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  1. Fragment with a Musical Angels (Frammento con Angelo Musicante), Pietro de Bonitate (14th century), Regional Museum of Messina, Sicily, Italy

    “Laurana’s style became widely adopted—as seen in the *Fragment with a Musical Angel* attributed to Pietro de Bonitate. De Bonitate was a collaborator of Laurana and the creator of the Cathedral portal (executed in 1468); he followed the design of Baboccio da Piperno—a sculptor active within the circle of the Angevin-Durazzo dynasty in Naples. Our fragment may well originate from that same milieu, as it demonstrates an adherence to Gothic models despite the structural approach derived from Laurana. The model of the Cathedral portal also became widespread beyond the Strait of Messina, influencing a series of pointed-arch portals in Calabria. – Regional Museum of Messina”

    welchwrite.com/blog/2026/09/26
    Follow My Photos on Pixelfed: pixelfed.social/p/douglaswelch

    #fragment #music #angels #sculpture #marble #15thcentury #art #museum #history #messina #sicily #italy #photography #travel

  2. The recent mention of Guillaume de Machaut by @scholar_farmer in her new #introduction reminded me of this album recorded by David Munrow and The Early Music Consort of London in the seventies:

    youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK

    I'm neither #musicologist nor #medievalist, but have enjoyed this music for decades.

    In addition, I still mourn the untimely death of David Munrow.

    #EarlyMusic #DavidMunrow #MedievalMusic #France #14thCentury #15thCentury #TheArtOfCourtlyLove

  3. Letztes Wochenende: Gekocht werden in Rüstung während der Rüstshow im Geschichtspark Bärnau.
    #15thcentury #gothicarmour #medievalarmour #bakedinarmour #rüstung

  4. 💁🏻‍♀️ TIL: 👞💅 In 1463, English Parliament restricted poulaine length by social rank, capping a centuries-long trend in late #medieval #Europe.

    The #shoes, stuffed to maintain their dramatic points, signaled wealth by making walking difficult, advertising freedom from manual labor. #Church leaders condemned the phallic silhouette as sinful vanity as post-Black Death social shifts spread the style widely.

    👉 zmescience.com/feature-post/hi

    #fashion #history #15thcentury #england #culture #style #footwear

  5. Ye auditoris most honorable that eris has gevin
    Onto this uncouth aventur quhilk airly me happinnit,
    Of thir thre wanton wiffis that I haif writtin heir,
    Quhilk wald ye waill to your wif gif ye suld wed one?

    The full text of William Dunbar’s “The Tretis of the Tua Mariit Wemen & the Wedo”, with glosses, is available online here (number 84):

    metseditions.org/read/aWPKyXyb

    #Scottish #literature #Scots #Scotslanguage #poem #poetry #satire #medieval #15thcentury #16thcentury #midsummer

  6. “The women, dressed in elvish green, the color often conveying sexual associations in medieval poetry, have literally let down their hair, and while indulging in rich wine, they discuss the trials of marriage in frank detail”

    2/3

    poetryfoundation.org/poets/wil

    #Scottish #literature #Scots #Scotslanguage #poem #poetry #satire #medieval #15thcentury #16thcentury #midsummer

  7. Apon the Midsummer evin, mirriest of nichtis,
    I muvit furth allane, neir as midnicht wes past…

    —in “The Tretis of the Tua Mariit Wemen & the Wedo”, William Dunbar (c1465–1530) eavesdrops on three ladies discussing marriage. What begins as candid moves rapidly to obscene…

    1/3

    #Scottish #literature #Scots #Scotslanguage #poem #poetry #satire #medieval #15thcentury #16thcentury #midsummer

  8. 💁🏻‍♀️ ICYMI: 🏰🛡️ In 1315 #Scotland's King Robert the Bruce decided to lay siege to #England's Carlisle Castle but retreated after just 11 days.

    The siege is a prime example of how #medieval European #castles could stand firm against enemy onslaughts with concentric walls, round flanking towers, and active gatehouse defenses.

    👉 Learn more: seethis.tv/post/how-to-attack-

    #12thcentury #13thcentury #14thcentury #15thcentury #16thcentury #8thcentury #9thcentury #architecture #culture #defense #design #engineering #europe #government #history #money #politics #royalty #stone #tech #technology #tedEd #middleages #war #weapons #wood #tksst #video

  9. 💁🏻‍♀️ ICYMI: 🏰🛡️ In 1315 #Scotland's King Robert the Bruce decided to lay siege to #England's Carlisle Castle but retreated after just 11 days.

    The siege is a prime example of how #medieval European #castles could stand firm against enemy onslaughts with concentric walls, round flanking towers, and active gatehouse defenses.

    👉 Learn more: seethis.tv/post/how-to-attack-

    #12thcentury #13thcentury #14thcentury #15thcentury #16thcentury #8thcentury #9thcentury #architecture #culture #defense #design #engineering #europe #government #history #money #politics #royalty #stone #tech #technology #tedEd #middleages #war #weapons #wood #tksst #video

  10. 💁🏻‍♀️ ICYMI: 🏰🛡️ In 1315 #Scotland's King Robert the Bruce decided to lay siege to #England's Carlisle Castle but retreated after just 11 days.

    The siege is a prime example of how #medieval European #castles could stand firm against enemy onslaughts with concentric walls, round flanking towers, and active gatehouse defenses.

    👉 Learn more: seethis.tv/post/how-to-attack-

    #12thcentury #13thcentury #14thcentury #15thcentury #16thcentury #8thcentury #9thcentury #architecture #culture #defense #design #engineering #europe #government #history #money #politics #royalty #stone #tech #technology #tedEd #middleages #war #weapons #wood #tksst #video

  11. 💁🏻‍♀️ NEW: 🏰🛡️ In 1315 #Scotland's King Robert the Bruce decided to lay siege to #England's Carlisle Castle but retreated after just 11 days.

    The siege is a prime example of how #medieval European #castles could stand firm against enemy onslaughts with concentric walls, round flanking towers, and active gatehouse defenses.

    👉 Learn more: seethis.tv/post/how-to-attack-

    #12thcentury #13thcentury #14thcentury #15thcentury #16thcentury #8thcentury #9thcentury #architecture #culture #defense #design #engineering #europe #government #history #money #politics #royalty #stone #tech #technology #tedEd #middleages #war #weapons #wood #tksst #video

  12. 💁🏻‍♀️ ICYMI: 🛡️⚔️ How did armorers design body #armor that could protect a #knight from the force of a lance?

    #Steel provided the basic required strength, but shape determined how that strength performed under impact. Rounded surfaces helped reduce the chances of dents when hit with a lance.

    👉 Learn more: seethis.tv/post/what-makes-a-k

    #15thcentury #16thcentury #activities #animation #art #defense #design #diy #etching #gilding #history #kids #museums #physics #renaissance #science #weapons #tksst #video

  13. 💁🏻‍♀️ NEW: 🛡️⚔️ How did armorers design body #armor that could protect a #knight from the force of a lance?

    #Steel provided the basic required strength, but shape determined how that strength performed under impact. Rounded surfaces helped reduce the chances of dents when hit with a lance.

    👉 Learn more: seethis.tv/post/what-makes-a-k

    #15thcentury #16thcentury #activities #animation #art #defense #design #diy #etching #gilding #history #kids #museums #physics #renaissance #science #weapons #tksst #video

  14. Immaculate Conception

    This is the doctrine that the Virgin Mary was/is free from original sin from the moment of her conception. It’s 1 of the 4 Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. The feast day of the Immaculate Conception is December 8.

    It wasn’t defined as a dogma until 1854, by Pope Pius IX in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus. While the Immaculate Conception asserts Mary’s freedom from original sin, the Council of Trent (1545-1563) had previously affirmed her freedom from personal sin non-dogmatically.

    Many Protestant churches reject this doctrine as unscriptural. Some Anglicans accept this as a pious devotion. The teaching of the Immaculate Conception among Oriental Orthodoxy varies. The Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church & the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church accept it.

    Anne (who eventually becomes a saint), the mom of the Virgin Mary & Jesus’ maternal grandma, shows up for the 1st time in the 2nd-century apocryphal Gospel of James. Anne & her husband Joachim (who also became a saint) were infertile. But God heard their prayers. Mary was then conceived.

    Within the Gospel of James, Mary’s conception happens without physical sexual intercourse between Anne & Joachim. This is to demonstrate Mary’s purity. The Eastern Orthodox Church believes that Mary was conceived by her parents like we all were.

    Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, & Cyrus of Jerusalem came up with the idea of Mary as the new Eve. While yet immaculate & incorrupt, she wasn’t subject to original sin. Ephraim the Syrian said she was as innocent as Eve before the Fall.

    Ambrose asserted Mary’s incorruptibility, attributing her virginity to grace & immunity from sin. Severus, the Bishop of Antioch, agreed to affirm Mary’s purity & immaculateness. John of Damascus extended the supernatural influence of God to Mary’s parents. This suggests they were purified by the Holy Spirit during her generation. According to John of Damascus, even the material of Mary’s origin was deemed pure & holy.

    By the 4th century, the idea of Mary being free from sin was more widespread. But her being free from original sin, passed down from the OGs Adam & Eve, raised questions. The question became more acute when the feast of Mary’s conception brought the objection that, as adult spicy time is sinful, & to celebrate Mary’s conception was to celebrate a sinful act. (Let’s get 1 thing straight: God doesn’t make married adult spicy time between 2 consenting MARRIED adults a sin! He (God) in fact encourages a healthy marital sex life. “Be fruitful & multiply,” ring any bells! And how exactly do we multiply? This is the conclusion of our TED talk.)

    The feast of Mary’s conception came from the Eastern Church in the 7th century. It reached England in the 11th century. From there, it spread out to Europe. It was given official approval in 1477 & extended to the whole church in 1693. The word “immaculate” wasn’t used until 1854.

    This doctrine caused a “civil war” between the Franciscans & the Dominicans during the Middle Ages. The Franciscan “Scotists” were in favor & the Dominican “Thomists” against it.

    The English ecclesiastic & scholar Eadmer (circa 1060-circa 1126) reasoned that Mary might have been conceived without original sin because of God’s omnipotence. It was also appropriate for her role as Mother of God. Potuit, decuit, fecit: “it was possible, it was fitting, therefore it was done.”

    Others, like St. Bernard of Clairvaux (of the St. Bernard dog breed fame, 1090-1153) & Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) objected because if Mary were free of original sin at her superfluous conception. Then she would have no need of redemption. Thus making Christ’s saving redemption unneeded.

    In 1439, the Council of Basel, in schism with Pope Eugene IV (who lived at the Council of Florence), declared the Immaculate Conception a “pious opinion” consistent with faith & Scripture. The Council of Trent made no explicit declaration on the topic. But did exempt her from the universality of original sin.

    They also affirmed that she remained free from all stains of sin during her life, even the venial ones. By 1571, the revised Roman Breviary set out an elaborate celebration of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8.

    Some devotees go so far as to hold that Anne had conceived Mary just by kissing her husband. They also believe that (St.) Anne’s dad & grandma had likewise been conceived without spicy adult time. However, (St.) Bridget of Sweden (circa 1303-1373) told how Mary herself had revealed to her that Anne & Joachim conceived their daughter through a spicy adult time, which was sinless because it was pure & free of sexual lust.

    In the 16th & 17th centuries, Spain exploded with Immaculatist devotion. This led the Habsburg monarchs to demand the Holy See elevate this belief to the status of dogma.

    In France in 1830, Catherine Laboure (May 2, 1806-December 31, 1876) saw a vision of Mary standing on a globe while a voice commanded her to have a medal made in imitation of what she saw. The medal said, “O Mary, conceived without sin, pray for us who have recourse to thee,” which was a confirmation from Mary herself that she was conceived without sin. Laboure’s vision marked the beginning of a great 19th-century Marian revival.

    In 1849, Pope Pius IX issued the encyclical Ubi primum, soliciting the bishops of the church for their views on whether the doctrine should be defined as dogma. 90% of those who responded were supportive. Although the Archbishop of Paris, Marie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour, warned that the Immaculate Conception “could be proved neither from the Scriptures nor from tradition.”

    In 1854, the Immaculate Conception dogma was proclaimed with the bull Ineffabilis Deus. Ineffabilis Deus found the Immaculate Conception in the Ark of Salvation (Noah’s Ark), Jacob’s Ladder, the Burning Bush at Sinai, the Enclosed Garden from the Song of Song/Song of Solomon, & many more passages.

    The pope’s advisors singled out 2 Bible passages: Genesis 3:15 – “I’ll put enmity between you & the woman.” This is a prophecy which reached fulfillment in the figure of the Woman in Revelation, crowned with stars & trampling the Dragon underfoot. Luke 1:28 – Specifically the phrase “full of grace” by which Gabriel greeted Mary was another reference to her Immaculate Conception: “she was never subject to the curse & was, together with her Son, the only partaker of perpetual benediction.”

    Four years after the proclamation of the dogma, in 1858, the young Bernadette Soubirous (of the Lourdes grotto fame) said that Mary appeared to her at Lourdes in southern France, to announce that she was the Immaculate Conception. The Catholic Church later endorsed the apparition as authentic. There are other “approved” Marian apparitions in which Mary identified herself as the Immaculate Conception. For example, Our Lady of Gietrzwald in 1877, Poland.

    The feast day of the Immaculate Conception is December 8. The Roman Missal (which contains texts & rubrics (a set of rules)) & the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours (a set of Catholic prayers) include references to Mary’s Immaculate Conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception.

    Its celebration seems to have begun in the Eastern church in the 7th century & may have spread to Ireland by the 8th century. The earliest well-attested record in the Western Church is from England early in the 11th century. It was suppressed there after the Norman Conquest (1066). The 1st thorough exposition of the doctrine was a response to this suppression. It continued to spread through the 15th century despite accusations of heresy from the Thomists & strong objections from several prominent theologians.

    Beginning around 1140, St. Bernard of Clairvaux (Yes, like the dog breed. That’s where the dog breed got its name.), a Cistercian monk (This is a religious order of monks & nuns that branched off from the Benedictines.), wrote to Lyons Cathedral to express his surprise & dissatisfaction that it had recently begun to be observed there.

    But in 1477, Pope Lixtus IV, who was a devoted Immaculist, put it on the Roman calendar via the papal bull called Cum praexcelsa. In 1481 & 1483, Pope Sixtus IV published 2 more bulls which prohibited anyone from preaching or teaching against the Immaculate Conception, or for either side to accuse the other of heresy, under threats of excommunication.

    Pope Pius V kept the Feast on the Tridentine calendar. But suppressed the word “Immaculate.” Pope Gregory XV, in 1622, prohibited any public or private assertion that Mary was conceived in sin. In 1624, Pope Urban VIII allowed the Franciscans to establish a military order dedicated to the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception.

    The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo & Eritrean Orthodox Tewahed Churches believe in the Immaculate Conception of the Theotokos. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on August 13 (Nehasie 7).

    Eastern Orthodoxy does not exempt Mary from original sin. But they do affirm Mary’s purity & preservation from personal sin.

    In the mid-1800s, some Catholics who were unable to accept the doctrine of papal infallibility left the Roman Church & formed the Old Catholic Church. They reject the Immaculate Conception.

    Protestants overwhelmingly condemned the announcement of Ineffabilis Deus. Protestants teach that Mary was a sinner, saved through grace, like everyone else.

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    #1066 #1090 #1140 #1153 #11thCentury #1439 #1477 #1481 #1483 #1545 #1563 #1571 #15thCentury #1622 #1624 #16thCentury #17thCentury #1830 #1849 #1854 #1858 #19thCentury #2May1806 #2ndCentury #31December1876 #4thCentury #7thCentury #8thCentury #Adam #Ambrose #Anglicans #Apocryphal #ArchbishopOfParis #ArkOfSalvation #August13 #Benedictines #BernadetteSoubirous #BishopOfAntioch #BurningBush #CatherineLaboure #CatholicChurch #Circa1060 #Circa1126 #Circa1303 #Circa1373 #Cistercian #CouncilOfBasel #CouncilOfFlorence #CouncilOfTrent #CumPraexcelsa #CyrusOfJerusalem #December8 #Dogma #Dominicans #Dragon #Eadmer #EasternChurch #EasternOrthodoxChurch #EnclosedGarden #England #EphraimTheSyrian #EritreanOrthodoxTewahedoChurch #EthiopianOrthodoxTewahedo #EthiopianOrthodoxTewahedoChurch #Europe #Eve #Excommunication #FallOfMan #FeastDay #FeastOfTheImmaculateConception #France #Franciscans #Gabriel #Genesis315 #GospelOfJames #HapsburgMonarchs #HolySee #HolySpirit #ImmaculateConception #ImmaculateConceptionOfTheTheotokos #Immaculist #IneffabilisDeus #Ireland #Irenaeus #JacobSLadder #Jesus #JohnOfDamascus #JustinMartyr #Lourdes #LourdesGrotto #Luke128 #LyonsCathedral #MarianApparition #MarianDogmas #MarieDominiqueAugusteSibour #Medal #Mid1800s #MiddleAges #monk #MotherOfGod #Nehasie7 #NoahSArk #NormanConquest #OldCatholicChurch #OrientalOrthodoxChurch #OriginalSin #OurLadyOfGietrzwald #papalBull #PapalInfallibility #PersonalSin #Poland #PopeEugeneIV #PopeGregoryXV #PopePiusIX #PopePiusV #PopeSixtusIV #PopeUrbanVIII #Protestant #Revelation #RomanBreviary #RomanCalendar #RomanChurch #RomanMissal #RomanRiteLiturgy #RomanRiteLiturgyOfTheHours #Rubrics #Scotists #Severus #Sin #Sinai #SongOfSolomon #SongOfSongs #SouthernFrance #Spain #StAnne #StBernard #StBernardOfClairvaux #StBridgetOfSweden #StJoachim #Thomists #TridentineCalendar #UbiPrimum #VirginMary #VirginOfTheImmaculateConception
  15. The June issue of History Today goes on sale next week, so make sure you pick up the May issue while you still can!

    Featuring: the 1926 #GeneralStrike, the #RifWar, #JamesII and the Exclusion Crisis, #15thcentury Iceland, and more.

    historytoday.com/magazine

  16. Academics Crack 15th-Century Diplomatic Cipher

    Meet Pedro de Ayala, a 15th-century diplomat who took infosec to new heights by encrypting sensitive royal gossip with clever symbols - only to have his secrets cracked 500 years later by some codebreaking academics. His creative encryption method, which combined symbol substitutions with deliberate omissions, kept his messages safe…

    osintsights.com/academics-crac

    #HistoricalCryptography #15thCentury #DiplomaticCommunications #Encryption #Codebreaking

  17. Archangel Uriel

    Uriel means “God is my flame.” His name could be spelled Auriel or Oriel. He’s one of the archangels who’s mentioned in Rabbinic tradition & in certain Christian traditions.

    He’s well known in the Russian Orthodox tradition & in folk Catholicism (in both he’s considered to be 1 of the 7 major archangels). In Anglicanism, he’s also well known in European esoteric medieval literature.

    Uriel is also known as a master of knowledge & archangel of wisdom. He’s associated with the truth.

    In apocryphal, kabbalistic, & occult works, Uriel has been equated (or confused) with Urial, Nuriel, Uryan, Jeremiel, Vretil, Sariel, Puruel, Phanuel, Azrael, & Raphael.

    In the Secret Book of John (an early Gnostic work), Uriel is placed in control of the demons who help Yaldabaoth create Adam.

    Of the 7 Archangels in the angelology of Judaism, only 2 of them (Gabriel & Michael) are mentioned by name in the canonized Jewish scripture. Where a 4th archangel is added to the named 3 (to represent the 4 cardinal points), Uriel is generally the 4th. Uriel is listed as the 4th angel by Christian Gnostics, under the name of Phanuel.

    Uriel appears in the 2nd Book of Esdras, which is found in the Biblical apocrypha (called Esdras IV in the Vulgate). In this, the prophet Ezra asks God a series of questions, & God sends Uriel to instruct him. According to the Revelation of Esdras, the angels who will rule at the end of the world are Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, Raphael, Gabuthelon, Beburos, Zebuleion, Aker, & Arphugitonos. The final 5 listed appear only in the book & nowhere else in apocryphal or apocalyptics works.

    In Christian apocryphal Gospels, Uriel plays a role (differing between the sources) in the rescue of Jesus’ cousin, John the Baptist, from the Massacre of the Innocents ordered by King Herod. He carries John & his mom, St. Elizabeth, to join the Holy Family after their flight into Egypt. Their reunion is pictured in da Vinci’s Virgin of the Rocks (a.k.a. Madonna of the Rocks).

    Uriel is often identified as a cherub & the angel of repentance. He stood at the Garden of Eden with a fiery sword, or as the angel who’s over the world & over Tartarus. In the Apocalypse of Peter, he appears as the angel of repentance, who is graphically represented as being as pitiless as any demon.

    In the Life of Adam & Eve, Uriel is regarded as the spirit (1 of the cherubs) of the 3rd chapter of Genesis. He’s also identified as 1 of the angels who helped bury Adam & Abel in Eden. He checked the doors of Egypt for lamb’s blood during the plague. He held the key to the pit during the end times, & led Abraham to the west.

    In modern angelology, Uriel is identified variously as a seraph, cherub, regent of the sun, flame of God, angel of the divine presence, presider over Tartarus/Hell, archangel of salvation, & in later scriptures, identified with Phanuel (“God has turned”). He’s often pictured carrying a book or a papyrus scroll representing wisdom. Uriel is a patron of the arts.

    In the Eastern Orthodox churches, Uriel is commemorated together with the other archangels & angels with a feast day of the “Synaxis of the Archangel Michael & the Other Bodiless Powers” on November 8 of the liturgical calendar. For those churches which follow the Julian calendar, November 8 & falls on November 21 on the modern Gregorian calendar.

    He’s regarded as the patron saint of the arts & sciences. In addition, every Monday throughout the year is dedicated to the angels.

    The Anglicans & Coptic Christians of Ethiopia & Eritrea venerate archangel Uriel. According to the latter, July 11 is his feast day. In the Ethiopian Homily on the Archangel Uriel, he’s pictured as 1 of the great archangels & as the angelus interpres who has interpreted prophecies to Enoch & Ezra, & the helper of both of them.

    According to the Homily, at the time of the crucifixion of Jesus, Uriel dipped his wing in the blood & water flowing from Christ’s flank & Filled a cup with it. Carrying the cup, he & the archangel Michael rushed into the world & sprinkled it all over Ethiopia.

    In every place where a drop of blood fell, a church was built. Thus, Uriel is often pictured carrying a chalice filled with the blood of Christ in Ethiopian Orthodox iconography. Uriel is honored in the Lutheran Churches as well, with churches including statuary of the archangels Gabriel, Uriel, Michael, & Raphael.

    At the Council of Rome of 745, Pope Zachary (intending to clarify the church’s teaching on angels & curbs a tendency toward angel worship) condemned obsession with angelic intervention & angelology. But reaffirmed the approval of the practice of the reverence of angels.

    This Synod struck many angels’ names from the list of those eligible for veneration in the church of Rome, including Uriel. Only the reverence of the archangels is mentioned in the recognized Catholic canon of scriptures, namely, Michael, Gabriel, & Raphael, remained acceptable.

    In the 16th century, Archangel Uriel appeared before the Sicilian friar Antonio Lo Duca & told him to build a church in the Termini area. Lo Duca told Pope Pius IV about the apparition, and the pope then asked Michelangelo to design the church, which became the Basilica of St. Mary of the Angels & of the Martyrs located at the Esedra Plaza.

    In the 1st half of the 11th century, Bulgarian followers of the duelist heresy called Bogomilism, who lived in the dukedom of Ahtum in present-day Banat, invoked Uriel in rituals. This was witnessed by Gerard of Csanad, the Catholic bishop of the area after 1028. Uriel was also named in a small exorcism in the 15th century.

    The Book of Enoch (which presents itself as written by Enoch) mentions Uriel in many of its component books. In chapter IX, part of “The Book of the Watchers” (2nd century BC), only 4 angels are named. Those angels are Michael, Uriel, Raphael, & Gabriel. Though some versions have a 5th angel: Suryal or Suriel.

    However, chapter XX later lists 7 angels’ names & functions. Those angels are “Uriel, 1 of the holy angels, who’s over the world & over Tartarus,” Raphael, Raguel, Michael, Saraqael, Gabriel, & Remiel.

    The Book of the Watchers tells us that Uriel, Raphael, & Gabriel were present before God to testify on behalf of humankind. They ask for divine intervention during the reign of the fallen Grigori (fallen watchers). These fallen ones took human wives & had half-“angel,” half-human offspring called the Nephilim.

    Uriel was responsible for warning our boy Noah about the upcoming deluge. After judgment has been brought up on the Nephilim & the Fallen Ones, including the 2 main leaders, Samyaza & Azazel. Uriel then acts as a guide for Enoch for the rest of the Book of Watchers.

    In the traditions & hagiography of the Episcopal & other Anglican churches, Uriel is mentioned as an archangel. He’s recognized as the patron saint of the sacrament of confirmation. In some Episcopal churches, Uriel is also regarded as the keeper of beauty & light, & regent of the sun & constellations.

    In iconography, he’s shown holding in his right hand a Greek Ionic column, which symbolizes perfection in aesthetics & man-made beauty, and in his left hand is a staff topped with the sun. He is celebrated in the Anglican liturgical calendars of the Feast of the Archangels. The Church of St. Uriel the Archangel at Sea Girt, New Jersey, is a testimony to Anglicans’ devotion to Uriel.

    In Hermetic Kabbalah, Uriel’s name is commonly spelled Auriel. He’s regarded as the archangel of the North, & of the element of Earth. According to the teaching of the modern Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Uriel is the archangel of North & East, & is associated with the vegetation of the Earth. In iconography, he’s depicted holding stems of ripened wheat & wearing robes of citrine (a medium deep shade of golden yellow), russet (dark brown with a reddish-orange tinge), olive (like green olives), & black.

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    #1028 #11thCentury #15thCentury #16thCentury #2ndCenturyBC #745 #Abraham #Adam #Aker #Angelology #Anglican #AntonioLoDuca #ApocalypseOfPeter #Apocryphal #ArchangelGabriel #ArchangelUriel #Arphugitonos #Auriel #Azazel #Azrael #Banat #BasilicaOfStMaryOfTheAngelsOfTheMartyrs #Beburos #Bogomilism #BookOfEnoch #Bulgaria #Cherub #Christian #Christianity #ChurchOfStUrielTheArchangel #Confirmation #Constellations #CopticOrthodoxChurch #CouncilOfRome #Deluge #EasternOrthodoxChurch #Eden #Egypt #Enoch #Episcopal #Eritrea #EsdrasIV #EsedraPlaza #Ethiopia #EthiopianOrthodoxChurch #Ezra #FallenOnes #FeastDay #FeastOfTheArchangels #FolkCatholicism #Friar #Gabuthelon #GardenOfEden #Genesis #GerardOfCsanad #Gnostic #GreekIonicColumn #GregorianCalendar #Grigori #Hell #HermeticKabbalah #HermeticOrderOfTheGoldenDawn #HolyFamily #HomilyOnTheArchangelUriel #Jeremiel #Jesus #JohnTheBaptist #Judaism #JulianCalendar #July11 #Kabbalah #KingHerod #LeonardoDaVinci #LifeOfAdamEve #Lutherians #MadonnaOfTheRocks #MassacreOfTheInnocence #Michael #Michelanglo #Nephilim #NewJersey #Noah #November21 #November8 #Nuriel #Oriel #Phanuel #PopePiusIV #PopeZachary #Prophet #Puruel #RabbinicJudaism #Raphael #RevelationOfEsdras #RussianOrthodox #Samyaza #Saraqael #Sariel #SeaGirt #SecondBookOfEsdras #SecretBookOfJohn #Seraph #Sicily #StElizabeth #SynaxisOfTheArchangelMichaelTheOtherBodilessPowers #Tartarus #Termini #TheBookOfTheWatchers #Urial #Uriel #Uryan #VirginOfTheRocks #Vretil #Vulgate #Yaldabaoth
  18. @Rosaliesmedievalwoman That's beautiful! I was going to ask if the lamb slides into the frame but see you've already posted great images at rosaliegilbert.com/thegilbertc

    #15thCentury #pewter #reliquary

  19. 🎨 Portrait of a Young Scribe at Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, 1480 #15thcentury

  20. 📚 Hayo just finished reading The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300-1850 by Brian Fagan

    One of those books that was exactly what I was looking for. The author presents a very balanced scientific overview of the interplay between climatic and socio-economic flows. It paints a disturbing picture of our very recent history and gives a glimpse of what could happen in the next few hundred years.

    ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

    🔗 hayobethlehem.nl/library/book/

    #BookReview #Reading #Books #Bookstodon #Science #Apocalypse #Nonfiction #History #Medieval #15thCentury #16thCentury #17thCentury #18thCentury #19thCentury

  21. A recipe for an anaphrodisiac.
    It was the opinion of medieval physicians that women didn't need aphrodisiacs, because they were always lustfull. On the contrary, they needed countermeasures to make them more chaste! There are numerous sources for anaphrodisiacs in medieval medical compendiums for men and women, none of which have actual medical use as far as I can tell as a laywoman.

    #medievalmedicine #medievalsexuality #15thcentury #medieval #middleages #livinghistory #medievalwomen

  22. 📜 Pages from the Childhood Notebook of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II (the Conqueror), c. 1440 (Ages 7–10) The pages contain the Greek alphabet written by his tutor, alongside his own experimental imperial tughra designs, the Arabic alphabet, as well as various human and animal portraits. #15thCentury

  23. St. Anne

    According to Christian tradition, St. Anne was the mom of the Virgin Mary, wife of St. Joachim, & was Jesus’ maternal grandma.

    Her name isn’t in the Bible’s canonical Gospels. In writing, Anne’s name, & Joachim’s come from New Testament apocrypha. The Gospel of Thomas (written circa 150 AD) seems to be the earliest that mentions them. She’s mentioned in the Quran, but not by name.

    The Immaculate Conception was eventually made dogma by the Catholic Church following an increased devotion to Anne in the 12th century. In Eastern Christianity dedications start as early as 6th century.

    In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, Anne & Joachim are attributed to the title Ancestor of God. Both the Nativity of Mary & the Presentation of Mary are celebrated as 2 of the 12 Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church.

    The Dormition of Anne is also a minor feast in Eastern Christianity. In Lutheranism, it’s believed that Martin Luther chose to enter religious life as an Augustinian friar after invoking St. Anne was jeopardized by lightning.

    In the 4th century, & in the 15th century, a belief arose that Mary was conceived of Anne without original sin. The Immaculate Conception is often confused with the Annunciation of the Incarnation (Mary’s virgin birth of Jesus). The 13th century Speculum Maius includes information regarding the life of St. Anne.

    In the Eastern church, the veneration of Anne herself may go back as far as circa 550, when Justinian built a church in Constantinople in her honor. The earliest pictorial sign of her veneration in the West in an 8th century fresco in the church of Santa Maria Antique, Rome.

    The Feast of the Conception of the Virgin Mary had reached southern Italy by the 9th century. In the Latin Church, St. Anne wasn’t venerated. Except, perhaps, in the south of France, before the 13th century. A shrine at Douai (in northern France) was 1 of the early centers of devotion to St. Anne in the West.

    The Anna Selbdritt was a type of iconography showing 3 generations of the “Holy Family,” St. Anne, the Virgin Mary, & Jesus (grandma, mom, son). This style of iconography emphasized the humanity of Jesus. It drew on the earlier conventions of the Seat of Wisdom. (The Seat of Wisdom is/are icons/sculptures that shows the Virgin Mary is seated on a throne with Jesus, as a kid, on her lap.) This was popular in northern Germany in the 1500s.

    Two well-known shrines to St. Anne is that of Ste-Anne-d’Auray in Brittany (France) & that of Ste.-Anne-de-Beaupre near the city of Quebec. The number of pilgrims to the Basilica of Ste.-Anne-de-Beaupre is the greatest of St. Anne’s Feast Day (July 26), & the Sunday before the Nativity of the Virgin Mary (September 8). In 1892, Pope Leo XIII sent a relic of St. Anne to the church.

    By the middle of the 7th century, a distinct feast day, the Conception of St. Anne (Maternity of Holy Anne) celebrating Mary by St. Anne, was observed at the Monastery of St. Sabas.

    It’s now known in the Greek Orthodox Church as the feast of “The Conception by St. Anne of the Most Holy Theotokos.” It’s celebrated on December 9th. In the Catholic Church, the Feast of Saints Anne & Joachim is celebrated on July 26. The alleged relics of St. Anne was brought from the Holy Land to Constantinople in 710 & was kept there in the church of St. Sophia as late as 1333.

    During the 12th & 13th centuries, returning crusaders & pilgrims from the East brought St. Anne’s relics to some churches, including most famously those at Apt, in Provence, Ghent, & Chartres. St. Anne’s relics have been preserved & venerated in the many cathedrals & monasteries dedicated to her name.

    For example, in Austria, Canada, Germany, Italy, & Greece in the semi-autonomous Mount Athos, & the city of Katerini. Duren has been the main place of pilgrimage for Anne since 1506, when Pope Julius II decreed that her relics should be kept there, after they were stolen from the church of St. Stephen in Mainz.

    The Church of St. Anne in Beit Guvrin National Park was built by the Byzantines & the crusaders in the 12th century. This is known in Arabic as Khirbet Sandahanna, the mound of Maresha being called Tell Sandahanna.

    St. Anne is the patroness of unmarried women, housewives, women in labor or who want to be pregnant, grandmothers, moms, & educators. She’s also a patroness of horseback riders, cabinet-makers, & miners.

    As the mom of Mary, this devotion to St. Anne as the patron of miners arises from the medieval comparison between Mary & Jesus & the precious metals: gold & silver. Anne’s womb was considered the source from which these precious metals were mined.

    St. Anne is the patron saint of Brittany (France); Cuenca (Ecuador); Chinandega (Nicaragua); the Mi’kmaq people of Canada; Castelbuono (Sicily); Quebec (Canada); Santa Ana (California); Norwich (Connecticut); Detroit (Michigan); Adjunta (Puerto Rico); Santa Ana & Jucuaran (El Salvador); Berlin (New Hampshire); Santa Ana Pueblo, Seama, & Taos (New Mexico); Chiclana de la Frontera, Marsaskala, Tuadela, Atarfe & Fasnia (Spain); Town of Sta Ana Province of Pampanga, Molo, Iloilo City, Balasan; Iloilo, Hagnoy, Santa Ana, Taguig City, St. Anne Shrine, Malicboy, Pagbilao, Quezon, & Malinao, Albay (Philippines); Santana (Brazil); St. Anne (Illinois); Sainte Anne Island; Baie Sainte Anne & Praslin Island (Seychelles); Bukit Mertajam & Port Klang (Malaysia); Kl’ucove (Slovakia) & South Vietnam.

    The parish church of Vatican City is Sant’ Anna dei Palafrenieri. There’s a shrine dedicated to St. Anne in the Woods in Bristol, United Kingdom.

    Anne is also revered in Islam, recognized as a highly spiritual woman & as the mom of Mary. She’s not named in the Quran. She’s called “the wife of Imran.” The Quran describes her remaining childless until old age. One day, Anne saw a bird feeding its young while sitting in the shade of a tree, which awakened her desire to have kids of her own.

    She prayed for a kid & eventually conceived. Imran, her husband, died before the kid was born. Anne expected the unborn kid to be a boy, so she vowed to dedicate “him” to isolation & service in the Second Temple.

    Anne had a daughter (Mary) instead. Anne named her: Mary. Anne’s words upon delivering Mary reflect as a great mystic, realizing that while she’d had wanted a son, this daughter was God’s gift to her.

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    #12thCentury #12thCenturyAD #13thCentury #1500s #1506 #15thCentury #1892 #4thCentury #710 #7thCentury #8thCentury #9thCentury #Adjunta #Albay #AncestorsOfGod #AnnaSelbdritt #AnnunciationOfTheIncarnation #Apocrypha #Apt #Arabic #Atarfe #Augustinian #Austria #BaieSainteAnne #Balasan #BasilicaOfSteAnneDeBeaupre #BeitGuvrinNationalPark #Berlin #bible #Brazil #Bristol #Brittany #BukitMertajam #Byzantines #California #Canada #Castelbuono #CatholicChurch #Chartres #Chiclana #ChiclanaDeLaFrontera #Chinandega #Christianity #Circa150AD #Circa550 #ConceptionOfStAnne #Connecticut #Constantinople #Crusaders #Cuenca #December9 #Detroit #DormitionOfAnne #Douai #Duren #EasternChristianity #Ecuador #ElSalvador #Fasnia #FeastOfSaintsAnneJoachim #FeastOfTheConceptionOfTheVirginMary #France #Germany #GospelOfThomas #GreatFeastsOfTheOrthodoxChurch #Greece #GreekOrthodoxChurch #Hagnoy #HolyFamily #HolyLand #Iloilo #IloiloCity #ImmaculateConception #Imran #Islam #Italy #Jesus #Jucuaran #July26 #Justinian #KhirbetSandahanna #KlUcove #LatinChurch #Lutheranism #Mainz #Malaysia #Malicboy #Malinao #Maresha #MartinLuther #MaternityOfHolyAnne #MiKmaqPeople #MonasteryOfStSabas #MountAthos #NativityOfMary #NativityOfTheVirginMary #NewHampshire #NewMexico #NewTestament #Nicaragua #NorthernFrance #Pagbilao #Philippines #PopeJuliusII #PopeLeoXIII #PortKlang #PraslinIsland #PresentationOfMary #Provence #PuertoRico #Quebec #Quran #Rome #SainteAnneIsland #SantAnnaDeiPalafrenieri #SantaAna #SantaAnaPueblo #SantaMariaAntique #SeatOfWisdom #SecondTemple #September8 #Sicily #Slovakia #SouthVietnam #SouthernItaly #Spain #SpeculumMaius #StAnne #StAnneInTheWoods #StAnneShrine #StAnneSFeastDay #StJoachim #StSophia #StStephen #SteAnneDAuray #SteAnneDeBeaupre #TaguigCity #Taos #TellSandahanna #TheChurchOfStAnne #TheConceptionByStAnneOfTheMostHolyTheotokos #TownOfStaAnaProvinceOfPampanga #Tudela #UnitedKingdom #VaticanCity #VirginMary
  24. Lübeck Danse Macabre ( by Bernt Notke (around 1463, destroyed in a bombing raid in 1942)

    Context: Bernt Notke’s Danse Macabre is a late-15th-century dance of death painting that survives today as a fragment in St. Nicholas’ Church, Tallinn, but it reproduces a much larger original he created for St. Mary’s Church in Lübeck around 1463.

    The Lübeck version was a monumental 30-metre-long canvas depicting a procession of figures from all social ranks dancing with Death to remind viewers of life’s fragility; it deteriorated, was copied in 1701, and that copy was destroyed in World War II. The Tallinn fragment begins mid-sequence and differs from the Lübeck original in background imagery and verse content.

  25. In to thir dirk and drublie dayis,
    Quhone sabill all the hewin arrayis
    With mystie vapouris, cluddis and skyis,
    Nature all curage me denyis
    Off sangis, ballattis, and of playis…

    —William Dunbar (c.1459–1530), “Meditatioun in Wyntir”

    Full text with glosses available online (poem no. 15)

    metseditions.org/read/Kk2rqEDf

    #Scottish #literature #poem #poetry #winter #15thcentury #medieval #Scots #Scotslanguage

  26. Love is all you need: Remembering The Kingis Quair

    Alan Riach discusses The Kingis Quair – a poem attributed to King James I of Scots (1394–1437), & described by C.S. Lewis as “the first modern book of love”

    thenational.scot/news/17372009

    #Scottish #literature #poem #poetry #lovepoetry #medieval #Scots #Scotslanguage #15thcentury #Scotstober

  27. 1/4 An impressive example of the request for sex work services among the population was the Council of Constance from 1414-1418.

    The council is a terribly interesting story, which you should read up on, but it is too long to tell here.

    #medievalsexuality #medievalwomen #medieval #middleages #15thcentury #womeninlivinghistory #reenactment #livinghistory

  28. @RoyReed @Pacoulmag Super photos & info, thank you both!

    Roy, your panoramas & details are invaluable; what an amazing website. I'm looking forward to some armchair exploration, & my next visit to #Cornwall!

    #15thCentury #WallPaintings #Breage #medieval #churches @medievodons

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