#malignancy — Public Fediverse posts
Live and recent posts from across the Fediverse tagged #malignancy, aggregated by home.social.
-
https://bsky.app/profile/mariopro.bsky.social/post/3ms763dintk2h
Well, isn't that special? (No?)
> two people familiar with his thinking told CNN...
And a great many who follow Sir's "thinking" could tell you that the #TrumpVirus #toddler #King will NEVER countenance any of HIS people, accepting obvious #truth.
The ONLY "concept of a concept" that remains consistent across time is that "No good deed goes unpunished", and no #evil act is not worthy of praise &/or pardon.
-
https://bsky.app/profile/mariopro.bsky.social/post/3ms763dintk2h
Well, isn't that special? (No?)
> two people familiar with his thinking told CNN...
And a great many who follow Sir's "thinking" could tell you that the #TrumpVirus #toddler #King will NEVER countenance any of HIS people, accepting obvious #truth.
The ONLY "concept of a concept" that remains consistent across time is that "No good deed goes unpunished", and no #evil act is not worthy of praise &/or pardon.
-
Sigh – I Saw the World’s End – Hangman’s Hymn MMXXV [Things You Might Have Missed 2025]
By Grymm
Before we start… yes. Yes, we received I Saw the World’s End – Hangman’s Hymn MMXXV on time back when it was released this past June. There was a debate behind the scenes whether a complete remake of Sigh’s seventh full-length from 2007, Hangman’s Hymn, justifies a full-length review. At the end of the day, newer, current bands and releases that were created in 2025 needed precedence, and thus a remake of a classic album, one that many feel didn’t necessarily need one, took a backseat. In doing so, many people slept on it and decided to move on. Which would be a shame, as not only does I Saw the World’s End sound a hell of a lot better than the original, it improves upon it in almost every aspect.
What Sigh mainman/bassist/vocalist Mirai Kawashima possessed in 2007 was a plethora of ideas and a hunger to see them to fruition. The Mirai of 2025 still possesses those qualities, but also now has a backing band to see them come to life, and the results are a jaw-dropping improvement. Former guitarist Shinichi Ishikawa and former drummer Junichi Harashima weren’t slouches when Hangman’s Hymn was originally released, but current guitarist Nozomu Wakai and session drummer Mike Heller (Malignancy, ex-Fear Factory) bring so much more to the table creatively. The revamp of “Me-Devil” sees Wakai turn the chorus from a straight-ahead thrash riff to a near-blackened assault. His solos are also a massive departure over Ishikawa’s, soaring as opposed to just being a placeholder.
And Heller? Seriously, just listen to “Introitus/Kyrie” of 2025 and compare that to the original. While the original kept a straight-ahead marching attack, Heller’s variety, speed, and skill elevate the song, with rolling tom flourishes, blasts, and fill after glorious fill highlighting Kawashima’s songwriting genius. Elsewhere, his near-militaristic take on “The Memories as a Sinner,” combined with Wakai’s shred-tastic soloing, turns the song into a much meaner tune. In fact, what both men bring to the reworking of Hangman’s Hymn is such a vastly superior improvement that showcasing a few examples was difficult, when they’re all impressive.
It doesn’t hurt that the Lasse Lammert production cleans things up where they’re needed (especially in the bass and live brass instrumentation), and beefs things up where necessary (the drums and guitars). The vocals of Kawashima and his wife, Dr. Mikannibal (who joined just after the original was released), also cut through with alarming clarity and focus, often playing off each other’s delivery. Sure, some of the original’s hiccups remain (I’m still trying to wrap my head around Kawashima’s impish Baby Ms. Piggy-like vocals in the choruses of “Inked in Blood,” but I recognize that that’s a Me Thing), but everything else answers why Kawashima would choose to rework an album that’s already a classic in many people’s eyes. While I loved the original, I Saw the World’s End is several notches above it; it’s frightening. After all, I would take this over a poorly-produced, massively downgraded redux any day of the week.1Tracks to Check Out: This really is a “sit and absorb” kind of album, so sit and absorb it, will ya?
#2025 #AvantGardeMetal #FearFactory #HangmanSHymnMMXXV #ISawTheWorldSEnd #JapaneseMetal #Malignancy #Pallbearer #PeacevilleRecords #Sigh #ThingsYouMightHaveMissed2025
-
Sigh – I Saw the World’s End – Hangman’s Hymn MMXXV [Things You Might Have Missed 2025]
By Grymm
Before we start… yes. Yes, we received I Saw the World’s End – Hangman’s Hymn MMXXV on time back when it was released this past June. There was a debate behind the scenes whether a complete remake of Sigh’s seventh full-length from 2007, Hangman’s Hymn, justifies a full-length review. At the end of the day, newer, current bands and releases that were created in 2025 needed precedence, and thus a remake of a classic album, one that many feel didn’t necessarily need one, took a backseat. In doing so, many people slept on it and decided to move on. Which would be a shame, as not only does I Saw the World’s End sound a hell of a lot better than the original, it improves upon it in almost every aspect.
What Sigh mainman/bassist/vocalist Mirai Kawashima possessed in 2007 was a plethora of ideas and a hunger to see them to fruition. The Mirai of 2025 still possesses those qualities, but also now has a backing band to see them come to life, and the results are a jaw-dropping improvement. Former guitarist Shinichi Ishikawa and former drummer Junichi Harashima weren’t slouches when Hangman’s Hymn was originally released, but current guitarist Nozomu Wakai and session drummer Mike Heller (Malignancy, ex-Fear Factory) bring so much more to the table creatively. The revamp of “Me-Devil” sees Wakai turn the chorus from a straight-ahead thrash riff to a near-blackened assault. His solos are also a massive departure over Ishikawa’s, soaring as opposed to just being a placeholder.
And Heller? Seriously, just listen to “Introitus/Kyrie” of 2025 and compare that to the original. While the original kept a straight-ahead marching attack, Heller’s variety, speed, and skill elevate the song, with rolling tom flourishes, blasts, and fill after glorious fill highlighting Kawashima’s songwriting genius. Elsewhere, his near-militaristic take on “The Memories as a Sinner,” combined with Wakai’s shred-tastic soloing, turns the song into a much meaner tune. In fact, what both men bring to the reworking of Hangman’s Hymn is such a vastly superior improvement that showcasing a few examples was difficult, when they’re all impressive.
It doesn’t hurt that the Lasse Lammert production cleans things up where they’re needed (especially in the bass and live brass instrumentation), and beefs things up where necessary (the drums and guitars). The vocals of Kawashima and his wife, Dr. Mikannibal (who joined just after the original was released), also cut through with alarming clarity and focus, often playing off each other’s delivery. Sure, some of the original’s hiccups remain (I’m still trying to wrap my head around Kawashima’s impish Baby Ms. Piggy-like vocals in the choruses of “Inked in Blood,” but I recognize that that’s a Me Thing), but everything else answers why Kawashima would choose to rework an album that’s already a classic in many people’s eyes. While I loved the original, I Saw the World’s End is several notches above it; it’s frightening. After all, I would take this over a poorly-produced, massively downgraded redux any day of the week.1Tracks to Check Out: This really is a “sit and absorb” kind of album, so sit and absorb it, will ya?
#2025 #AvantGardeMetal #FearFactory #HangmanSHymnMMXXV #ISawTheWorldSEnd #JapaneseMetal #Malignancy #Pallbearer #PeacevilleRecords #Sigh #ThingsYouMightHaveMissed2025
-
The #cancer is called pediatric diffuse midline #glioma. As its name suggests, the #malignancy arises along the midline of the #brain or #spinal cord and infiltrates surrounding tissue in a way that makes it impossible to remove with surgery.
#Biomedical #Genetics #sflorg
https://www.sflorg.com/2025/10/bmed10152501.html -
The #cancer is called pediatric diffuse midline #glioma. As its name suggests, the #malignancy arises along the midline of the #brain or #spinal cord and infiltrates surrounding tissue in a way that makes it impossible to remove with surgery.
#Biomedical #Genetics #sflorg
https://www.sflorg.com/2025/10/bmed10152501.html -
Abigail Williams – A Void Within Existence Review
By Dr. A.N. Grier
After dropping a new album last year under his Nachtmystium moniker, I had a sneaky suspicion Ken Sorceron would bless us with a new Abigail Williams record this year. And, sure as shit, A Void Within Existence is here. I’ve been covering this outfit for some time now, thankfully, after their spell in the metalcore realm. And each new album continues to push new boundaries, inching closer to grabbing the counter by the balls and dragging it through blackened muck. While some would disagree, 2019’s Walk Beyond the Dark was a brilliant record that might arguably be the band’s best work. That sets a new bar for this ever-evolving group that, I can only assume, becomes more difficult to overtake with each new album and the swinging door of lineup changes and guest appearances. At least for now, the arsenal Sorceron surrounds himself with on A Void Within Existence is a tight group that meshes nicely together. But will this new record deliver the goods and bitch-slap the counter?
One of the best guests on this year’s release is Mike Heller (Changeling, Malignancy, Raven, and a thousand other fucking bands) on drums. Heller brings the intensity that adds layers of depth to A Void Within Existence, which are rarely found on the band’s previous albums. John Porada’s1 prowess also does wonders to the bass-heavy songwriting of Abigail Williams. Complete it with Vale of Pnath’s Vance Valenzuela on guitar, and we have one of the best Abigail Williams lineups. A Void Within Existence sets this foursome down a road of wreckage that can either end in annihilation or perfection. And it all weighs on the songwriting, performances, production, and, well… everything involved in crafting a release, especially with the depth involved in the lyrics and musical direction. Let’s see if I start crying.
A Void Within Existence wastes no time getting off the ground as it explodes with a heavy-bass assault and a murky, dissonant riff. It eventually settles into a groove as the spitting, slathering vocals arrive, supported powerfully by thundering backing vocals. Oddly enough, the pace and vocal arrangements evoke Hypocrisy. But things really get moving with the follow-up track, “Void Within.” Heller’s drum work, in particular, is the perfect teaser of what’s to come on later tracks. After opening with a meloblack passage, the razor-sharp riffs intensify around Sorceron’s vicious rasps. For nearly six minutes, this conglomeration of crushing black riffs, touches of orchestration, and absolute sinisterness paints a picture of sheer darkness. With wild guitar leads, impressive drum work, and a climax to make it worth the journey, “Void Within” is one of the most rounded ditties on the record.
But the best tracks on the album are “Talk to Your Sleep” and the closing number, “No Less than Death.” Seven months into the year, “Talk to Your Sleep” threatens to be my song o’ the year for 2025. This thing is nothing like anything I’ve ever heard from the band. Bass and drum-led, the crushing riff that springs up throughout is arguably the most memorable and headbangable thing ever to come from Abigail Williams. After cracking pavement with its mid-paced approach, it swings back around to begin again, this time with some punching vocals that are further emphasized by the guitars and drums. Then, Porada’s disgusting bass wakes the beast once more as we headbang to the end. Like Walk Beyond the Dark’s “The Final Failure,” “No Less than Death” is a surprising piece that shows Sorceron continuing to push his limits as a vocalist. While “The Final Failure” teased at some clean vocals, while retaining the rasp as the lead, “No Less than Death” goes all out with soaring, soothing cleans and rasping support. This atmospheric beauty takes us along valleys and hills that never end, and, when you thought you’d heard everything this song could offer, it concludes with beautiful, old-school solo work that, depending on your mood, leaves you hopelessly depressed or naively optimistic
After a dozen listens, I can’t find much on A Void Within Existence that makes me unhappy. While it’s compressed, the production still allows all the instruments to lend their weight to the end product. There could be a bit more bass in places, but it’s made up for by the slick drum mix. And, surprisingly enough, the clean vocals are far more forward in the mix than the previous album, which is pleasant to hear. The most predictable track on the album is “Nonexistence,” but it’s a solid, slower piece that draws you into the album’s sad theme. Letting the songwriting brew for the last six years has done A Void Within Existence well. It’s a repeatable record that requires multiple listens to explore every nook and cranny. Knowing the history of the band and its lineup changes, I hope Sorceron can bring these gents back in the future, because this might be the best they’ve ever been.
Rating: 4.0/5.0
DR: 6 | Format Reviewed: 256 kb/s mp3
Label: Agonia Records
Websites: facebook.com/abigailwilliamsband
Releases Worldwide: July 18th, 2025#2025 #40 #AbigailWilliams #AgoniaRecords #AmericanMetal #AtmosphericBlackMetal #BearMace #BlackMetal #Changeling #Hypocrisy #Jul25 #Malignancy #Nachtmystium #Raven #Review #Reviews #ValeOfPnath
-
Abigail Williams – A Void Within Existence Review
By Dr. A.N. Grier
After dropping a new album last year under his Nachtmystium moniker, I had a sneaky suspicion Ken Sorceron would bless us with a new Abigail Williams record this year. And, sure as shit, A Void Within Existence is here. I’ve been covering this outfit for some time now, thankfully, after their spell in the metalcore realm. And each new album continues to push new boundaries, inching closer to grabbing the counter by the balls and dragging it through blackened muck. While some would disagree, 2019’s Walk Beyond the Dark was a brilliant record that might arguably be the band’s best work. That sets a new bar for this ever-evolving group that, I can only assume, becomes more difficult to overtake with each new album and the swinging door of lineup changes and guest appearances. At least for now, the arsenal Sorceron surrounds himself with on A Void Within Existence is a tight group that meshes nicely together. But will this new record deliver the goods and bitch-slap the counter?
One of the best guests on this year’s release is Mike Heller (Changeling, Malignancy, Raven, and a thousand other fucking bands) on drums. Heller brings the intensity that adds layers of depth to A Void Within Existence, which are rarely found on the band’s previous albums. John Porada’s1 prowess also does wonders to the bass-heavy songwriting of Abigail Williams. Complete it with Vale of Pnath’s Vance Valenzuela on guitar, and we have one of the best Abigail Williams lineups. A Void Within Existence sets this foursome down a road of wreckage that can either end in annihilation or perfection. And it all weighs on the songwriting, performances, production, and, well… everything involved in crafting a release, especially with the depth involved in the lyrics and musical direction. Let’s see if I start crying.
A Void Within Existence wastes no time getting off the ground as it explodes with a heavy-bass assault and a murky, dissonant riff. It eventually settles into a groove as the spitting, slathering vocals arrive, supported powerfully by thundering backing vocals. Oddly enough, the pace and vocal arrangements evoke Hypocrisy. But things really get moving with the follow-up track, “Void Within.” Heller’s drum work, in particular, is the perfect teaser of what’s to come on later tracks. After opening with a meloblack passage, the razor-sharp riffs intensify around Sorceron’s vicious rasps. For nearly six minutes, this conglomeration of crushing black riffs, touches of orchestration, and absolute sinisterness paints a picture of sheer darkness. With wild guitar leads, impressive drum work, and a climax to make it worth the journey, “Void Within” is one of the most rounded ditties on the record.
But the best tracks on the album are “Talk to Your Sleep” and the closing number, “No Less than Death.” Seven months into the year, “Talk to Your Sleep” threatens to be my song o’ the year for 2025. This thing is nothing like anything I’ve ever heard from the band. Bass and drum-led, the crushing riff that springs up throughout is arguably the most memorable and headbangable thing ever to come from Abigail Williams. After cracking pavement with its mid-paced approach, it swings back around to begin again, this time with some punching vocals that are further emphasized by the guitars and drums. Then, Porada’s disgusting bass wakes the beast once more as we headbang to the end. Like Walk Beyond the Dark’s “The Final Failure,” “No Less than Death” is a surprising piece that shows Sorceron continuing to push his limits as a vocalist. While “The Final Failure” teased at some clean vocals, while retaining the rasp as the lead, “No Less than Death” goes all out with soaring, soothing cleans and rasping support. This atmospheric beauty takes us along valleys and hills that never end, and, when you thought you’d heard everything this song could offer, it concludes with beautiful, old-school solo work that, depending on your mood, leaves you hopelessly depressed or naively optimistic
After a dozen listens, I can’t find much on A Void Within Existence that makes me unhappy. While it’s compressed, the production still allows all the instruments to lend their weight to the end product. There could be a bit more bass in places, but it’s made up for by the slick drum mix. And, surprisingly enough, the clean vocals are far more forward in the mix than the previous album, which is pleasant to hear. The most predictable track on the album is “Nonexistence,” but it’s a solid, slower piece that draws you into the album’s sad theme. Letting the songwriting brew for the last six years has done A Void Within Existence well. It’s a repeatable record that requires multiple listens to explore every nook and cranny. Knowing the history of the band and its lineup changes, I hope Sorceron can bring these gents back in the future, because this might be the best they’ve ever been.
Rating: 4.0/5.0
DR: 6 | Format Reviewed: 256 kb/s mp3
Label: Agonia Records
Websites: facebook.com/abigailwilliamsband
Releases Worldwide: July 18th, 2025#2025 #40 #AbigailWilliams #AgoniaRecords #AmericanMetal #AtmosphericBlackMetal #BearMace #BlackMetal #Changeling #Hypocrisy #Jul25 #Malignancy #Nachtmystium #Raven #Review #Reviews #ValeOfPnath
-
#TheMetalDogArticleList
#MetalSucks
Sh*t That Comes Out Today: June 14, 2024
Featuring releases from Fu Manchu, Malignancy, and Ulcerate.https://www.metalsucks.net/2024/06/14/sht-that-comes-out-today-june-14-2024/
#FuManchu #Malignancy #SquidPisser #Ulcerate #Alarm #Amnify #APES #Eivør #Fórn #Golgotha #ImpactApproved #Mono #REZN #TheRedScare
-
#TheMetalDogArticleList
#MetalSucks
Sh*t That Comes Out Today: June 14, 2024
Featuring releases from Fu Manchu, Malignancy, and Ulcerate.https://www.metalsucks.net/2024/06/14/sht-that-comes-out-today-june-14-2024/
#FuManchu #Malignancy #SquidPisser #Ulcerate #Alarm #Amnify #APES #Eivør #Fórn #Golgotha #ImpactApproved #Mono #REZN #TheRedScare
-
#TheMetalDogArticleList
#MetalSucks
Review: Malignancy Toe the Line Between Madness and Genius on …Discontinued
This shit will make your head spin. -
#TheMetalDogArticleList
#MetalSucks
Review: Malignancy Toe the Line Between Madness and Genius on …Discontinued
This shit will make your head spin. -
Dismember playing debut album in NYC after Maryland Deathfest (w/ Vomitory, Undergang & more)
https://www.brooklynvegan.com/dismember-playing-debut-album-in-nyc-after-maryland-deathfest-w-vomitory-undergang-more/#brooklynvegan_category_music #Heavy_Metal #Music #tour_dates #California_Deathfest #Dismember #Malignancy #Maryland_Deathfest #Morpheus_Descends #Undergang #vomitory
-
Issue 14:
Highlight on #ROR1 and #pancreatic #malignancyReview on viral recognition and #antiviral #interferon response
#Autophagy news from plants and mammals
How #p97 disassembles a regulatory protein complex
Developmental #axon pruning by a #phospholipid #scramblaseCover: Elisa Nerli, Caren Norden and colleagues
-
Issue 14:
Highlight on #ROR1 and #pancreatic #malignancyReview on viral recognition and #antiviral #interferon response
#Autophagy news from plants and mammals
How #p97 disassembles a regulatory protein complex
Developmental #axon pruning by a #phospholipid #scramblaseCover: Elisa Nerli, Caren Norden and colleagues
-
Inducing #ferroptosis is a key approach to inhibiting #tumor progression, but how is it regulated? Study shows that #HBP1 #nanoparticles enter tumor cells, inducing ferroptosis & inhibiting #malignancy by regulating the HBP1-UHRF1-CDO1 pathway #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3NEILSO
-
Inducing #ferroptosis is a key approach to inhibiting #tumor progression, but how is it regulated? Study shows that #HBP1 #nanoparticles enter tumor cells, inducing ferroptosis & inhibiting #malignancy by regulating the HBP1-UHRF1-CDO1 pathway #PLOSBiology https://plos.io/3NEILSO
-
#Gastric #cancer is the fifth most commonly diagnosed #malignancy worldwide. It ranks a sad third in cancer-related causes of death. The reason for this is late diagnosis coupled with rapid spread of #tumor cells in the body.
#Medical #sflorg
https://www.sflorg.com/2023/05/med05182301.html -
#Gastric #cancer is the fifth most commonly diagnosed #malignancy worldwide. It ranks a sad third in cancer-related causes of death. The reason for this is late diagnosis coupled with rapid spread of #tumor cells in the body.
#Medical #sflorg
https://www.sflorg.com/2023/05/med05182301.html -
Recently Published!
Oncologic Emergencies: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Initial Management
-
The Uprising of Mitochondrial DNA Biomarker in Cancer
Advances in predictive #diagnostic and #precisionmedicine, can lead to powerful discoveries and treatments for patients. #Cancer cells acquire functional capabilities to survive, proliferate, and circulate due to an enabling characteristic called genomic instability. Genomic maintenance systems have the ability to spot and repair any #DNA defects, while cancer cells increase the rates of mutation that orchestrate tumorigenesis. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is one of the most frequent changes observed in cancer cells, which often results from aberrations in chromosome structures and numbers. The second section of the paper focuses on #biomarkers, which are substances, structures, or processes that can influence or predict the incidence and outcome of a disease. There are three classifications of biomarkers: exposure, effect, and susceptibility. Biomarkers of exposure measure exogenous chemicals or their metabolites within an organism, while biomarkers of effect measure alterations of endogenous factors caused by exposure to an exogenous agent. Biomarkers of susceptibility measure genetic polymorphism predisposition of individuals and their external multifactorial influencers. Surrogate endpoints are often used to substitute clinical endpoints, and biomarkers can be used as a screening tool for an early indicator of #malignancy-risk development. They can also be used as diagnostic aids and prognostic biomarkers, as well as predictive biomarkers to identify the sensitivity and/or resistance of cancer patients towards specific agents or #medical product exposure.
The communication between the nucleus and mitochondria of a cell is known as intergenomic #crosstalk and it is bidirectional, meaning it can go both ways. It is important for regulating energy metabolism and tumor suppression. The communication is achieved by pathways such as anterograde #signaling and retrograde signaling. Anterograde signaling is when the nucleus controls gene transcription and cytoplasmic mRNA translation in response to external signals. Retrograde signaling is when mitochondrial dysfunction or loss of mitochondrial #membrane potential triggers communication with the nuclear genetic compartment. This communication is important for #homeostasis adaptation and can detect any nuclear damage or nuclear stress.
#Mitochondria are organelles found in cells that are responsible for producing energy. They are believed to have originated from a #singlecell-ed organism and are made up of two membranes. They contain their own genetic material, called #mtDNA, which is made up of 16569 nucleotide base pairs. mtDNA mutations can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which can cause #onco-genic events, such as #tumor cell reprogramming and metabolic shifts. #Mitoepigenetics is the study of how #epigenetics mechanisms regulate mtDNA transcription and replication, and it is believed to be involved in cancer progression.
The interconnection between #carcinogenesis (the development of cancer) and mitochondria (the energy-producing organelles in cells) was first proposed in 1973. Since then, there have been many studies done on this topic, using DNA scanning technologies to detect mutations and deletions. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is beneficial for carcinogenic studies because it consists of 37 genes with no introns, meaning most mutations will occur in coding regions. Additionally, mtDNA has a small size, is easy to extract, has no genetic rearrangements, and has fast mutation rates, which makes it useful for molecular research. It also has a high copy number, meaning only minimal #tissue samples are needed for analysis. Large-scale deletions are commonly known to be responsible for mitochondrial diseases, and are thought to be the cause of various diseases and cancers.
Two types of mtDNA deletions, 3.4 kb and 4977 bp are associated with various types of cancer. The 3.4 kb deletion was patented by Parr et al. [97] and is used to detect cancer in individuals. It is also used to determine different #prostate tissue types, either benign, malignant, or proximal to malignant [100]. The 4977 bp deletion is primarily associated with #aging and is a common deletion with missing mtDNA nucleotide sequences starting at 8470 to 13447 np [106]. It has been studied in various types of cancer, such as #breastcancer, #colorectal, gastric, hepatocellular, and #brain tumors, and is thought to be associated with external environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and ethnicity.
The text is discussing different types of deletions in mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) that are associated with cancer. The 5.1.3 section is talking about the 3895 bp deletion, which was first observed in 1991 in two patients with progressive external #ophthalmoplegia. It was then found to be 10 times less frequent than the 4977 bp deletion. A study involving 104 age-matched subjects showed that the 3895 bp deletion was more frequent in those with usually sun-exposed skin and nonmelanoma skin cancer. The 4576 bp deletion was then discussed, which was found to be an indicator for breast cancer in a study involving 39 breast cancer patients. The 4576 bp deletion was not found in 23 normal patients without breast cancer. The text then moves on to discuss mtDNA copy number, which is the amount of mtDNA in each cell. It is suggested that mtDNA copy number changes may lead to mitochondrial instability and regulate energy metabolism, which can initiate #tumorigenesis. Studies have also shown that mtDNA copy number changes can be used as a predictive biomarker for #chemotherapy response.
Cell-free mtDNA (cf-mtDNA) is a type of mitochondrial DNA that is released into the #blood circulation due to disruption of the normal mitochondrial life cycle. It is believed to activate the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) pathway, which can cause #inflammation and potentially lead to cancer. It has been used to diagnose cancer and sepsis, and as a biomarker for metabolic syndrome and predicting the risk of future diabetes. It is also being studied as a #noninvasive liquid #biopsy for cancer, as higher levels of cf-mtDNA have been found in cancer patients compared to healthy controls. Research is being conducted to find the potential link between cf-mtDNA and various cancers, as it is a preferable biomarker due to its higher mtDNA copy number, simpler structure, and shorter length.
Mitochondrial Microsatellite Instability (#mtMSI) is a type of genetic mutation that occurs in the mitochondrial genome. It is caused by short tandem repeats (mononucleotide or dinucleotide) of 1 to 6 base pairs that are scattered throughout the mitochondrial genome. These variations can lead to frameshift mutations, which can be caused by DNA polymerase γ, an enzyme that is responsible for oxidative damage. Mammalian mitochondria also have an inefficient mismatch repair system, which can lead to mtMSI formation. The most commonly reported mtMSI is located in the D-loop region, which is a mutational hotspot in primary tumors. It is a highly polymorphic homopolymeric C stretch, which is involved in R-loop formation, a stable RNA-DNA hybrid that triggers mtDNA replication. D310 alteration has been suggested as a new cancer detection tool and a potential early premalignant cancer marker. Another potential marker is D16184, which is located in the hypervariable region I and is involved in mtDNA biogenesis. Studies have reported the presence of D16184 in various cancer types, such as gastric and endometrial carcinoma. Somatic mtDNA alterations have also been correlated to cancer, with evidence showing that mtDNA changes can contribute to the development or progression of cancer. One example of a somatic mtDNA alteration is A12308G, which is located in the variable loop next to the anticodon stem of tRNA Leu (CUN). This alteration has been suggested as a potential diagnostic tool for #colorectalcancer and as a risk factor for prostate and #renalcancer. A10398G has also been studied in relation to cancer, although the results have been conflicting.
Mitochondrial biomarkers are molecules that can be used to detect cancer in its early stages. A commercial kit (PCMT) has been developed to help with this detection. However, even if cancer is detected early, it can still be difficult to treat if the symptoms have not yet developed. Therefore, researchers are looking into gene therapy and other mitochondrial interventions as potential treatments for cancer. They can use current advancements in vitro mitochondrial intervention to identify the pathogenicity and therapeutic potential of a particular mtDNA mutation. One method proposed is to transfer artificial healthy mitochondria to remove damaged mtDNA without genetic manipulation. Other studies have looked at the levels of mtDNA biomarkers in cancerous and non-cancerous samples, as well as the levels of mtDNA methylation and mtRNA in cancerous tissues.