Sulfur is usually of minor significance as a source of heat, but it can be of major significance in corrosion and pollution problems.Carbon and hydrogen, when burned to completion, combine with oxygen according to the following:

C + O2 = CO2 + 14,100 Btu/lb of C
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O + 61,100 Btu/lb of H2

Air is the source of oxygen in a boiler furnace. he heat released in these combustion reactions is about 14,100 Btu/lb of carbon burned and 61,100 Btu/lb of hydrogen burned.

The objective of good combustion is to release all of this heat while minimizing losses from combustion inefficiencies and excess air. The combination of the combustible components of a fuel with all the oxygen requires temperature high enough to ignite the constituents, mixing or

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#BoilerManual #Ramping #Section8 #Page1

Ramping

INTRODUCTION

The Bypass section of this manual described the sequence of events that occur in the
early stages of startup and touched briefly on the secondary superheater (SSH) pressure ramp. Due to the importance of the pressure ramp it is dealt with in more detail in the following pages.

THE PROCESS

With the UP boiler, a minimum design flow equal to 33% of full load flow must be circulated through the furnace and convection pass enclosure circuits whenever the unit is being fired to prevent overheating of the boiler tube metals.

Early in the startup sequence, when turbine steam requirements are less than 33% flow, all flow is routed through the bypass system where it is distributed to the turbine, deaerator, feedwater heaters and the condenser. The 202 and 207 valves will be controlling flow (33% minimum) to the flashtank, maintaining 2550 psi at the convection pass (CP) outlet and 700 F at the primary superheater (PSH) outlet (Figure 1).

The turbine is synchronized and initially loaded with 500 psi steam from the flashtank via the 205 valve. After the initial loading, turbine load is increased to 6.5% and transferred to partial arc admission. At 10% load on partial arc admission with 500 psi flashtank steam, the turbine control valves will be at the position equivalent to 33% load at full throttle pressure.

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#BoilerManual #Ramping #Section8 #Page1

Ramping

INTRODUCTION

The Bypass section of this manual described the sequence of events that occur in the
early stages of startup and touched briefly on the secondary superheater (SSH) pressure ramp. Due to the importance of the pressure ramp it is dealt with in more detail in the following pages.

THE PROCESS

With the UP boiler, a minimum design flow equal to 33% of full load flow must be circulated through the furnace and convection pass enclosure circuits whenever the unit is being fired to prevent overheating of the boiler tube metals.

Early in the startup sequence, when turbine steam requirements are less than 33% flow, all flow is routed through the bypass system where it is distributed to the turbine, deaerator, feedwater heaters and the condenser. The 202 and 207 valves will be controlling flow (33% minimum) to the flashtank, maintaining 2550 psi at the convection pass (CP) outlet and 700 F at the primary superheater (PSH) outlet (Figure 1).

The turbine is synchronized and initially loaded with 500 psi steam from the flashtank via the 205 valve. After the initial loading, turbine load is increased to 6.5% and transferred to partial arc admission. At 10% load on partial arc admission with 500 psi flashtank steam, the turbine control valves will be at the position equivalent to 33% load at full throttle pressure.

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Due to spamhacker pollution the last time I posted this, I'm gonna have to start over from this point, so please bear with me even though you've seen this before.

#BoilerManual #BypassSystem #Section7 #Page1

Bypass System

Due to the design of the universal pressure boiler, a minimum feedwater flow must be maintained in the furnace circuits to prevent overheating of furnace tubes during all operating conditions. This flow must be established before startup of the boiler. A bypass system, integral with the boiler, turbine, condensate and feedwater system (Figure 1) is provided so that the minimum design flow can be maintained through pressure parts which are exposed to high temperature combustion gases during the startup operations and at other times when the required minimum flow exceeds the turbine steam demand.

The bypass system performs the following additional functions:

1. Reduces pressure and temperature of the steam leaving the boiler during startup to conditions suitable for turbine, condenser, and auxiliary equipment.

2. Provides means for recovering heat flowing to the bypass system during startup and low load operation, utilizing the feedwater heaters.

3. Provides means for conditioning the water during startup without delaying boiler and turbine warming operations.

4. Protects the high temperature (secondary) superheater against shock from water during startup.

5. Provides means for relieving excessive pressure in the system after the unit is above minimum load.

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Due to spamhacker pollution the last time I posted this, I'm gonna have to start over from this point, so please bear with me even though you've seen this before.

#BoilerManual #BypassSystem #Section7 #Page1

Bypass System

Due to the design of the universal pressure boiler, a minimum feedwater flow must be maintained in the furnace circuits to prevent overheating of furnace tubes during all operating conditions. This flow must be established before startup of the boiler. A bypass system, integral with the boiler, turbine, condensate and feedwater system (Figure 1) is provided so that the minimum design flow can be maintained through pressure parts which are exposed to high temperature combustion gases during the startup operations and at other times when the required minimum flow exceeds the turbine steam demand.

The bypass system performs the following additional functions:

1. Reduces pressure and temperature of the steam leaving the boiler during startup to conditions suitable for turbine, condenser, and auxiliary equipment.

2. Provides means for recovering heat flowing to the bypass system during startup and low load operation, utilizing the feedwater heaters.

3. Provides means for conditioning the water during startup without delaying boiler and turbine warming operations.

4. Protects the high temperature (secondary) superheater against shock from water during startup.

5. Provides means for relieving excessive pressure in the system after the unit is above minimum load.

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#BoilerManual #CycloneOperation #Section6 #Page1

Cyclone operation

Controls for cyclone-fired boilers vary from comparatively simple to verify complex control systems. This is dependent on several factors such as the amount of automation desired, the safety features required, the type of boiler, the different fuels fired, the number of cyclone furnaces, the type of cyclone burner and fuel system, the type of air supply to the cyclones, and the degree of sophistication of fuel to air flow balancing control required.

In order to effectively discuss cyclone operation, we will be describing the various components associated with cyclone burners, the control parameters and the operating characteristics of the burner equipment.

OPERATION

There are two basic areas of control required for cyclone furnaces; burner operation and combustion control.

The Burner Operation functions include the following:

1. Control the air purge of the cyclones. Control of the cyclone shutoff dampers can be set to obtain 25-30% full load air flow through the cyclone for purge. Initial firing with uncured refractory in the cyclone requires that the controls be capable of purging at 25% full load air flow with the windbox to furnace delta-P at 10" H2O.

2. Controlling the ignition of the oil lighter. This is accomplished by controlling the FD dampers, ID dampers, cyclone shutoff dampers, and cyclone control dampers to regulate the air flow to an amount suitable for establishing lighter flame. A separate lighter control system introduces the ignition spark and lighter fuel at the proper

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#BoilerManual #CycloneOperation #Section6 #Page1

Cyclone operation

Controls for cyclone-fired boilers vary from comparatively simple to verify complex control systems. This is dependent on several factors such as the amount of automation desired, the safety features required, the type of boiler, the different fuels fired, the number of cyclone furnaces, the type of cyclone burner and fuel system, the type of air supply to the cyclones, and the degree of sophistication of fuel to air flow balancing control required.

In order to effectively discuss cyclone operation, we will be describing the various components associated with cyclone burners, the control parameters and the operating characteristics of the burner equipment.

OPERATION

There are two basic areas of control required for cyclone furnaces; burner operation and combustion control.

The Burner Operation functions include the following:

1. Control the air purge of the cyclones. Control of the cyclone shutoff dampers can be set to obtain 25-30% full load air flow through the cyclone for purge. Initial firing with uncured refractory in the cyclone requires that the controls be capable of purging at 25% full load air flow with the windbox to furnace delta-P at 10" H2O.

2. Controlling the ignition of the oil lighter. This is accomplished by controlling the FD dampers, ID dampers, cyclone shutoff dampers, and cyclone control dampers to regulate the air flow to an amount suitable for establishing lighter flame. A separate lighter control system introduces the ignition spark and lighter fuel at the proper

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CYCLONE DESCRIPTION
#BoilerManual #CycloneDescription #Section5 #Page1

Cyclone description

Cyclone furnace coal firing is an alternate method to pulverized-coal firing, but in general, is used with low-ash fusion temperature coals. The suitability of fuels for the cyclone furnace will be discussed later in this section. Burning crushed coal eliminates the initial and operating costs of pulverizing equipment. Cyclone furnace firing provides additional benefits as compared to pulverized coal firing. {Baldwin had both coal crushers and coal mills, the latter of which pulverized coal into ultra fine powder. One guy told me it was the fineness of cosmetic face powder. It will still abrade a cyclone's coal feeder pipes that will leave holes in the things, and seeing a big fire through a pipe with a hole in it is impressive.}

1. Reduced flyash in stack gases results in a more compact arrangement and reduce flue-dust collection equipment costs. {not to mention equipment corrosion.}

2. Lower coal preparation equipment cost and maintenance expense for cyclone furnace firing.

3. Reduction in furnace size.

4. Auxiliary power costs are lower for low grindability coals.

CYCLONE COMPONENTS
Location, Description & Function

1. Radial Burner (Figures 1, 2 & 3) - Centrally located at the inlet end of the cyclone, it imparts a whirling motion to the crushed coal and primary air mixture. The inner survade of the burner is lined with removable wear blocks which can be replaced as required.

2. Crushed Coal Inlet (Figures 1, 2 & 3) - Coal is crushed in a simple crusher to meet recommended sizing requirements. The crushed coal is then introduced into the radial burner of the cyclone via the coal feeder.

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CYCLONE DESCRIPTION
#BoilerManual #CycloneDescription #Section5 #Page1

Cyclone description

Cyclone furnace coal firing is an alternate method to pulverized-coal firing, but in general, is used with low-ash fusion temperature coals. The suitability of fuels for the cyclone furnace will be discussed later in this section. Burning crushed coal eliminates the initial and operating costs of pulverizing equipment. Cyclone furnace firing provides additional benefits as compared to pulverized coal firing. {Baldwin had both coal crushers and coal mills, the latter of which pulverized coal into ultra fine powder. One guy told me it was the fineness of cosmetic face powder. It will still abrade a cyclone's coal feeder pipes that will leave holes in the things, and seeing a big fire through a pipe with a hole in it is impressive.}

1. Reduced flyash in stack gases results in a more compact arrangement and reduce flue-dust collection equipment costs. {not to mention equipment corrosion.}

2. Lower coal preparation equipment cost and maintenance expense for cyclone furnace firing.

3. Reduction in furnace size.

4. Auxiliary power costs are lower for low grindability coals.

CYCLONE COMPONENTS
Location, Description & Function

1. Radial Burner (Figures 1, 2 & 3) - Centrally located at the inlet end of the cyclone, it imparts a whirling motion to the crushed coal and primary air mixture. The inner survade of the burner is lined with removable wear blocks which can be replaced as required.

2. Crushed Coal Inlet (Figures 1, 2 & 3) - Coal is crushed in a simple crusher to meet recommended sizing requirements. The crushed coal is then introduced into the radial burner of the cyclone via the coal feeder.

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LIGHTERS
#BoilerManual #Lighters #Section4 #Page1

Mark IV oil lighters

The lighter is an essential piece of equipment in firing any boiler. While its primary purpose is to provide the initial ignition of the coal when a cyclone is placed in service, it can also be used to stabilize ignition at low loads, to warm the furnace prior to placing the cyclone in service, and to sustain ignition for as long as possible when the burner is removed from service. The lighter must be properly maintained and cared for to ensure that it performs reliably when it is needed, and properly operated to help safeguard against furnace explosions.

It will be the purpose of this section to familiarize you with the components associated with the lighter and the lighter control unit. Also discussed will be the various modes of lighter operation and the recommended operating checks and adjustments which aid in the proper operation of the lighter.

DESCRIPTION AND PURPOSE

Your mechanical oil atomized lighter is equipped with an electrode for spark ignition, a piston and air cylinder for extending and retracting the atomizer and electrode, and flow control valves for controlling the speed of extending and retracting. Refer to Figure 1 for lighter components and their location.

The B&W spark igniter consists of a mounting sleeve assembly through thte cyclone front closure and neck tubes. The igniter is positioned at the secondary air inlet of the cyclone, Figure 2. When properly installed, the lighter flame will extend into the fuel/air mixture of the main burner at a point where ignition of the main fuel normally begins. The lighter is designed for lighting a main burner and for stabilizing ignition of that burner. The lighter is not intended to be used as a burner for carrying load. The lighter must be properly maintained and

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LIGHTERS
#BoilerManual #Lighters #Section4 #Page1

Mark IV oil lighters

The lighter is an essential piece of equipment in firing any boiler. While its primary purpose is to provide the initial ignition of the coal when a cyclone is placed in service, it can also be used to stabilize ignition at low loads, to warm the furnace prior to placing the cyclone in service, and to sustain ignition for as long as possible when the burner is removed from service. The lighter must be properly maintained and cared for to ensure that it performs reliably when it is needed, and properly operated to help safeguard against furnace explosions.

It will be the purpose of this section to familiarize you with the components associated with the lighter and the lighter control unit. Also discussed will be the various modes of lighter operation and the recommended operating checks and adjustments which aid in the proper operation of the lighter.

DESCRIPTION AND PURPOSE

Your mechanical oil atomized lighter is equipped with an electrode for spark ignition, a piston and air cylinder for extending and retracting the atomizer and electrode, and flow control valves for controlling the speed of extending and retracting. Refer to Figure 1 for lighter components and their location.

The B&W spark igniter consists of a mounting sleeve assembly through thte cyclone front closure and neck tubes. The igniter is positioned at the secondary air inlet of the cyclone, Figure 2. When properly installed, the lighter flame will extend into the fuel/air mixture of the main burner at a point where ignition of the main fuel normally begins. The lighter is designed for lighting a main burner and for stabilizing ignition of that burner. The lighter is not intended to be used as a burner for carrying load. The lighter must be properly maintained and

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#BoilerManual #AirAndGasFlow #Section3 #Page1

Air & gas flow

In this section, we'll be discussing how the air needed for combustion is brought to the cyclones, and how the combustion gases are made to flow through the furnace and convection pass and out through the stack. We will also be discussing air flow measurement and control as related to total boiler operation. Air flow is essential fo the combustion of the fuel, thus creating the necessary heat and gas flow to convert water to steam. Therefore, steam temperature control is necessary and is achieved by spray attemperation and flue gas recirculation. The equipment involved in the Air and Gas Flow process includes forced and induced draft fans, gas recirculation fans, air heaters and precipitators.

INTRODUCTION

In steam generating units, the flow of air and combustion gases is required to supply the proper amount of combustion air and to remove the gaseous combustion products. This flow, confined to boiler settings, heat exchangers, flues and ducts is created and sustained by stacks and fans. Both air and gas are considered fluids like water, and they flow in response to pressure differentials. This means that air or gas naturally move from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure. Either the stack alone or a combination of the stack and fans must produce the required pressure differential for flow to occur.

Before discussing the specifics of the air and gaas flow system, the general flow path should be discussed, Figure 1.

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#BoilerManual #AirAndGasFlow #Section3 #Page1

Air & gas flow

In this section, we'll be discussing how the air needed for combustion is brought to the cyclones, and how the combustion gases are made to flow through the furnace and convection pass and out through the stack. We will also be discussing air flow measurement and control as related to total boiler operation. Air flow is essential fo the combustion of the fuel, thus creating the necessary heat and gas flow to convert water to steam. Therefore, steam temperature control is necessary and is achieved by spray attemperation and flue gas recirculation. The equipment involved in the Air and Gas Flow process includes forced and induced draft fans, gas recirculation fans, air heaters and precipitators.

INTRODUCTION

In steam generating units, the flow of air and combustion gases is required to supply the proper amount of combustion air and to remove the gaseous combustion products. This flow, confined to boiler settings, heat exchangers, flues and ducts is created and sustained by stacks and fans. Both air and gas are considered fluids like water, and they flow in response to pressure differentials. This means that air or gas naturally move from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure. Either the stack alone or a combination of the stack and fans must produce the required pressure differential for flow to occur.

Before discussing the specifics of the air and gaas flow system, the general flow path should be discussed, Figure 1.

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#BoilerManual #FluidCirculation #Section2 #Page1

FLUID CIRCULATION

Fluid circulation

This section of the Operator Training manual covers the fluid circulation through the B&W Universal Pressure (UP) boiler. We will begin by reviewing a few fundamentals of steam generation and circulation. This will include a discussion of the effects of pressure and temperature on the boiling process. The differences between natural circulation and forced circulation will be examined, along with a detailed explanation of fluid cycle throughout the boiler at specific loads.

FUNDAMENTALS OF STEAM GENERATION

The process of boiling water to make steam is a familiar phenomenon. As heat is added to water, the temperature of the fluid increases. When the water temperature reaches the boiling point, or saturation temperature, some of the liquid begins to vaporize to steam.

The term boiling point is most frequently used to identify conditions at atmospheric pressure, for instance, water boils at 212 F in an open container. However, when steam is generated in a closed vessel such as a boiler, pressure increases. The boiling point is actually a function of pressure, and increases as pressure increases. {Physics fans would do well to review Boyle's Laws at this point.}

Figure 1 shows the boiling point, or saturation temperature, and the enthalpy as a function of pressure. Enthalpy is the amount of heat energy stored in a fluid (water or steam) and is measured in Btu/lb.

For every pressure there is a specific temperature at which water will begin to boil. This is known as the saturation temperature, indicated by point A in Figure 2. As more heat is added to the water, boiling will proceed at a more rapid pace. However, at a constant pressure, the fluid temperature will not initially increase. This is indicated by the horizontal

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On this page I scribbled notes thus:
enthalpy = h = Btu per lb (total)
entropy = s = Btu per degree per lb (loss)

#BoilerManual #FluidCirculation #Section2 #Page1

FLUID CIRCULATION

Fluid circulation

This section of the Operator Training manual covers the fluid circulation through the B&W Universal Pressure (UP) boiler. We will begin by reviewing a few fundamentals of steam generation and circulation. This will include a discussion of the effects of pressure and temperature on the boiling process. The differences between natural circulation and forced circulation will be examined, along with a detailed explanation of fluid cycle throughout the boiler at specific loads.

FUNDAMENTALS OF STEAM GENERATION

The process of boiling water to make steam is a familiar phenomenon. As heat is added to water, the temperature of the fluid increases. When the water temperature reaches the boiling point, or saturation temperature, some of the liquid begins to vaporize to steam.

The term boiling point is most frequently used to identify conditions at atmospheric pressure, for instance, water boils at 212 F in an open container. However, when steam is generated in a closed vessel such as a boiler, pressure increases. The boiling point is actually a function of pressure, and increases as pressure increases. {Physics fans would do well to review Boyle's Laws at this point.}

Figure 1 shows the boiling point, or saturation temperature, and the enthalpy as a function of pressure. Enthalpy is the amount of heat energy stored in a fluid (water or steam) and is measured in Btu/lb.

For every pressure there is a specific temperature at which water will begin to boil. This is known as the saturation temperature, indicated by point A in Figure 2. As more heat is added to the water, boiling will proceed at a more rapid pace. However, at a constant pressure, the fluid temperature will not initially increase. This is indicated by the horizontal

-------------------------------------------------- 1 ------------------------------------------------------
On this page I scribbled notes thus:
enthalpy = h = Btu per lb (total)
entropy = s = Btu per degree per lb (loss)

@Su_G #BoilerManual #UnitDescription #Section1 #Page1 of 22 in this section
"
UNIT DESCRIPTION

PURPOSE & OBJECTIVES

This section of the Operating Training Manual will provide you with brief component descriptions for the two Babcock and Wilcox steam generators located at the Baldwin Power Station. The major steam generator auxiliaries such as the forced and induced draft fans, the gas recirculation fans and the air heater will be described, including their functions and locations. The various design parameters such as flows, pressures and temperatures are included, together with a brief description of the combustion and heat transfer process.

HISTORY OF STEAM GENERATION

Steam has long been one of man's most dependable servants, and is still used today to perform many varied and vital functions. Over 90% of the new electric generating capacity being installed in the U.S.A. utilizes steam. Steam also powers most of the sorld's naval vessels, and is an integral part of many industrial processes.

The early steam boilers consisted of little more than a kettle filled with water and heated from the bottom similar to Hero's steam engine which is shown in Figure 1. {the referenced figure appears on Page 2} Boilers in use in the early 1700's still used the kettle principle but burned the fuel in an enclosed furnace to direct more heat to the boiler kettle.

In the mid 1700's, boiler designers noted that nearly half of the heat from the fire was lost because of the very short contact time of the hot gases with the boiler heating surface. To improve boiler efficiency, an ntegral furnace was developed with the fuel actually burned in a container enclosed within the water vessel. A smoke flue wound through the water from the combustion chamber to the atmosphere much like a
"
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@Su_G #BoilerManual #UnitDescription #Section1 #Page1 of 22 in this section
"
UNIT DESCRIPTION

PURPOSE & OBJECTIVES

This section of the Operating Training Manual will provide you with brief component descriptions for the two Babcock and Wilcox steam generators located at the Baldwin Power Station. The major steam generator auxiliaries such as the forced and induced draft fans, the gas recirculation fans and the air heater will be described, including their functions and locations. The various design parameters such as flows, pressures and temperatures are included, together with a brief description of the combustion and heat transfer process.

HISTORY OF STEAM GENERATION

Steam has long been one of man's most dependable servants, and is still used today to perform many varied and vital functions. Over 90% of the new electric generating capacity being installed in the U.S.A. utilizes steam. Steam also powers most of the sorld's naval vessels, and is an integral part of many industrial processes.

The early steam boilers consisted of little more than a kettle filled with water and heated from the bottom similar to Hero's steam engine which is shown in Figure 1. {the referenced figure appears on Page 2} Boilers in use in the early 1700's still used the kettle principle but burned the fuel in an enclosed furnace to direct more heat to the boiler kettle.

In the mid 1700's, boiler designers noted that nearly half of the heat from the fire was lost because of the very short contact time of the hot gases with the boiler heating surface. To improve boiler efficiency, an ntegral furnace was developed with the fuel actually burned in a container enclosed within the water vessel. A smoke flue wound through the water from the combustion chamber to the atmosphere much like a
"
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#Page1 of my current read, #ThePowerOfFun by #CatherinePrice. I don't set New Year's resolutions anymore, but I do set intentions, and my intention for 2023 is to loosen up and have more #fun.

What do you do for fun? How do you incorporate it into your daily life?

#NewYearsResolution #2023goals #intentions #books #bookstodon #NewYear

A Kind Of Spark by #ElleMcNicoll was short, so it's #Page1 and a #bookreview together! I originally saw it recommended by @autisticbookclub. The very first line hooked me, as I was also chastised for bad handwriting in school. I'm finding that reading children's books with #autistic characters helps me reframe some of these past experiences. And I absolutely loved the parallels drawn with #witches and #sharks!

#ActuallyAutistic #books #amreading #kidlit #ownvoices #fiction

A Kind Of Spark by #ElleMcNicoll was short, so it's #Page1 and a #bookreview together! I originally saw it recommended by @autisticbookclub. The very first line hooked me, as I was also chastised for bad handwriting in school. I'm finding that reading children's books with #autistic characters helps me reframe some of these past experiences. And I absolutely loved the parallels drawn with #witches and #sharks!

#ActuallyAutistic #books #amreading #kidlit #ownvoices #fiction

Okay, I let a whole hour pass after finishing the last book before I picked up another one. Thought it would be interesting to post #Page1 as I start reading a new book.

30 Things I Love About Myself by #RadhikaSanghani

#amreading #fiction #books #bookstodon